Table FI 9

'

'THERMODYNAMICS FORMULAE
p

9mass- -- m
volume
V

Virial Equations

Specifc volume ( v )

Spec13cweight (y)

Continuity equation

Br = BP, I RT,
z=l+(BrP,ITr)

weight - mg

YE---- volume

pg

B(" = 0.083-0.422 IT,'"

R
pv = -T

nit5

B, = B(O) +&(I)

R = universal gas constant

M = molar mass of substance

Energy balance for an open system

Q-W

Q-\EI

m. ( u ,

Wjn = v d p

Thermal efficiency of heat engine

'

'I a

'

+ p.v.

ah -+

Work of steady -flow, open system

B(') =0.139-0.1721~:~

p ~ ~ - C p ~ ~

m=
in/&

Ideal-gas Equation of State

P= RTI(v-B)

VI-----volume - V - 1
mass
m p

Ake

v:
v?
, + pivi + -2+ g z i )
(<
age +- m i6( uL=G

+-+gz.)
Ape

q=- TH- TL
TH

fhw-Qin-Qout
Qin
Qin'

Coeflcient ofperformance (refrigerator)

copR =

Coefficient ofperformance (heatpump)

c o p H p=

COP, TL
TH- TL

Kn

,COPm = --L
TH- TL

h
: K"

Change in entropy
Change in entropyfor open system

+disc -

&.+

dT

Changeinentropyjoridealgas

Isentropic Turbine Eflciency

qT=

work of actual expansion = hl - h2,,

work of reversible expansion
hl - hzr

Adiabatic CompressorEflciency

' I c=

work of reversible compression = h2, - h~

work of acfual compression
h2,, - h I

Expression for a
Reversible Process
(Expansion/
Compression)

in which

PVY= constant

4%-

Isothermal
0

AU

Q
W
Y

Adiabatic, c&, (T)

nR
-(T2
7-1

-nRT In(?]

):4

nRT

1
7-1

-T,) or -(P2V2

-64)

-(T2-3)
7-1
nR

or -(P2V2
Y-1
1
cpICY

-44)

C w ~ i

- Table F20

PROCESS RELATION FOR IDEAL GAS

Table GI 1

PROPER'TIES OF GASES
Molar
Gas
Mass Constant

Gas
Acetylene, C2H2

Air

Argon, Ar

Carbon Dioxide,
C02

Carbon Monoxide,

Ethylene, CzH4

Helium, He
Hydrogen, H2
Hydrogen, H

Hydroxyl. OH

Methane, CHI

Nitric Oxide, N 0

Nitrogen, N,

Nitrogen, N

Propane, C3Hs

1 Water, H 2 0

M
R
kgkmol kJkg.K

Specific Heats
a t 25 O C
CP
c"
kJ1kg.K kJ1kg.K

forc,/R
k

Temperature
Range

Equation Coellicients
+ bT + cT2 + dT3 + eT4

= a

bx103
K-I

c x 106
K-2

dx10I0
K- '

exlo"
K-4

Table Gl 1 (Cont.)

MPa

TC
K

Wple State
Properties
pt
T,
kPa
K

CZHZ

6.14

308

126

Air

3.77

132

Ar

4.90

151

68.8

~ ~ H I o 3.80

425

Coz

7.38

CO

Critical State
Properties

Gas

'

PC

Redlich-Kwong
Constants
.
a kPa-m6-KO.' b
kmol2 m3/kmol

van der Waals

Constants
a kPa.m6
b
kmolz m3/kmol

Acentric
Factor
o

Gas
Acetylene, ClH2

452

0.0522

8030

0.0362

0.1873

136

0.0365

1580

0.0253

0.007400

83.8

135

0.0320

1680

0.0222

0.0000

Argon, Ar

0.000568

135

1390

0.1-16

29000

0.0806

0.1931

Butane, CIH 10

304

518

217

366

0.0428

6450

0.0297

0.2276

Carbon Dioxide

3.50

133

15.4

68.1

147

0.0395

1720

0.0274

0.06630

CZH~

4.88

306

557

0.0650

9860

0.0450

0.099

CZHI

5.03

282

462

0.0583

7860

0.0404

0.08520

Ethylene, C2H4

He

0.228

5.20

3.47

0.0238

8.00

0.0165

-0.3900

Helium, He

HZ

1.31

33.2

24.5

0.0263

143

0.0182

-0.2150

Hydrogen, Hz

0.140

7.04

192

104

13.8

Air

co2
Carbon Monoxide,

co

Ethane, ClH6

Hydrogen, H

Hydroxyl, OH

OH

Methane, CHI

CHI

4.60

191

11.7

90.7

894

0.0430

3210

0.0298

6.01080

Ne

2.65

44.4

50.0

24.6

21.7

0.0174

146

0.0120

-0.04140

NO

6.48

180

21.9

110

146

0.0289

1980

0.0200

9.5846

Nihic Oxide, NO

Nz

3.39

126

12.5

63.2

137

0.0386

1550

0.0267

0.04030

Nitrogen, N2

Nitrogen, N

0 2

Neon, Ne

5.04

155

0.146

54.4

138

0.0319

1740

0.0221

0.02180

Oxygen,

0 2

Oxygen, 0

C3Ha

4.26

370

H20

22.1

647

0.612

273

938

0.0904

18300

0.0626

0.153

Propane, C3H8

554

0.0305

14300

0.0211

0.3449

Water, Hz0

.Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases (Continued)

(b) At various temperatures

Temperature,
K

L~

Lv

kJIkg K

kJ1kg K

Hydrogen, Hz

9.927
10.183
10.302
10.352
10.377
10.389
10.405
10.422
10.447
10.480
10.521
10.570
10.698
10.859

cv

kJ1kg K

Carbon dioxide, CO?

Air

14.051
14.307
14.427
14.476
14.501
14.513
14.530
14.546
14.571
14.604
14.645
14.695
14.822
14.983

c~
kJ/kg. K

1.416
1.405
1.400
1.398
1.398
1.397
1.396
1.396
1.395
1.394
1.392
1.390
1.385
1.380

Carbon monoxide, CO

Nitrogen, N,

0.742
0.743
0.744
0.747
0.752
0.759
0.768
0.778
0.789
0.801
0..813
0.825
0.849
0.870

1.400
1.400
1.399
1.397
1.395
1.391
1.387
1.382
1.376
1.371
1.365
1.360
1.349
1.341

Source: Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 19831, p. 783, Table A-4M. Originally published in Tables of Thermal
Propeflies of Gases, NBS Circular 564, 1955.

PROPERTIES OF IDEAL GASES.

- AIR

690
700
710
720
730

702.52
713.27
724.04
734.82
745.62

27.29
28.80
30.38
32.02
33.72

504.45
512.33
520.23
528.14
536.07

72.56
69.76
67.07
64.53
62.13

'

1678.7
2.776
3.7994
2252.1 2068
2314.6 2303
1726.8
2.555
3.8303
2377.7 2559
1775.3
2.356
3.8605
2440.3 2837
1823.8
2.175
3.8901
2503.2 3138
1872.4
2.012
3.9191
1921.3
1.864
3.9474
2566-4 3464
Source: Yunus A. Cengal & Michael A. Boles, Thermodynamics, An Engineering
Approach (6th Ed., SI Units). McGraw-Hill, 2007. pp 936-937.

2.55731
2.57277
2.5881 0
2.60319
2.61803

2000
2050
2100
2150
2200
225?

Note: The properties o f p, (relative pressure) and v, (relative specific volume) are
dimensionlessquantities used in the isentropic processes, and should not be confused
with the properties pressure and specific volume.

F-5

,re F21

GENERALIZED COMPRESSIBILITY CHARTS

Figure F2l (Cont.)

Table FI 0

PROPERTIES OF SATURATED WATER, (LIQUID-VAPOUR) TEMPERATURE TABLE

Specific volume,

Sat
Sat.
Temp., press.,
T "C
P,, kPa
0.0 1
0.6117
0.8725
5
1.2281
10
15
1.7057
2.3392
20
25
30
35
40
.45

3.1698
4.2469
5.6291
7.3851
9.5953

Internal energy,
kJ/kg
Sat.
liquid,
0.000
21.019
42.020
62.980
83.913

Evap.,
"/s
2374.9
2360.8
2346.6
2332.5
2318.4

Sat.
vapor,
us
2374.9
2381.8
2388.7
2395.5
2402.3

Enthalpy,
Sat
liquid,
h/
0.001
2 1.020
42.022
62.982
83.915

Evap.,

Entropy,
kJk2.K
vapour,

Sat.
liquid,
Sf

2500.9

2500.9

0.0000
0.0763
0.1511
0.2245
0.2965

104.83
125.74
146.64
167.53
188.44

0.3672
0.4368
0.5051
0.5724
0.6386

50
55
60
65
70

12.352
15.763
19.947
25.043
3 1.202

209.34
230.26
251.18
272.12
293.07

0.7038
0.7680
0.8313
0.8937
0.9551

75
80
85
90
95

38.597
47.416
57.868
70.183
84.609

314.03
335.02
356.02
377.04
398.09

1.0158
1.0756
1.1346
1.1929
1.2504

100
105
110
115
120

101.42
120.90
143.38
169.18
198.67

419.17
440.28
46 1.42
482.59
503.81

1.3072
1.3634
1.4188
1.4737
1.5279

125
130'
135
140
145

232.23
270.28
3 13.22
361.53
415.68

525.07
546.38
567.75
589.16
610.64

1.5816
1.6346
1.6872
1.7392
1.7908

150
155
160
165
170

476.1 6
543.49
618.23
700.93
792.18

632.18
653.79
675.47
697.24
719.08

1.8418
1.8924
1.9426
1.9923
2.0417

892.60
175
1002.8
180
1123.5
185
1255.2
190
1398.8
195
1554.9
200
1
-

741.02
763.05
785.19
807.43
829.78
852.26

2.0906
2.1392
2.1875
2.2355
2.2831
2.3305

Evap.,

vapour,
Sat.

Table F10

(Cont.)

Specific volume,

Internal energy,
kJflrg

m 3 h

Sat.
Temp.,
TC
205
210
215
220
225

Sat.
press.,
P,4, kPa
1724.3
1907.7
2105.9
2319.6
2549.7

Sat
liquid,
v/
0.001164
0.001173
0.001 181
0.001190
0.001199

230
235
240
245'
250

2797.1
3062.6
3347.0
3651.2
397612

255
260
265
270
275

. 4322.9

280
285
290
295
300

Entbalpy,
kJlkg

Evap.,

Sat.
vapor,

0.11508
0.10429
0.094680
0.086094
0.078405

Sat.
liquid,
u/
872:86
895.38
918.02
940.79
963.70

1723.5
1702.9
1681.9
1660.5
1638.6

2596.4
2598.3
2599.9
2601.3
2602.3

Sat
liquid,
h/
874.87
897.61
920.50
943.55
966.76

0.001209
0.001219
0.001229
0.001240
0.001252

0.071505
0.065300
0.059707
0.054656
0.050085

986.76
1010.0
1033.4
1056.9
1080.7

1616.1
1593.2
1569.8
1545.7
1521.1

2602.9
2603.2
2603.1
2602.7
2601.8

990.14
1013.7
1037.5
1061.5
1085.7

0.001263
0.001276
0.001289
0.001303
0.001317

0.045941
0.042175
0.038748
0.035622
0.032767

1104.7
1128.8
1153.3
1177.9
1202.9

1495.8
1469.9
1443.2
1415.7
1387.4

2600.5
2598.7
2596.5
2593.7
2590.3

6416.6 0.001333 0.030153

6914.6 . 0.001349 0.027756
7441.8 0.001366 0.025554
7999.0 0.001384 .0.023528
8587.9 0.001404 0.021659

1228.2
1253.7
1279.7
1306.0
1332.7

1358.2
1328.1
1296.9
1264.5
1230.9

4692.3
5085.3
5503.0
5946.4

Sat
vapor,
"8

Evap.,

Entropy,
kJ/kg.K

Sat
vapour,

Sat
liquid,

42

hz

s/

1920.0
1899.7
1878.8
1857.4
1835.4

2794.8
2797.3
2799.3
2801.0
2802.2

2.3776
2.4245
2.4712
2.5176
2.5639

181218
1789.5
1765.5
1740.8
1715.3

2802.9
2803.2
2803.0
2802.2
2801.0

2.6100
2.6560
2.7018
2.7476
2.7933

1110.1
1134.8
1159.8
1185.1
1210.7

1689.0
1661.8
1633.7
1604.6
1574.5

2799.1
2796.6
2793.5
2789.7
2785.2

2.8390
2.8847
2.9304
2.9762
3.0221

2586.4
2581.8
2576.5
2570.5
2563.6

1236.7
1263.1
1289.8
1317.1
1344.8

1543.2
1510.7
1476.9
1441.6
1404.8

2779.9
2773.7
2766.7
2758.7
2749.6

3.0681
3.1144
3.1608
32076
3.2548

1366.3
1325.9
1283.4
1238.5
1191.0

2739.4
2727.9
2715.0
2700.6
2684.3

3.3024
3.3506
3.3994
3.4491
3.4998

305
310
315
320
325

9209.4
9865.0
10,556
11,284
12,051

0.001425
0.001447
0.001472
0.001499
0.00'1528

0.019932
0.018333
0.016849
0.015470
0.014183

1360.0
1387.7
1416.1
1445.1
1475.0

1195.9
1159.3
1121.1
1080.9
1038.5

2555.8
2547.1
2537.2
2526.0
2513.4

,1373.1
1402.0
1431.6
1462.0
1493.4

330
335
340
345
350

12,858
13,707
14,601
15,541
16,529

0.001560
0.001597
0.001638
0.001685
0.001741

0.012979
0.011848
0.010783
0.009772
0.008806

1505.7
1537.5
1570.7
1605.5
1642.4

993.5
945.5
893.8
837.7
775.9

2499.2
2483.0
2464.5
2443.2
2418.3

1525.8
1559.4
1594.6
1631.7
1671.2

1140.3
1086.0
1027.4
963.4
892.7

2666.0
2645.4
2622.0
2595.1
2563.9

3.5516
3.6050
3.6602
3.7179
3.7788

17,570
355
360
18,666
19,822
365
21,044
370
373.95 22,064

0.001808
0.001895
0.002015
0.002217
0.003106

0.007872 1682.2
0.006950 ,1726.2
0.006009 1777.2
0.004953 1844.5
0.003106 . 2015.7

706.4
625.7
526.4
385.6
0

2388.6
2351.9
2303.6
2230.1
2015.7

1714.0
1761.5
1817.2
1891.2
2084.3

812.9
720.1
605.5
443.1
0

2526.9
2481.6
2422.7
2334.3
2084.3

3.8442
3.9165
4.0004
4.1119
4.4070

Source: Yunus A.

I
Evap.,

Sat.
vapour,

Cengal& Michael A. Boles, Thennodynarnics,An Engineering Approach (6th Ed, SI Units). McGraw-Hill. 2007. pp 916-917.

Tables A 4 though A-8 are generated using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. The routine used in calculations is the
highly accurate Steam-IAPWS, which incorporates the 1995 Formulation for the Thermodynamic Propemes of Ordinaty Water Substance for General and Scientific Use, &sued
The InternationalAssociation for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS). This formulation replaces the 1984 formulation of Ham, Gallagher, and Kell (NBSNRC Steam
Tables. Hemisphere Publishiig Co., 1984), which is also available in EES as the routine STEAM. The new formulation is based on the Wrrelations of Saul and Wagner (J. Phys.
Chem. Ret Dala, 16,893,1987) with modifications to adjust to the InternationalTemperahlreScale of 1990. The modifications are described by Wagner and Russ (J. Phys. Chem.
Ref. Data, 22,783, 1993). The properties of ice are based on Hyland and Wexler, "Formulations for the Thermodynamic Properties of the Saturated Phases of H20 born 173.15 K
to 473.15 K," ASHRAE Trans.,Part 2A, Paper 2793,1983.

able GIO PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM AT VARIOUS PRESSURE

(SIunits)

-3

-3

"4 XID
Absolute

Temp.

JR XrD
"

SpecEc volume
m3/kg
Sat.
Sat.

Internal energy
k~/kg
Sat
Sat
liquid
vapour
uf
u8
121.45
24152
151.53
2425.0
24322
173.87
2437.9
191.82
2456.7
25 1.38

Enthalpy
k~/kg
Sat.
liquid
h/
121.46
151.53
173.88
191:83
251.40

2432.9
2415.9
2403.1
2392.8
2358.3

Sat.
vapour
h8
2554.4
2567.4
2577.0
2584.7
2609.7

Entropy
k ~ / k g . ~
Sat.
Sat
Abso~ut~
vapour
liquid
Press.
bar
sf
sz
8.4746
.4226
.04
8.3304
.5210
.06
8.2287
.5926
.08
8.1502
.6493
0.10
7.9085
0.20
.a320

2625.3
2636.8
2645.9
2653.5
2660.0

9439
1.0259
1.0910
1.1453
1.1919

7.7686
7.6700
7.5939
7.5320
7.4797

0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70

2665.8
2670.9
2675.5
2693.6
2706.7

1.2329
1.2695
1.3026
1.4336
1.5301

7.4346
7.3949
7.3594
7.2233
7.1271

0.80
0.90
1.00
1.50
2.00

Evap.
kfz

.04
.06
.08
0.10
0.20

28.96
36.16
41.51
45.81
60.06

1.0040
1.0064
1.0084
1.0102
1.0172

34800
23739
18103
14674
7649

0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70

69.10
75.87
81.33
85.94
89.95

1.0223
1.0265
1.0300
1.0331
1.0360

5229.
3993.
3240.
2732.
2365.

289.20
317.53
340.44
359.79
376.63

2468.4
2477.0
2483.9
2489.6
2494.5

289.23
317.58
340.49
359.86
376.70

2336.1
2319.2
2305.4.
2293.6
2283.3

0.80
0.90
1.00
1.50
2.00

93.50
96.71
99.63
111.4
120.2

1.0380
1.0410
1.0432
1.0528
1.0605

2087.
1869.
1694.
1159.
885.7

391.58
405.06
417.36
466.94
504.49

2498.8
2502.6
2506.1
2519.7
2529.5

391.66
405.15
417.46
467.11
504.70

2274.1
2265.7
2258.0
2226.5
2201.9

2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50

127.4
133.6
138.9
143.6
147.9

1.0672
1.0732
1.0786
1.0836
1.0882

718.7
605.8
524.3
462.5
414.0

535.10
561.15
583.95
604.31
622.25

2537.2
2543.6
2546.9
2553.6
2557.6

535.37
561.47
584.33
604.74
623.25

2181.5.
2163.8
2148.1
2133.8
2120.7

2716.9
2725.3
2732.4
2738.6
2743.9

1.6072
1.6718
1.7275
1.7766
1.8207

7.0527
6.9919
6.9405
6.8959
6.8565

2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50

5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00

151.9
158.9
165.0
170.4
175.4

1.0926
1.1006
1.1080
1.1148
1.1212

374.9
315.7
272.9
240.4
215.0

639.68
669.90
696.44
720.22
741.83

2561.2
2567.4
2572.5 :
2576.8
2580.5

640.23
670.56
697.22
721.11
742.83

2108.5
2086.3
2066.3
2048.0
2031.1

2748.7
2756.8
2763.5
2769.1
2773.9

1.8607
1.9312
1.9922
2.0462
2.0946,

6.8212
6.7600
6.7080
6.6628
6.6226

5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00

10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0

179.9
198.3
212.4
224.0
233.9

1.1273
1.1539
1.1767
1.1973
1.2165

194.4
131.8
99.63
79.98
66.68

761.68
843.16
906.44
959.11
1004.8

2583.6
2594.5
2600.3
2603.1
2604.1

762.81
844.84
908.79
962.11
1008.4

2015.3
1947.3
1890.7
1841.0
1795.7

2778.1
2792.2
2799.5
2803.1
2804.2

2.1387
2.3150
2.4474
2.5547
2.6457

6;5863
6.4448
6.3409
6.2575
6.1869

10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0

35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
60.0

242.6
250.4
257.5
264.0
275.6

1.2347
1.2522
1.2692
1.2859
1.3187

57.07
49.78
. 44.06
39.44
32.44

1045.4
1082.3
1116.2
1147.8
1205.4.

2603.7
2602.3
2600.1
2597.1
2589.7

1049.8
1087.3
1121.9
1154.2
1213.4

1753.7
1714.1
1676.4
1640.1
1571.0

2803.4
2801.4
2798.3
2794.3
2784.3

2.7253
2.7964
2.8610
2.9202
3.0267

6.1253
6.0701
6.0199
5.9734
5.8892

35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
60.0

70.0
80.0
90.0
100.
110.

285.9
295.1
303.4
311.1
318.2

1.3513
1.3842
1.4178
1.4524
1.4886

27.37
23.52
20.48
18.03
15.99

1257.6
1305.6
1350.5
1393.0
1433.7

2580.5
2569.8
2557.8
2544.4
2529.8

1267.0
1316.6
1363.3
1407.6
1450.1

1505.1
1441.3
1378.9
1317.1
1255.5

2772.1
2758.0
2742.1
2724.7
2705.6

3.1211
.3.2068
3.2858
3.3596
3.4295

5.8133
5.7432
5.6772
5.6141
5.5527

70.0
80.0
90.0
100.
110.

120.
130.
140.
150.
160.

324.8
330.9
336.8
342.2
347.4

1.5267
1.5671
1.6107
1.6581
1.7107

14.26
12.78
11.49
10.34
9.306

1473.0
1511.1
1548.6
1585.6
1622.7

2513.7
2496.1
2476.8
2455.5
2431.7

1491.3
1531.5
1571.1
1610.5
1650.1

1193.6
1130.7
1066.5
1000.0
930.6

2684.9
26622
2637.6
2610.5
2580.6

3.4962
3.5606
3.6232
3.6848
3.7461

5.4924
5.4323
5.3717
5.3098
5.2455

120.
130.
140.
150.
160.

170.
180.
190.
200.
220.9

352.4
357.1
361.5
365.8
374.1

1.7702
1.8397
1.9243
2.036
3.155

8.364
7.489
6.657
5.834
3.155

1660.2
1698.9
1739.9
1785.6
2029.6

2405.0
2374.3
2338.1
2293.0
2029.6

1690.3
1732.0
1776.5
1826.3
2099.3

856.9
777.1
688.0
583.4
0

2547.2
2509.1
2464.5
2409.7
2099.3

3.8079
3.8715
3.9388
4.0139
4.4298

5.1777
5.1044
5.0228
4.9269
4.4298

170.
180.
190.
200.
220.9

'

Table F11

PROPERTIES OF SUPERHEATED WATER

Sat
150
200
250
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
loo0
1100
1200

P = 0.01 MPa (45.81 OC)*

24372
2583.9
8.1488
2443.3
2592.0
8.1741
2515.5
2687.5
8.4489
2587.9
2783.0
8.6893
2661.4
2879.6
8.9049
2736.1
2977.5
9.1015
2812.3
3076.7
9.2827
2969.3
3280.0
9.6094
3132.9
3489.7
9.8998
3303.3
3706.3
10.1631
3480.8
3929.9
10.4056
. 3665.4
4160.6
10.6312
3856.9
4398.3
10.8429
4055.3
4642.8
11.0429
4260.0
4893.8
11.2326
4470.9
5150.8
11.4132
4687.4
5413.4
11.5857
P = 0.20 MPa (120.21 OC)
0.88578
2529.1
27063
7.1270
0.95986
2577.1
7.2810
2769.1
1.08049 .2654.6. 2870.7
7.5081
1.19890
2971.2
7.7100
2731.4
1.31623
2808.8
3072.1
7.8941
1.54934
2967.2
3277.0
8.2236
1.78142
3131.4
3487.7
8.5153
2.01302
3302.2
3704.8
8.7793
2.24434
3479.9
3928.8
9.0221
2.47550
3664.7
4159.8
9.2479
2.70656
3856.3
4397.7
9.4598
2.93755
4054.8
9.6599
46423
3.16848
4259.6
9.8497
4893.3
3.39938
4470.5
10.0304
5150.4

200
250
300
350
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300

0.42503
0.47443
0.52261
0.57015
0.61731
0.71095
0.80409
0.89696
0.98966
1.08227
1.17480
1.26728
1.35972
1.45214

i
j

2643.3
2723.8
2803.3
2883.0
2963.7
3129.0
3300.4
3478.6
3663.6
3855.4
4054.0
4259.0
4470.0
4686.6

2855.8
2961.0
3064.6
3168.1
3272.4
3484.5
3702.5
3927.0
4158.4
4396.6
4641.4
4892.6
5149.8
5412.6

P = 0.10 MPa (99.61 'C)

P = 0.05 MPa (8132 "C)

14.670
14.867
17.196
19.513
21.826
24.136
26.446
31.063
35.680
40.296
44.911
49.527
54.143
58.758
63.373
67.989
72.604

3.2403

24832

3.4187
3.8897
4.3562
4.8206
5.2841
6.2094
7.1338
8.0577
8.9813
9.9047
10.8280
11.7513
12.6745
13.5977
14.5209

7.5931

2511.5
2682.4
7.6953
2585.7
27802
7.9413
2660.0
2877.8
8.1592
2735.1
2976.2
8.3568
2811.6
3075.8
8.5387
2968.9
3279.3
8.8659
3132.6
3489.3
9.1566
3303.1
3706.0
9.4201
3480.6
3929.7
9.6626
3665.2
4160.4
9.8883
3856.8
4398.2
10.1000
4055.2
4642.7
10.3000
4259.9
4893.7
10.4897
4470.8
5150.7
10.6704
4687.3
5413.3
10.8429
P = 0;30 MPa (133.52 O C )
2543.2
2724.9
6.9917
0.60582
2571.0
2761.2
7.0792
0.63402
2651.0
2865.9
7.3132
0.71643
.0.79645
2728.9
2967.9
7.5180
280'7.0
3069.6
7.7037
0.87535
2966.0
3275.5
8.0347
1.03155
3486.6
8.3271
1.18672
3130.6
3704.0
8.5915
1.34139
3301.6
1.49580
3928.2
8.8345
3479.5
1.65004
3664.3
4159.3
9.0605
4397.3
9.2725
1.80417
3856.0
4054.5
4642.0
9.4726
1.95824
4259.4
4893.1
9.6624
2.11226
4470.3
5150.2
9.8431
2.26624

'

7.0610
7.27257.4614
7.6346
7.7956
8.0893
8.3544
. 8.5978
8.8240
9.0362
9.2364.
9.4263
9.6071
9.7797

2645.2

0.35212
0.39390
0.43442
0.47428
0.51374
0.59200
0.66936
0.74725
1 0.82457
0.90179
0.97893
j 1.05603
1.11309
1.21012

2639.4
2721.2
2801.4
2881.6
2962.5
3128.2
3299.8
3478.1
3663.2
3855.1
4053.8
4258.8
4469.8
4686.4

The temperature in parentheses is the saturation temperature at tbt specified pressure.

Properties of saturated vapour at the specified pressure.

Table F11 (Cont.)

OC

P = 1.00 MPa (179.88 OC)

Sat.

0.19437

2582.8

2777.1

6.5850

200
250

0.20602
0.23275

2622.3
2710.4

28283
2943.1

6.6956
6.9265

300

0.25799

2793.7

3051.6

7.1246

350
400
500

0.28250
0.30661
0.3541 1

2875.7
2957.9
3 125.0

3158.2
3264.5
3479.1

7.3029
7.4670
7.7642

600

0.4011 1
0.44783
0.49438

3297.5
3476.3
3661.7

3698A

8.03 11

700
800

3924.1
4156.1

8.2755
8.5024

900
1000
1100

0.54083
0.58721
0.63354

3853.9
4052.7
4257.9

4394.8
4640.0
4891.4

8.7150
8.91 55
9.1057

1200
I300

0.67983
0.72610

Sat.

0.12374
0.13293
0.14190
0.15866

225
250
300
350
400
500
600
700
800

0.17459
0.19007
0.22029

4469.0
5148.9
9.2866
4685.8
5411.9
9.4593
P= 1.60 M a (201.3i OC)
2594.8
2792.8
6.4200
2645.1
2857.8
6.5537
2919.9
6.6753
2692.9
2781.6
3035.4
6.8864
2866.6
2950.8
3120.1
3293.9
3473.5
3659.5
3852.1
4051.2
4256.6

3146.0
3254.9
3472.6
3693.9
3920.5
4153.4

7.0713
7.2394
7.5410
7.8101
8.0558
8.2834

4392.6
4638.2
4890.0

8.4965
8.6974
8.8878

900
1000
1100

0.24999
0.27941
0.30865
0.33780
0.36687
0.39589

1200
1300

0.42488
0.45383

Sat.
225

0.07995

2602.1

2801.9

6.2558

250

0.08026
0.08705

2604.8
2663.3

2805.5
2880.9

6.2629
6.4107

300
350
400

0.09894
0.10979
0.12012

2762.2
2852.5
2939.8

3009.6
3127.0
3240.1

6.6459
6.8424
7.0170

450
500
600
700

D.13015
0.13999
D.1593 1

3026.2
3112.8
3288.5

3351.6
3462.8
3686.8

7.1768
7.3254
7.5979

0.17835

3469.3

3915.2

7.8455

800

0.19722

3656.2

4149.2

8.0744

900

0.2 1597
0.23466

3849.4
4049.0

4389.3
4635.6

8.2882
8.4897

1200

0.25330
D.27190

4254.7
4466.3

4887.9
5146.0

8.6804
8.8618

1300

D.29048

4683.4

5409.5

9.0349

1000
1100

'

P= 1.40 MPa (195.04 OC)

4467.9
5147.7
9.0689
4684.8
5410.9
9.2418
P= 2.50 MPa (223.95 OC)

0.14078

2591.8

0.10381
0.11 150
0.12551
0.13860
0.15122
0.17568
0.19962
0.22326
0.24674
0.27012
0.29342
0.31667
0.33989
0.36308

2788.9

6.4160
2836.1
2903.3
6.5475
3024.2
6.7684
.
2860.5
3137.7
6.9583
2945.9
3248.4
7.1292
7.4337
3116.9
3468.3
3291.5
3690.7 . 7.7043
7.9509
3471.7
3918.2
3658.0
4151.5
8.1791
3850.9
4391.1
8.39'25
8.5936.
4050.2
4637.1
8.7842
4255.7
4889.1
8.9654
4467.2
5147.0
9.1384
4684.2
5410.3
P = 3.50 MPa (242.56 OC)
2628.5
2680.3
2773.2

'

6.4675

Table F1 1

T
"C

Sat
275
300
3 50
400
450
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
Sat.
300
350
400
450
50P
550
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
Sat.
325
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
800

900
1000
1100
1200
1300

PROPERTIES OF SUPERHEATED WATER (Cant.)

Table F11

(Cont.)

P = 20.0 MPa (365.75

Sat.

0.005862

2294.8

2412.1

1914.9
2253.3
2497.5

1988.6
2373.5
2671.0

350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
0.001978

P = 25.0 MPa
1799.9
1849.4

P= 30.0 MPa
4.0345

0.001792

1738.1

1791.9

3.9313

2428.5

2578.7

2607.8
2721.2
2887.3

2805.0
2950.6
3165.9

3020.8
3140.0

3339.2
3493.5

2755.3
2925.8
3065.6

2997.9
3218.0
3399.0

3251.9
3359.9

3637.7
3776.0

3190.9
3308.3

3560.7
3711.6

3570.7

4043.8

3780.2
3991.5
4206.1

4307.1
4570.2
4835.4

3531.6
3749.0

3996.3
4270.6

3965.8
4184.4

454 1.5
4812.4

4424.6

5103.5

4406.1

5085.0

4647.2
5375.1
P = 40.0 MPa

4631.2

5360.2

P= 60.0 MPa

375

0.001641

1677.0

1742.6

3.8290

0.001560

1638.6

400

1855.0
2097.5

1931.4
2199.0

4.1145

425
450

0.001911
0.002538
01003692

0.001731
0.002009

1787.8
1960.3

1716.6
1874.4
2060.7

2364.2

2511.8

4.9449

500

0.005623

2681.6

2906.5

5.4744

0.002487
0.003890

2160.3
2528.1

2284.7
2722.6

4.5044

3.7642
4.0029
4.2746

0.001503
0.001633

1609.7

0.001816

1892.9

1745.2

4.5896

0.002086

2055.1

5.1762

0.002952

2393.2

550

0.006985

2875.1

'3154.4

5.7857

0.005118

2769.5

3025.4

5.5563

0.003955

2664.6

600

0.008089

3026.8

3350.4

0.006108

2947.1-

3252.6

5.8245

0.009053
0.009930

3159.5

3521.6

0.006957

3095.6

3443.5

6.0373

0.004833
0.005591

2866.8

650
700

6.0170
6.2078

3282.0

3679.2

6.3740

0.007717

3228.7

3614.6

6.2179

0.006265

3175.4

800

0.011521

3511.8

3972.6

6.6613

0.009073

3472.2

3925.8

6.5225

0.007456

3432.6

900

0.012980

3733.3

4252.5

6.9107

0.010296

3702.0

4216.8

6.7819

0.008519

3670.9

1000

0.014360

3952.9

4527.3

7.1355

0.011441

3927.4

4499.4

7.0131

0.009504

3902.0

3031.3

1100

0.015686

4173.7

4801.1

7.3425

4778.9

7.2244

0.010439

4130.9

0.016976

4396.9

5075.9

7.5357

0.012534
0.013590

4152.2

1200

4378.6

5058.1

7.4207

0.011339

4360.5

1300

0.018239

4623.3

5352.8

7.7175

0.014620

4607.5

5338.5

7.6048

0.012213

4591.8

Source: Yimus A. Cengal& Michael A. Boles, Thennoc$namics, An Engineering Approach (6th Ed., SI Units). McGraw-Hill, 2007. pp 920-923

OC)

4.9310

PROPERTIES OF SATURATED REFRIGERANT 134a

[LIQUID-VAPOUR]:TEMPERATURE TABLE

Table FI 2

Entropy,
kJ/kg*K

kJIkg

Sat.
vapour,

Sat.
vapour,

225.86
227.12
228.39
229.65
230.91

Sat.
liquid,
sf
0.00000
0.01072
0.02138
0.03199
0.04253

Evap.,
sfi
0.96866
0.95511
0.94176
0.92859
0.91560

0.96866
0.96584
0.96315
0.96058
0.95813

Sat.
vapour,

ur

ue
,

-0.036
2.475
4.992
7.517
10.05

207.40
206.04
204.67
203.29
201.91

207.37
208.51
209.66
210.81
211.96

0.22580
0.20666
0.18946
0.17395
0.15995

12.59
15.13
17.69
20.25
22.82

200.52
199.12
197.72
196.30
194.88

213.11
214.25
215.40
216.55
217.70

12.65
15.20
17.76
20.33
22.91

219.52
218.22
216.92
215.59
214.26

232.17
233.43
234.68
235.92
s237.17

0.05301
0.06344
0.07382
0.08414
0.09441

0.90278
0.89012
0.87762
0.86527
0.85307

0.95579
0.95356
0.95144
0.94941
0.94748

0.0007362
0.0007396
0.0007430
0.0007464
0.0007499

0.14729
0.13583
0.12542
0.11597
0.10736

25.39
27.98
30.57
33.17
35.78

193.45
192.01
190.56
189.09
187.62

218.84
219.98
221.13
222.27
223.40

25.49
28.09
30.69
33.30
35.92

212.91
211.55
210.18
208.79
207.38

238.41
239.64
240.87
242.09
243.30

0.10463
0.11481
0.12493
0.13501
0.14504

0.84101
0.82908
0.81729
0.80561
0.79406

0.94564
0.94389
0.94222
0.94063
0.93911

200.74
217.08
234.44
252.85
272.36

0.0007535
0.0007571
0.0007608
0.0007646
0.0007684

0.099516
0.092352
0.085802
0.079804
0.074304

38.40
41.03
43.66
46.31
48.96

186.14
184.64
183.13
181.61
180.08

224.54
225.67
226.80
227.92
,229.04

38.55
41.19
43.84
46.50
49.17

205.96
204.52
203.07
201.60
200.11

244.51
245.72
246.91
248.10
249.28

0.15504
0.16498
0.17489
0.18476
0.19459

0.78263
0.77130
0.76008
0.74896
0.73794

0.93766
0.93629
0.93497
0.93372
0.93253

293.01
314.84
337.90
362.23
387.88

0.0007723 .
0.0007763
0.0007804
0.0007845
,0.0007887

0.069255
0.064612
0.060338
0.056398
0.052762

51.63
54.30
56.99
59.68
62.39

178.53
176.97
175.39
173.80
172.19

230.16
231.27
232.38
233.48
234.58

51.86
54.55
57.25
59.97
62.69

198.60
197.07
195.51
193.94
192.35

250.45
251.61
252.77
253.91
255.04

0.20439
0.21415
0.22387
0.23356
0.24323

0.72701
0.71616
0.70540
0.69471
0.68410

0.93139
0.93031
0.92927
0.92828
0.92733

414.89
443.31
473.19
504.58
537.52

0.0007930
0.0007975
0.0008020
0.0008066
0.0008113

0.049403
0.046295
0.043417
0.040748
0.038271

65.10
67.83
70.57
73.32
76.08

170.56
168.92
167.26
165.58
163.88

235.67
236.75
237.83
238.90
239.96

65.43
68.18
70.95
73.73
76.52

190.73
189.09
187.42
185.73
184.01

256.16
257.27
258.37
259.46
260.53

0.25286
0.26246
0.27204
0.28159
0.29112

0.67356
0.66308
0.65266
0.64230
0.63198

0.92641
0.92554
0.92470
0.92389
0.92310

20
22
24
26
28

572.07
608.27
646.18
685.84
727.31

0.0008161
0.0008210
0.0008261
0.0008313
0.0008366

0.035969
0.033828
0.031834
0.029976
0.028242

78.86
81.64
84.44
87.26
90.09

162.16
160.42
.158;65
156.87
155.05

241.02
242.06
243.10
244.12
245.14

79.32
82.14
84.98
87.83
90.69

182.27
180.49
178.69
176.85
174.99

261.59
262.64
263.67
264.68
265.68

0.30063
0.31011
0.31958
0.32903
0.33846

0.62172
0.61 149
0.60130
0.59115
0.58102

0.92234
0.92160
0.92088
0.92018
0.91948

. 30

770.64
815.89
863.11
912.35
963.68

0.0008421
0.0008478
0.0008536
0.0008595
0.0008657

0.026622
0.025108
0.023691
0.022364
0.021119

92.93
95.79
98.66
101.55
104.45

153.22
151.35
149.46
147.41
145.58

246.14
247.14
248.12
249.08
250.04

93.58
96.48
99.40
102.33
105.29

173.08
171.14
169.17
167.16
165.10

266.66
267.62
268.57
269.49
270.39

0.34789
0.35730
0.36670
0.37609
0.38548

0.57091
0.56082
0.55074
0.54066
0.53058

0.91879
0.91811
0.91743
0.91675
0.91606

163.00
160.86
158.67
156.43
154.14

271.27
272.12
272.95
273.75
274.53

0.39486
0.40425
0.41363
0.42302
0.43242

0.52049
0.51039
0.50027
0.49012
0.47993

0.91536
0.91464
0.91391
0.91315
0.91236

275.98
277.30
278.46
279.64
280.46
280.82

0.45126
0.47018
0.48920
0.51320
0.53755
0.56241

0.45941
0.43863
0.41749
0.39039
0.36227
0.33272

0.91067
0.90880
0.90669
0.90359
0.89982
0.89512

106.35 280.59 0.58800

95.44 ' .279.51 0.61473
82.35 ! 277.11 0.64336
65.21 272.26 0.67578
33.58 ! 258.37 0.72217

0.30111
0.26644
0.22674
0.17711
0.08999

0.88912
0.88117
0.87010
0.85289
0.81215

-40
-38
-36
-34
-32

51.25
56.86
62.95
69.56
76.71

-30
-28
-26
- 24
-.22

84.43
92.76
101.73
111.37
121.72

0.0007203
0.0007234
0.0007265
0.0007297
0.0007329

-20
-18
-16
- 14
- 12

132.82
144.69
157.38
170.93
185.37

- 10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18

32
34
36
38

'

'

Sat.
liquid,

'

Entbalpy,

Internal energy,
kJkg
Sat.
liquid,
hr
0.000
2.515
5.037
7.566
10.10

Sat.
press.,
P, kPa

Temp.,
T oc

'

Specificvolume,
m'kg
Sat.
Sat.
vapour,
liquid,
vr
v~
0.36081
0.0007054
0.32732
0.0007083
0.29751
0.0007112
0.27090
0.0007142
0.24711
0.0007172

Evap.,

ug

40
42
44
46
48

1017.1
1072.8
1130.7
1191.0
1253.6

0.0008720
0.0008786
0.0008854
0.0008924
0.0008996

107.38
0.019952
110.32
0.018855
0.017824 . - 113.28
116.26
0.016853
119.26
0.015939

143.60
141.58
139.52
137.42
135.29

250.97
251.89
252.80
253.68
254.55

108.26
111.26
114.28
117.32
120.39

52
56
60
65
70
75

1386.2
1529.1
1682.8
1891.0
2118.2
2365.8

0.0009150
0.0009317
0.0009498
0.0009750
0.0010037
0.0010372

0.014265
0.012771
0.011434
0.009950
0.008642
0.007480

125.33
131.49
137.76
145.77
154.01
162.53

130.88
126.28
1.21.46
115.05
108.14
100.60

256.21
257.77
259.22
260.82
262.15
263.13

126.59
132.91
139.36
147.62
156.13
164.98

80
85
90
95
100

2635.3
2928.2
3246.9
3594.1
3975.1

0.0010772
0.0011270
0.0011932
0.0012933
0.0015269

0.006436
0.005486
0.004599 0.003726
0.002630
--

171.40
180.77
190.89
202.40
218.72

Evap.,
hfi
225.86
224.61
223.35
222.09
220.81

149.39
144.38
139.10
132.02
124.32
115.85

SE -

ILL
92.23 , 263.63 174.24
82.67 263.44 184.07
71.29 262.18 194.76
56.47 1 258.87 207.05
29.19
247.91 224.79

'

Source: Yunus A. Cengal& Michael A. Bolcs, Thenno&namics, An Engineering Appmoch (6th Ed., S1 Units). McGraw-Hill, 2007. pp 928-929

Tables A-11 Ihrough A-13 are generated using the EngineeringEquation Solver-(EES)soAwaredeveloped by S. A. Klein and E L.Alvarado. The routine used in calculations is the
R134a, which is based on the hutdamentat equation of state developed by R Tillner-Roth and H.D. Bachr, "An International Standard Formulation for theThcrmodynarnic Propertics
of 1 , 1 , 1 , 2 - T e ~ u o r ~ a n(HFC-134a)
e
for temperatures &om 170 K to 455 K and Pressures up to 70 MPa," J. Phys. Chem, ReJ Dora, Vol. 23, No. 5, 1994. The enthalpy and
enhopy values of saturated liquid are set to zero at - 40 OC (and 40 OF).

F-24

 able FI 3

PROPERTIES OF SATURATED REFRIGERANT 134a

[LIQUID-VAPOUR]: PRESSURE TABLE

--

Specilic volume,
m3kg
Sat
Sat.
liquid,
vapour,
-

"1

0.0007098

"r

0.3 1121

Internal energy,
kJ&
Sat.
liquid,
u/

Evap.,
4

3.798

205.32

Sat.
vapour,

sat.
liquid,
h/

Enthalpy,
kJncs

Evap.,
h*

sat.
vapour,
hx

Sat.
liquid,
s/

Evap.,

Sat.
vapour,
sc
0.96441

209.12

0.01634
0.92775

0.96042

0.0007144

0.26929

203.20

210.88

0.03267

0.0007185

0.23753

11.15

201.30

212.46

0.047 11

0.90999

0.957 10

0.0007223

0.21263

14.31

199.57

213.88

0.06008

0.89419

0.95427

0.0007259

0.19254

17.21

197.98

215.19

0.07188

0.87995

0.95183

7.680

11 & Michael A. Boles, Thermody~mics,An EngineeringAppmach (6th Ed. SI Units). McGraw-Hill, 2007. pp 930

PROPERTIES OF SUPERHEATED REFRIGERANT 134a

(MAPOUR).

Table F14

"C

m3/kg

kJkg.

kl/kg

kT/kgK

P = 0.06 MPa (T,, = - 36.95OC)

m3/kg

kJ/kg

W/kg

kJ/kgK

P = 0.10 MPa (T,=- 2637OC)

m3/kg

kUkg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg.K

P = 0.14 M a (T,= - 18.77"C)

Sat.

- 20
- 10

100

0.50410

314.74

344.99

1.3520

P = 0.18 MPa (T, = - 12.73OC)

0.30138

314.46

344.60

1.3096

P = 0.20 MPa (T,= - 10.09OC)

Sat.

0.1 1041

222.99

242.86

0.9397

0.09987

224.48

- 10

0.1 1189

225.02

245.16

0.9484

0.09991

224.55

244.54

0.9380

0.11722

232.48

253.58

0.9798

0.10481

232.09

253.05

0.9698

244.46

0.9377

10

0.12240

240.00

262.04

1.0102

0.10955

239.67

261.58

1.0004

20

0.12748

247.64

270.59

1.0399

0.1 1418

247.35

270.18

1.0303

30

0.13248

255.41

279.25

1.0690

0.11874

255.14

278.89

1.0595

40

0.13741

263.31

288.05

1.0975

0.12322

263.08

287.72

1.0882

50

0.14230

271.36

296.98

1.1256

0.12766

271.15

296.68

1.1163

Sat.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1M)
110
120

0.21449

314.17

344.20

1.2814

P = 0.24 MPa (T,,= - 5.38OC)

TableF14

(Cont.)

Sat.

20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160

- I- 0.068775

368.33

0.025621

246.79

P.=0.80 MPa

Sat.

402.72

1.3249

(xu=31.3I0C)
267.29

P= 0.90 MPa (T,.,= 3551C)

0.9183 . 0.022683

248.85

269.26

0.9169

= 1.00 MPa (T,=39.37"C)

0.020313

250.68

270.99

0.9156

40
59
60
70
80
90
I00
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
Sat.

50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180

P= 1.20 MPa (GI=46.2gC)

0.016715 253.81
273.87 0.9130
0.017201
257.63
278.27 0.9267
0.018404 267.56
289.64 0.9614
0.019502 277.21
300.61 0.9938
0.020529 286.75
311.39 1.0248
0.021506 296.26
322.07 1.0546
0.022442 305.80 332.73 1.0836
0.023348 315.38
343.40 1.1118
0.024228 325.03
354.11
1.1394
0.025086 334.77
364.88 1 .I664
0.025927 344.61
375.72
1.1930
0.026753 354.56 386.66
1.2192
397.69
1.2449
0.027566 .364.61
0.028367 374.78
408.82
1.2703
0.029158 385.08
420.07 1.2954

P= 1.40 MPa (T,=52.40C)

= 1.60 MPa (T,= 57.8SC)

0.014107

256.37

276.12

0.9105

0.012123

258.47

277.86

0.9078

0.015005
0.016060
0.017023
0.017923
0.018778
0.019597
0.020388
0.021155
0.021904
0.022636
0.023355
0.024061
0.024757

264.46
274.62
284.51,
294.28
304.01
313.76
323.55
333.41
343.34
353.37
363.51
373.75
384.10

285.47
297.10
308.34
319.37
330.30
341.19
352.09
363.02
374.01
385.07
396.20
407.43
418.76

0.9389
0.9733
1.0056
1.0364
1.0661
1.0949
1.1230
1.1504
1.1773
1.2038
1.2298
1.2554
1.2807

0.012372
0.013430
0.014362
0.015215
0.016014
0.016773
0.017500
0.018201
0.018882
0.019545
0.020194
0.020830
0.021456

260.89
271.76
282.09
292.17
302.14
312.07
322.02
332.00
342.05
352.17
362.38
372.69
383.11

280.69
293.25
305.07
316.52
327.76338.91
350.02
361.12
372.26
383.44
394.69
406.02
417.44

0.9163
0.9535
0.9875
1.0194
1.0500
1.0795
1.1081
1 .I360
1.1632
1.1900
1.2163
1.2421
1.2676

Soume: YunusA. Cengal &Michael A. Boles, Thermodynamics. An EngineeringAppmach (6th Ed., SI Units). McGraw-Hill, 2007. pp 931-932