BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENALE SCINCES ASSESEMENT OF FISH MARKETING IN BAHIR DAR CITY BY ALENE

MEKURIA NIGUSSE ZELALEM KEFALE ALEMEKER

ADVISOR MINYELET MINGEST (PhD) SUBMITED TO DEPARTEMENT OF FISHERIES WETLANDES AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT

1 Introduction 1.1 Background of the study

From very ancient times fish from the ocean and other aquatic sources have been used as an important sources of food.Fisheris have also provide a livelihood and economic benefits for there who engaged in the activities related to harvesting, processing and trading of fish. Fish has an inherent tendency to be customized. The pressure to trade even locally and domestically is more innate to fishery than to livestock or agriculture (John,2004). The fishery market industry has been of critical importance of the economy and to the social wellbeing of humanity. It provides the vital sources food, employementrecration, trade and economic wellbeing for people throughout the world. Fishery is the most important livelihood option for the inhabitants .It is threatened with problems of over exploitation, environmental pollution and

consequently un recoverdresourees results in the loss of its potentials.Eventhough the fish resources are renewable, they are not infinite and needed to be management, if their contribution to the nutritional economic and social wellbeing of world population has to be sustained(FAO,1995). Ethiopia has high fish production potential for marketing and it depends from inlandlwaterbodies such as, lakes, rivers, and reserviorsEven if the expected fish production of Ethiopia is estimated to 50000-60000 tones per year (MOA,2003). The marketing and production problems related to knowledge of grading, market information, and lack of group markets. Under traditional market structure which characterized by failure to reflect market signals, absence of quality, excess intermediates and imperfect competition, call for studying the market culture up to the end of the consumer. The fisheries range from self-employed single operators through informal micro enterprise to formal sector of business ( Teweld Medhine,2008). Commercial fishing on the other hand characterized by the use of modern fishing gears such as engine powdered boats and catch per fisher is generally higher than that of subsistence fisher (Mosepele,2001). In Bahir Dar, there is one enterprise, two cooperatives and nine small scale shops that are used to supply the fish production in the market and safety the need of the locale community. The type of gear that are used for fishery are modernized gillnet (65.4%) and locally made gillnet (23.1%) by the fisheries themselves (Gorden etal,,2007). Fish marketing in Bahir Dar city is not effective due to different constraints like, poor handling and preservation technique, price fluctuation, lack of well organized fish market institution, presences of illegal traders and lack of infrastructures. Therefore this study would attempts to address such problems.

2 1.2 Statement of the problem

Currently, the fish market in Bahir Dar city is not well developed and channel due to different consternates such as ,presence of illegal traders absence of clear market police poor handling and preservation technique, lack of well organized fish market institution to manage and control illegal fish traders are some of the main problems to be mentioned. The fish marketing in Ethiopia does not have well organized forms of marketing channel. Further more, there are fishery resources proclamations which are formulated by the federal and regional government. But the implementation is poor. Therefore this study was to assess and analyze such problems of fish marketing in Bahir Dar city 1.3 Objectives of the study The general objectives of the study is to assess and analyze the fish marketing in Bahir Dar city Specific objectives To identify the problems in fish marketing and production To assess the fish market price To know which fish specs is mostly available in the market To determine the contribution of fish market for the local community 1.4 Scope of the study The study was conducted in bahir dar city with focuses on three commercially important fish species like tilapia, cat fish, and labeobeobarbus. This study was focus on assessing the market suation of fish in Bahir Dar city particularly in three marketing sites Saint Mchael,Saint Gorge and Bata mariam

1.5 Significance of the study

This study was very important sources for generating usefull information to formulate market development program ,assessing the whole marketing systems and identifying different market and production consternates would be advantageous for policy makers ,implementers and other stake holders to understand and to take management measure for improving marketing system in the study area

2 Literature Review

2.1 Market and Marketing

According to Bain and Howell in 1988 market can be defined as a single arrangement in which one thing is exchanged for another. Market also defined as a meeting point of buyer and seller, a place where seller and buyer meeting and exchanging takes place . That means it is an area for which there is a demand for goods and price determing force (demand and supply ) operate. Kohl and Uhl (1985) also put their definition of market in reference to going answers to questions of what to produce an d how to sell their fish product.

Marketing is the process of satisfying human needs by bringing products to people in the proper form ,time and place (Branson and Norvel,1983). It is the processes of focusing the resources and objectives of an organization on environment al opportunity and needs. The first and the most fundamental fact about marketing is that is a universal discipline, a set of concepts , tools ,practice procedure and experience (Warren,2003).Though the technical functions of storage , processing transportation and through exchange, marketing can increase the consumers satisfaction from any given quantity out put (Mendo. 19+95). Koteler(2003) also stated that marketing as the task of creating , promoting delivering goods and services to consumers and business.

2.2 Marketing System Marketing system is defined as a series of business through which a product passes during the marketing process. It is the inter relation ship of market (Branson and Norvel,1983). It is usually seeing as a system because it comprises several interrelated structure along with production , distribution and economic process (Mendoza ,1995). Fish marketing is subjected to a number of coordination problems associated with very marketed shifts in demand (fasting period and fasting days ) . Multiple sources of fish each with different seasonal pattern of supply affecting each size and species constraints on storage capacity (frozen fish), no wholesale market for fish and many different factors at both production and marketing level.

2.3 market Chain

Market chain is the link between the production and the consumers , involving the inter linked activities . the main goal is to obtain a more detailed understanding of the actors , activities , costs and opportunities related to the flow of a particular product and associated services , starting with farmers

and ending the targeted buyers and consumers . This issues need to be under stood to identify critical constraints , opportunities and the entry point for enterprise intervention ( Kidanie Mesganaw,20011). Market chain analysis can help to identify constraints (i.e information flow ) i inequalities, ( distribution of value and practice ) I.e.( handling , quality control ) along the chain that can serve to enhance benefits of trade to agents especially those in sources countries a number of factors determine the percentage of the final value extracted at certain points along the market chain in particular market chain complexity and risk .The complexity refers to the collective number of agents in the supply chain in exporting and importing countries (Macfadyen etal,2003). The complexity of the market chain may expand depending on the countries of product origin, market sophistication (maturity and the distance of fishing grounds i.e fisher from major infrastructure (storage and transport facilities ).

2.4 Market Structure

Market structure represents the institutional environment among others in which transactions takes place , which influences competition and pricing is considered to be fixed in short run for actor in the marketing channels. According to Scott (1995) elements of market include ;type of intermediates, type of marketing channels and type of markets , number of actors ,instruments or quality standard s, physical market infrastructure and regulation of entry and exit. Bain(1968) defined market structure as the characteristics of the organization of market which seems to influences strategically the nature of the competition and pricing within the market. In general market structure can be defined as and studied in terms of the degree of product differentiation , the existence of entry and exit barriers ,and power distribution (Scott,1995;Duc Hai,2003).

3 Methodology 3.1 Study area

Bahir Dar is situated on the southern shore of Lake Tana, the sources of Blue Nile (Abay) in what was previously the Gojjam province. The city is located approximately 57 8k.m north west of Addiss Ababa having latitude and longitude of 11degree 36 N 37 degree 23 E and an elevation of 1840 meters above sea level . It is the capital city of Amhara region (http;// enwikpedia.org/wiki/Bahir-Dar). Based on 2007 censes conducted by the central stastecal agency of Ethiopia (CSA) this city has a total population of 221,99, on increase of 30.90% 0ver the population record in the 1994 censes of whom 103456 are men and 113,535 women with an area of 213.43km2. When we see the climate of Bahir Dar it has

both dry and rainy season. The main dray season of the city is December, January and February. The remaining months are rainy seasons (census, 2007).

3.2 Data collection

The study was conducted in Bahir Dar city particularly at saint Michael, Saint Georg, and Bata mariam .A combination of different methods and tools was used for data collection. This consists both primary and secondary data sources. The primary data was collected from local fisher, wholesalers, FPMI Cooperatives and hotels and small restaurants through interview, questioners and checklist. And the secondary data was collected from scientific literatures and documents. For this study random sampling technique was selected to collect data.

3.3 Data Analysis

After the data collected, it was analyzed by using descriptive stastical technique on the bases of quantitative and qualitative information .By applying descriptive statics one can compare and contrast different categories of sampled unites with respect to the desired characteristics.

4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Demographic characteristics of sampled fisher

In our study area the fishermens are diversified in their demographic charactesics like sex, age ,marital status family size and religion. From all respondents about 80% were married and the rest 20% were not married . This indicates that most fishermens are married and have responsibility to manage their family.

Saint Michale sex male 10 0 10 3 5

Saint George 10 0 10 2 4

Total Bata Marriam 10 0 10 3 3 percentage 30 0 30 8 12 100 0 100 26.6 40

female total illiterate Educational Read level and write Primary school total Average male age of female mean total Martial single statues married total

2 10 32.4 0 __ 3 7 10

4 10 30.5 0 ___ 2 8 10

4 10 29.3 0 ____ 4 6 10

10 10 ____ 0 ___ 9 21 30

33.3 100 ______ 0 _____ 30 70 100

From the above table we see the different household characteristics of fishermen like sex, age, martiual statues and educational level. The mean age of the fishermen in Saint Michael, Saint George and Bata Miriam is 32.4, 30.5 and 29.3 respectively and most of the fishermen are educated. This indicates that fishing is not only open only for the poor and illiterate communities but also it is open for the educated people

Fish production and Marketing In all sites of the study area the fishermen catch three common types of species such as tilapia, catfih, and labobarbus by using different materials like reed boats and motorized boats. When we camper the

usage of motorized boat fishermen and reed boat fishermen in our sites relatively saint Michele fishermen have many motorized boats.
The seasons which are favorable for fish marketing is fasting months espeasially from February 1, _March 30 because most of Ethiopian orthodox Christine believe that fish is fasting food and the attention to eat other animal production is low during fasting days and months. Most fishermen sold their fish product to the cooperatives, FPMI and in small restaurant and hotels by negotiating the price of fish. As the information given from the respondents most fishermen catch and sold tilapia. Because most of the local consumers are interested to eat tilapia rather than catfish and labeobarbues .But it doesnt mean that they cant catch catfish and labeobarbues because these fish are used for exporting out side of the country like Sudan.

Monthly income and production of sampled fisher

Average income in birr Average production in 21 K.g per day

Saint Michael monthly 1200

Saint George 1000 5

Bata Miriam 800 4

Mean of mean 1000 10

From the respondents fishers mentioned that their monthly income fluctuate from 600 to 2000 per month and with the average income 1000birr. According to the above table the average monthly income and average production is varies in all sites and saint Michal fishermen have got high average monthly income and average fish production in k.g per day as compared to the other land sites. This

indicates that saint Michael fishermen are well organized and most fishermen engage in fish practices by using motorized boats rather than reed boats.