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slow down bacterial growth
b

kill bacteria into organic fertilisers

produce antibiotics

Yeast

Medicine manufacture
Not seen by naked eye Seen through microscopes

breathe
a

move
b c

grow

b
bacteria and fungi break down plants / animals remains

3
Fertilisers manufacture
In form of plants and animals

3 2

4 5

Undergo life processes shapes

1

sizes
2 3

colours

air
1 2

water soil
3 4

USES
bread / buns tapai dough +
5 4

Very tiny living things

Food manufacture
b a
Yeast
2 1

UNSEEN LIVING THINGS

singular = bacterium

Different

Habitat

other organisms

tapioca / glutinous rice +

tempe

soya bean + wheat + water +

soya sauce

soya bean + salt + water + soy sauce alcoholic drinks

fully grown

white patch black patch

mouldy bread seen as white or black patches Food turns bad warm moist

2 1

On food

2 1

Conditions

By
2 1

hair like /whip-like structure changing body shape

c
plural = viruses Tiniest microorganism

Bacteria

D
1

A
1 2
YEAR 5 UNIT 1

b c

Bacteria vinegar
4 3 2

Seen through electron microscope

bacteria

cheese

Virus
d
1 2 f un g i 3 4 5 anim als hu ma ns protazoa plants

yogurt

juices +

Infect other organisms

6

MICROORGANISMS (1/2)
mouldy orange
2

TYPES

br ea d

rice

3
a

C
Examples Euglena
3

singular = fungus

o ra n ge s

rotten food
p ap ay a 1

rotten fruits Examples

1

c b a

G r ow

CHARACTERISTICS

Paramecium Ameoba

Protozoa
a d c b
singular = protozoan

Fungi

Habitat

2 3

trees

human skin

2
M ov e
c b a
balloon inflated by carbon dioxide

c
largest microorganisms Examples

forest floors

eating other microorganisms

Lives by
2 1

d c

making own food

5

Habitat
1 4 3 2 3

1 2

moulds

away from enemies

Yeast / balloon experiment

Breathe
a b
Yeast
3 2 1

eating a bacteria

ponds yeast

mushrooms

towards food sources and water

human lakes swamps rivers body Dough = mixture of

2

sugar solution + yeast

dough rises

flour
ye as t ce ll s Eating a ba ct er ia

yeast water

be fo re

after

gives out carbon dioxide and fill in spaces in dough

takes in oxygen

15

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direct microscopic mi te fever sore throat s ne e z in g muscle pain co ug h runny nose headache contact skin rash itchy rash eye pain swollen eye

Spread by
b a

Symptoms
c

Symptoms
c

Caused by

red eye eye itch sticky eye

discharge

Scabies

chicken pox mumps 2 1

conjunctivitis 3

Conjuctivitis

b a

Spread by Caused by

di re ct c o nt a c t vir us Symptoms c

Symptoms Spread by
c b a 3

t ow e l toothbrush comb

to prevent contact with microorganism

b a

For contageous disease

a

To isolate people with disease for certain time period

b c

neck swelling headache fever appetite loss ai r vir us itchy rashes fever co ug h headache appetite loss ai r direct contact

to prevent direct contact with other people

Examples

Do not share personal items to prevent flies bring in microorganisms

Qurantine patients

direct contact sore throat ai r runny nose vir us Caused by co ug h muscle pain fever Symptoms c rashes rash itch direct contact vir us

Flu

Mumps
a

Spread by Caused by

6 c

Symptoms Spread by

Spread by Caused by
stomach

b a

Measles

Disease Types and Characteristics

8 1

Chicken pox
a

Caused by Rubella
a c b

vir us rashes fever ai r

Cover foods

pain

Symptoms Spread by
vir us

9
to prevent a infection Cover wounds

10

na us ea /v om it in g dia rrho ea direct contact ba ct er ia

Symptoms
c

8 7
YEAR 5 UNIT 1

Spread by Caused by

b a

Stomach upset

Caused by

AIDS
c a b

vir us

Symptoms Spread by

infections by fever, sweating weight loss direct contact of blood to virus

ba ct er ia vir us fungus

to prevent micoorganism entering air

Cover mouth/ nose when sneezing

PREVENTION OF DISEASES
5

MICROORGANISMS (2/2)
E
HARMFUL EFFECTS

Illness / Disease

Caused by
vir us

from body fluid containing virus food a b c drink ai r sick person p er s o na l ite ms

1 4 3 2 1

a
through Bacteria / virus enters body
4 3 2 1 d

before eating to kill germs

Cook raw food

1 di re ct c o nt a c t 2 with

Boil water
a

Prevent tooth decay Wash hands

c b

a b

avoid sugary food brush teeth after meals

contageous if spread easily

grow / reproduce produce toxins inside body that cause illness

before drinking to kill germs use soap

Store food in freezer

a

floss teeth after meals Prevent microorganisms growing

cavity

After using toilet

Before handling food

Tooth decay

Food poisoning
Food Spoilage

a b

Forms cavity in teeth

c b a
Food turns bad
2 smelly 1 rotten

c b
grow / repoduce in food

Acid produced dissolves teeth's surface

a
Bacteria / fungi enters food Symptoms
4 3 2 1

ai r drink f o o d Bacteria contaminated / virus enters 1 2 3 ha nd s body d through 4 5 contaminated u t e ns i l s

Bacteria in mouth react with sugar

h o us e f li e s / co ac kr o ac he s stomach upset

dia rrho ea vo mit ti ng n a u s e a

16

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Adapted to A group similar living things environment will survive

b YEAR 5 UNIT 2 a c

Not adapted to environment will become extinct In form of plants survival and animals survival
1

egg case

lay eggs in holes

1

eggs hatched into nymphs

2 3

feed on leaves

lay eggs in cases in dark places

1

SURVIVAL OF THE SPECIES (1/2)

SPECIES

SURVIVAL
2

replace dead ones

b

Purpose
c

eggs hatched into caterpillar

2

feed on leaves
3

Grasshoppers

ensures species continue to exist prevent extinction

Cockroaches
c

lay eggs underside leaves

B
a

Butterflies
a

Parents nurture, nurse and take care of their youngs rabbit

1

Insects

Youngs find food and take care of themselves

d

ANIMALS' SURVIVAL

BIRTH GIVING ANIMALS

c

Parents that suckle youngs

Examples
3 4

cat

dog cow

eggs hatch into youngs

c b

Turtles
3 a

burry eggs in sand

DONOT Protect Eggs and Youngs

b
1

2
EGG LAYING ANIMALS
l eo p a rd s

lay eggs in large numbers at safe place Snails

a

parent attack enemies stay close to their youngs

6 5 4

Protect their youngs

1 3 2

live in groups moving to safer place

lay eggs in large numbers under stones

dolphins

carry youngs on their backs

carry young in pouch

eleph ants

ze br as

a
build nest
a

b ab y s c o rp i o n s c o rp i o n ka ngar oo j oe y

ca t m on k ey s gi raff es

attack predators to protect eggs

b a

Snakes

Protect Eggs and Youngs

4 3 2

Birds
c c

lay / incubate eggs feed / protect until young able to find food

p a n go l i n

coil around eggs Crocodile carry youngs in mouth

Others: chicken, duck Seahorse

a

Female prawns carry eggs on body

male seahorse store eggs in pouch

b ab y c ro c o di l e

eggs hatched and feed the youngs

prawn's eggs

17

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YEAR 5 UNIT 2

illegal hunting

c
deforestation

b a

Factors of Species Extinction

Importance of Plants/Animals Survival

SURVIVAL OF THE SPECIES (2/2)

a

natural disasters

2
for est fi re s

1
Plants / animals are the resources of food and raw materials

Scattering seeds / fruits away from parent plants

If plants / animals become extinct, there will be resources shortage balsam tamarind
d c

C
1

DISPERSAL

a
Fruits / seeds have special characteristics to help agents to disperse them

Near seas
a

rivers
b

marshes
c

flame of the forest

e

Plants Habitat
1 2 3

fruits/seeds carried away by water seed germinates into plant

s ee d carried by wat er

ladies finger (okra)

b a

Examples

PLANTS' SURVIVAL
3

waxy skin

Explosive mechanism
2

Water
4 5

light Fruits' / seeds' Characteristics

c a a b

rubber mimosa Fruit split / curl, throw seeds

1
1

waxy skin, makes it waterproof so that water cannot enter Fruit contains air spaces enable it to float
husk contains air s pa ce s waxy outer skin hard shell

a
d

Examples
b

When fruit mature, it becomes dry and hard urena hooks / prickles have spines (needle - like)
2

Not edible
4 3

METHODS OF DISPERSAL OF SEEDS AND FRUITS

b
c

pinang fruit (betel nut)

Coconut

Lotus seed pingpong fruit

love grass dry, light

1

Seeds' Characteristics

detached, germinate, grow

s ee d s c l i ng i n g

b a

Seeds that stick to animals's body

spongy receptacle contains air s pa ce s

carried far away from parent pants

seeds carried away by wind

Wind Animals
oranges
seeds bri ght c o lo u r fl es hy

2 3

seed germinates into plant when conditions are conducive

tomato edible fragrant

e d f 2

2
Eat fruit and seed + pass out seeds in faeces

1
Eat fruit + discard seeds
b

Seeds' Characteristics
a c a b

brightly coloured papaya

fleshy fruit

c b

Fruits' / seeds' Characteristics

1 a

Discarded seeds germinate and grow

small, light, dry wing like structure

1 2

fine hairs

Fine hairs kapok

e 2 1

orchid seed flown easily

h ar d s ee d s

hard seeds guava many small seeds

undigested seeds in faeces germinate and grow

Fruits' / seeds' Characteristics

5

edible, can be eaten

b c

bat cotton seed

d c

Examples
b a

float in air
Examples
b a

fragrant, pleasant durian smelling

dandelion squirrel lallang

oleander seed

brightly coloured

fleshy fruits

big seeds

bird

shorea (meranti) seed

fine hairs

angsana seed
wing like str uctu re

water melon cempedak strawberry, oranges mango seed mango rambutan

wing like str uctu re

18

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big fish 1 egr et small fish water larva t ad p ol e

When the number of egrets increases, the number of fish decreases

Sq uirr el

E l e ph a n t Giraffe D ee r

For animals that have only one type of food

Deforestation destroys natural habitat and food sources

Bee , butterfly , humming bird nectar

R a bb i t

Others
b

Animals that eat other animals ONLY (meat)

1 2

Lion , tiger , leopard

a

deer , rabbit

The number of tadpoles and water larvae increases, because there are fewer fish

b c

Animals are under threat of extinction Parrot

1 Panda: On ly ea ts bam boo s h oo t s Koala bear: Only eats e uc al yp tu s l e av e s

Examples
b

Examples
2

Snake, eagle

Frog , rat

Survival Dificulty

seeds Caterpillar, snail, grasshopper

1

Herbivores

Carnivores Others
Pangolin C ro co d il e Ow l He ro n

d
Examples
2 3 P an g o li n : Only eats ants

Example: Pond Food Web

wat er

Spider , lizard, frog

The number of water weed decreases, because there are more tadpoles and water larvae

leaves

Animals that eat plants ONLY

Insects

Whale , seal fish

4
Food web maintains a balanced population in a habitat. The change in population of one species will affect the population of other species

3 2 1

FOOD WEB IMPORTANCE

Cow, goat, horse

a
grass

b
Animals that eat both plants and animals
1 Herbivore 2 Om nivo re

panda

Carniivore

D
big fish

bamboo shoots

ANIMALS' FOOD

Omnivores Omnivores
3

Fo od Rat, rice, fish

Producer and consumers are related to each other

s na k e

YEAR 5 UNIT 3
egr et

A
Examples
Tor to is e b a

Cat

eagle

fr og

b ir d

small fish

water larva

t ad p ol e

In pond

gr as sh op pe r

rat

FOOD CHAIN AND FOOD WEB (1/1)

Energy provider to all living things

Others
Bear Bird Fox

Chicken, duck, crow Monkeys

Grains, insect, worm

pa dd y

Other food we bs
a

Fruits, insects, leaves Use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide

wat er we ed

C
Number of organisms Secondary consumers decreases (Carnivores or omn ivor es) from base to top
Primary consumers (Herbivores)

FOOD WEB
1
Some animals can eat many types of food

Tertiary consumer (Large carnivore)

B
eagle sp arr ow

Sun

a b

to produce food

In paddy field

Plants

1 2

called producers cannot produce food eat plants or other animals called consumers

(Food)

Produce food web

2
c b a

More complex food chain A network of food chains

eagle

Linking food chains

ow l

c
Food Chain 1

Combination of many food chains

snail / worm

Exists many food chains

P ro du c er s at base

green plants

FOOD CHAIN
4

Animals
c

a b

Palm fruit

bat

eagle

s na k e

Food Chain 2

Food Relationship
ow l

a b

among organisms in a habitat is called a food chain

Palm fruit

bat

Food Chain 3

Palm fruit

Shows the numbers of organisms in a food chain

Pyramid of Numbers

c
Food Chains in Different Habitats
3 sha rk 2 1

means "eaten by"

fr og s na k e

rat

ow l 4 eagle

Paddy field

bat

rat

Food Chain 4

Palm fruit

rat

Sea

Food Chain 5 Palm fruit Food Chain 6

Palm fruit

rat

s na k e

sea weed eagle

shrimps

fi sh

cat erpil lar

pa dd y gr as sh op pe r

Tree

Pond

l e av e s ow l

b ir d

ca t

water weeds

t ad p ol e

fi sh

eagle

Palm fruit

rat

s na k e

19

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Breathing Moving Growing Walking

Dancing

b c

Carrying things Moving car

Solar cells

Nucleus

Carry out life pr oce ss es

Work
a

ENERGY : Ability to do work

Solar car

2 3

a
Stored in nucleus of atom

M akes nonliving things to function

Boiling water

Blowing a trumpet

b
Guitar string Released by vibrations

Released by the sun

A B

ENERGY USES

Melting ice

Main source of energy

light energy
1 2

Solar Energy

Nuclear Energy

YEAR 5 UNIT 4

a b

gives heat energy climate weather water wind

Running man

Flying plane

Sound Energy

8
Kinetic Energy

ENERGY (1/2)
1

Sun
d

influences earth's

1 2

provide stored energy in

5 4 3

1 2

Possesed by moving objects

D
6 5 4 3
Light Energy Potential Energy Heat Energy

C
Provide energy for electrical appliances like torches, radio, clocks, mobile phones

Electrical Energy
Cables

ENERGY FORMS
1 2
Chemical Energy
Stored in

ENERGY SOURCES
2 6 5 3

fuels

animals

plants

Plants
b

b a

Carried in electric current

Uses

Uses light energy from sun, carbon dioxide and water to make food

b a

Batteries (Dry cells)

Pylons

Energy is stored in the food

b
Bulb Candle

Released by lighted objects

c
Stored in objects due to its condition/ position Released by hot objects

a
Food

Contain chemicals that can store electrical energy for a long time

Fuels Water
b
Uses
1

Food a
gives heat energy when burnt
Formed from dead plants and animal a

Wind
b
Uses
3 2 1 Move sailing boats

Stretched bow

a c
Electric heater

Moving water (hydro energy)

Moving air

Fuel Types

Fossil fuels
d c

Co al

Cyclist on top of hill

Wound up toy

Burning gas

Move water turbines in dams to generate electricity (hydroelectricity)

Move wind turbines to produce electricity

Biomass fuels
Move windmills to pump water or grind corn b c

a Animal waste

winder

gas

da m

From plants wood, charcoal, alcohol, biodiesel

From garbage

gas

Sun

Comes in many shapes and sizes

Petro leum

Natural gas

20

Batteries Fuels

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Prevent wastage Save cost on paying for energy Reduce pollution Electrical energy is transformed into kinetic energy When current is switched on, fan rotates Written as:
Electrical energy Kinetic energy + Sound energy

Activity Cyclist going down a slope

Energy Transformation Potential energy Kinetic energy Other examples:

Bo y jumping do wn Man doing bungee j um p

4 3

Ensure enough energy for future

USING ENERGY WISELY

1

Switching off lights/appliances when not using

Use public transport, car pool - save petrol

Use fluorescent lamps (use less energy)

c d

( ) means: "is transformed into"

b a

c d

Use renewable energy sources Recycle materials Close cooking pots when cooking Shut refrigerators properly

SAVING ENERGY
g

e f

The changing of forms of energy

Examples

Burning wood

Chemical energy Light energy + Heat energy Other examples:

2
Pulling a bow

Burning

candle

Burning

match

Produced in nuclear reactors to generate electricity

1

Power ships, submarine, satellites

2

Using non-renewable energy

c
Use wisely so b that can last If used up leads longer to energy crisis

Kinetic energy Potential energy Other examples:

ENERGY TRANSFROMATION
3
Transformation Of Energy in Appliances
Appliances Television Computer Energy Transformation Electrical energy Light energy + sound energy Wound up alarm clock Ring bell by hand

a
Took millions of years to form

I H E

Walking

upstairs

Crane lifting object

Nuclear

Kinetic energy Sound energy Other examples:

Burnt to produce heat for cooking, heating and electricity

Natural Gas

d c YEAR 5 UNIT 4

Playing a guitar

Beating a drum

Types
Burnt to produce heat and generate electricity Coal
1

b a

NONRENEWABLE ENERGY
1
Energy that cannot be replenished d c a b

ENERGY (2/2)

Potential energy Kinetik energy + sound energy Other examples:

Wound up toy

Wound up watch

Petroleum
2

Solar powered calculator Cannot be replaced Will not last forever Excretes toxic gases Results in pollution Electric oven Electric iron

Solar energy Electrical energy + light energy Other example:

Fuel to generate electricity in power station

Washing machine

Electric drill

Used as fuels for vehicles

Electrical energy Kinetic energy + sound energy

Solar cell

Solar powered watch

Electrical energy Heat energy Appliances Energy Transformation Electrical energy Kinetic energy + Heat energy + Sound energy Solar energy Heat energy

Fuel in form of wood, gas, alcohol and biodiesel. Fuels processed from plants, animal wastes and garbage.

Biomass Energy

d c

Types
a

RENEWABLE ENERGY
1

Kerosene stove

Hair dryer Gas stove Chemical energy Heat energy + Light energy Solar furnace

Water Energy
1

dam turbine and generator

water storage

Used potential energy of water to generate electricity in hydro electric power stations

Solar Energy
3

Energy that can be replenished

1

Radio

CD player

from battery

Clean energy source

Wind Energy
2

with batteries

Chemical energy Electrical energy Sound energy

Directly from sun

a c b

Used to propel wind turbines to produce electricity

To heat water in homes

Cannot be used up

from battery

Hand Dynamo
a R ot at e

Strong wind has lots of kinetic energy

water heater solar cells

Light energy converted into electrical energy using solar cells

Results in little or no pollution

Can be replaced naturally or by human Battery circuit

Chemical energy Electrical energy Light energy Heat energy

Kinetic energy Electrical energy + Heat energy

B ul b b l i gh t s up

a wind turbine

solar cells

21

Use broken insulati on wires Use faulty electric applia nc es 4 Overload a power point with many applia nc es Touch switches / appliances with wet hands Short circuits in faulty appliances or wiring Leave hot applia nc es unatt ended b a Overloading of c power supply 3 2 1

Insert objec ts into power outlet 5 6

Touch victim of electrocution with bare hands. Use insulators Repair faulty applia nc es yourself

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Electrical energy

Potential energy

Kinetic energy w ater stor age

dam

Potential energy Kinetic energy Electrical energy

Used in watches, calculators, toys, torch, mobile phone

Light, portable, easy storage

Can be recharged Used in video cameras, and used again for longer period handphones

ha ndpho ne battery

c d

Chemical energy Electrical energy

batteries and chargers

DO NOT

turbine and generator

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

High speed water spin the turbines and turn the generator to generate electricity Uses potential energy + kinetic energy of water

Fires
4

Mishandling hot appliances like heaters, kettle a

a
3

HANDLING ELECTRICITY

Burns

MISHANDLING

Touching wires with large electricity b

Electrocution
a Electric flow through body for a long time period causing death

Electric shock
b a Electric flow through body for short time period

Touc hing leaks, da ma ge d applia nc es

Electricity flows in more than one path Nuclear Bulbs connected opposite to each other in a different pathway

All bulbs has the same brightness

d
Each bulb gets all energy from the cells

c b

e f

More bulbs same brightness

1 2

More bulbs - dimmer 3

broken pathway

All bulbs CANNOT light up

The number of bulbs does not affect the brightness

1 2
Bulbs become dimmer
3 Less bulbs - brighter

Simple set up

COMPONENTS

Complete Circuit
b c
Complete setup

If any part of pathway is broken, electricity can still flow in other pathways
Re mai ni ng bulbs can still light up

If any part of pathway is broken, electricity cannot flow,

4 e

SERIES CIRCUITS
b d c

Bulbs connected next to each other in the same pathway

Circuit Diagram
4 2 1

broken pathway

Adding more bulbs

1

Energy obtained by each bulb is less.

Electricity is divided equally among the bulbs

Electricity flows only in one path

Connecting wire Shows how b components are Symbol : connected in symbol forms
a

swit ch dry cell bu lb Connect ing wire

Allow electricity to flow through circuit

The brightness of bulbs does not change

Adding more bulbs

PARALLEL CIRCUITS

Dry cells
a
Contains chemicals that tranform into electrical energy in small amounts

e d c b

Rechargable Batteries

Contains acid in liquid form that reacts with lead metal to produce electricity (Wet cell)

Hydroelectric Po w e r Stations
a

Accumulators

b c

Gives large amount of electricity Used in motor vehicles: lorries, cars, motorcycles

lead metal

Main source of country's electricity

SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY
5

e
Chemical energy Electrical energy

To start engine, power air conditioner and headlights

A C
YEAR 5 UNIT 5

Dynamo

a b

Consists of a rotating magnet inside a coil of wire Transforms kinetic energy into electrical energy

6
d
Kinetic energy Electrical energy

ELECTRICITY (1/1)
Other Sources
d c
Geothermal

Fixed to bicycle wheels to generate electricity for bicycle lamp.

Solar Cells
c a b

Dark glass panels that transform light energy from sun into electrical energy

b
Waves

Solar energy Electrical energy Wind

Used in calculators, watches, water heaters, satellites water heater solar cells solar panel

solar cell

Each bulb is individually connected to the electric source

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

base of bulb touching top part of battery 1

Used to complete

Connecting wire or break a circuit touc hing bulb and base of a battery Symbol 1: b (open switch 2 Switch - No electricty flow) c 1 Symbol 2: (close switch - electricty flows)

Source of electrical
a energy b c

Dry cell
3

Symbol 1 :
for

Symbol 2 : Bulb
a b for

Symbol :

Lights up when electricity flows through and switch is closed

22

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Light rays Reflected rays

The candle flame can be seen if the holes are arranged in a straight line.

Sunlight through forest trees

Sunlight through clouds

b a

Reflected ray

1
Ray from object

OTHER EXAMPLES

Light from lighthouse

Flat and smooth surfaces reflect light in a regular pattern One card moved Rough, uneven surfaces are not good reflectors Reflected rays are scatterred

2
b
The candle flame cannot be seen if the holes are not arranged in a straight line.

d
Spotlight on stage

To show reflection of light

LIGHT TRAVELS IN A STRAIGHT LINE

3
LIGHT BEAM
b a

Ray Diagrams Light rays from an object that fall on mirror are reflected back to form an image

A narrow beam of light that travels from a light source

c b

Examples

searchlight beam

REFLECTION IN MIRROR

YEAR 5 UNIT 6

LIGHT (1/2)
C

torch light beam

B
SHADOWS
1
FORMATION
a
An area of darkness formed when light is blocked by an opaque or translucent object.

Silver tray
c 3

Reflectors

Examples
b

REFLECTION OF LIGHT
Objects that reflect light

cy lind er lying down

sha dow shape: circle

2
SIZE
a
light source

Aluminium foil

Mirror

Have smooth, shiny surface

Position of light source unchanged

SHAPE
Position / orientation of object a
2

Light rays hit on surface of object of an opaque or translucent object and bounce off the surface

cy lind er up rig ht

sha dow shape: re ct an gl e 1

Determined by Determined by
2 1

opaque object prevents light from passing through

shadow at opposite side of light source

LOOKING AT OBJECTS
Objects in lighted area can be seen

Light rays from sun falls on an apple

Position of light source

L ig h t source from top b 1 a

1 2

c b
We cannot see in the dark because there are no light rays that enter the eye Reflected light rays then enter the eyes
Objects in area with no light cannot be seen

Distance between object and screen

b a

Distance between object and light source

b

Light source is The size of sha dow nearer the i n c re a s e s object

sha dow shape: c i rc l e 2 1 L ig h t source from the side 2 sha dow shape: re ct an gl e When object is further away from the screen 1 2 The size of sha dow i n c re a s e s

1 2 The size of sha dow d e c re a s e s

1 When object is nearer the screen 2 The size of sha dow d e c re a s e s Light source is further away from the object

Light rays are reflected and enter the eye

23

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Dental mirror

S ma l l c o l our e d obj e cts

Consists of 3 plane mirrors attached in a triangle

Fill tube with pieces of coloured objects

Shaking the tube will form different coloured patterns Used by artist and fashion designers to create patterns and artwork Used by dentist

Use concave mirror that shows a bigger image of the teeth

Large mirrors are placed at walls

Customers can look at their haircuts easily.

b a

b a

c d
Kaleidoscope

Dental mir ror

Mirror at barber's sh op

Help drivers to see vehicles from behind

Viewing through the telescope inside a submarine

Periscope must be on top of the surface of water

1 2
YEAR 5 UNIT 6

2
Car si de mir ror

DEVICES

LIGHT (2/2)

EVERYDAY LIFE APPLICATIONS

4

b
Drivers need not turn their heads Made up of convex mirror that have wider and clearer view of incoming vehicles

Used in submarines

1
d

Periscope

a
Enables us to observe objects behind walls/ floors or outside a room

Mirror at sharp be nd
b
Help drivers to see vehicles at sharp bent

First mirror

Light from object is reflected onto first mirror then onto second mirror and then into the eye

Light ray from objects

Has two plane mirrors placed in a tube arranged parallel to each other

Second mirror

24

During hot weather, the gap allows expansion of slabs When slabs are placed, gaps are left between them
metal b ri dg e gap roller

Prevent slabs from cracking and damaged

Ice gains heat from surroundings to melt

Heating a beaker of water with a bunsen burner

2

Heat is lost to surroundings When an object loses heat, it becomes cold

Temperature falls

Leaving a hot coffee to cool

1

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Ho t Leaving milk in the refrigerator Tells how hot or cold the object is

b a

c
Examples

Leaving an ice cube from the refrigerator on the table

a b

Examples

Hot object has high temperature

c b a
Temperature rises

COLD
A MEASUREMENT OF THE DEGREE OF HOTNESS

d c b a

Cold object has low temperature

Cold

Concrete Slabs in Pav ements

Heat is gained from surroundings When an object is heated it gains heat

HOT

2 1 3

TEMPERATURE
4

Prevent bridge from distorted and damaged

Metric unit : Degrees celcius ( oC )

glass tube Thermometer

Temperature rises mercury/alcohol expands level rises 1

Rollers and

A cold object has less heat

b a

Gaps on Steel During hot days, when b Bridges bridge expands, the gap allows bridge to expand and slides on a rollers One end of bridge rest on rollers
Prevent tracks from buckling, distorted and damaged b
buckled

A form of energy

a b
Capillary contains mercury or alcohol

temperature scales
2 Temperature decreases mercury/alcohol contracts level falls

A hot object has more heat

B A
YEAR 5 UNIT 7
incorrect X incorrect co rre ct X

MEASURING TEMPERATURE

7 6

bulb

Reading = 42 o C

a
During hot weather, gaps allow the track to expand

Gaps on Railway Tracks

APPLICATIONS OF EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION

4

HEAT (1/1)
C

Measuring Techniques Place eye at 4 1 same level at top Hold upright, not 3 of meniscus of 2 at the bulb mercury Wait until Immerse bulb in mercury level hot water, not stops rising touching beaker Becomes bigger

Before experiment, the iron ball just fits the iron ring

metal track

gap

3
Electric and Telephone Cables
b a
Cables are in slack condition (loose) when installed

1 2
Separating Two Glasses
b
Pull out the top glass after the lower glass expanded
Lower glass e xp a nd s

Volumes increase

Called expansion

During hot c days, they expand and sag

During nights, they contract, stretched, but will not snap.

Dip the lower glass in hot water so that it expands

EFFECTS OF HEAT ON MATTER

c d

Solids Expand
3

2 Iron ball e xp an ds , be co me s b ig ge r

MATTER EXPANDS WHEN HEATED

f e Liquids Expand

2
Hot water

Expanding a Bimetallic strip

b

Iron ball cannot pass through the r in g

a Two strips of different metals (A and B) joined toge ther

Repairing a Dented PingPong Ball

a

Loosening Tight Bottle Cap

b
The cap can be opened easily after it expands

Volumes decrease

a f e Liquids Contract
1 W at e r le ve l d ro p s

The air inside it expands and push the dented part to its original position

a
Immerse a tight bottle cap inside hot water
C ol ou re d tr app ed l i qu i d mov es do wn Ic e 1

Gases Contract

MATTER CONTRACTS WHEN COOLED

d

b c

Becomes smaller Called contraction

Gases Expand
1

A B

1 Metal B expands faster than metal A Water level rises when heated due to e xp an s io n

Place a dented ping-pong ball in hot water

Contracting a Bimetallic strip

Ic e A B

Solids Contract

Iced water 1 Iron ball contracts, becomes s m al l e r

Bubble of gas given out

Hot water

Hot water Ic e

W at e r Iron ball can pass through the ring

Metal B contracts faster than metal A

25

www.petaminda.com
evaporate faster evaporate slower

Clothes dry faster on sunny day (high temperature)

Clothes dry slower on cloudy day (low temperature)

evaporate slower

evaporate faster large exposed area

c
hot c o ld

Water evaporates s ma ll faster if exposed exposed area area is larger

plastic metals
2 1 3

wood
4

rock

b a

a b

Clothes dry faster if exposed surface area is larger

clay concrete

Water evaporates faster in hot conditions

evaporate faster

Clothes dry faster in desert than in forest

SURROUNDING TEMPERATURE

EXPOSED SURFACE AREA

Anything that has mass

5 6

take up space

SOLID a

rubber

1 3 4

2
a

c
Water evaporates low humidity slower in humid (lid opened) condition

b a

HUMIDITY

evaporate Water evaporates slower high humidity (lid closed) evaporate faster

faster in dry condition

Clothes dry evaporate faster on slower windy day

AIR MOVEMENT
a

FACTORS AFFECTING EVAPORATION RATE

MATTER

STATES OF MATTER

water

milk
2 3 4

petrol latex

LIQUID
10 6 9 8 7

honey

A D
YEAR 5 UNIT 8

carbon dioxide given out when breathe out

smoke
6

mercury GAS
1 2 3

air soy sauce steam

cooking oil shampoo

wind blowing

no wind

Water evaporates faster in windy condition

carbon dioxide

5 4

tomato sauce

hydrogen
HEAT ENERGY GAINED Boiling/ Evaporation LIQUID Freezing Condensation GAS

Melting SOLID

STATES OF MATTER (1/2)

C
3

balloon contains hydrogen ga s

oxygen
oxygen ma sk

B
PROCESSES

Have mass

a 1
2 b

Fixed volume Fixed shape

HEAT ENERGY RELEASED

PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Can be compressed
5 e Cover removed Smo ke fills both No fixed ja rs volume

a 1

SOLID
4 d

c 3

Steam condenses into water when touches a cold surface Gas Liquid

CONDENSATION

b
c o ld surface of gla s s

2
WHEN LOSES HEAT
a

CHANGES IN STATES OF MATTER

Cannot be compressed

3
4 d

2
1 a

Have mass

1
WHEN GAINS HEAT

Smo ke

GAS
c 3
2 b 1 a

LIQUID
2 b 5 e

cold surface

Fixed volume

No fixed shape

At temperature below than freezing point (0 o C)

c
No fixed shape, follow shape of container

FREEZING Occurs throughout the liquid

1

Occupies space

Have mass Flow Cannot be compressed

a

a
Water freezes into ice Liquid Solid
ga s (steam)

At boiling point (100 o C)

3 2

c b
BOILING
3

EVAPORATION
2 1 b

MELTING
2 1

Water boils into steam Liquid Gas

li qui d

At any temperature below 100oC

Water evaporates into water vapour Liquid Gas

Occurs at surface of water

Coloured water displaced by air Balloon without gas is lighter

Water
Flow rate increases

flows f as t es t

At temperature higher than melting point (0 o C)

li qui d

Ice melts into water Solid Liquid

s oli d gas (water vapour) li qui d

Cooking oil Shampoo Tomato sauce

Different liquids have different flow rate

Balloon with gas is heavier

flows slowest

26

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Water from atmosphere into surface of the earth Water from surface of the earth into atmophere

a
clouds Build farmland and factories far away from water sources Use natural/organic fertiliser not chemical fertilisers Recycle materials Conserve water, use less rain water vapour

CONTINUOUS MOVEMENT OF...

Clouds Clouds

c b

d e f
Report to authority on dumping rubbish activities into water sources

water at earth's surface

Treat sewage before releasing water

Rain

Condensation

DO

X X

Pour hazardous products into drains eg: paint, insecticide

KEEPING WATER SOURCES CLEAN

DO NOT

THE 3 WATER CYCLE

water vapour

Evaporation Evaporation

Sea

Lakes

Throw rubbish into drains

I
YEAR 5 UNIT 8

Rivers

Toxic Contains bacteria

4 3 5

Harmful if consumed

STATES OF MATTER (2/2)

H G

For all living things

F
IMPORTANCE OF WATER CYCLE
2 1

For plants to make food For animals to survive Makes earth's amount of water constant

SUPPLY FRESH WATER

d

Smelly

2 1

MAKE WAT ER

Dirty

WATER POLLUTANTS
Oil layer kill sea animals, ruin beaches

Oil spillage
5

a
FR OM
1 4 3 2

HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT AFFECT WATER RESOURCES

CONTROLS EARTH'S TEMPERATURE

Through rainfalls

WATER RESOURCES
2
Used by plants to make food

b
By evaporation

Domestic waste

Mining activities Displaced soil washed into water resources, contaminated with heavy metals

Agricultural activities

Industrial waste

eventually reaches the natural water source

1
Sea

a d c b

IMPORTANCE
a
Human use: drinking, bath, cooking, washing, watering plants

Examples
c f e d

Fertilisers and pesticides leach into water sources

Toxic waste from factories poisons aquatic life in rivers and sea

water

Rivers

Habitat for many living things in For survival of water animals and plants

Springs

Wells

Ponds

Lakes

27

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red cabbage Red cabbage juice can be used as an indicator. It turns red when acidic, greenishyellow when alkaline and purple when neutral. red cabbage juice TASTE

a
Cooking oil Honey

b c
NOTE

e d

d
acidic neutral alkaline

DETERMINED BY ..

Sugar

c b

EXAMPLES

1 4

Salt

a
Water

NEUTRAL SUBSTANCES
2 1
Blue litmus has no effect in neutral substances

PROPERTIES OF ACIDIC AND ALKALI SUBSTANCES

b
COLOUR OF LITMUS PAPER
4

Blue litmus paper is used to test for acidic substances

Dry litmus does not change colour

Red litmus paper is used to test for alkaline substances

A
if substance to be tested is dry, dampen the litmus in water

Litmus must be damp

NO EFFECT ON BLUE OR RED LITMUS

b
Red litmus has no effect in neutral substances

TASTELESS, SWEET, SALTY To test for neutrality, use both red and blue litmus separately on the tested substances.

YEAR 5 UNIT 9

ACID AND ALKALI (1/1)

B
ACIDIC SUBSTANCES
3 4 1 2

SOUR TASTE When concentrated

a
CORROSIVE Blue litmus turns red in acidic substances acidic solution

neutral solution

a
TURNS BLUE LITMUS TO RED

Shampoo Soap

Milk of magnesia

ALKALINE SUBSTANCES
3 2

b
Other fruits

f e

g f e

BITTER TASTE Tamarind

EXAMPLES

a b

Vinegar

Red litmus remains red in acidic substances

d
Pineapple

c
Lemon

Yoghurt acidic solution

Detergent

d c

EXAMPLES TURNS RED LITMUS TO BLUE

Toothpaste

a b

a
Red litmus turns blue in alkaline substances

Baking powder

Bitter gourd

Blue litmus remains blue in alkaline substances

alkaline solution

28

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Constellation observed Big Dipper Scorpion Orion Southern Cross always points south
3

Season Spring Summer Winter

Show time for planting (spring) and harvesting (autumn)

2 1 3

After mythical animals, objects and warriors

a b

According to patterns that look like them 88 constellations identified Examples

d

Scorpion
a b

TO INDICATE SEASONS

Astronomers use to identify and locate stars

Orion Big Dipper

Nam es

1
TO SHOW DIRECTIONS

Southern Cross

Big Dipper and Orion always point north

1 Sailors, travellers use constellations for navigation, as compass to find directions

IMPORTANCE OF CONSTELLATIONS

A group of stars that form a pattern

A
South YEAR 5 UNIT 10

Brightest star

South

CONSTELLATIONS (1/1)
E

B
4

SCORPION
1 3 2 Looks like a scorpion Scorpius

Stars at top and foot always point 4 towards south

3

SOUTHERN CROSS
2

C
North

Seen at southern sky from June to August

Its tail trails to south Also called

D
North
5

Brightest star at foot of cross Also called Crux

Consists of 4 stars arranged in shape of a cross

Seen at northern sky in December, southern sky from January to February

ORION

BIG DIPPER
3

Line joining central star at belt to head always points north Recognised by 3 stars at belt of hunter

3 2 1
3 stars at the belt

Seen at northern sky from April to June

Looks like a hunter One of the largest constellation

Two stars at the edge always point to the north

Consists of seven stars arranged in shape of water dipper.

water dipper

29

Spherical shape of the earth causes some part of earth gets the sunlight.

Part of earth facing the sun, receives sunlight, experiences day, gradually experiencing night

Takes 24 hours for 1 complete rotation Rotates from west to east

Rising of sun in the east

1 2

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Orbit take shape Revolves around the sun of eliptical path in own orbit Revoles round the sun from west to east

3 4
WEST Rotation at axis, from west to east, causes rising and setting of sun

c b d

Setting of sun in the west

3

Causes
4

Day and night occurence

b c d
Takes 365 days or 1 year for 1 complete orbit

ROTATION

2 a
EAST Rotates on its axis

Changing lengths and positions of shadow

MOVES AROUND SUN

1
Part of earth facing away from the sun, does not receives sunlight, experiences night, gradually experiencing day Pointer cast shadow to numbered scale of hours

DAY AND NIGHT OCCURANCE

Axis : imaginary line from North Pole to South Pole

ROTATION AND MOVEMENT OF EARTH

Eliptical

path

Rotates from west to east in own axis

A F
YEAR 5 UNIT 11

a b

ROTATION

Takes 28 days for 1 complete rotation

numbered scale of hours

SUNDIAL
b

THE EARTH, THE MOON, AND THE SUN (1/2)

ROTATION AND MOVEMENT OF MOON

1
a

Revolves around the earth in own orbit in an eliptical path Takes 28 days for 1 complete orbit

2 1
Ancient people used sundial to tell the time

MOVES AROUND EARTH

M oo n

C D
MOVEMENT OF EARTH AND MOON AROUND SUN
3 1 2
As the moon is rotating, it moves round the earth

Ea rt h

Eliptical

path

2
The length becomes shorter approaching noon, lengthens in afternoon

SHADOW LENGTHS AND POSITIONS THROUGHOUT THE DAY

1
The shadow moves from west to east throughout the day

The moon also moves round the sun

As the earth is rotating, it moves round the sun

Earth

Evening

Afternoon

Sun : directly on top Noon

Sun Late Morning Sun : east Morning Moon's path Sun : east Earth's path Moon

shadow : east Sun : west

shadow : east
long shadow shadow lengthens

shadow : directly below object

shortest shadow

shadow : west
shorter shadow

long shadow

Sun : west

shadow : west

30

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YEAR 5 UNIT 11

H
One lunar month is 29.5 days

LUNAR CALENDAR
1 4 3 2

THE EARTH, THE MOON, AND THE SUN (2/2)

PHASES OF THE MOON

2 3

Different looks of moon due to different position of moon

New moon
a

Based on phases of moon

5 MAJOR PHASES
e

b c d

Crescent moon Half- moon Gibbous

M oon Phases New moon Waxing crescent New Half-moon Waxing gibbous Full moon Waning gibbous Old Half-moon Waning crescent

Date in Calendar 1 -2 3-6 7 - 10 11 - 13 14 - 16 17 - 20 21 - 25 26 - 29

Has 12 lunar months and 354 days in 1 year

Called Qamari calendar by M uslims

Waxing gibbous
- More than half of moon seen - Size increasing every night - Day 11 - 13

Half-moon
- Moon appears as half circle - Day 7 - 10

FullMoon

Waxing crescent
- Right side of moon is bright - Thin crescent seen and increasing in size every night - Day 3 - 6

Fullmoon
- Bright side of moon facing the earth completely - Appears as a circle - Day 14 - 16

New moon
- Moon is between sun and earth - Bright side is facing away from earth - Side facing earth is completely dark - Cannot see the moon - Day 1 - 2

SUNLIGHT

Earth

Waning gibbous
- Bright side is on the left and decreasing in size - Still more than half moon seen - Day 17 - 20

Waning crescent Old Half -moon

- Moon appears as half circle - Bright side on the left - Day 21 - 25 - Less than half of moon is bright - Thin crescent seen and decreasing in size every night - Day 26 - 29

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screw

Arch shape structure is a stronger structure than a beam structure

a

The arch can support weight from all directions

strong arch

Weaker

sh ap e ch ang es

Less number of folds, less strong

Flat paper cannot support 1 coin c on c r et e br ic ks

A triangular frame is more stronger than a square frame

More number of folds, stronger

Folded paper can support many coins

clay bricks

steel plank

shape does not cha nge a

The more the number of folds in a given area of paper, the stronger the structure
b

Folded paper is stronger than a flat paper

a

plastic

plank

Book Office building Box

1 2

Cuboid flats
2

b Triangular structures of a brigde are very strong

Triangular Frames

Objects made of steel and concrete are much stronger than objects made of wood
a

wooden plank

Has 6 rectangular faces

Examples

Same shape of a ball

Ball
1

Tijuana
2 Cultural

Folded
b 1

Objects made of wood are much stronger than objects made of plastic

Examples Has 6 square faces

a b

Examples

Centre

b a

CUBOID CUBE

SPHERE

Arch
c

M aterial Types Shapes

1
b
4

Half of a sphere

a b

YEAR 5 UNIT 12

Has a circular base

1

Igloo

weaker typical b ea m

Arch bridge

Cylindrical

FACTORS AFFECTING STRENGTH

A lighthouse has a cylindrical shape that can withstand strong winds

STRENGTH AND STABILITY (1/1)

SHAPES OF OBJECTS IN STRUCTURES

HEMISPHERE

Examples
2

evaporating dish Side narrows up to a point

5 7 6
CONE
c

Arrangement

Has a circular base

C
2

B
1

CYLINDER
c
Examples

Examples

PYRAMID
b a
has 2 round surfaces

1 2

Party hat minaret

arrangement

Brick walls are stronger if they are arranged between layers of concrete mixture
Stronger arrangement

STRENGTH STABILITY
1 1 2

c
Examples
2 1

b
Has a square base

a
has 4 triangular sides that meet at the top

Pisa Tower Glass

has 1 curve surface

Food pyramid

Great Pyramid

A structure is strong if it is able to hold a heavy object without breaking easily.

Stable objects are steady, do not topple easily when pushed or pulled.
3 2

FACTORS AFFECTING STABILITY

c b

Base Area
2

Objects that have a bigger base area are more stable than objects having smaller base area The bigger the base area, the more stable is the object

More stable

Less stable

Shapes
1

Height
1

High objects are less High stool stable than short objects

large base area Short stool

small base area

Less stable

More stable

A pyramid is more stable than a cylinder with the same base area and height

The higher the object, the less stable is the object Less stable More stable

32