Академический Документы
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Chunky Graphite
POSSIBLE CURE POSSIBLE CURE
reduce RE content in reduce RE content in nodulariser or reduce nodulariser or reduce addition rate of addition rate of nodulariser nodulariser reduce eventual other reduce eventual other additions of RE additions of RE add S or use a Sadd S or use a Scontaining containing recarburiser to recarburiser to neutralise excess RE neutralise excess RE improve inoculation improve inoculation to reduce to reduce segregation effects of segregation effects of REs REs
Exploded Graphite
POSSIBLE CURE POSSIBLE CURE
reduce carbon reduce carbon equivalent equivalent increase cooling rate increase cooling rate reduce RE content in reduce RE content in nodulariser or reduce nodulariser or reduce addition rate of addition rate of nodulariser nodulariser reduce RE vs. reduce RE vs. sulphur ratio sulphur ratio
Spiky Graphite
POSSIBLE CURE POSSIBLE CURE
reduce amount of reduce amount of tramp elements such tramp elements such as Pb, Bi and Sb as Pb, Bi and Sb watch for Pbwatch for Pbcontaining scrap or containing scrap or Pb-paints Pb-paints avoid Bi-containing avoid Bi-containing inoculant inoculant increase RE addition increase RE addition
Improve inoculation Improve inoculation Avoid long hold Avoid long hold times after times after inoculation inoculation Reduce magnesium Reduce magnesium addition addition
Nodule Alignment
POSSIBLE CURE POSSIBLE CURE
increase carbon increase carbon equivalent equivalent use better use better inoculation inoculation
Graphite Flotation
POSSIBLE CURE POSSIBLE CURE
reduce Carbon reduce Carbon equivalent, especially equivalent, especially C-content C-content reduce pouring reduce pouring temperature temperature increase cooling rate increase cooling rate better inoculation better inoculation
Slag Inclusions
POSSIBLE CURE POSSIBLE CURE
improve deslagging improve deslagging practice practice empty ladle between empty ladle between treatments treatments improve pouring practice improve pouring practice improve gating design to improve gating design to reduce turbulence reduce turbulence use filter or slag traps use filter or slag traps reduce Mg/nodulariser reduce Mg/nodulariser addition addition
Shrinkage Porosity
POSSIBLE CURE POSSIBLE CURE
increase mould strength increase mould strength improve gating and improve gating and feeding design feeding design increase carbon content increase carbon content up to 3.8 up to 3.8 reduce Magnesium reduce Magnesium addition addition reduce alloying reduce alloying contents contents use better inoculant use better inoculant reduce inoculation fade reduce inoculation fade time time
Hydrogen Pinholes
POSSIBLE CURE POSSIBLE CURE
reduce moisture in reduce moisture in sand sand ensure that tools, ensure that tools, refractory and refractory and coatings are dry coatings are dry use clean and dry use clean and dry cover material cover material reduce Al and Ti reduce Al and Ti content in iron content in iron improve venting improve venting
H2 + CO C + CO2
Conclusion/Summary
To avoid metallurgical defects in ductile iron To avoid metallurgical defects in ductile iron the following must be emphasised: the following must be emphasised: use good quality raw materials with low use good quality raw materials with low contents of trace elements (Mn, S, V, Mo, Ti, contents of trace elements (Mn, S, V, Mo, Ti, Cr.. Cr.. use a consistent treatment process giving use a consistent treatment process giving reproducible analyses, high recoveries and reproducible analyses, high recoveries and good temperature efficiency good temperature efficiency use high quality nodularisers with consistent use high quality nodularisers with consistent analyses and sizing analyses and sizing use high quality inoculants specific to the use high quality inoculants specific to the requirements requirements