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MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Physics
8.02

Solutions Problem Solving Session 1: Electric Dipoles and Torque

Section ______________________

Table (if applicable) ______________________

Group Members _______________________

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Introduction: In the first problem you will learn to apply Coulombs Law to find the
electric field of an electric dipole. You will investigate the properties of the electric field
associated with an electric dipole. You will also explore what happens to an electric
dipole when it is placed in an uniform electric field.

Readings: Course Notes 8.02: Chapter 2 Coulombs Law Section 2.7-2.8

Introduction Electric Dipole

An electric dipole consists of two equal but oppositely charged point-like objects, +q
and

q , separated by a distance 2a, as shown in Figure 1.



Figure 1 Electric dipole

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The dipole moment vector p

which points from q to +q (in the +y- direction) is given

by

2qa = p j

(1)

The magnitude of the electric dipole is p = 2qa , where q > 0 . For an overall charge-
neutral system having N charged objects, the electric dipole vector p

is defined as


1
i N
i
i
q
=
=

i
p r (2)

where
i
r

is the position vector of the charged object with charge q

i
.

Problem 1 Electric field of a Dipole

Question 1: Consider the electric dipole moment shown in Figure 1. Find the x- and y-
components of the electric field at a point with coordinates (x, y,0) , using

3 e
q
k
r
+
+ +
+
=

E r and
3 e
q
k
r

E r .

Solution: From the figure we have that the vectors from the charged particles to the field
point are


( ) x y a

= +

r i j

The respective distances from the positive and negatively charged objects to the field
point at

(x, y,0) are given by the expressions

r

= (x
2
+ ( y ma)
2
)
1/ 2


The charges are

q
+
= q and

q

= q . Therefore the superposition of the two electric

fields yields

3 3
2 2 3/ 2 2 2 3/ 2

( ) ( )
( ( ) ) ( ( ) )
e e
e
q q
k k
r r
x y a x y a
k q
x y a x y a
+
+ +
+
= + = +
| |
+ + +
=
|
|
+ + +
\ .


E E E r r
i j i j


The

x -component of the electric field strength at the point P is then

2


E
x
= k
e
q
x
x
2
+ ( y a)
2

3/ 2

x
x
2
+ ( y + a)
2

3/ 2
|
\

|
.
|
|
.

Similarly, the

y -component is given by



E
y
= k
e
q
y a
x
2
+ ( y a)
2

3/ 2

y + a
x
2
+ ( y + a)
2

3/ 2
|
\

|
.
|
|


We can show that the electric field of the dipole in the limit where r >> a is

E
x
=
k
e
3p
r
3
sinu cosu, E
y
=
k
e
p
r
3
(3cos
2
u 1) (3)

where

sinu = x / r and

cosu = y / r . See Problem Set 1 Problem 4.

Question 2: By what power of distance does the strength of electric field fall off? How
does this compare to a single point charge? Briefly explain a reason for the difference
between these two cases.

Solution: The electric field E

due to a dipole decreases with r as

3
1/ r , unlike the 1/ r
2

behavior for a point-like charged object. This is to be expected since the net charge of a
dipole is zero and therefore must fall off more rapidly than 1/ r
2
at large distance. The
exact electric field lines due to the oppositely charged objects are shown in the figure on
the left in Figure 2. The electric field lines corresponding to the electric dipole given by
Eq. (3) are shown in the figure on the right in Figure 2.



Figure 2 Electric field lines for (a) a finite dipole and (b) a point dipole.


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Question 3 Electric Dipole Animation

Open up the applet, Two Point Charges,

http://web.mit.edu/viz/EM/visualizations/electrostatics/ElectricFieldConfigurations/pcharges/pcharges.htm

The units for charge are

C . Create an electric dipole with charges q
1
= 3.0 C and

q
2
= 3.0 C. Click on the Electric Fields: Grass Seeds bar to see a representation of the
electric field. Note that this applet can shows the three different representations we use
for vector fields: (1) vector field grid of arrows, (2) field lines, and (3) grass seeds.

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Problem 2 Electric Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field

Place an electric dipole in a uniform field

E =

E i , with the dipole moment vector p

making an angle u with the x-axis.


Question 1: What is a vector expression for the dipole moment p

? Give you answer in

the form

x x
p p = +

p i j where you determine the components ( p

x
, p
x
) .

Solution:
From Figure 3, we see that the unit vector which points in the direction of

p is

cos sin u u + i j . Thus, we have



2 (cos sin ) qa u u = + p i j

(1)


Question 2: Find a vector expression for the torque on the dipole. What point did you
compute the torque about? Is your answer independent of that choice of point?

Solution: As seen from Figure 3 above, since each point-like charged object experiences
an equal but opposite force due to the field, the net force on the dipole is
net
0
+
= + =

F F F . Even though the net force vanishes, the field exerts a torque a toque
on the dipole that is independent of a choice of point. We select the midpoint O of the
dipole about which to calculate the torque.


( cos sin ) ( ) ( cos sin ) ( )

sin ( ) sin ( )

2 sin ( )
a a F a a F
a F a F
aF
u u u u
u u
u
+ + +
+
= + = + +
= +
=
t

r F r F i j i i j i
k k
k
(2)

where we have used

F
+
= F

= F .

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Question 3: What type of motion does the dipole undergo if it is released from its
position and is free to move?

Solution: The direction of the torque is

k , or into the page. The effect of the torque

t
is to rotate the dipole clockwise so that the dipole moment p

becomes aligned with the

electric field E

.

Question 4: Show that = t


p E .

Solution: With

F = qE, the magnitude of the torque can be rewritten as

2 ( ) sin (2 ) sin sin a qE aq E pE t u u u = = =

and the general expression for torque becomes = t


p E .

Question 5: Torque on an Electric Dipole Animation

Open up the applet, Torque on an Electric Dipole

http://web.mit.edu/viz/EM/visualizations/electrostatics/ForcesTorquesOnDipoles/torqueondipolee/torqueondipolee.htm

The units for the dipole moment are 10
6
m C and the units for electric field strength are

10
3
N C
-1
Set the dipole moment p = 0.05 10
6
m C , the electric field strength

E = 0.1 10
3
N C
-1
, and the damping to zero. What approximately is the period of
oscillation? Click on the Electric Fields: Grass Seeds bar to see a representation of the
electric field at various moments in the oscillation. At what point in the cycle are the
field lines most contorted? At what point are the field lines nearly straight (except close
to the dipole).

Summary

- Two equal but opposite point-like charged objects form an electric field that far from
the charged objects is an electric dipole. The electric dipole moment vector

r
p points
from the negative point-like charged object to the positive point-like charged object,
and has a magnitude
2 p aq =


- The torque acting on an electric dipole
r
p placed in a uniform electric field E

is

= t


p E