CIVIL RIGHTS: Key terms:

14th Amendment: - 1898 Any person born or naturalized in the USA as a citizen of the USA is subject to and protected by its laws. All people over 21 who were classed as citizens had the right to vote in all elections. The exceptions to this were the Native Americans who did not pay taxes. Black Codes: - Intended to limit or avoid the extension of voting rightd to freed slaves. The elements of the black codes varied from state to state, but fundamentally they gave AfricanAmericans the rights to: Own property Draw up contracts sue in court Attend school Enter a legal marriage Generally however they withheld the right to Vote serve on a jury Give evidence against a white person Carry arms Marry a white person Right to veto: President has this right. Gives him the power to reject or prohibit a decision. Ku Klux Klan Secret terroris society(1866). Formed by former soldiers in tenessee. Response to the emancipation of slaves(1865). Dressed in sinister white robes and hoods, they rode out in the night. The intimidated, beat, mutilated and murdered freedmen who tried to assert their rights. Their calling card was a burning , fiery cross. Their first leader was called "Grand wizard of the invisible empire. Jim Crow laws Laws passed in the south during the years following the Civil War to segregate AfricanAmericans from white Americans separate schools, hospitals, areas on buses and trains, and any public facility(caf, public bath, library);--even neighbourhoods were divided between blacks and whites.in some states laws banned mixed marriages! In the trial plessy vs Fergunson(1896) the principal separate but equal is installed. Laws are upheld in the south = segregation= constitutional. This continutes even though Truman in 1948 declarated the end of segregation this continued. NAACP- National association for the advancement of coloured people

What changes occurred for Black Americans in the aftermath of World War 2?
During World War II the need for soldiers and workers increased the opportunities of Black Americans. Even though there was a higher rate of black Americans enlisting in the Army they were treated badly. They were treated unfairly during parades, in church services, through transportation and through out daily life. Despite of this they were seen as equals on the front line. The Second World War brought to light the difficulties of these policies, especially in the Navy where they had to share such a small amount of space. Before and in the aftermath of World War II there was a huge change in the demographics of races in the states. Many black Americans moved to the northern parts of the United States. This move provided more opportunities for jobs and higher standards of living. The filling of these jobs was difficult, where as some jobs they were hired easily (these mainly being low class jobs with minimum pay) most jobs black Americans were discriminated against. When blacks were hired there was discontent amongst workers because of their willingness to work for less. This caused problem with trade unions and even led to whites quitting their jobs. The war sped up developments which were happening before 1941 and allowed for some of the changes to be implemented. One of the changes was the creation of the Fair Employment Practices Commission. It did have a slight affect. More people were employed in aircraft factories. In the north where many Black Americans moved too there were many differences in how they were treated. Some of these included the ability to ride on the same bus as white people, eat in some of the same places and cast their vote. One of the major changes was the hospitality of the people in the North. Some things stayed the same though. For example where blacks and whites lived was still separated. Blacks tended to live in the poorer areas of town because they didnt have the same opportunities as whites. Also the schools were still segregated. In the end there were improvements, the CORE and FEPC were created and some places allowed blacks and whites to be together. Despite this there was still a extreme amount of racism in the states and even though laws were put into place to help black Americans many people did not follow them and they were not strictly enforced. I think there was some improvement but not as much as there should have been at that time. Brown I: Brown II: Both in 1955 By 1955 opposition in the south had grown into massive resistance, using a strategy to persuade all whites to resist compliance with the desegregation orders. Tactics included firing school employees who showed willingness to seek integration, closing public schools rather than desegregating and boycotting all public education that was integrated. Virtually no schools in the south segregated their schools in the first years following the brown decision In Virginia one county closed its public schools In 1957, Governor Oval Faubus defined a federal court order to admit nice African American students to Central High School in Little Rock Arkansas Brown- Before the law actually came out Eisenhower asks Columbia schools to set the example. Mais nada feito. 18 months, lower courts support, the laws in southern states disappear. But doesnt mean this is done. Brown II delayed itLittle Rock- more change occurs in law than in fact. Segregation Eisenhowers action here(without wanting too, big change) vs Emmet Till

The Brown Case and Little Rock 1) What were the different arguments for ending segregation? a. That black education should be given equal status to white education b. Education should be integrated c. Proved that segregation created low self-esteem among black people and made them feel they were being treated less worthy d. Segregation generates a feeling inferiority as to their *black peoples+ status in the community.in a way unlikely to ever be undone. e. Unconstitutional f. Morally correct to end segregation g. No cross over between the two, not development of understanding h. Encourage ignorance of each other i. They have a real fear of each other 2) Why was Judge Warrens role important? (P112) a. Judge Warren gave a verdict in Browns favor. b. His role was important because he agreed with the whole are Marshalls argument, segregation was not acceptable at all c. He was the most senior of the nine supreme curt judges and he writes the majority verdict providing he is in the majority 3) Explain his verdict a. His verdict was in the favor of the Brown argument 4) What were the immediate consequences of his verdict? Mentions schools, the South, the courts. a. There was some desegregation but not much b. By 1957 less than 12% of the 6300 school districts in the south had integrated c. St Louis and many other towns and cities began to integrate d. Had to provide a second statement known as Brown II on the matter which stated that this should be done with all deliberate speed 5) Why did Eisenhower not act decisively following the verdict? P114 a. He was not a racist, had previously outlawed any form of racial segregation in the District of Columbia b. He was reluctant to take action anywhere else because he was afraid of stirring up opposition, resentment and disorder in the south 6) What happened at Little Rock, why did Eisenhower intervene? a. 9 children were accepted into a school and due to the racism they couldnt even get into the school b. There was a hostile crowd blocking the entrance into the school and they screamed racist comments c. President Eisenhower decided that it was not safe for the children d. The 10,000 national guard in Arkansas became under federal control e. The same soldiers that were used to barred the way were now protecting the black children and holding back the white racists How significant was this episode? Black people became more confident

President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Little Rock Note that Eisenhower was very reluctant to act, the circumstances that transpired in Little Rock forced him to act. How does he explain his decision to use Federal troops in his speech ? Eisenhower explains that the incident that happened in front of the Central High School of Little Rock was one that disobeyed the orders that had been given by the Federal court and a proclamation from him calling up the mob to disperse. This desobeyance reflected not only an insubordination of the people but also one that came from the local authorities. This obliged him to issue an "executive order directing the use of troops under federal authority to aid in the execution of Federal law at little rock" . What arguments/reasons does he give to persuade his audience that resistance to the federal court ruling is wrong ? The United States were not a country ruled by the will of man but by laws. The congress had the atuthority and comprehension to analyze the constitution and make decisions on it. Thei own view as individuals played no part in the decision. This meant that disrespecting the new laws would be disrespecting the constitution and as a consequence, the founding fathers. From your reading of the article, what in particular has unnerved Eisenhower ? The fact that the Governor told Eisenhower the situation was under control when Eisehower alerted him to it and advised him to do something, The fact was that after this the Governor left along with the authorities. The people were then free to do what they wanted.

Montgomery Bus Boycott Martin Luther King (spokes person) Jo Ann Robinson (was her idea/stolen from another state) Boycott starts 4th of December o 4days after Rosa Parks was arrested 90% of people join Lasted a year Bus companies lost 65% of business King was arrested and house bombed o Got hate letters everyday o Studied Ghandi Have to keep in the law o If they break the law its over Why did it succeed? o The demands made by the boycotters were modest o In refusing their request, the all white officials made a fatal tactical error o The demands were increased to asking for complete desegregation on the buses Impact o End of segregation o Black bus drivers o Supreme court was upholding the US constitution o Montgomery brought to prominence the most important Civil rights leader of the 20th century in the US

o o

Non-violent protest as an effective weapon Law should be applied through all of the US

MontgomeryRosa Parks + Curches + MLK Jr.They asked for employement of blacks,

driers less rude and that blacks wouldnt have to stand. They then asked for total desegregation of all buses in AlabamaResult was segregation on buses was unconstitutional+ Mongomery bus company agreed to integrate their buses and hire black bus drivers. However did black

people actually not sit in the black passenger seats anymore? Fear was still upon black people+ city remained segregated but inspired other states method was non violent protest.- MLK supreme court+ constitution+ jesus

Sit ins 1960Greensboro Encourage other students to do the same thing. Soon there are read-ins, swim- ins and all public facilities become desegregated Freedom Rides How significant were the o Freedom rides Successful in making headlines But was more for the media attention and publicity than to make any long term changes Segregation on interstate travel was abolished in 1961

Birmingham Alabama 1963 April May

Was started by the SCLC What were the o Aims To achieve desegregation in one of the toughest possible areas If there was success in this area there could be success everywhere End segregation in the town in employment and in the shops that refused to serve black people o Methods Actively confront Eugene Bull Connor Segregation And it brutal enforcement Using children in the demonstrations/ protests/ marches o Turning points The change in Bull Connors ways He went from moderate to extreme o Use of fire hoses and police dogs The murder of the white activist William Moore This made tensions in Alabama very high The Birmingham Council of Commerce

They believed that the disruptions to business were too much and that they needed to desegregate Senior Citizens Council They were ready to negotiate without the permission of Bull Connor Birmingham stores and businesses would be desegregated Discrimination against black people would be stopped Desegregation would be in stages Letter from Birmingham Jail Civil disobedience o Involves non-violent actions that break the law in order to draw attention to what is considered to be a greater injustice. Letter responding to 8 white Birmingham clergy leaders In the letter he precisely states why segregation is wrong therefore, protests are justified o Reasons why it is unjust Inferiority/superiority complex Un-natural Increases the fear of the other Unfair/unequal and unjust o Outcomes Desegregation JFK has promised government action Civil rights legislation 1963 August, March on Washington to maximize on the feelings and force real change March for Jobs and Freedom Expected 100,000 o 250,000 showed up Groups present o NAACP o SCLC o CORE o SNNA o Urban League Albany movement Is not successful why? - Response of the police- Police force was warned to not make any waves. The arrested people should be treated carefully ; made sure white people were not violent either; segregation would supposedly be discussed-did not happen ; Pritchett made Martin not seem like a Martir- arrested but fine payed anonymously, His protest was never registered. - NAACP/SNCC Clash - SNCC- new kid on the block-Began the Albany movement - NAACP- wanted to remain on top

March on Washington (page 143)

1963 August, March on Washington to maximize on the feelings and force real change Participation o Federal Government o Church leaders o NAACP o SCLC o SNCC o White people as well as black people (about one third were white) o (was not opposed by the Kennedy administration) o (100,000 people were expect but close to a quarter million showed) Aims o It was for Jobs and Freedom o King moved it more towards freedom instead of jobs which was what Roy Wilkins wanted Outcomes/Impact o (it was regarded as a great success) (well organized, peaceful, and a clear demonstration for white support of the cause) o It gave the president even more leverage to push forward with reforms Voter Regstration Campaign: Mississipi Summer project- Students helped blacks to registrate to vote ( in mississipi in 1964 less than 5% of the black people were registered to vote) By the end of the summer theyd helped thousands. However only about 1000 succeeded Early 1965 SCLC members eployed a direct- action technique in a voting rights protest initiated by the SNCC Pritests failed. Protesters then decided to march from Selma to Montgomery, the state capital. o

Selma ALABAMAMarch to Montgomery is the high point of the civil rights movement for MLK Why was it chosen? The case of absence of black voting registration here was severe ( 335 out of 15000 black people were registered) and there was a hope that if rightly provoked the xerife would loose his mind just like bull connor did)

What was the aim? Test the civil rights act. Voting rights was the area to try

What activities 400 blacks apply to vote 100 black school teachers protest at the courthouse King is arrested+ 700 others 300 students arrested King released and talks to LBJ 165

What were the outcomes?

Over the next 3 years almost one million more African Americans in the south registered to vote. By 1968, African American voters had having a significant impact on southern politics-

VIEW Populist view: Civil rights ended with the Death of MLK in 1968 Over after Selma March, because there have not been any significant changes since then Movement continues today because the goal of full equality has not yet been achieved.

Civil Rights act 1964 Impact? March to Washington to bring about constitutional change. US Parliament Congress Senate+ House of Representatives Slow down a law by filibuster P. 147 2/3 agreement: LBJ Bring the Republic vte, better than JFK could What did the civil rights act of 1964 deliver? (page 146) Ban on exclusion from restaurants, stores and other public places The Attorney-General could file a law suits to speed up desegregation, mixed education and voting rights The Fair Employment Practices Commission was now set up on a permanent legal basis. No racial, sexual or religious discrimination would be lawful There was to be no discrimination on any federally aided programs A Community Relations Service was set up to deal with remaining disputes Civil rights act-(1965) Were blacks actually able to register to vote? They were but had to go through an examination before they were able to earn the right to register even though the right to vote had been given to them a century before.

What progress was made toward achieving racial equality in the Eisenhower years 1953-61 in the USA? Essay planning: Education Laws- courts decisions Public facilities transport Context Before Eisenhower How have the key points been addressed previously? Which is the most important / most successful / measure of success Brown Little Rock Civil right legislation Montgomery

How effective a leader was King?? Short answer: Great Speaker- charismatic Inspirational Poor strategic vision Poor planning ability Evidence March on Washington- Big meetings would succeed but organizations did not succeed

SCLC SOUTHERN CHISTIAN LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE WHAT?! Widened the participation in the civil rights movement WHO?! black clergymen + King (leader) HOW?!- Organised campaigns as seemed appropriate SNCC Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee WHO?!-Students+ Ing WHAT?! Confront issues of discrimination and equality HOW?! Created crisis and establish tension out of which action would occur. White would have to then confront and solve racial issues. They did this through peaceful protests (ex: sit-ins

What is the early Assessment of MLK?

Montgomery(Alabama) Leader (SCLC): Atlanta In 1959 MLK moves to Atlanta. He stops being the leader of the Montgomery ministry and concentrates on the SCLC. However MLK believed that the SCLC achieved little in the 3 years after Montgomery. Then the Civil rights movement exploded into life again. Page 97: o What is the early assessment of Martin Luther King? Montgomery (Alabama) Leader (SCLC) Atlanta (Georgia) by 1960. o In Montgomery after the busses were desegregated he was seen as taking to much of the credit and enjoying the spot light. He forgot that it was a collective effort to achieve this. o He set up the SCLC but it failed because of poor planning and the NAACP sabotaged it. o In Alabama he was seen as a rival to the other leaders. This created tension. o In 1960 he (after three years) he realized that the SCLC had not achieved much o The Sit-ins began and Martin Luther King tried to take credit o Was not organized didnt achieve much

How significant were the o Sit-ins Some success They led to faster change and caused desegregation in Atlanta They were mobilized and a inter-organization strife arose o Albany Movement Failed because there was no police violence towards the black people so there was no national coverage. King learned things that would help him later Role of the presidents:

Truman presidency What was his view on Civil rights? o He believed that black Americans deserved a better life o Wasnt racist o He was weary of loosing southern votes by interfering to much with what they were doing o He was ignorant about the whole situation What was achieved under his leadership regarding Civil Rights? o He set up The Presidents committee on Civil Rights They were limited because congress wouldnt pass anything o He identified civil rights as a moral issue o Ended segregation in the Military Eisenhower assessed by Vivienne Sanders *interpretations*?

Did Eisenhower provide successful leadership?

o o o No, Eisenhower didnt have an understanding of black people. He believed that blacks over exaggerated what happened to them and the racial injustice. Eisenhowers main point of reference when it comes to leadership is the lack of it in the case of Emmet Till. Even through the injustice and brutality of his murder the white men were found not guilty and Eisenhower said nothing. He allowed it to happen, just as he allowed the case of Autherine Lucy to go. She was a black student at the university of Alabama. She gained admission but was then later expelled, they claimed she was lying about being excluded because of her race. Finally Eisenhower also refused to give aid to the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Eisenhower failed to show any leadership through these instances and only showed leadership in the Little Rock case because he was forced too.

Chafe(1999) See Eisenhowers inaction in desegregation was a major failing. If

Eisenhower had been more eager maybe so would have his people. Sanders: Eisenhower seemed to think that race relations would somehow fix themselves + Warren thought schools and admins. Needed time to adjust. White reaction suggests he was right. hence to specific period of time

LBJ: Why was he motivated by civil rights(pre- 1963) ? After becoming president announce his vison of a Great Society for America with and end to poverty and racial injustice. Johhnson felt he and congress owed it to late president to his civil rights act. He beleieved he was good at creating consensus amongst a very different group of people Needed a big legislative achievement if he was going to be taken seriously by the people Did not want to be seen as a white southern democrat. He wanted to make the whole country better. National politics. Wanted to turn the Nothern Black republican voters into democrat one. He was a democrat Believed that the southern economy was doomed if they did not sort out the racial problem. Parallel with south Africa with apartheid. Montgomery/ Brown case, time was up for segregation.

What did he achieve? Passage of the bill in its original state. He used Kennedys death to appeal to the southern self- interest and his southern background. H wanted to improve the south. He convinced Americans that Racism was un American Damaged the US abroad Wasted brain power( colleges) He urged a moral commitment to civil right. He knew it would be difficult Civil rights Bill had to be passed National interest January 1964, 68% Americans agreed with the bill. Significant? Act was described as(Irving ----------bernstein) Higher education Act 1965 Voting Rights Act

What did he fail to deliver? riots: Blacks were also dissatixfied saying it hadnt gon far enough. The result was riots in black ghettos in East Coast cities(NYC). The blacks Jonhson thought he was heping. Blacks repaied by embarrassing him and the Democrat movement. White bigots: Thought he was not giving awys jons because they earned it but because they were black Awkward Congress which rejected an administration civil rights bill, one aim of which was to prohibit housing discrimination the basis of the 1968 Civil rights Act Local and state authorities also showed their reluctance to co- operate .

How was he able to do all this? 2 thirds of congress in his favour, Kennedys assassination thst they should be ringhting national wrongs. He managed to pressure the Congresspeople owed him favours. Money given by the government. If desegregated school cae along.--> immense power of the federal purse Appointed the African American Suprene court jusge

Civil rights in the North:

Economic plight of black people: Post WW2 prosperity not shared by black people in the USA As the populations of cities like Chicago were growing with black people from the south when they got there, they found there were few opportunities for the unskilled labourers: EVIDENCE: 1964 black unemployement in Chicago 12% compared to 4.9% of white people No help from TUs Racism in employement, G plan Racism in building trade To see white prosperity and compare it to their own situations would have been intensely frustrating Unlikely to have supported Kings traditional Christian family values Problems: Vietnam war No Vietcong ever called me a nigga What problems did King face in his campaign Chicago? Firstly because he had only fought for civil rights in the south he was not very familiar with conditionas and outlooks in the North. He also lacked a coherent strategy. However this had always been a problem for King. Also the Mayor of Chicago, Richard Daley, was careful no to discriminate against blacks in employement even though in 1964, black unemployement in Chicago was at 12% compared to 4.9% of the white people.. However he was doing very little to improve the poor housing and he only intended to make ver vague promises to King about this issue. what difficulties did the Vietnam war cause for the CR movement: Why should blacks fight against an oppressive government outside for other people if the same problem was not solved at home? No Vietcong ever called me a nigga! What evidence is there that in the late 1960s Kings CR movement is beginning to slow down

 MLK breakdown of relations of LBJ North= Not successful- Violence seen as more necessary North unfamiliar with MLK Less Christian Wealth and background Frustration in North SNCC+CORE MORE VIOLENT Strokely Carmichael: Leader of SNCC 1965 Unite; sense of community; lead their own organizations blacks have to be pro- active and take what they want BLACK POWER!- HE IS ACCUSED OF REVERSED RACISM- he argued that it was a radical approach so it needed a radical problem. Malcom X- 161- 166 Born in 1925 Assassinated in February 21 1965 Human rights activist Preached black supremacy Condoned violence Was in prison for crime and drugs- yurned Islamic was paroled Changed his last name to X to represent his lost tribal name that was substituted with his slave name little Was Charismatic- people followed him to the Islamic ways. Eventually his racism towards whites died out after his pilgrimage to Mecca.. Early life he knew that to get something he had to make some noise Ideology- Black Americans should stand up and fight for their freedom Believed Christian values were based on the white culture -rejected accommodation with whites Believed blacks should separate The hate that hate produced Blacks are in a state of mental slavery White history has nothing good to it- Blame evils of the world on whites racism towards whites Before he died he told MLKs wife that him and her husband being enemies would bring MLK more popularity in the long run

What is Black power: more aggressive movement within the civil rights movement- composed by multiple organization They wanted black superiority; did not look at means National Black political convention- advance goals of black power

Black panthers- come to be upon the killing of Malcom X- wanted to fuffil his legacy Armed+Millitant+Violent Organize black working class- reputation of violence Were Separationists Off the pigs(police-BP decided to follow the police so that they knew what they were up to/ if they respected blacks)- defended points of Malcom X- self defense and economic improvement Got into many conflicts with police who felt harassed- Eventually because of its violent nature it lost influence. Radical impact forcing the issue gets attention Aim of black power: PRESSURE ON GOVERNMENT Nation of Islam and organization of Afro- American Unity NAI founded in the 1930s by Wallace Muhammed to resurrect the spirit of black men and women in the world Came to prominence in the 1950s and 60s under the guidance of leaders like Elija Mohammed Organization was criticized for being racis, sexist and homophobic Malcom X forms the AAU on feb 15, 1965, he dies on feb 21 The AAU ideals were those of coming together in unity, rediscover history, promote talent and renew culture By whatever means necessary Black Panthers: Methods: VIOLENCE (ex.) Armed patrols of blacks in ghettos to keep an eye on the white police. Program: They wanted to end white power(CAPITALIST CONTROL) and police brutality. The developed a prgramme which was influenced by Black power ideas and Malcom X Freedom- taking ownership over their destiny. Employment for all End to robbery of black people Housing- fit for sheltering human beings Education Black exemption from military service(Vietnam) End to acts of brutality and murder by police Freedom for all blacks in jail Black juries for black people(fairness) Land entitlement as well as bread, clothing, housing, education, justice and peace Why they failed?

 1969- 27 PANTHERS ARE KILLED IN SHOOT OUTS WITH POLICE. Informers completed the downfall of the group and Eldrige Cleaver emigrated in 1969. The movement had reched a membership of 2000 at its height during the late 1960s, but split badly in the 1970s and disbanded in 1982. So basically the actual leaders of the group were shot, in prison or emigrated. They were asking for too much to quickly. Black Power Stokely Carmicael Malcom X Radically- Black Panthers MALCOM X- BLACK NATIONALISM!- PRIDE IN BEING BLACK Discussion with white people Black Society must deal with its own problems Advocates, direct frank discussion VS- MARTIN LUTHER KING Method: VICTIM SCENARIO Point out inequalities Hilights the brutality BLACK PANTHERS Done with talking, they are taking action DID BLACK POWER HELP OR HINDER THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT? POSITIVE Black power influenced MLK became concerned with emphasizing that black people had plenty to be proud. Stressed the importance of tackling social and economic questions, as well as voting and segregation issues. Blacks had a greater sense of pride black literature, music theatre, fashion and food flourished in 1970s Inspired other minority groups Chicanos, Native Americans Brown Power and Red Power

NEGATIVE: Black Power made the movement divided SNCC they were out radicalized by Black panthers. Diminished their role Lost white sympathy that had been won by MLK Aims became confused Did they want a separate state? Did they want to return to Africa? Did they want to overthrow whites altogether?

Black Power(Malcom X): Constituency- Followed him. Leadership, courage, discipline Convert -----movement, purpose (Power) Raised level of Political conscience

P. 185-Achievements of the Movement by 1968 Page 284- Impact of Black Power Essay