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Five Temperaments
Five temperaments is a theory in psychology, that expands upon the Four Temperaments proposed in ancient medical theory. The development of a theory of five temperaments begins with the Two-factor models of personality and the work of the late William Schutz, and his FIRO-B program. It is a measure of interpersonal relations orientations that calculates a person's behavior patterns based on the scoring of a questionnaire. Although FIRO-B does not speak in terms of "temperament," this system of analysis graded questionnaires on two scales in three dimensions of interpersonal relations. When paired with temperament theory, a measurement of five temperaments resulted.[1]
Five Temperaments
Development of related "two factor" models and the regaining popularity of the ancient temperaments
From the beginning, with Galen's ancient temperaments, it was observed that pairs of temperaments shared certain traits in common. sanguine quick, impulsive, and relatively short-lived reactions. (hot/wet) phlegmatic a longer response-delay, but short-lived response. (cold/wet) choleric short response time-delay, but response sustained for a relatively long time. (hot/dry) melancholic (Also called "Melancholy") long response time-delay, response sustained at length, if not, seemingly, permanently. (cold/dry)[6]
Sanguine (top right), Choleric (bottom right), Therefore, it was evident that the sanguine and choleric shared a Melancholy (bottom left), and Phlegmatic common trait: quickness of response, while the melancholy and (centre), with the new temperament Supine (top phlegmatic shared the opposite, a longer response. The melancholy and left) and Phlegmatic blends in between. choleric, however, shared a sustained response, and the sanguine and phlegmatic shared a short-lived response. That meant, that the Choleric and melancholy both would tend to hang on to emotions like anger, and thus appear more serious and critical than the fun-loving sanguine, and the peaceful phlegmatic. However, the choleric would be characterized by quick expressions of anger, while the melancholy would build up anger slowly, silently, before exploding. Also, the melancholy and sanguine would be sort of "opposites", as the choleric and phlegmatic, since they have opposite traits.
As the twentieth century progressed, numerous other instruments were devised measuring not only temperament, but also various individual aspects of personality and behavior, and several began using factors that would correspond to the delay and sustain behaviors; usually, forms of Extroversion and a developing category of people versus task focus (eventually embodied as "Agreeableness"). Examples include DiSC assessment system and Social styles. In both of these, the four behaviors or styles resembled the key characteristics of the ancient four temperaments: The Choleric's extroversion and seriousness; the Melancholy's introversion and seriousness; the Sanguine's extroversion and sociability, and the Phlegmatic's peacefulness. As personality typing increased, Christian writer and speaker Tim LaHaye helped repopularize the ancient temperaments beginning in his books.[7][8][9] Another addition to the two factor models was the creation of a 10 by 10 square grid developed by Robert R. Blake and Jane Mouton in their Managerial Grid Model introduced in 1964. This matrix graded from 0-9, the factors of "Concern for People" and "Concern for Production", allowing a moderate range of scores, which yielded five "leadership styles". The Thomas Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (TKI) used a version of this with "Assertiveness" and "Cooperativeness" as the two factors, and an intermediate score in both scales likewise resulting in a fifth mode directly in the center of the grid.
Five Temperaments
Five Temperaments
Driving needs
Each of the four corner temperaments has a driving need that energizes its behavior. For the Melancholic, the motivation is fear of rejection and/or the unknown. They have a low self esteem and, figuring that others do not like them, they reject others first.[12] The Supine also has low self-esteem, but is driven to try to gain acceptance by liking and serving others.[13] The Sanguine is driven by the need for attention, and tries to sell themselves through their charm, and accepts others before those others can reject them. Their self-esteem crashes if they are nevertheless rejected. Yet, they will regain the confidence to keep trying to impress others. The Choleric is motivated by their goals, in which other people are tools to be used.[14] The Phlegmatic's lack of a motivation becomes their driving need: to protect their low energy reserve.[15]
References
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] History and Development of the Arno Profile System http:/ / www. apsreport. com/ History. html Lutz, Peter L. (2002). The Rise of Experimental Biology: An Illustrated History. Humana Press. p.60. ISBN0-89603-835-1 http:/ / webspace. ship. edu/ cgboer/ neurophysio. html Kagan, Jerome (1998). Galen's Prophecy: Temperament In Human Nature. New York: Basic Books. ISBN0-465-08405-2 http:/ / www. greekmedicine. net/ b_p/ Inherent_Temperament. html Chiappelli, Francesco; Paolo Prolo; Olivia S. Cajulis (December 2005). "History". Evidence-based Research in Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2 (4): 453458. doi:10.1093/ecam/neh106. PMC1297495. PMID16322801. [7] The Spirit Controlled Temperament. Illinois: Tyndale Publishing. 1966. [8] Tim LaHaye. (1984). Your Temperament: Discover Its Potential. Tyndale Publishing. ISBN0-8423-6220-7. [9] Tim LaHaye. (1984). 'Why You Act the Way You Do. Tyndale Publishing. ISBN0-8423-8212-7. [10] "FIRO Element B and Psychological Type", Henry L. Thompson, http:/ / www. hpsys. com/ Articles/ Why_FIRO_ElementB. htm [11] LaHaye, Tim (1984). Why You Act the Way You Do. Tyndale House Publishers. pp.812. ISBN0-8423-8212-7 [12] The Missing Link: Revealing Spiritual Genetics, Copyright 2002 by Richard Gene Arno, Ph.D and Phyllis Jean Arno, Ph.D, p.83 [13] ibid. p. 140 [14] ibid. p. 105 [15] ibid. p. 156
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