Development Science I: LANDSCAPE SERVICES OF PEKARANGAN, TRADITIONAL AGROFORESTRY PRACTICES IN INDONESIA Prof. Dr.

HADI SUSILO ARIFIN

Graduate School of International Development and Cooperation Hiroshima University Japan Spring 2012
This material was presented in the 10 th Jakarta Seminar in RIHN Kyoto, May 22, 2012

QUIZ
1. What is the landscape services? 2. What is PEKARANGAN?

The 8th IALE World Congress, 18 - 23 August, 2011, Beijing, China

PEKARANGAN
A piece of land surrounding the house is a potential land for ex-situ agro-biodiversity conservation through agroforestry, agro-silvo-fishery and agro-silvo-pastura system practices. Fulfill ecological function; the multi-layered vegetation structure of pekarangan is resemble natural forests and offer habitat and niche for a diverse community of wild plants and animals.

SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF PEKARANGAN LAND IN AGRICULTURAL PROVINCES OF JAVA

Provinces in Java West JavaBanten Central Java East Java Yogyakarta < 100 m2 52.29% 27.50% 34.52% 33.51% 100 < 200 m2 25.00% 27.57% 25.83% 17.48% 200 < 300 m2 8.77% 13.20% 13.33% 14.61% > 300 m2 8.95% 31.73% 26.31% 34,40%

Source: Arifin (1998)

There are 5,132,000 ha of pekarangan in Indonesia, of which 1,736,000 ha are on Java [citing 2000 Statistical Yearbook of Indonesia]

PEKARANGAN ~ traditional Agroforestry

Privately owned home garden, and the integrated system with the intimate relationship among human, plants and animals. Well known that this garden has a multiple function, e.g. conservation of genetic resources, soil and water, crop production, and socio-cultural relationships in the rural area. The optimal and sustainable land use with the high productivity in the tropical region The design and structure is depending on the local and ecological knowledge of surrounding communities.

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SIMPLE AGROFORESTRY

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COMPLEX AGROFORESTRY
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MULTIPLE CROPPING

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Tri Angga Concept: Part of plant on a pekarangan (Source: Arifin, Arifin-Nurhayati, Suryadarma 2003)

THE OBJECTIVES
The objective of multi-years research on pekarangan is to reconstruct and to revitalize the Indonesian traditional agroforestry in order to achieve sustainable bio-resources management systems on Java.

THREE STEPS FOR THE ATTAINMENT OF HARMONIZED DEVELOPMENT IN RURALURBAN AREA

TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE BENEFIT

1. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION 2. COMMUNITY WELFARE 3. AMENITY SERVICE

LOW CARBON SOCIETY THROUGH PEKARANGAN, TRADITIONAL AGROFORESTRY PRACTICES

RESEARCH STRUCTURE
SETLEMENTS W O O D S R E S O U R C E S F R U I T S R E S O U R C E S F O O D S R E S O U R C E S A N I M A L R E S O U R C E S

RESEARCH METHOD
Location: six watersheds on Java Island: Stage I (1998-2000): Survey on traditional pekarangan bioresources in rural area. Stage II (2000-2003): Analysis interrelations among the component in the pekarangan bio-resource management system and evaluation. Stage III (2003-2005): Reconstruction pekarangan bioresources management system. Stage IV (2005-2007): Adaptation of the new biomanagement system and the proposal of the reconstruction of the pekarangan bio-resources management system.

MICRO SCALE

Cultural & Spiritual Balance

Social & Economical Balance

Three Setlements/ Village

Bio-physical Balance Landscape Structure Function & Dynamic

LUCC - Dynamic CLIMATE-GEOMORFOLOGY-SOIL

Three Zone of Watershed

WATERHED LANDSCAPE BASED

MACRO SCALE

RESEARCH ROADMAP
Product Market International: University, Journal, Internasional Funding Agency, Investor, Developer National: University, Rural-Urban Community, Government, Company, NGO
Maps Articles Local AF Model Graduates LU Model Sustainability Model Ecological Rural-Urban Design

APPROACHES
Research Rural & LUC System RS/GIS Survey Exp.Plot Approach
V V V V V V V V V V Land Eval. CSA-GEN Sp Richness AEZ-Local species Allometric

GIS Remote Sensing Landscape Evaluation Bio-Physic Survey Landscape Reconstruction & Management

Technology

Fishery Production Animal Husbandry Prod

Ecological Landscape Planning Integrated Farming System

Ecovillage Assess. Pekarangan Dynamic Agroforestry System C Stock

Plants Production Sosec-culture Survey Species Diversity Analysis

Food Security Desimination

Health and Nutrition Science

R and D Human Ecology Agricultural Sciences Management of Biologica; Resources
Management of Landscape Structure, Function & Dynamic

Supported by related secondary data from many sources

7 8 9 10 11

Year

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION LANDSCAPE AND AGRICULTURE BIODIVERSITY

Landscape profile of the study area in Cianjur Watershed in West Java (Arifin 2002)

Proposal: Perma-culture Zoning Pattern for Eco-village

V IV III II I 0

Zoning & Settlement Pattern

Back Yard/Kebon
River Forest Gardens Mixed Gardens Drylands and Paddy field Mosque Pond Mosque Islamic School Cemetery

Kitchen

Storage

Bedrm

Living Room

Side Yard/ Pipir

Bedroom

Front Yard/ Buruan

Houses Village Street

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PEKARANGAN SIZE
Small Pekarangan Medium Pekarangan Large Pekarangan
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PEKARANGAN ZONING
ROAD/STREET/DIRT ROAD

< 120 m2 120 400 m2

ENTRANCE GATE FRONT YARD (BURUAN)

400 1000 m2
LEFT SIDE YARD (PIPIR)

HOUSE BUILDING RIGHT SIDE YARD (PIPIR)

Extra Large Pekarangan > 1000 m2

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BACK YARD (KEBON)

Source: Arifin 1998

Source: Arifin, 1998

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VERTICAL DIVERSITY
> 10 m: high trees 5-10 m: small tress/ big shrubs 2-5 m: small shrubs/ bushes 1-2 m:bushes, herbaceous <1m:herbaceous, rasses
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PEKARANGAN FUNCTION

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Source: Arifin 1998

HORIZONTAL DIVERSITY
Ornamental Plants Diversity of Diversity of Fish Animal species species in Fruit Plants in Pekarangan Pekarangan Vegetable Crops Spyces Plants Medicinal Plants Starchy Crops Industrial Plants Others: feeds, fuel wood, raw material for handy craft, etc.

GARDEN ELEMENTS OF PEKARANGAN

Field for plants Animal cages Fishponds Storage building Drying site for agriculture Drying line Play ground Benchs

Well Outer bath room Flag pole Lamp pole Garage Garbage hole Trail Fences Gate Etc.

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Food Supply and Security for Family

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POTENSIAL FARMING SYSTEM ON PEKARANGAN

Staple food plants & horticulture: bulbs, nuts, vegetables, fruits, spice, medicine High economic plants: fruits, vegetables, ornamental plants. Live stocks: poultry, cattle Fish: ornamental fish, fish for meat

Species number and individual number per pekarangan in Cianjur Watershed

Research Area Average Average Average Total Average Total of of Plant of species species individual individu Pekarang Canopy number number number al an Size Area* number (m2) (m2) 188.2 218.7 562.0 167.0 629.0 1,733.2 26.7 40.4 44.0 90 166 116 280.0 491.5 346.2 1680 4915 1731 Shanon Wiener Diversity Index 1.17 1.31 1.24

Upper Stream Middle Stream Down Stream

* Only tree and shrub with dbh > 2.5 cm was measured Source: Arifin, Sakamoto & Takeuchi (2001); Arifin (2004).

Ratio of species number by pekarangan plant function in Cianjur Watershed

Plant Function Species Number (%) Upper Stream Middle Stream Down Stream Ornamental Plant 47.5 48.9 24.4 Fruit Plant 16.9 20.8 30.4 Vegetable Crop 11.9 Spice Crop 3.1 Medicinal Plant 3.1 Starchy Crops 8.8 Industrial Plant 3.1 Others 5.6 Total 100.0 Source: Arifin (2004) 12.2 4.5 1.7 5.5 1.5 5.1 100.0 8.3 4.6 4.1 3.7 7.4 17.1 100.0

Structure of Plants in Pekarangan

Category of plant uses Starchy Fruit Vegetable Spices Medicinal Industrial Ornamental Others* Category of Strata (m) 0-1 1-2 2-5 5-10 >10 Out of 196 spesies (%) 2.55 14.8 10.71 4.59 6.63 4.08 52.55 3.57 Out of 24 species (%) 8.33 20.83 12.5 12.5 45.83 Out of All Species (%) 1.03 44.62 16.92 8.21 29.23 Source: Arifin et al. 2007

Out of All Species (%) 40.00 21.03 24.10 6.67 8.21 Category of live Annual Perennial

Category of Kind of Plants Grass Herbaceous Bush Shrubs Trees Out of All Species (%) 33.85 66.15

CARBON-STOCK IN PEKARANGAN

KALI BEKASI WATERSHED

Bawah (<300
m)

Tengah (300600 m)

Atas (>600
m)

Pekarangan Samples in Kali Bekasi Watershed Villages

300

250

N (individu/Ha)

Leuwijambe (200 m asl)

Landeuh (280 m asl)

200

Cimandala Landeuh

150

Leuwijambe
100

Sentul City

Cimandala (600 m asl)

50

Sentul City (300 m asl)

0 <5 5-9.9 10-14.9 15-19.9 20-24.9 25-29.9 30-34.9 >35

Diameter Class at DBH (cm)

Pekarangan Structure in Kali Bekasi Watershed (Adinugroho & Arifin, 2011)

HORIZONTAL STRUCTURE OF PEKARANGAN VEGETATION IN KALI BEKASI WATERSHED (Adinugroho & Arifin, 2011)

Cimandala (600 mdpl) Sentul city (300 mdpl) Landeuh (280 mdpl) Leuwijambe (200 mdpl)

CORRELATION MATRIX OF PEKARANGAN STRUCTURE AND CARBON STOCK IN KALI BEKASI WATERSHED (Adinugroho & Arifin, 2011) Number of Individual Species Number Basal Area Carbon_ Stock

CORRELATION Pekarangan Area Number of Species Individul Number Basal Area

.425**

-.330* .128

-.187 .219 .778**

-.136 .295* .583** .844**

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Carbon Stock (Ton/Ha)

Pekarangan Carbon Stock in Kali Bekasi Watershed (Adinugroho & Arifin, 2011)

** Significant ( = 0.01), *Significant ( = 0.05)

FOOD SECURITY FOR FAMILY LEVEL FROM PEKARANGAN SCALE

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Source: Pusat Penganekaragaman Dan Konsumsi Pangan Badan Ketahanan Pangan Kementerian Pertanian (2012)

TARGET OF FOOD PATTERN ~ POLA PANGAN HARAPAN (PPH) 2011 -2014

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Food Group Cereals Bulbs Animal Meat Oil and Fat Fruits Beans Sugar Vegetables and Fruits Others Total 2010 25,0 1,1 16,1 5,0 0,9 5,8 2,1 21,5 0,0 77,5 2011 25,0 1,3 16,8 5,0 0,8 5,6 2,0 20,8 0,0 77,3 2012 25,0 2,5 18,6 4,8 1,0 9,7 2,5 25,7 0,0 89,8 2013 25,0 2,5 19,7 4,9 1,0 9,7 2,5 26,3 0,0 91,6 2014 25,0 2,5 20,9 4,9 1,0 9,7 2,5 26,8 0,0 93,3 PPH Ideal 25,0 2,5 24,0 5,0 1,0 10,0 2,5 30,0 0,0 100,0

PEKARANGAN SURVEY ON JAVA ISLAND: SIZE OF PEKARANGAN

Minimal size of land area: 46 m2 Maximal size of land area: 385 m2 Average size of land 144 sample: 170.76 m2 Average of house building area: 76.0 m2 Average of PEKARANGAN LAND: 93.3 m2
Source: Arifin et. al. 2008 RDI Seattle USA

Source: Susenas 2011 dan Widya Karya Pangan dan Gizi VIII, 2004 *) = PPH realisation based on National Census Survey 2011

Plants Species Distribution on Pekarangan in 8 Categories of Utilization (144 Samples)

Plants Utilization Category Ornamental Plants Fruit Plant Vegetable Crops Medicinal Plants Spyce Plants Industrial Plants Others* Starchy Crops From 196 species (%) 52.55 14.80 10.71 6.63 4.59 4.08 3.57 2.55 ORDER I (the highest) II III IV V VI VII VIII (the lowest)

Number of Animal, Cattle, Poultry in 144 Pekarangan Samples

No. Animal, Cattle, Poultry G1 3 10 63 1 23 182 29 5 2 0 0 5 1 G2 2 20 51 17 13 117 10 20 7 130 20 23 7 G3 8 11 51 18 10 145 31 39 4 5,445 570 27 5 G4 2 8 31 22 8 128 14 8 15 2,520 0 27 5 Total 15 49 196 65 54 572 84 72 28 8,095 590 82 18 1 Cows for milk 2 Cows for meat 3 Goats 4 Sheeps 5 Broiler Chicken 6 Local Chicken 7 Duck 8 Manila Duck 9 Rabbit 10 Fish 11 Ornamental Fish 12 Ornamental Birds 13 Pets: cat/dog

Family Consumption/Day Pekarangan Product

Calorie Protein
To RDA (%) gram To Total (%) To RDA (%) IU

Nutrition Contribution from Pekarangan Base on Province

12000

Energy

Vitamin A
To Total (%) To RDA (%) mg

Vitamin C
To Total (%) To RDA (%)

500 400 300 200 100 0

Fat

Group

kcal

To Total (%)

10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 300

G1 G2

52.9 107.9

0.82 1.40

0.92 1.64

1.8 2.5

0.97 1.20

1.09 1.41

78.7 104.4

10.09 11.59

11.35 13.60

18.7 52.6

15.61 23.48

17.56 27.57

G3

181.9

2.59

2.09

4.6

2.57

2.07

98.8

15.99

12.87

45.8

25.23

20.31

Protein

2500 2000 1500 1000

Carbohydrate

G4

208.6

3.05

2.90

7.1

3.25

3.10

87.2

12.31

11.73

43.7

30.49

29.06

250 200 150 100 50

Average

137.8

1.97

1.89

4.0

2.00

1.92

92.3

12.50

12.39

40.2

23.70

23.63

500 0 WEST JAVA CENTRAL JAVA EAST JAVA WEST JAVA CENTRAL JAVA EAST JAVA

RDA = recommended dietary allowance; To Total = to total consumption G1/G2 <120m2; G3/G4: 120-400 m2 (Source: Arifin HS dkk (2007)

3000 2000 1000 0 400 300 200 100 0 100 80 60 40 20 0

Vitamin A

FAMILY INCOME FROM PEKARANGAN IN JAVA ISLAND

Income Source of pekarangan
Plants Cattle and Poultry

G1

G2

G3

G4

G1&G3

G2&G4

G1-2-3-4

Income(Rp/year) from pekarangan

33,215 538,506 38,500 571,271 609,771 111,458 679,917 57,778 791,375 849,153 239,833 1,275,806 119,972 1,515,639 1,635,611 160,250 909,083 252,375 1,069,333 1,321,708 136,524 906,931 79,236 1,043,455 1,122,691 135,854 794,500 155,076 930,354 1,085,431 136,189 850,715 117,156 986,905 1,104,061

Vitamin C
Total consumption Pekarangan production Needs (AKG)

Trading & Service Plants, Cattle, Poultry Plants, Cattle, Poultry, Trading and Service

Fe

Income (Rp/year/m2) from pekarangan

Plants Cattle and Poultry Trading and Service Plants, Poultry, Cattle Plant, Poultry, Cattle, Trading and Service 1,294 17,034 2,406 18,329 20,735 1,709 26,500 3,484 28,209 31,693 10,198 15,246 631 25,444 26,075 1,523 6,951 2,177 8,474 10,651 5,746 16,140 1,519 21,886 23,405 1,616 16,726 2,830 18,342 21,172 3,681 16,433 2,175 20,114 22,288

WEST JAVA

CENTRAL JAVA

EAST JAVA

G1/G2 <120m2; G3/G4: 120-400 m2 (Source: Arifin HS dkk (2007)

UMUR PANEN DAN PRODUKSI BEBERAPA SAYURAN DI KEBUN TAJUR

N Tanaman o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Bayam (3) Kangkung darat (1) Ubi Jalar (2) Talas (1) Kacang Panjang (2) Kacang tanah (3) Kacang tunggak (2) Kedelai (1) Buncis (1) Lobak (1) Bengkuang (1) Total Sela Luas (m2) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 48 m 2) 20 m 2) Rata-rata Prod. Rata-rata Prod./ha (kg) prod. tiap m2 prod./m2/ total (g) (g) hari (g) 23 - 50 4.266 10.67,0 161,0 10.670 45 - 160 25.250 63.12,5 389,3 63.125 127 270 79 - 90 94 - 100 46 - 83 99 42 - 47 78 170 68 m 2 12.000 30.00,0 69,8 55,5 132,4 19,4 40,7 6,6 57,4 179,0 58,8 30.000 37.500 11.250 4.580 6.960 1.500 6.350 35.000 25.000 Umur panen

FOURTEEN SPECIES OF VEGETABLES AS A ROTATION PLANTING SYSTEM ON PEKARANGAN FOR TWO WEEKS HARVESTING

15.000 37.50,0 4.500 112.50,0 1.833 2.785 1.200 2.540 14.000 10.000 4.58,0 6.96,0 1.50,0 6.35,0 35.00,0 25.00,0

DAY 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

THE 1st WEEK singkong kangkung bayam katuk cangkudu sawi talas

THE 2nd WEEK kacang panjang melinjo ubi jalar mangkokan kecipir daun kelor kedondongan

Sumber: Harjadi (1989)

Source: Harjadi (1989)

PRIORITY OF PLANTS SPECIES IN PEKARANGAN

Source of Vitamin A Vitamin C Protein PLANTS SPECIES*) mangga, pepaya, adpokat, daun-daun hijau: cangkudu, pepaya, lamtoro, singkong, talas, katuk kelor, melinjo, sawi,turi, kangkung, bayam, ubi jalar, kecipir, kacang panjang, mangkokan Jambu biji, sirsak, srikaya, cabai besar, pepaya kacang panjang, buncis, kara, gude (hiris), kecipir, petai, lamtoro Leave vegetables: bayam, singkong, kangkung, melinjo Calorie Fat Herbs Cash pisang, adpokat, kelapa, ubi jalar, ganyong, garut, singkong, jagung, ubi jalar kelapa, adpokat jahe, kencur, kunyit, kumis kucing, laja, sirih, temulawak, dan lain-lain cengkeh, adpokat, durian, petai, kelapa, pepaya, pisang, tanaman hias, jambu bol, kelengkeng

PEKARANGAN RECONSTRUCTION AND INTEGRATED LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT

Source: Harjadi (1989)

GARDEN ENGINEERING FOR SMALL PEKARANGAN

Soil Base Culture VS Soilless Culture. Organic Farming. Vertical Garden, Container Pot Garden

FOOD SAVETY PRODUCT FROM PEKARANGAN

TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE BENEFIT Series Books , Published 2009

ORGANIC FARMING
Suitable for small pekarangan Suitable for urban pekarangan

VERTICULTURE/VERTICAL GARDENS

Vine species, Hanging gardens, Suitable for small pekarangan

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CONTAINER POT GARDENS

Suitable for Vegetables and Fruits Plants Suitable for Small pekarangan Suitable for water lack area

PEKARANGAN PRODUCTIVE GARDEN

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PEKARANGAN DISSEMINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION

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Pekarangan research results dissemination for Bogor District community

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Pekarangan research results dissemination for Cianjur District community

Seminar and expose of pekarangan research results in Bogor Municipality

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COMMUNITY EXTENTION SERVICE

SAPARUA ISLAND, AMBON

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PEKARANGAN IN EAST LOMBOK LOCAL WISDOM: Ngaruh, Ngarat, Ngaji

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PALEMBANG, SOUTH SUMATRA

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RENCANA PENANAMAN
Segmen Penanaman

Sumber: Arifin, Wijaya, Isrok & Hasibuan, 2011

LAPANGAN SERBA GUNA

01 SITE PLAN

rencana penanaman dibagi menjadi lima segmen/bagian sesuai dengan fungsi dan peruntukan ruang. Pemilihan jenis tanaman disesuaikan dengan fungsi ruang. Masing-masing segmen memiliki peruntukan dan pemilihan jenis tanaman yang berbeda

GREEN PEKARANGAN IN BEKASI

GAZEBO

KOLAM IKAN HIAS MAS KOI

PLANTER BOX PAVING

PAVING BLOCK

AREA PARKIR TURF PAVE

KOLAM IKAN LELE

KANDANG TERNAK

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Sumber: Arifin, Wijaya, Isrok & Hasibuan, 2011

See You Next Week

Hadi Susilo Arifin
Mobile: +81-80-4735-4859 E-mail/YM/FB/Skype: dedhsa@yahoo.com Blog www.hsarifin.staff.ipb.ac.id

KANDANG KAMBING DAN KOLAM IKAN PRODUKSI

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