Major Project Report On RF CONTROLLED STEPPER MOTOR

NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE GGSIPU

Submitted by:SAHIL SAHANI (1781562808) DURGESH SHUKLA (1291562808) RAHUL CHHABRA (1471562808) Guidance:Mrs. Khushboo DEPT. OF ECE HIMANSHU CHHABRA (1281562808)

Certificate:
This is to certify that the dissertation/project report (course code) entitled RF CONTROLLED STEPEER MOTOR done by Mr. /Ms SAHIL SAHNI, DURGESH SHUKLA, HIMANSHU CHABRA, RAHUL CHABRA. RollNo.1781562808, 1291562808, 1281562808, 1471562808 are an authentic work carried out by him/her under my guidance. The matter embodied in this project work has not been submitted earlier for the award of any degree or diploma to the best of my knowledge and belief.

Date:

Signature of guide
Name of the guide: Mrs KHUSBOO

Acknowledgement

It comes out to be a great pleasure and experience to us to have project under the guidance of Mrs. KHUSOOB We would express appreciation to all individuals who assisted to us in one or another way. We would like to thank all faculty members for boosting all of us creative thinking and helping us to be practical which we learn as during this project.

Date: Place: Signature

Project Content
Acknowledgement Project Name Introduction Abstract Part List

 Descriptions of Parts Circuit Diagrams

MAJOR PROJECT

Project Name: RF controlled STEPPER MOTOR. Introduction:

Term RF used for Radio Frequency & STEPPER MOTOR is basically a dc appliance which movement around all directions. As per project name RF controlled STEPPER MOTOR controlled through Radio Frequency. Normally STEPPER MOTOR running directly if DC supply given in STEPPER MOTOR & we control its speed manually using potentiometer or switches. But in RF controlled we control its speed or direction through radio frequency. Transmitters transmit the signal up to receiver circuit & receiver control the flow or change the direction of polarity of dc current. Finally we control the STEPPER MOTOR. Generally STEPPER MOTOR used in spy helicopter, cctv, spy car, in industries purpose etc.

ABSTRACT
If we control the STEPPER MOTOR by RF then we control the speed or direction of motor rotation because we know STEPPER MOTOR change our steps according to signals. So STEPPER MOTOR change the direction then STEPPER MOTOR work on user command if we used rf .If we controlled manually then so many problems facing like always near the STEPPER MOTOR, problem in long transmission through wired(lack of wire).

Advantages:
Speed and direction control from remote place. Speed level and direction display on LCD(If we used video cam then see all the things against STEPPER MOTOR or around the STEPPER MOTOR using moving camera facility). Reliable and Easy to operate.

Scopes for Advancement:

In defense system, large industrial work through STEPPER MOTOR, medical science, space research work, etc.

Applications
In defense system spy car is very useful for getting the data & information without sending human. So many places where human do not reach robo reach easily & get the important information. Industries are using RF solutions for monitoring, process, control, inventory tracking, our work sees through STEPPER MOTOR on the screen.

Commercial wireless applications such as security and access systems, gate control, remote activation. Automotive companies employing RF for wireless remote control, remote keyless entry and safety applications. Consumer products including electronic toys, home security, gate and garage door openers, intercom, fire and safety systems and irrigation controllers Medical products like patient call and monitoring, handicap assistance device, surgery communication system, remote patient data logging and ECG monitor.

PARTS LIST
SEMICONDUCTORS:

IC1 IC2 IC3 TX2 TX1 RX1

HT12E Holtek encoder 555 Timer HT12D decoder BC 558 TX-433 RF (ASK) RX-433 RF (ASK)

T1, T3, T6, T7 BC548 npn transistor LED1 5mm red LED CD4022BC Decade Counter/Divider with 10 Decoded Outputs

RESISTOR (all watt, 5% carbon):

R R R

47-kilo-ohm 3.3-kilo-ohm 1-kilo-ohm

R V

10K-ohm 100K preset

CAPACITORS: C1, C5, C6 C4 1000F, 25V ELECTROLYTIC

10F, 2V ELECTROLYTIC

Stepper motor TRANSFORMER

IC2 555 Timer

Features:
Wide High Low Pairs with Binary Address Setting Operating Noise Standby HT12D Voltage Immunity Current IC

Decoder

555 Timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) implementing a variety of timer and multivibrator applications. The IC was designed by Hans R. Camenzind in 1970 and brought to market in 1971 by Signetics (later acquired by Philips). The original name was the SE555 (metal can)/NE555 (plastic DIP) and the part was described as "The IC Time Machine". It has been claimed that the 555 gets its name from the three 5 k resistors used in typical early implementations, but Hans Camenzind has stated that the number was arbitrary. The part is still in wide use, thanks to its ease of use, low price and good stability. As of 2003, it is estimated that 1 billion units are manufactured every year.

Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes over 20 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line package (DIP-8) Variants available include the 556 (a 14-pin DIP combining two 555s on one chip), and the 558 (a 16-pin DIP combining four slightly modified 555s with DIS & THR connected internally, and TR falling edge sensitive instead of level sensitive). Ultra-low power versions of the 555 are also available, such as the 7555 and TLC555. The 7555 is designed to cause less supply glitching than the classic 555 and the manufacturer claims that it usually does not require a "control" capacitor and in many cases does not require a power supply bypass capacitor.

The 555 has three operating modes:

Monostable mode: in this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot". Applications include
timers, missing pulse detection, bouncefree switches, touch switches, frequency divider, capacitance measurement, pulse-width modulation (PWM) etc.

Astable:

Free running mode: the 555 can operate as an oscillator. Uses include LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security alarms, pulse position modulation,

etc.

Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: The 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin is not connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bounce free latched switches, etc.

TIMER OPERATION

The 555 integrated circuit is an extremely versatile timer that can be used in many different applications. This IC is a monolithic timing circuit that is a highly stable controller capable of producing accurate time delays or oscillations. Additional terminals are producing are provided for triggering or resetting if desires. In the time delay mode of resistance and a capacitor. For a stable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and the duty cycle are both accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output structure can source or sink up to 200ma or drive TTL Circuits. This integrated circuit contains nearly 25 transistor, a diode or two, and more than 10 resistors. Obviously, if you built this IC from separate components, it would be many, many times larger than on a monolithic chip. The 555 timer offers timing from microseconds through hours and operates in both astable and monostable modes. It has an adjustable duty cycle, and the output can drive TTL devices. Its output can operate in normally on and normally off modes and the IC offers a frequency stability of 0.005% per degrees centigrade.

Applications for the 555 chip include precision timing, pulse generation, pulse width modulation, pulse position modulation, sequential timing, and missing pulse detection.

555-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

IC 555-ASTABLE OPERATIONS: -

If the circuit is connected as shown in figure (pins 2 and 6 connected). It will trigger itself and free run as a multivibrator. The external capacitor charges through Ra and Rb and discharges through Rb only. Thus, the duty cycle may be precisely set by the ratio of these two resistors. In this mode of operation the capacitor charges and discharges between 1/3 Vcc and 2/3 Vcc. As in the triggered mode, the charge and discharges times, and therefore, the frequency are independent of the supply voltage. Figure shows the actual waveforms generated in this mode of operation.

The charge time (output high) is given by: t1 = 0.685 (Ra + Rb) C

And the discharge time (output low) by: t2 = 0.685 (Rb) C

Thus, the total period is given by: T = t1 + t2 = 0.685 (Ra + 2Rb) C

The frequency of oscillation is then: f= 1.46 (Ra + 2Rb) C

IC 555-MONOSTABLE OPERATIONS: In the monostable mode of operation, the timer functions as a one shot. Referring to figure the external capacitor is initially held discharged by a transistor inside the timer. Upon applications of a negative trigger pulse to pin 2, the flip-flop is set, which releases the short circuit across the external capacitor and drives the output high. The voltage across the capacitor increases exponentially with the time constant. t = Ra C When the voltage across the capacitor equals 2/3 Vcc. The comparator resets the flip-flop, which, in turn, discharges the capacitor rapidly and drives the output to its low state. Figure shows the actual waveforms generated in this mode of operation.

The circuit triggers on a negative going input signal when the level reaches 1/3 Vcc. Once triggered, the circuit will remain in this state until the set time is elapsed, even if it is triggered again during this interval. The time that the output is in the high state is given by: t= 1.1 Ra C Applying a negative pulse to the reset terminal (pin 4) during the timing cycle discharges the external capacitor and causes the cycle to start over again. The timing cycle will now commence on the positive edge of the reset pulse. During the time the reset pulse is applied, the output is driven to its low state.

TX1

TX-433 RF (ASK)

ASK Super Regenerative Receiver

ST-RX02-ASK Receiver
315/434 MHz ASK RECEIVER

Pin Description:

General Description:
The ST-RX02-ASK is an ASK Hybrid receiver module. A effective low cost solution for using at 315/433.92 MHZ. The circuit shape of ST-RX02-ASK is L/C. Receiver Frequency: 315 / 433.92 MHZ Typical sensitivity: -105dBm Supply Current: 3.5mA IF Frequency:1MHz .

Applications

Car security system Wireless security systems Sensor reporting Automation system Remote Keyless entry

Features:
Low power consumption. Easy for application. Operation temperature range : 2070 Operation voltage: 5 Volts. Available frequency at: 315/434 MHz

Typical Application:

Antenna length about :23cm for 315MHz, 17cm for 434MHz .

TX1

TX-433 RF (ASK)

ASK Transmitter Module

ST-TX01-ASK(Saw Type)

315/434 MHz ASK TRANSMITTER

General Description:
The ST-TX01-ASK is an ASK Hybrid transmitter module. ST-TX01-ASK is designed by the Saw Resonator, with an effective low cost, small size, and simpleto-use for designing. Frequency Range:315 / 433.92 MHZ. Supply Voltage: 3~12V. Output Power : 4~16dBm Circuit Shape: Saw

Applications:
Wireless security systems Car Alarm systems

Remote controls. Sensor reporting

Automation systems

Throbbing/Fading/Flashing LED with 555 Timer

This tiny circuit is a simple way to make a fading led without having to program chips or writing code. Just a few simple components and you're ready to fade all day. The end result is a constant fade up and fade down just like a Mac on standby. Try it! See how small you can build it. If you like it rate my Instructable. If you don't, rate my Instructable.

Electrolytic Decoupling Capacitors

Description: Electrolytic decoupling capacitors 100uF/25V. These capacitors are great transient/surge suppressors. Attach one between the power and ground of your project to ensure smooth power delivery. High quality radial electrolytic capacitors.

Axial lead (top) and radial lead (bottom) electrolytic capacitors An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that uses an electrolyte, an ionic conducting liquid, as one of its plates, to achieve a larger capacitance per unit volume than other types. They are often referred to in electronics usage simply as "electrolytics". They are used in relatively high-current and low-frequency electrical circuits, particularly in power supply filters, where they store charge needed to moderate output voltage and current fluctuations in rectifier output. They are also widely used as coupling capacitors in circuits where AC should be conducted but DC should not. There are two types of electrolytics; aluminum and tantalum. Electrolytic capacitors are capable of providing the highest capacitance values of any type of capacitor. However they have drawbacks which limit their use. The voltage applied to them must be polarized; one specified terminal must always have positive potential with respect to the other. Therefore they cannot be used with AC signals without a DC bias. They also have very low breakdown voltage, higher leakage current and inductance, poorer tolerances and temperature range, and shorter lifetimes compared to other types of capacitors.

Polarity
In aluminum electrolytic capacitors, the layer of insulating aluminum oxide on the surface of the aluminum plate acts as the dielectric, and it is the thinness of this layer that allows for a relatively high capacitance in a small volume. The aluminum oxide layer can withstand an electric field strength of

the order of 109 volts per meter. The combination of high capacitance and high voltage result in high energy density. Most electrolytic capacitors are polarized and require one of the electrodes to be positive relative to the other; they may catastrophically fail if voltage is reversed. This is because a reverse-bias voltage above 1 to 1.5 V will destroy the center layer of dielectric material via electrochemical reduction (see redox reactions). Following the loss of the dielectric material, the capacitor will short circuit, and with sufficient short circuit current, the electrolyte will rapidly heat up and either leak or cause the capacitor to burst. To minimize the likelihood of a polarized electrolytic being incorrectly inserted into a circuit, polarity is very clearly indicated on the case. Also, the negative terminal lead of a radial electrolytic is shorter than the positive lead and may be otherwise distinguishable. On a printed circuit board it is customary to indicate the correct orientation by using a square through-hole pad for the positive lead and a round pad for the negative. Special capacitors designed for AC operation are available, usually referred to as "non-polarized" or "NP" types. In these, full-thickness oxide layers are formed on both the aluminum foil strips prior to assembly. On the alternate halves of the AC cycles, one of the foil strips acts as a blocking diode, preventing reverse current from damaging the electrolyte of the other one. Modern capacitors have a safety valve, typically either a scored section of the can, or a specially designed end seal to vent the hot gas/liquid, but ruptures can still be dramatic. An electrolytic can withstand a reverse bias for a short period, but will conduct significant current and not act as a very good capacitor. Most will survive with no reverse DC bias or with only AC voltage, but circuits should be designed so that there is not a constant reverse bias for any significant amount of time.

Capacitor

Polarized Capacitor

Variable Capacitor

The above are the most common schematic symbols for electrolytic capacitors. Some schematic diagrams do not print the "+" adjacent to the symbol. Older circuit diagrams show electrolytic capacitors as a small positive plate surrounded below and on the sides by a larger dish-shaped negative

electrode, usually without "+" marking.

note: capacitors in a metal can have the color mark at the minus side.

RESISTANCE
Resistance is the opposition of a material to the current. It is measured in Ohms (W). All conductors represent a certain amount of resistance, since no conductor is 100% efficient. To control the electron flow (current) in a predictable manner, we use resistors. Electronic circuits use calibrated lumped resistance to control the flow of current. Broadly speaking, resistor can be divided into two groups viz. fixed & adjustable (variable) resistors. In fixed resistors, the value is fixed & cannot be varied. In variable resistors, the resistance value can be varied by an adjuster knob. It can be divided into (a) Carbon composition (b) Wire wound (c) Special type. The most common type of resistors used in our projects is carbon type. The resistance value is normally indicated by colour bands. Each resistance has four colours, one of the band on either side will be gold or silver, this is called fourth band and indicates the tolerance, others three band will give the value of resistance (see table). For example if a resistor has the following marking on it say red, violet, gold. Comparing these coloured rings with the colour code, its value is 27000 ohms or 27 kilo ohms and its tolerance is 5%. Resistor comes in various sizes (Power rating). The bigger, the size, the more power rating of 1/4 watts. The four colour rings on its body tells us the value of resistor value as given below.

COLOURS

CODE

Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Grey White

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

TRANSFORMER
PRINCIPLE OF THE TRANSFORMER:Two coils are wound over a Core such that they are magnetically coupled. The two coils are known as the primary and secondary windings. In a Transformer, an iron core is used. The coupling between the coils is source of making a path for the magnetic flux to link both the coils. A core as in fig.2 is used and the coils are wound on the limbs of the core. Because of high permeability of iron, the flux path for the flux is only in the iron and hence the flux links both windings. Hence there is very little leakage flux. This term leakage flux denotes the part of the flux, which does not link both the coils, i.e., when coupling is not perfect. In the high frequency transformers, ferrite core is used. The transformers may be step-up, step-down, frequency matching, sound output, amplifier driver etc. The basic principles of all the transformers are same.

MINIATURE TRANSFORMER:

CONVENTIONALPOWERTRANSFORMER

TRANSISTOR
Function

Transistors amplify current, for example they can be used to amplify the small output current from a logic IC so that it can operate a lamp, relay or other high current device. In many circuits a resistor is used to convert the changing current to a changing voltage, so the transistor is being used to amplify voltage. A transistor may be used as a switch (either fully on with maximum current, or fully off with no current) and as an amplifier (always partly on). The amount of current amplification is called

the current gain.

The name is transistor derived from transfer resistors indicating a solid state Semiconductor device. In addition to conductor and insulators, there is a third class of material that exhibits proportion of both. Under some conditions, it acts as an insulator, and under other conditions its a conductor. This phenomenon is called Semi-conducting and allows a variable control over electron flow. So, the transistor is semi conductor device used in electronics for amplitude. Transistor has three terminals, one is the collector, one is the base and other is the emitter, (each lead must be connected in the circuit correctly and only then the transistor will function). Electrons are emitted via one terminal and collected on another terminal, while the third terminal acts as a control element. Each transistor has a number marked on its body. Every number has its own specifications. There are mainly two types of transistor (i) NPN & (ii) PNP NPN Transistors: When a positive voltage is applied to the base, the transistor begins to conduct by allowing current to flow through the collector to emitter circuit. The relatively small current flowing through the base

circuit causes a much greater current to pass through the emitter / collector circuit. The phenomenon is called current gain and it is measure in beta.

PNP Transistor: It also does exactly same thing as above except that it has a negative voltage on its collector and a positive voltage on its emitter.

Transistor is a combination of semi-conductor elements allowing a controlled current flow. Germanium and Silicon is the two semi-conductor elements used for making it. There are two types of transistors such as POINT CONTACT and JUNCTION TRANSISTORS. Point contact construction is defective so is now out of use. Junction triode transistors are in many respects analogous to triode electron tube. A junction transistor can function as an amplifier or oscillator as can a triode tube, but has the additional advantage of long life, small size, ruggedness and absence of cathode heating power. Junction transistors are of two types which can be obtained while manufacturing. The two types are: 1) PNP TYPE: Junction This is formed by joining a layer of P type of germanium to an N-P

2) NPN TYPE: Junction.

This is formed by joining a layer of N type

germanium

to

P-N

Both types are shown in figure, with their symbols for representation. The centre section is called the base, one of the outside sections-the emitter and the other outside section-the collector. The direction of the arrowhead gives the direction of the conventional current with the forward bias on the emitter. The conventional flow is opposite in direction to the electron flow. OPERATION OF PNP TRANSISTOR:A PNP transistor is made by sand witching two PN germanium or silicon diodes, placed back to back. The centre of N-type portion is extremely thin in comparison to P region. The P region of the left is connected to the positive terminal and N-region to the negative terminal i.e. PN is biased in the forward direction while P region of right is biased negatively i.e. in the reverse direction as shown in Fig. The P region in the forward biased circuit is called the emitter and P region on the right, biased negatively is called collector. The centre is called base.

The majority carriers (holes) of P region (known as emitter) move to N region as they are repelled by the positive terminal of battery while the electrons of N region are attracted by the positive terminal. The holes overcome the barrier and cross the emitter junction into N region. As the width of base region is extremely thin, two to five percent of holes recombine with the free electrons of N-region which result in a small base current while the remaining holes (95% to 98%) reach the collector junction. The collector is biased negatively and the negative collector voltage aids in sweeping the hole into collector region. As the P region at the right is biased negatively, a very small current should flow but the following facts are observed:1) A substantial current flows through it when the emitter junction is biased in a forward direction. 2) The current flowing across the collector is slightly less than that of the emitter, and

3) The collector current is a function of emitter current i.e. with the decrease or increase in the emitter current a corresponding change in the collector current is observed. The facts can be explained as follows:1. As already discussed that 2 to 5% of the holes are lost in recombination with the electron n base region, which result in a small base current and hence the collector current is slightly less than the emitter current.

2. The collector current increases as the holes reaching the collector junction are attracted by negative potential applied to the collector.

3. When the emitter current increases, most holes are injected into the base region, which is attracted by the negative potential of the collector and hence results in increasing the collector current. In this way emitter is analogous to the control of plate current by small grid voltage in a vacuum triode.

Hence we can say that when the emitter is forward biased and collector is negatively biased, a substantial current flows in both the circuits. Since a small emitter voltage of about 0.1 to 0.5 volts permits the flow of an appreciable emitter current the input power is very small. The collector voltage can be as high as 45 volts.

STEPPER MOTOR
A stepper motor (or step motor) is a brushless, electric motor that can divide a full rotation into a large number of steps. The motor's position can be controlled precisely without any feedback mechanism (see Open-loop controller), as long as the motor is carefully sized to the application. Stepper motors are similar to switched reluctance motors (which are very large stepping motors with a reduced pole count, and generally are closed-loop commutated).

Stepper motor characteristics

Stepper motors are constant power devices. As motor speed increases, torque decreases. Most motors exhibit maximum torque when stationary, however the torque of a motor when stationary (holding torque) defines the ability of the motor to maintain a desired position while under external load. The torque curve may be extended by using current limiting drivers and increasing the driving voltage (sometimes referred to as a 'chopper' circuit; there are several off the shelf driver chips capable of doing this in a simple manner). Steppers exhibit more vibration than other motor types, as the discrete step tends to snap the rotor from one position to another (called a detent). The vibration makes stepper motors noisier than DC motors. This vibration can become very bad at some speeds and can cause the motor to lose torque or lose direction. This is because the rotor is being held in a magnetic field which behaves like a spring. On each step the rotor overshoots and bounces back and forth, "ringing" at its resonant frequency. If the stepping frequency matches the resonant frequency then the ringing increases and the motor comes out of synchronism, resulting in positional error or a change in direction. At worst there is a total loss of control and holding torque so the motor is easily overcome by the load and spins almost freely. The effect can be mitigated by accelerating quickly through the problem speeds range, physically damping (frictional damping) the system, or using a micro-stepping driver. Motors with a greater number of phases also exhibit smoother operation than those with fewer phases (this can also be achieved through the use of a micro-stepping driver)

Theory
A step motor can be viewed as a synchronous AC motor with the number of poles (on both rotor and stator) increased, taking care that they have no common denominator. Additionally,

soft magnetic material with many teeth on the rotor and stator cheaply multiplies the number of poles (reluctance motor). Modern steppers are of hybrid design, having both permanent magnets and soft iron cores. To achieve full rated torque, the coils in a stepper motor must reach their full rated current during each step. Winding inductance and reverse EMF generated by a moving rotor tend to resist changes in drive current, so that as the motor speeds up, less and less time is spent at full current thus reducing motor torque. As speeds further increase, the current will not reach the rated value, and eventually the motor will cease to produce torque

Applications
Computer-controlled stepper motors are one of the most versatile forms of positioning systems. They are typically digitally controlled as part of an open loop system, and are simpler and more rugged than closed loop servo systems. Industrial applications include high speed pick and place equipment and multiaxis CNC machines, often directly driving lead screws or ballscrews. In the field of lasers and optics they are frequently used in precision positioning equipment such as linear actuators, linear stages, rotation stages, goniometers, and mirror mounts. Other uses are in packaging machinery, and positioning of valve pilot stages for fluid control systems. Commercially, stepper motors are used in floppy disk drives, flatbed scanners, computer printers, plotters, slot machines, image scanners, compact disc drives and many more devices.

TRANSMITTER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

DATA SHEET OF COMPONENTS USED

REFERENCES

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

www.google.com wikkipedia Communication System -Symon Haykin OUR mentor-Mss KHUSBOO Communication System-Sanjay sharma www.bootskool.com Etc...