1

Contents
Heat Exchanger 1 balance ............................................................................................................................. 2
Reactor Sizing .............................................................................................................................................. 13
Reactor 1 ................................................................................................................................................. 19
Reactor 2 ................................................................................................................................................. 21
Agitation ...................................................................................................................................................... 22
Tank 1 Dimension .................................................................................................................................... 23
Reactor/tank 2 Dimensions .................................................................................................................... 25
Energy Balance ............................................................................................................................................ 27
Reactor 1 ................................................................................................................................................. 27
Reactor 2 ................................................................................................................................................. 32
References ..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.



2

Heat Exchanger balance
The most commonly used type of heat-transfer equipment is the ubiquitous shell and tube heat
exchanger due to the following reasons (SINNOT, R K, 2005);
1. The configuration gives a large surface area in a small volume.
2. Good mechanical layout: a good shape for pressure operation.
3. Uses well-established fabrication techniques.
4. Can be constructed from a wide range of materials.
5. Easily cleaned.
6. Well-established design procedures.
There are two heat exchangers that are being used in heating up the feed to reactor 1 because the feed
to reactor 1 is needed to be at 60
O
C for the reaction (FREEDMAN, Bernard et al., 1984). According to the
heat of reaction calculated later in this document, this reaction is said to be exothermic and a material
balance on the second reactor without a jacket indicated that the temperature exiting the reactor is
actually higher than 60
O
C therefore a jacket around reactor 2 is needed to keep the reaction
temperature at 60
O
C.

The general equation for heat transfer across a surface is:

Where
Q = heat transferred per unit time, W
U = the overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m
2
K
A = heat-transfer area, m
2

T
m
= the mean temperature difference, the temperature driving force

Table 1: Thermal Conductivities of the fluids
Thermal Conductivity W/
O
m.K Reference
Triolein 0.184
(PRZYBYLSKI, Dr.
Roman)
Methanol 0.201
(Engineering
Toolbox)
Biodiesel 0.17
(MCCRADY,
Jonathon P. et al.,
2007)
Glycerol 0.29
(KNOTHE, Gerhard
et al., 2005)
Catalyst 0.703
(Engineering
Toolbox)
Water 0.8
(Engineering
Toolbox)

Heat Exchanger 1

2514 Kg/h of oil has to be heating up from room temperature 25
O
C to 60
O
C at the beginning of the
operation to allow an easier process. Two general types of heat exchangers problems are commonly
encountered, specifying the specific heat exchanger type for a required duty, and the sizing, which
3

refers to the heat transfer surface area. Designing or predicting the performance of the heat exchanger
requires major parameters such as, the overall heat transfer coefficient U; the total heat surface area A,
and the inlet and outlet temperature of the working fluid. The present report uses the value of U given
in the referenced document (APOSTOLAKOU, A.A. et al., 2009) which is assumed U = 0.5 kW/m
2
.K.
Assumption:
1. U is constant
2. The flows conditions are steady
3. The specific heats and mass flow rates of both fluids are constant
4. There is no loss of heat to the surroundings, due to the heat exchanger being
perfectly insulated.
5. No change of phase either of the fluid during the heat transfer
6. The changes in potential and kinetic energies are negligible
7. Axial conduction along the tube of the heat exchanger is negligible.
8. The shell and tube heat exchanger is used.
9. The flow is counter current arrangement. As the LMTD is always greater than that for a parallel
flow unit (SINNOT, R K, 2005).

Figure 1: Flow Arrangement for Counter-Current
Fluid allocation: shell or tubes
Since there was no phase change, the following factors determined the allocation of the fluid streams to
the shell or tubes.
1. Corrosion: The more corrosive fluid should be allocated to the tube-side this will reduce the cost
of expensive alloy or clad components (SINNOT, R K, 2005). In this case steam is more corrosive
2. Fluid temperatures: If the temperatures are high enough to require the use of special alloys
placing the higher temperature fluid in the tubes will reduce the overall cost. At moderate
temperatures, placing the hotter fluid in the tubes will reduce the shell surface temperatures,
and hence the need for lagging to reduce heat loss, or for safety reasons (SINNOT, R K, 2005). In
this case steam has the highest temperature therefore it should be allocated on the tube-side.
3. Operating pressures: The higher pressure stream should be allocated to the tube-side. High-
pressure tubes will be cheaper than a high-pressure shell (SINNOT, R K, 2005). Steam will be
having the highest pressure therefore it should be on the tube-side.
4. Pressure drop: For the same pressure drop, higher heat-transfer coefficients will be obtained on
the tube-side than the shell-side, and fluid with the lowest allowable pressure drop should be
allocated to the tube-side (SINNOT, R K, 2005).
4

5. Viscosity: Generally, a higher heat-transfer coefficient will be obtained by allocating the more
viscous material to the shell-side (in this case is oil), providing the flow is turbulent. The critical
Reynolds number for turbulent flow in the shell is in the region of 200. If turbulent flow cannot
be achieved in the shell it is better to place the fluid in the tubes, as the tube-side heat-transfer
coefficient can be predicted with more certainty (SINNOT, R K, 2005).
6. Stream flow-rates: Allocating the fluids with the lowest flow-rate to the shell-side will normally
give the most economical design (SINNOT, R K, 2005).

The pressures were obtained using the heuristics.








Total mass balance
Total mass of oil entering pre heater = Total mass of oil leaving pre-heater
Composition = 1
M
in
= M
out
= 2510 kg/hr
Energy Balance
Specific heat of Triolein = 2.083 J/kg.K (MORAD, Noor Azian et al., 2000)
The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of oil from ambient temperature to 60
o
C is (heat
load:
Temperature (K) 298
Pressure (kPa) 102
Flow rate (kg/hr) 2510
Composition (mass frac:
- BA 1
Cp,
m,t2
(kJ/kg.K) 2.083

Steam In
Temperature (K) 413
Pressure (kPa) 370
(kJ/kg) 2 147.35
Flow rate (kg/hr)

Steam out
Temperature (K) 413
Pressure (kPa) 360
Flow rate (kg/hr)

Temperature (K) 333
Pressure (kPa) 101
Flow rate (kg/hr) 2510
Composition (mass frac:
- BA 1
Cp,
m,t2
(kJ/kg.K) 2.083


5

kW
hr J
T T c m Q
p
8 . 50
/ 10 83 . 1
) 25 60 ( 083 . 2 2510
) (
5
1 2
=
=
=
=
-

Heat of vaporisation of steam = 2145 J/kg (ELLIOT, V, 1998)
Therefore, the amount of steam requirement is:



C T
T
T T mc
T mc Q
Q Q
p
p oil
steam oil
0
4
4
5
4 3
3 . 142
) 1 . 143 ( 2738 3 . 85 10 83 . 1
) (
=
=
=
A =
=


Figure 2: Temperature Profile
s kg hr kg
Q
m
/ 0237 . 0 / 3 . 85
2145
10 83 . 1
5
= =

=
=
-

6

( ) ( )
( )
( )
5 . 99
333 416
298 416
ln
333 416 298 416
ln
1
2
1 2
= A

= A
A
A
A A
= A
lm
lm
lm
T
T
T
T
T T
T

Use one shell pass with two tube passes in order to increase the exchanger overall effectiveness. An
even number of tubes was chosen to simplify the pipe-working; two passes were chosen because large
number of tube passes increases the tube side fluid velocity which could result to significantly increase
in pressure drop
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
298 333
416 416
1 2
2 1
=

=
R
t t
T T
R


(

)
(

)

3 . 0
298 416
298 333
=

= S

The temperature correction factor: F
t
= 0.74 (SINNOT, R K, 2005)
T
m
=

The overall heat transfer heat coeffient, U must be assumed to find the provisional area.
(APOSTOLAKOU, A.A. et al., 2009) of which this design is based on suggested that the overall transfer
coefficient for all heat exchangers be assumed to be 0.5 KW/m
2
.k.
Provisional area:

7

A = 1.38 m
2

Choosing: outer diameter 38 mm
Inner diameter 34 mm
Length 6.1 m
2
73 . 0 1 . 6 038 . 0 m DL Area = = = t t

tubes
tube one of Area
area ovisional
tubes of Number 2 9 . 1
73 . 0
38 . 1 Pr
= = = =

A Triangular pitch was chosen because Triolein is not a heavily fouling fluid.
K
1
= 0.249 and n
1
= 2.207
mm D
K
N
d D diameter Bundle
b
n
t
o b
7 . 97
249 . 0
2
38
,
207 . 2
1
1
1
1
=
(

=
(

=

A Pull-through floating head was chosen because its very easy to clean and can even be used at higher
temperatures (SINNOT, R K, 2005).
Bundle diametrical clearance = 50 mm (SINNOT, R K, 2005)
Shell diameter, D
s
= Bundle diameter + Bundle diameter Clearance
= (97.7 +50)
= 147.7 mm
Tube-side coefficient
Table 2: Physical properties of steam (Engineering Toolbox)
Properties of steam
Viscosity (mPa.s) 0.014
Thermal conductivity (W/m.
o
C) 0.016
Specific heat (kJ/kg) 2.3
8

Density of steam (kg/m
3
) 0.8

( )
K
e temperatur outlet steam e temperatur Steam
e temperatur steam Mean
416
2
416 416
2
=
+
=
+
=

Tube Cross Sectional Area:
2 2
92 . 907 34
4
4
mm A
d A
t
i t
= =
=
t
t

Number of tubes per pass
1
2
2
= = pass per tubes of Number
Total flow Area
1 907.92

m
2

0.000908 m
2
Steam mass velocity:
s m kg
area flow Total
flowrate mass Steam
G
S
2
/ 1 . 26 = =
Steam linear velocity:
s m
G
u
S
S
S
/ 6 . 32
8 . 0
1 . 26
= = =

3
3
10 4 . 63
10 014 . 0
6 . 32 034 . 0 8 . 0
Re =

= =

t i
u d

Heat transfer factor J
H
= 0.003
9

012 . 2
016 . 0
10 014 . 0 10 3 . 2
Pr
3 3
=

= =

k
Cp

Choose baffle spacing of 0.5 so that higher transfer coefficients can be achieved

mm
Tube pitch = 1.2538 = 47.5 mm
Cross flow area: A
()

Mass velocity: Gs

kg/s m
2
For an equivalent triangular pitch arrangement

) (

) =0.027m
Where d
e
= equivalent diameter, m.
oil linear velocity:
s m
G
u
S
S
S
/ 9 . 0
43 . 885
7 . 798
= = =

Acceptable because it does not exceed the maximum allowable shell-side velocity of 1.5 m/s
Mean shell side temperature

Pr =

10

25% baffle cut was chosen as an optimum to avoid excessive pressure drop.
j
h
0.0045

W/m
2
.K
Overall coefficient
Nickel; will be used as the material of construction since this is not a high pressure operation (SINNOT, R
K, 2005)
Thermal conductivity of nickel 59 W/m
2

o
C (SINNOT, R K, 2005)
Table 3: Fouling coefficients of the fluids (SINNOT, R K, 2005)
Fouling coefficients
2-butanol (heavy organic) 2000 W/m
2

o
C
steam (oil free) 10000 W/m
2

o
C

ln (

85.44 W/m
2

o
C
The calculated U is assumed to have exceeded the acceptable 30% error from the assumption therefore
a correct real area will be calculated.

A = 8.08 m
2


11




Table 4: Table of Heat Capacities (SINNOT, R K, 2005)

Specific heat of Methanol

( ) (

) (

KJ/kg
Specific heat of water

( ) (

) (

)
12

KJ/kg
Specific heat of Sodium Methoxide = 2.302 KJ/kg

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of the stream from ambient temperature to 60
o
C
is:
kW
hr J
T T c m Q
p
71 . 6
/ 31 . 24166
) 25 60 ( 49 . 1 4 . 463
) (
1 2
=
=
=
=
-

Heat of vaporisation of steam = 2145 J/kg (ELLIOT, V, 1998)
Therefore, the steam requirement is:



C T
T
T T mc
T mc Q
Q Q
p
p oil
steam oil
0
4
4
4 3
3 . 142
) 1 . 143 ( 2738 3 . 11 121200
) (
=
=
=
A =
=

( ) ( )
( )
( )
5 . 99
333 416
298 416
ln
333 416 298 416
ln
1
2
1 2
= A

= A
A
A
A A
= A
lm
lm
lm
T
T
T
T
T T
T

hr kg
Q
m
/ 3 . 11
2145
24200
= =
=
-

13

U = 0.5 W/m
2 o
C (APOSTOLAKOU, A.A. et al., 2009)
Provisional area:

A = 0.13 m
2

Reactor Sizing
Since the primary purpose of a reactor is to provide desirable conditions for reaction, the reaction rate
per unit volume of reactor is important in analysing or sizing a reactor. For a given production rate, it
determines the reactor volume required to effect the desired the transformation.
The sizing of a chemical reactor for the production of biodiesel required the modelling of the complex
series of reversible reactions which have been reported by Freedman et. al. Poljansek et. al. reported
on the production of biodiesel by transesterification of large branched triglycerides (TG) into smaller,
generally straight-chain molecules of alkyl (most often methyl) esters in the presence of a catalyst. Di-
and monoglycerides (DG and MG) are intermediates and glycerol (G) is the side product. The three
reactions are consecutive and reversible and these reactions are shown below in figure 1.

14

Figure 3: Reaction scheme of triglyceride transesterification to glycerol and alkyl ester (POLJANEK, Ida and Likozar, Bla)
Reactor sizing focuses on finding the volume of the reactor at a certain conversion and volumetric
flowrate. It has been reported in literature that for continious flow systems, the conversion usually
increases with increasing volume therefore conversion is a function of reactor volume.
From the above knowledge of sizing a chemical reactor from the rate of reaction as a function of
conversion, the chemical reactors in the biodiesel production were sized.
To fully understand the process reaction of biodiesel, the kinetics of the reactions is therefore very
significant to study first. Work on chemical kinetics specific to biodiesel production began with
Freedman and colleagues at USDA in the early 1980s (FREEDMAN, Bernard et al., 1984). In Freedmans
model, the overall reaction:
15


Freedman investigated transesterification of soy oil using butanol and methanol, with molar ratios of
alcohol to oil of 30:1 and 6:1, at temperatures ranging from 20
o
C to 60
o
C. With butanol, he found the
forward reactions to be second order at 6:1 and pseudo-first order at 30:1. With methanol, he found the
forward reactions to be fourth order at 6:1, implying the shunt reaction, and pseudo-first order at 30:1.
All reverse reactions were found to be second order.
In (NOUREDDINI, H. and Zhu, D., 1997) again studied the kinetics of transesterification of soybean oil.
They used the same reaction model proposed by (FREEDMAN, Bernard et al., 1984). However, they took
measurements at differing mixing intensities, as measured by the Reynolds number of the stirrer.
(NOUREDDINI, H. and Zhu, D., 1997) reported that the shunt reaction reported by (FREEDMAN, Bernard
et al., 1984) is not necessary, therefore in this paper, the reaction constants will be taken from
(NOUREDDINI, H. and Zhu, D., 1997). Below are the activation energies as well as reaction rate constants
as reported by (NOUREDDINI, H. and Zhu, D., 1997). The reaction rate constants at 60
O
C were estimated
using the activation energies from the equation: () (

)

Table 5: Rate Constants and Activation Energies (NOUREDDINI, H. and Zhu, D., 1997)

16

Triglyceride can be shown below to react with methanol to produce diglycerides, the diglycerides react
with another methanol molecule to produce monoglycerides and then these react with a third methanol
molecule to produce glycerol. At each of these three stages, a molecule of Biodiesel is produced so that,
overall, three molecules of methanol are needed to produce three molecules of ester and one molecule
of glycerol. Each of these reactions is reversible with a different rate constant (k
n
) denoting that the
forward and reverse reactions take place at different rates. The reactions are all known to be second
order (or pseudo-second order) so that we can express the rate of disappearance/appearance of the
various components in a series of differential equations (Noureddini et. al. (1997).


Figure 4: Reactions and Rate equations controlling the transesterification reaction (NOUREDDINI, H. and Zhu, D., 1997)
Reactor sizing focuses on finding the volume of the reactor at a certain conversion and volumetric
flowrate. It has been reported in literature that for continious flow systems, the conversion usually
increases with increasing volume therefore conversion is a function of reactor volume. From first
principles, the reactor volume equation has been derived to be:
17

)

Where:
F
A0
is the molar flow rate of species A fed to the reactor operated at steady state (mol/h)
X is the conversion of the reactor
r
A
is the rate of reaction in terms of component A
From the above knowledge of sizing a chemical reactor from the rate of reaction as a function of
conversion, the chemical reactors in the biodiesel production were sized. F
A0
and X are known except r
A
therefore calculations are needed. Since there are a number of reactions in series both giving biodiesel,
both having different rates, therefore there is a need to assume the rate limiting step which is the
slowest reaction and that will be the reaction that control the overall reaction.

From the reactions above, the rate of reactions are given below

[][]

[][]

([][]
[][]

)
Where

[][]

[][]

[][]

[][]

([][]
[][]

([][]
[][]

)
Where

[][]

[][]

[][]

[][]
18

([][]
[][]

([][]
[][]

Global reactions are not usually well represented by mass action kinetics because the rate results from
the combined effect of several simultaneus elementary reactions that underline the global reaction. The
elementary steps include short-lived and unstable intermidiate components such as free radicals, ions,
molecules, transition complex e.t.c (Perry 7-14, 2008).
The reason many global reactions between stable reactants and products have complex mechanism is
that these unstable reactants intermidiates have to be produced in order for the reaction to proceed at
reasonable rates. Often simplifying assumptions are valid over limited ranges of compositions,
temperature and pressure. These assumptions can fail completely-in that case the full elementary
reaction network has to be considered, and no closed-form kinetics can be derived to represent the
complex system as a complex reaction (Perry 7-14, 2008).
Assuming the third reaction to be rate limiting step because the third reaction was reported by
Nouriddini to be the slowest and reduces as the temperature increase. Therefore this means that r
TG
/k
1
and r
DG
/k
3
are relatively very small (approximately zero) while r
MG
/k
5
is large. Now we need to express
the third rate law interms of measurable concentration.
[]
[][]

[]

[]
[][]

[]

[][]

[]

(
[][]

[]

[][]

[]
)

(
[][]

[]

[][]

)

19

Reactor 1
Figure 5: Reactor 1



20


Substituing values in the previously derived equation to find r, it was then substituted in

)

And a volume of 0.1m
3
was found.
Since the entire design of the whole process is based on a design illustrated in (APOSTOLAKOU, A.A. et
al., 2009) as the base case. (APOSTOLAKOU, A.A. et al., 2009) suggested a reactor volume to be
calculated using an equation:

with

the residance time, Q as the volumetric flowrate of all

streams and V as the reactor volume.

Another method to find the volume of the reactor was using the method illustrated in (FOGLER, H.S,
2006) where volume of the reactor is calculated from the space time equation shown below:

Were V is the reactor volume, and v
0
is the input volumetric flowrate and T as the space time. Space
time is the the time it takes for the fluid to enter the reactor completely (FOGLER, H.S, 2006), it is also
called the holding up time or mean residance time. In absence of dispersion, space time is the time the
molecules spends in the reactor. In this design, the residance time is 1 hour therefore the volume of the
reactor is 3.29 m
3
.
21

Reactor 2




22


Using the equation

The volume was found to be 3m
3
while using the equation below:

Using the rate laws, the volume calculated as illustrated in reactor 1 sizing is 4.8m
3
.
Agitation
The reason why the reactor has an agitator is because of the following reasons:
1. The rate of transesterification depends on the agitation rate or directly proportional to the
Reynolds number (NOUREDDINI, H. and Zhu, D., 1997)
2. Blending the two miscible liquids
3. Increase the heat transfer between
The two reactors have the same volume that means the two tanks are identical. Therefore the
calculations are made for one reactor. Generally, liquids are agitated in a cylindrical vessel which can
either be closed or open to the air.
There are different types of agitators listed below and their descriptions (WELTY, James R. et al., 2008).
23

1. There-blade propeller agitator
- Turns at high speeds of 400 to 1750 rpm (Revolution per minute)
- Used for low viscosities liquids below about 3 Pa.s (3000 cp)
2. Paddle agitators
- Used for low speeds between 20 to 200 rpm
- Two-bladed and four-bladed flat puddles are often used
- Total length of the paddle impeller is usually 60 80% of the tank diameter
- Width of the blade is 1/6 to 1/10 of the tank length
- Used for viscous liquids where deposits on walls occur and to improve heat transfer to the walls
- It sweeps and scraps the tank walls and sometimes the tank bottom
- It is a poor mixer
- Used for viscosities of the fluid of about below 100Pa.s (100 000cp)
3. Turbine agitators
- Used at high speeds for liquids with a very wide range of viscosities
- Diameter of the turbine is normally between 30-50% of the tank diameter
- Useful in suspending solids since the currents flow downward and then sweep up the solids.
- Used for viscosities below about 100 000 cp
4. Helical Ribon agitators
- Used in highly viscous solutions
- Operates at low rpm in laminar region
Since the two tanks are identical, the dimensions are going to be the same except the power
consumption. It has been calculated that the reactions require a volume of about 4 m
3
.
Tank 1 Dimension:
Choosing the allowance of 20%
The tank volume will therefore be ( )

The liquid depth is approximately equal the diameter of the tank (MCCABE, L.W. et al., 2005)

24

The viscosity of the mixture was calculated using the equation below (SINNOT, R K, 2005).

25

From the viscosity and the description of impellers described earlier, the type of impellers chosen are
Propellers due to the low viscosity.
The density of the mixture was calculated to be 904 kg/m
3
.
Assuming the the speed of the impeller

Using the curve shown in (MCCABE, L.W. et al., 2005), on page 260, Figure 9.14 which shows the Power
number N
P
versus Reynolds number Re for propellers, the N
P
was found to be 0.91.
Calculating the power:

The amount of workdone to the fluid is:

Reactor/tank 2 Dimensions

Choosing the allowance of 20%
The tank volume will therefore be ( )

The liquid depth is approximately equal the diameter of the tank (MCCABE, L.W. et al., 2005)

26

The viscosity of the mixture was calculated using the equation below (SINNOT, R K, 2005)

From the viscosity and the description of impellers described earlier, the type of impellers chosen are
Propellers due to the low viscosity.
The density of the mixture was calculated to be 880 kg/m
3
.
Assuming the the speed of the impeller

27

Using the curve shown in (MCCABE, L.W. et al., 2005), on page 260, Figure 9.14 which shows the Power
number N
P
versus Reynolds number Re for propellers, the N
P
was found to be 0.8
Calculating the power:

The amount of workdone to the fluid is:

Energy Balance

Reactor 1



A + + + + =
(

+ +
R s
outlet
o o o o o
inlet
i i i i i
H W Q V v gz H V v gz H V v gz U
dt
d
)
2
1
( )
2
1
( )
2
1
(
2 2 2

Simplifying Assumptions

The change in Potential Energy E
p
is insignificant since there is no change in height.
The change in Kinetic Energy E
k
is insignificant.
28

Since the liquid is already heated to the reaction temperature, there is no more heating required
therefore it is assumed that Q = 0
( )
R s
Outlet
o o
inlet
i i i
H W V H V H V H
dt
d
A + + =


0

) (
dt
PdV
dt
dP V
dt
dH
dt
dU
PV H U
PV U H
R R
R
R
+ =
=
+ =

Volume of the Reactor is constant
Assume that the reactor is isobaric

Since
T C H
dt
dH
dt
dU
P
A =
=

R s in in in P out out out P
R s out out out P in in in P P
H W V T C V T C
dt
dV
ce
H W V T C V T C V T C
dt
d
A + + A = A
=
A + + A A = A


) ( ) (
0 sin
) ( ) ( ) (

Table 6: Heat Capacities (SINNOT, R K, 2005)

Sample calculation
Specific heat of methanol

( ) (

) (

)
29

kJ/kg

Group contribution method was used to estimate the Cp of biodiesel and triolein
Table 7: Specific Heat Capacities for Elements (SINNOT, R K, 2005)


Biodiesel
Elements Molecular mass Cp
C 228 222.3
H 36 648
O 32 50.2
Total 296 920.5
Biodiesel Cp 3.109797297

Triolein
Elements
Molecular
Cp
HCL 0.938404131
water 1.884515154
Methanol 1.453953383
Glycerol 1.354743066
Cp at 60
O
C
Elements Cp for liquids
C 11.7
H 18
B 19.7
Si 24.3
O 25.1
F 29.3
P 31
S 31
Other 33.5
Group contibution method
30

mass
C 684 666.9
H 104 1872
O 96 150.6
Total 884 2689.5
Triolein
Cp 3.042421


Sodium Methoxide
Elements Molecular mass Cp
C 12 11.7
H 3 54
Na 23 33.5
O 16 25.1
Total 54 124.3
Sodium methoxide Cp 2.301851852

Heat of Formations
- Heat of formation of Triolein is -2193.7 kJ/mol (AMANDA, C.O. et al., 2011)
- Heat of formation of Methanol is -238.4 kJ/mol (AMANDA, C.O. et al., 2011)
- Heat of formation of Glycerol is -669.6 kJ/mol (AMANDA, C.O. et al., 2011)
- Heat of formation of Biodiesel is -429 kJ/mol (SORGUVEN, Esra and Ozilgen, Mustafa, 2010)

31


The overall heat of reaction for the production of biodiesel is calculated below:

()

()

) (

Heat capacity for the inlet mixture = 2.26 Kj/Kg
Heat capacity for the outlet mixture = 2.8 KJ/Kg.k
R s in in in P out out out P
H W V T C V T C A + + A = A ) ( ) (

O
C

32

Reactor 2

Heat capacity for the inlet mixture = 2.91 Kj/Kg
Heat capacity for the outlet mixture = 2.96 KJ/Kg.k
R s in in in P out out out P
H W V T C V T C A + + A = A ) ( ) (

O
C










33

References
AMANDA, C.O., Luiz, F.M. , and C. DILSON. 2011. Method of contribution of groups to estimate
thermodynamic properties of components of biodiesel formation in liquid phase. Fluid Phase Equilibria.,
pp.59-64.
APOSTOLAKOU, A.A., I.K. KOOKOS, C. MARAZIOTI, and K.C. ANGELOPOULOS. 2009. Techno-economic
analysis of a biodiesel production process from vegetable oils. Fuel Processing Technology.
ELLIOT, V. 1998. Introductory applied thermodynamics. Cape Town: Metric Publications.
Engineering Toolbox. [online]. Available from World Wide Web:
<http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/methanol-properties-d_1209.html>
FOGLER, H.S. 2006. Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
FREEDMAN, Bernard, Royden O. BUTTERFIELD, and Everett H. PRYDE. 1984. Transesterification Kinetics
of Soybean DiP. Peoria.
KNOTHE, Gerhard, GERPEN, Jon Van, and KRAHL, Jrgen (eds). 2005. The Biodiesel Handbook.
Champaign, Illinois: AOCS Press.
MCCABE, L.W., C.J. SMITH, and P. HARRIOTT. 2005. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
MCCRADY, Jonathon P., Stringer L VALERIE, Alan C HANSEN, and Chia-fon F LEE. 2007. Computational
Analysis of Biodiesel Combustion in a Low-Temperature Combustion Engine using Well-Defined Fuel
Properties. SAE International.
MORAD, Noor Azian, A.A. Mustafa KAMAL, F. PANAU, and T.W. YEW. 2000. Liquid Specific Heat Capacity
Estimation for Fatty Acids,Triacylglycerols, and Vegetable Oils Based on Their Fatty Acid Composition.
Kuala Lumpur.
NOUREDDINI, H. and D. ZHU. 1997. Kinetics of Transesterification of Soybean. Lincoln, Nebraska: AOCS
Press.
POLJANEK, Ida and Bla LIKOZAR. Influence of Mass Transfer and Kinetics on Biodiesel Production
Process. In: Mass Transfer in Multiphase Systems and its Applications, Slovenia, pp.533-458.
PRZYBYLSKI, Dr. Roman. http://www.canolacouncil.org/uploads/technical/chemical1-6/chemical1-
6_1.html. [online].
SINNOT, R K. 2005. Coulson & Richardson Chemical Engineering Volume 6: Chemical Engineering Design.
Jordan Hill, Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
SORGUVEN, Esra and Mustafa OZILGEN. 2010. Thermodynamic assessment of algal biodiesel utilization.
Renewable Energy., p.19561966.
34

WELTY, James R., Charles E. WICKS, Robert E. WILSON, and Gregory L. RORRER. 2008. Fundamentals of
Mementum, Heat, and Mass Transfer. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.