Copyright 2010 University of Southampton Number of

pages 8



UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON SESG1006W1


SEMESTER 2 EXAMINATION 2009/10

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

Duration: 120 mins



Attempt FOUR questions from SIX.

A total of 100 marks are available for this paper.

All questions carry equal marks.

Marks in brackets are for guidance only.

Only University approved calculators over-stamped with the
Universitys dolphin logo, or new logo, can be used, but all stages
of working must be shown.


The following is provided:

1 An Engineering Data Book (Calvert & Farrar)


No reference material is to be brought to the examination room.
2 SESG1006W1





3 SESG1006W1
1.

a. Draw a schematic diagram of the cross-section of a 2 pole,
3-phase synchronous generator. Explain the principle of
operation of the generator. Plot the waveforms of flux and emf
in one phase as a function of rotor angle. Plot the 3-phase
voltages. Show how the windings are connected in star or delta,
and explain why such connections are possible.
(10 marks)

b. Show that the peak emf generated in one phase is given by

2 .
60
rotor
RPM
E NBL D
t
=

where N is the number of turns per phase, is the peak gap
flux density,
B
rotor
L is the active length of the rotor, is the rotor
diameter and is the rotor speed in revolutions per minute.
D
RPM
(8 marks)


c. Three equally electrically charged small spherical conductors are
placed in air at the vertices of an equilateral triangle. The
charge on each conductor is 1 mC and the distance between the
conductors is 10 cm. The permittivity of air is 8.854x10
-12
C
2
N
-
1
m
-2
. Calculate the electric force experienced by each charged
conductor.
(7 marks)






TURN OVER
4 SESG1006W1
2.

a. Describe the construction and principle of operation of a DC
motor.
(7 marks)

b. Show that the torque T of a DC motor can be estimated using
the following equation:

2
2 2
4
c
R
Zi D L
T B BAV
D t
| |
| |
= =
| |
\ .
\ .


where
c
Zi
A
D t
= is the electric loading, is the magnetic loading, B
Z is the total number of conductors in the armature slots, is
the current in each conductor, is the rotor diameter,
c
i
D L is the
rotor active length and
R
V is the volume of the rotor.

Explain why the electric loading is approximately constant for
machines of different sizes but with similar degrees of cooling.
(16 marks)


c. In the light of the above equation, explain why it is desirable to
increase the operating speed of an electric motor using a gear
box when it is used to drive a device with a low rotating speed.
(2 marks)






5 SESG1006W1
3.

a. Write a set of equations for the following circuit to find all the
loop and branch currents. Arrange the equations in matrix form.
DO NOT SOLVE THE EQUATIONS.



9 O

10 O

i
7
i
4
I
5
I
4
15 O
i
1
i
3
i
6
i
2 4 O
i
5
8 O

I
2
I
1
I
3
8 V
20 V
6 O

3 O



10 V
Figure Q3a

(8 marks)


b. A permanent magnet DC motor draws an armature current of
20 A from a 230 V supply. The motor has a rotor diameter of
0.2 m, an active length of 0.2 m and an average gap flux density
of 0.5 T. The motor armature winding has a total of 200
conductors with two parallel paths. The resistance of the
armature is 0.5 . Calculate the mechanical output power and
the efficiency of the machine. The total of friction, windage and
core losses is 100 W.
(17 marks)
TURN OVER
6 SESG1006W1
4.

a. Use Thevinins and superposition theorems to calculate the
current in the 4 O resistor in the circuit shown in Figure Q4a.

3 O

6 O

6 O

15 V
4 O
5 V

2 O


Figure Q4a
(15 marks)


b. Explain why electricity is mainly generated, transmitted and
distributed in AC form rather than DC.
(5 marks)

c. State Kirchhoffs circuit laws and explain their physical
significance.
(5 marks)



7 SESG1006W1
5.

For the circuit shown in Figure Q5:

a. Write a set of differential equations that can be solved to
determine all the unknown voltages and currents.
(15 marks)

b. Arrange these equations in the standard state space matrix format
Bu Ax x + =

. Select the current through inductor L

1
, inductor L
2

and the voltage across the capacitor C as state variables x
1
, x
2
,
and x
3
, respectively. Select the voltages V
1
and V
2
as inputs u
1

and u
2
, respectively.
(5 marks)

c. Write the output equation Du Cx y + = selecting the current
through R
2
and the current through the capacitor as outputs y
1

and y
2
, respectively.
(5 marks)


L
2
R
1
L
1
R
2
V
2
C
V
1

Figure Q5






TURN OVER
8 SESG1006W1
6.

a. Explain how P and N type silicon semiconductor materials are
produced, and describe the electricity conduction mechanism in
each type of material. Explain the principle of operation of a PN
junction diode.
(10 marks)
b. Design a full-wave bridge rectifier with an output smoothing
capacitor to produce a DC voltage of 100 V with a 1V peak to
peak ripple, to supply a 10 A load. Assume a diode voltage drop
of 0.6V. Assume that the rectifier is connected to 220V, 50 Hz
mains via a step down transformer. Calculate the rms value of
the secondary voltage and estimate the transformer number of
turns. Calculate the value of the output smoothing capacitor.
(15 marks)













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