GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM DIEGSTIVE SYSTEM Ingestion of food Physical and chemical digestion of food Absorption of nutrients in the bloodstream

eam Defecation of indigestible remains COMPOSITION OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ALIMENTARY CANAL (GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT) o The long coiled, hollow, muscular organ approximately 9meters MOUTH (ORAL CAVITY) Responsible for: o Mechanical digestion (chewing/mastication) o Chemical digestion-salivary amylase (ptyalin) o Ptyalin breaks starches to maltose o Includes also deglutition (swallowing) PHARYNX o Acts as a passageway for food from the mouth to the esophagus, and as an air passage from nasal cavity and mouth to larynx o OROPHARYNX the common passageway of fluid, air and food o LARYNGOPHARYNX ESOPHAGUS o Runs from the pharynx to the stomach. Passageway of food through peristaltic movement. o Distal end is guarded by lower esophageal sphincter/cardiac sphincter (LES) to prevent gastric reflux STOMACH o C-shaped organ o Act as temporary storage tank of food o Churning, mixing and pummel the food breaking down into smaller pieces o Chemical breakdown of food with the help of digestive enzymes o PARTS OF STOMACH Cardiac Region Located near the heart Contain cardioesophageal sphincter prevent reflux of food to the esophagus Fundus Expanded part Body Midportion Pyloric antrum Contain pyloric sphincter regulates chyme to the small intestine o Chemical breakdown Gastric Pits leads to gastric glands Intrinsic factor absorption of Vitamin B12 Chief cells produce pepsinogen needed for CHON digestion Parietal cells produce HCL acid that makes the stomach acidic Mucous Neck cells produce alkaline substance that protect stomach lining

 Enteroendocrine cells produce Gastrin which is important for digestive activity NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY Stomach secretes HCL and pepsin by the gastric mucosal barrier. The gastric mucosal barrier includes: Impermeable hydrophobic lipid layer o Covers the gastric epithelial cells. o Prevents diffusion of water-soluble molecules but aspirin and alcohol can diffuse through it. Bicarbonate ions o Secreted in response to HCL secretion by the parietal cells of the stomach. o HCO3 secretions = H+ ion secretions gastric mucosa is intact o Prostaglandins support bicarbonate production and blood flow to the gastric mucosa Mucous gel o Protects the surface of the stomach lining from damaging effects of pepsin o Traps the bicarbonate to neutralize HCL o Acts as lubricant preventing mechanical damage to the stomach lining from its contents When acute or chronic irritant or when a disease disrupts the mucosal barrier the gastric mucosa becomes irritated and inflamed. Aspirin and alcohol or lipid-soluble substances penetrate the mucosa Bile acids also break down the lipids in the mucosal barrier NSAIDs and aspirin SMALL INTESTINE o Major digestive organ o Responsible for final digestion Duodenum Jejunum Ileum terminal portion. Contains the ileocecal valve LARGE INTESTINE (COLON) o Absorption of water digested food o For fecal formation o Contains Goblet Cells produce alkaline substance HCO3 or bicarbonate Cecum first part contains the appendix Ascending Colon 25 cm long starts from hepatic flexure (Colon of Liver) Transverse Colon part of colon that starts from hepatic flexure to splenic flexure (Colon of Spleen). Common site of Cancer Descending Colon starts from the splenic to the beginning of sigmoid Rectosigmoid starts before rectum, mascular and contracts to increase pressure causing stool to move into the rectum Rectum terminal part of large intestine Anal Canal serves as the anal sphincter ACCESSORY ORGANS o SALIVARY GLANDS Produce saliva which is mixture and serous fluid o

Saliva moisten the food for easier chewing and swallowing. Contains Salivary amylase needed for starch digestion. Also contains lysozyme and antibodies (IgA) that inhibit bacterial growth

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TEETH Incisor for cutting Canines tearing and piercing Premolars and Molars grinding LIVER AND GALLBLADDER Largest organ in the body Produce bile which emulsify fats (physically breaking large fat globules into smaller one) GALLBLADDER stores bile PANCREAS - Secretes the following enzymes Pancreatic amylase digestion of starch and carbohydrates Trypsin Chemotrypsin protein digestion Carboxypeptidase Pancreatic lipase fat digestion Nuclease digest nucleic acid