WATER SUPPLY SCHEME

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED 1.POPULATION FORECASTING From the available census of previous years for a particular locality,the population after 3decades is decided by Arithmetic Increase method and various units of the project are accordingly designed:Available Census : YEAR 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 POPULATION 38211 105491 219211 411542 657477 881988

Calculations of population after 3 decade :

By Arithmetic Increase method YEAR 1961 1971 1981 2001 2011 TOTAL POPULATION 38211 105491 219211 657477 881988 INCREASE IN POPULATION 67280 113720 192331 224511 224511 843777

1|Page

Average increase per decades ( ) .

=168755 Pn = P0 + n. P2041 = P2011 + 3. = 881988 + 3 168755 P2041=1388253

Population after 3 decades

2.PER CAPITA DEMAND: According to IS code on Basic Requirements of water supply, Drainage and Sanitation IS: 1172-1993. i. ii. iii. iv. Domestic water demand Industrial water demand Institutional and commercial water demand Fire demand = 135 L /C / = 30L/C/ = 10 L /C / = 1 L /C /

NET DEMAND Water wastes required to compensate

= 176 L /C / losses in thefts = 15% of total consumption = = 26L/C/ and

Per capita water demand Total water demand of city

= 202 L/C/ = = 280 MLD

Existing water supply capacity = 240MLD Additional water to be supplied by the end of the year 2041=280240=40MLD.
2|Page

SOURCE OF WATER:
After detailed survey of the various sources of water available in the vicinity of BHUBANESWAR, the selected source of water is nearly river MAHANADI. Considering most important factor, such as: cost , location, quality of water, quantity of water the selected source is OK.

DESIGN OF INTAKE WELL:

[Thin wall type of river intake structure] Reduced level of river bed Reduced level of lowest water level Reduced level of normal water level Reduced level of maximum water level Average water demand to be pumped Maximum water demand = 27.7m =33.2m =40.5m =45.7m =40 MLD =1.8 40 =72 MLD

Assuming the pumping takes place for 16 hours a day. The discharge to be pumped : Q= = 1.25 m3/sec m3/sec

3|Page

DESIGN OF INLET WELL:

Let us provide an oblong shaped intake well, with openings provided at 3 levels: one layer of openings shall be kept below RL 33.2m (lowest water level): and the other may be kept below maximum water level stage i.e. below RL45.7m. A middle layer of ports can be provided just below normal water level of Rill 40.5m. These openings shall be fitted with bar screens made of 20 mm diameter steel bars of say 50 mm openings(clear).Let the velocity through the bar screens be limited to 0.16 m/sec (to prevent entry of debris etc).

The area of openings required at each level =

= = 7.8125m2 Let us provide 2.2m height of screen openings; Then the clear length of the openings required: No. of openings required And No. Of bars Length occupied by 20mm bars Total length of screen = = =3 = 71 =72 = 72 0.02 =1.44 m =3.55+1.44 =4.99 m; say 5 m.

Let us provide 2 ports at each level. The size of each port will then be of 2.2 m height 2.5 m length. In all, there will be 6 screened ports: 2 at each of the three levels.2 screened parts will thus be provided within the well staining between RL 33.2 m to 31.0 m each having 2.5 m length 2 other screened ports shall similarly be provided between RL 40.5 m to 38.3 m; and 2 others between RL 45.7 m to 43.5 m . These parts can be fitted in a oblong well, consisting of rectangular length 5.2 m (sufficient to fix 2 bar screen of length 2.5 m) and provided with circular ends. The well can have a width of say 3 m.
4|Page

The inlet well can be sunk into the river bed by say 3 m below the river bed, as to provide space for accumulation of sand and silt. So, Let us keep the bottom of inlet well at RL 24.7 m. Also, let us provide a free-board of 2 m over maximum water level to fix the bottom level of the roof of the level.Hence,provide invert level of roof at 47.7 m .The height of inlet will then be 47.7 m -24.7 m =23m.

DESIGNING OF GRAVITY PIPE CONNECTING INTAKE WELL AND JACK WELL:

The intake pipe shall be designed to flow by gravity at a maximum velocity of say 1.2 m/sec. Q=1.25m3/sec. V=1.2 m/sec. Area of pipe required =
2

=1.15 m .

Hence using standard size of 1.2 m diameter RCC intake pipe, giving a velocity of : Using mannings formula, we have v = R2/3
=> 1.1 =
2/3

V =

= 1.1 m/sec.

Slope S=

; Say 1 in 500

Hence say 1.2 m diameter intake pipe at a gradient of 1 in 500.

5|Page

DESIGN OF JACK WELL:

For collecting the water from the intake pipe and deliver to the main through centrifugal pumps, a jack well will be constructed on river tank. The jack well is circular in shape of diameter say 4 m which is enough to accommodate the suction pipes and strainers of the pumps installed to lift the designed discharge.

DESIGN OF PUMPS FOR SUPPLYING RAW WATERFROM JACK WELL TO TREATMENT PLANT:
As the water treatment plant is to be situated far from the intake structure. so the water has to be pumped from the jack well to the treatment plant. Q = 1.25 m3/sec [same as that of intake structure] L = 1450 m [Distance between intake well and raw water tank in water treatment plant] Velocity in pipe to be maintained V =2.4 m/sec. Area required Diameter of main required A = d= =0.814 m .(Say 1 m standard RCC pipe.) Total lift including suction and delivery = 30 m [Height of jack well 3 m] Head loss due to friction in pipe Hf = = =12.77 m . Total height against which pump has to work = 30 + 12.77 = 42.77 m. = =0.52 m2

6|Page

BRAKE HORSE POWER OF PUMP: = = =891.95 HP =1000 HP Hence we can use 3 centrifugal pumps of 500 HP. Two of that operating and one is kept as stand by.

DESIGN OF RAW WATER TANK AT WATER TREATMENT PLANT:

A raw water tank is proposed to be provided so that the water coming from the rising main at the rate 1. 8 average water demand due to 16 hours of pumping can be stored in it. The outflows from the tank will be at the rate of average discharge and water stored in the tank shall maintain the continuous flow in the filtration plant for 24 hours. Detention period = 8 hours = 24ML

Capacity of tank required =

= 24000 m3 Water depth provided =3 m =800 m2

Plan area of tank required =

Provide two nos. Of tank area of each tank = 4000 m2 Assuming a ratio of L : B =1.6:1 1.6B B =4000 B = 50 m , L = 80 m

7|Page

Providing a free board of 0.5 m. Provide two tank of size 80 m 50 m 3.5 m.

DESIGN OF CASCADE AEREOTOR:

Water requirement for the year 2041 = 40 MLD

Average water requirement (discharge)

Q= Q =0.463 m3/sec. Width of the weir proposed = 20 m. For broad crested weir Q = 1.65BH3/2 H=* H=* m3/sec.

+2/3 +2/3

H = 0.058 m.(Say 6 cm). So, total depth of 6 cm shall be flowing over the weir.

STEPS:
Six steps of 0.3 m shall be provided, on which the water shall be flowing down to the outlet chamber. At the outlet chamber, one side wall has be kept 200 mm below the top surface of the tank so as to prevent the excess flow of water towards alum mixing chambers. Twelve pipes of 300 mm diameter have been provided at the outlet of aerator to the alum mixing chamber. Enough discharge of water will flow turf alum mixing through these pipes. The overflow shall take place only when the outlet of alum mixing chamber are clogged.
8|Page

 All the masonry walls shall be plastered. The wall thickness has proposed to be kept as 0.4 m.

ALUM DOSE:
The dose of alum varies from 15 to 20 mg/litre of water but actual dose is to ascertained by experiments in the laboratory from time to time. The optimum coagulation occurs when PH value of water is between 6 to 8. Since alum makes the water acidic, the alum dosing tank will be laid with rubber or perfectly polyethylene tanks shall be used .Here, we shall use fire such tanks each of 3000 L capacity. Now, assuming the peak alum dose to be 20 mg/l and normal dose to be 20% of that, we get Alum required @ 20 mg/l = = 800 kg/day

Only 20 % 800 kg shall be used in normal conditions. Thus, for most of the year, the alum to be used will be 160 kg/day.

CASCADE TYPE AERATOR:

Since the raw water does not contain too much colour and odour. Only nominal ascertain is proposed by constructing an artistic cascade, type aerator. The unit will help in maintaining the wanted oxygen levels in the oxygen in water, remove dissolved iron and manganese CO2 and H2S gases as well as colour and tastes caused by volatile oil etc. released by algae and other micro organisms.

ALUM DOSERS:
Alum doser is the appurtenance through which measured quantity of alum is added to the water supply system before sedimentation of water.

9|Page

DESIGN OF SEDIMENTATION TANK:

We shall design the tank to remove particles up to 0.02 mm size, and adopt the following general provisions. GENERAL PROVISION: i) Overflow rate = 15 to 30 m3//m2 ii) Minimum side water depth = 2.5 m iii) Detention period for coagulated water = 2 to 4 hours. iv) Weir loading = 300m3//m2 v) Side slope (for non mechanical cleaning) = 10 % from sides towards the longitudinal central line. vi) Longitudinal slope = 1 % in rectangular tank. vii)Ratio of length and breadth = 3:1 to 5:1. viii) Settling velocity = to ensure removal of minimum size of particles of 0.02 mm. ix) Detention time to flocculation chambers =10 to 30 minutes. x) Skimming weir is to check the froth on the surface of outlet to reduce load on the filter. xi) Horizontal flow velocity = 0.15 to 0.9 m/minutes.

HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF PROPOSED SEDIMENTATION COM FLOCCULATION TANK:

DIMENSIONS OF THE TANK: Water required by the year 2041 = 40MLD =1666.66 m3/hour. Water lost in dislodging Design average flow = 2 %. = =1700.7 m3 / hour Assume a total detention period of 3 hours effective storage of detention tank = 1700.7= 5102m3 Assume effective depth H = 3.5 m .
10 | P a g e

Area of tank required

m2 =1457.7 m2.

Providing 2 nos of identical tanks Area of each tank Assume Thus, B =13.5 m and L = 54 m. Provide two tanks of size 54 m Provide a free board of 0.5 m Loading on the tank/overflow rate = = =18.66 m3/ m2/day 13.5 3.5 m (water depth) = m3 = 728 m3 L/B = 4 : 1 4B B = 728

(Which is within the prescribed range of 15 to 30 m3/ m2/day, OK) Hence, use two tank of size 54 m 13.5 m 4 m.

Provide extra depth for sludge storage. Provide longitudinal slope of 1 in 50. Also provide side slope of 1 in 30 towards the longitudinal central line.

2. SETTELEMENT VELOCITY (VS) BY THE METHOD OF STOKES LAW:

The following parameters have been adopted Size of particle Specific gravity of particle (d) = 0.02 mm (Ss) =2.65 10-6 m2/sec

Kinematic viscosity of particles at 200 C(v) =1.01 Using VS =

, we get VS =

11 | P a g e

Reynoldss number =

= =7.04 10-2 < 1

Hence, the flow is laminar and stakes law is applicable.

SETTELEMENT VELOCITY (VS) BY THE METHOD DISCHARGE ENTERING THE TANK DIMENSIONS:PARAMETER ADOPTED:Discharge entering each basin Q = =850.35 m3/h =0.236 m3/sec Depth of water in the tank , Width of the tank, Length of the tank, Horizontal flow velocity V = H = 3.5 m B = 13.5 m L =54 m = =0.005 m/sec =0.3 m/min Settling velocity VS = = = 0.000324 m/sec =3.24 10-4 m/sec

OF

Thus, the particles having settling velocity greater than or equal to 3.24 10-4 m/sec shall settle in the tank of the dimensions assumed above.

12 | P a g e

TIME PERIOD REQUIRED FOR PARTICLES TO SETTLE IN THE TANK:

As given earlier, a particle of the size of 0.02 mm shall settle in the tank if its velocity is greater than or equal to 3.5 10-4 m/sec. Since, we have assumed the water depth as 3.5 m ,time required by the particles to settle down is equal t1 = =9831.46 sec =2.73 hours

Now, the horizontal velocity of flow is 0.005 m/sec and the length of tank is 54 m, the time taken by water to reach the outlet t 2= =1800 sec =3 hours > t1

Thus, the time required by water to flow from inlet to the outlet is more is more than the time required by the particle size 0.02 mm having a settling velocity greater than or equal to m /sec shall be retained in the sedimentation tank. Actual detention time in the sedimentation tank Tank size Discharge =54 13.5 3.5 =2551.5 m3 = 0.236 m3/sec =3.003 hours > 3 hours

Detention time =

CHECK AGAINEST SCOURING OF DEPOSITED PARTICLES :

Scour velocity (Vd) is given as: Vd= Assuming =0.04(for unigranular particle) f =0.03(Darcy ovisback friction factor) Ss =Specific gravity of particles =2.65 g =Acceleration due to gravity =9.81 m/sec2 d = size of the settling particles =0.02 mm.
13 | P a g e

Vd= = 0.058 m/sec.

)1/2

Since the horizontal flow velocity (v) of 0.005 m/sec the design is OK.

DESIGN OF FLOC CHAMBER :

In addition to 54 m length of settling tank. the flock chamber at the entry has to be provided. Assume the depth of the floc chamber as half the depth of the sedimentation tank i.e. 4/2 =2 m: Detention period = 20 minutes

Capacity of chamber =flow required in 20 minutes =0.236 =283.2 m3 Width of chamber =13.5 m

Length of chamber = =10.48 m =10.5 m Thus, the chamber shall have the effective dimensions of 10.5 13.5 m 2 m

14 | P a g e

DESIGN OF INLET OUTLET :

INLET STRUCTURE:
The inlet structure is designed to minimize turbulence; distribute the water and suspended solids throughout the depth of basin; and avoid the deposition of solids.

Provide a 0.6 m wide and 0.6 m deep influent channel than runs across the width of the tank. The design that follows provides overflow tank. The depth of flow over the weir on face over the weir on face discharge shall be :Q =1.65 B(H)3/2(For broad crested weirs) Where B = 13.5 m Q=* =0.048 m. Velocity of flow over the weir : Q =V A V = = =0.364 m/sec

2/3

OUTLET STRUCTURE:
The outlet structure shall consist of skimming weir plate, outlet box, outlet pipe and one overflow pipe to provide overflow when water to pass through the filter is reduced. The concrete weir on the outlet shall be 500 mm below the inlet weir crest. A skimming weir consisting of 8 mm thick and 10 mm depth steel plate with 900 v notches having depth of 5 cm is provided along the total width of the tank.

15 | P a g e

There are four outlet pipes of 300 mm dia. In each tank which take the water to the filter tank. One overflow pipe of 300 mm dia. has been provided on the side of the outlet box to prevent surplus water from flowing towards the filter.

DESIGN OF RAPID GRAVITY FILTERS:

General provisions: Required flow of filtered water = 40 MLD. Quantity of back wash water used =3 % of filter output Time lost in backwashing =30 minutes Design rate of filtration = 5.4 m3/m2/hour Length width ratio =1.25 to 1.33:1 Under drainage system =central manifold Size of perforations =9 mm

Design :
Filtered water required = 40 MLD =1666.7 m3

Filtered water required per hour =

Design flow for filter after accounting for back wash water (3 %) And washing time (30 minutes) = = 1753.19 m3 Plan area of filter required = =324.66 m2

Generally, the plan area of the filter unit is kept as 10 m2 to 80 m2 Provide six filter units each of 75 m2 Each filter bed size = 10 m 7.5 m

16 | P a g e

DESIGN OF SAND DEPTH:

Assume a depth of sand as 60 cm and an effective size of sand as 0.5 mm. The depth can be checked against breakthrough of for, through the sand bed by calculating minimum depth required by HUDSONs formula in metric units as : =B 29323 Here, Q =5.4 2 =10.8m3/m2/hour (assuming 100% overloading of filter under emergencies) d =size of sand in mm =0.8 mm

h =Terminal head loss in meters =2.25 m L=Depth of bed in mm. Assume B =4 10-4 per poor response to filtration and average degree of pre treatment.

=> L = 0.45

= 4 10-4 29323

Hence depth assumed is OK.

17 | P a g e

ESTIMATE OF GRAVEL AND SIZE GRADATION:

Assume a size gradation of 2 mm of top and 50 mm at bottom .The requisite depth in Cms of a component gravel of size d in mm can be computed from empirical formula L =2.54 K(log) Where K varies from 10 to 14 Let us assume K = 12 The depth of various layers of gravel is Size, mm Depth ,cm Increment cm 2 9.2 9.2 5 21.3 12.1 10 30.5 9.2 20 40 9.5 40 40 9

Provide a gravel depth of 50 cm.

DESIGN OF UNDER DRAINAGE SYSTEM:

Plan area of each filter unit =10 7.5 =75 m2 Total area of perforation = 3 10-3 area of filter = 3 10-3 75 =0.225 m2 =2250 cm2

18 | P a g e

Total no of perforation of dia 9 mm. = Total cross sectional area of laterals = 3 =3

= 3536.8 =3537 nos. area of perforation 2250

= 6750 cm2 Area of central manifold = 2 area of laterals = 2 6750 =13500 cm2 Diameter of central manifold =( =131.1 cm Providing a commercially available diameter of 1500 mm Assuming a spacing 15 cm for laterals .No of laterals on both sides of manifold = =133.33 say 134 Cross-sectional area of each lateral = Diameter of lateral =( = 8 cm Provide laterals of diameter 100 mm. No of perforation per lateral = Length of lateral [ = [7.5 1.5] = 3.0 m
19 | P a g e

)1/2

= 50.37 cm2 )1/2

=35.37 say 36 ]

Spacing of perforations =

=15 cm

Provide 2o perforations of 9 mm dia at centre to centre spacing of 150 mm.

CHECK:
=

= 30 [Which is less than 60] Now, let us assume that the rate of washing of filter be 45 cm/min. Or 0.45 m/min. The wash water discharge = Velocity of flow for wash water = = 0.5625 m3/sec

=0.5345 m/sec Similarly, velocity of flow in manifold = = = 0.32 m/sec This is less than 1.8 m/sec [Maximum permissible]

20 | P a g e

DESIGN OF WASH WATER THROUGH:

Assume a wash water rate of 36 m3/m2/hour Wash water discharge for one filter =36 6.65 5 =1197 m3 per hour = 0.33 m3/sec Assume spacing of 1.5 m for wash water throughs which will be parallel to the longer dimension of the filter unit. Number of troughs = =5 =0.15 m3/sec

Discharge per unit trough =

For a width of 0.4 m, the water depth in the trough is given as: Q = 1.376by3/2 =>0.15 = 1.376 0.4 y3/2 => y = 0.42 m. Assuming a free board 0.08 m ,provide a depth of 0.5 m provide 5 troughs of 0.4 m width 0.5 m depth in each bottom of troughs from filter sand bed is 0.05 m computation of total depth of filter box = sum of depths for drains,(2)Gravel(3)sand(4)water depth(5)free board =1.5+0.3+0.6+1.2+0.5 = 4.3 m
(1)Under

21 | P a g e

DESIGN OF WASH WATER PUMP:

Water required by washing = 500 L/min/ m2 Area of filter Water required =10 7.5 = 75 m2 = = 625 L/sec

Assuming that the filter shall be washed in 15 minutes, the size of the tank required for wash water shall be =625 60 15 =562500 say 6 lakh litres. At 20 m head difference from the filter. The pump is designed to fill the wash water tank in 3 hours The rate of pump outlet shall be = =55.55 L/sec =0.055 m3/sec Water power required = wQH = 9.81 0.055 20 = 10.79KW Brake horse power required = = 18.35 HP say 20 HP

22 | P a g e

SIZE OF WASH WATER RISING MAIN:

The rising main shall take the water from the clear water reservoir to the wash water tank. Let, velocity =2 m/sec Diameter of pipe =d Q = A.V =>0.055 = d2 2

=> d = 0.187 m. say 200 mm. The actual velocity in the rising main = =1.75 m/sec

Hence, a pipe of dia shall be used as rising main. Let D be the dia of pipe to supply wash water to filter on 2m/sec velocity Q= D2 2 D2 2

625 10-3 =

D = O.63: say 650 mm. Thus, the rising main shall have a dia of 200 mm. And the pipe to wash the filter shall have the dia of 650 mm.

23 | P a g e

SIZE OF WATER TANK:

Capacity of the proposed tank = 6, 00,000L =600 m3 Providing water capacity of tank for washing four = 4 600 =2400 m3 filter simultaneously

Assuming depth of water in the tank = 3.5 m Area of tank required = = 685.7 m2 20 m 3.5 m (water depth)

Hence, provide a rectangular tank of 35 m Provide a free board of 0.5 m Overall tank size = 35 m 20 m 4m

DESIGN OF CHLORINATOR:
Four polyethylene tanks each of 3000 L capacity shall be installed to mix clear water with the requisite amount of bleaching powder which water will flow by gravity into clear water tank to have contact period of more than hour as to cause disinfection. Quantity of bleaching powder is worked out as followos: Normal dose of chlorine to be taken =0.3 PPM for contact period of 30 minutes Average daily demand of water of the year 2041 = 40 MLD Chlorine require per day = =12 kg

Since chlorine content in bleaching powder is 30 % .it means that 30 Kg of chlorine is contained in 100 kg of bleaching powder Bleaching powder required per day = =40 kg

Annual consumption of bleaching powder =40 365 = 14600 kg

24 | P a g e

DESIGN OF CLEAR RESERVOIR AT WTP:

Treated water stored in clear water reservoir = 40 MLD Since, pumping from clear water reservoir to distribution tank is for 16 hours, detention period of 8 hour is provided in clear water reservoir to ensure 24 hours supply capacity of clear water reservoir. Capacity of clear water reservoir = Assume water depth = 3.0 m Plan area required = =4444.4 m2 3 m(water depth) =13.33 ML = 13333m3

Providing 2 tank of size 40 m 2o m

We get plan area of =2 40 20=1600 m2 (OK) A free board of 0.5 m is also provided. Hence, provide two covered tank of 40 m 20 m 3.5 m size of 8 hour detention period.

25 | P a g e