1

Chap. Static Body Stresses

h4.2 Axial loading

average stress
A
P
=
local stress only as
(1) Principle of Saint-Venant applies (away from the loaded ends)
(2) P passes thru centroid
(3) No stress raiser
(4) Free of residual stresses
(5) No stability problem involved
(6) Material is homogeneous.


h4.3 Direct shear loading

(1) Simple shear
average shear stress
A
P
=


(2) Double shear
average shear stress
A
P
2
=
2
h4.4 Torsional loading

(1) Circular cross-section (on warping)
torsional shear stress
J
Tr
=
where Jpolar moment of
inertia of the cross-section
Appendix B-1, P.754
angle of twist
GJ
Te
=


(2) Rectangular cross-section
Method of membrane analogy ()
(i)

v
contour line

(ii) |

v
|contour line
()
(iii)torque


at A
1
,
2
1
bc
T

=
at A
2
,
2
2
bc
T

=
angle-of-twist per unit length:
3
Gbc
T
l

= =
as b >> c,
3 2
333 . 0
,
333 . 0 Gbc
T
bc
T
= =

b
c
A
2

A
1

3
(3) Thin-walled tube
Membrane analogy
Since
c

Set ( ) flow shear constant = = =

k c
c
k
A c A k hds k ds hk cds h T
cds h dT
2 2 = = = = =
=




where A = area enclosed by the central line
min
max
2
2
Ac
T
Ac
T
=
=

strain energy per unit length T U
2
1
=

= = = =
c
ds
G A
T
ds c
c A
T
G
dV
c A
T
G
dV
G
U
V
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
8
1
4 2
1
4 2
1
2

=
c
ds
G A
T
2
4

4
( )
( )

=
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
+

=
+
=

dA
A
r
dA
r
dA
dA
r
dA
y
dA
y r
Eyd
dA
n
n
n
n
0
0
0
r
y

0 0
n
h4.5 Pure bending loading

(1) Straight beams
bending stress
modulus section where
max
= =
=
=
c
I
Z
Z
M
I
My

(2) Curved beams

Undeformed length of = bc
Deformed length of yd c b + =
Strain at y
( )

y r
yd yd
n
+
= =
Stress at y
( )

y r
Eyd
E
n
+
= =
Resultant normal force 0 =

F
5

= =

dA
A
r r r e
n

Resultant moment:

= ydA M
( )
( )
( )
eA
Ed
dA
y r
yr
ydA
Ed
dA
y r
r r y y Ed
dA
y r
d Ey
M
n
n
n
n n
n
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
(

+
=
+
+
=
+
=

2

Thus,
eA
M Ed
=

Stress
( ) I
My
K
eA
M
y r
y
n
=
+
=
( )e y r
i
K
n
+
=
2
factor curvature where
iradius of gyration
At inner surface

( ) I
Mc
K
eAr
Mc
c r eA
Mc
i
i
i
i
i n
i
i
= =

=
At outer surface
( ) I
Mc
K
eAr
Mc
c r eA
Mc
n
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
= =
+
=
K
i
, K
0
Fig. 4.11
Note: K
i
1 , K
0
1

Ex
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|

=

=
= =
=

2
2
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
2
0
2 2

cos
sin
2
cos
sin sin 2
sin , cos
sin 2
2
r r r
r
r r F
r
d
r F
r
r
r r
d r r
r
r
d r d r r
d r dA
n

6
Prob. 4-15
Find
max
in the S-shaped hook.

Sol
( )
( )
( ) psi 7225 6 . 254 6970
1
4
200
5 . 2 5 . 0 021 . 0
021 . 0 5 . 0 3 200

1 02 . 0 979 . 2 3
9 97 . 2
5 . 0 3 3 2
5 . 0
2

5 . 0 , 3 , at
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
= + =

+


= + =
= = =
=

=
|
.
|

\
|

=
= =

A
F
eAr
MC
r r e
r r r
r
r
r r A
i
i
i
n
n

( )
( )
( )
B
e
r B
at 9232
psi 9232 6 . 254
5 . 3 5 . 0 0157 . 0
0157 . 0 5 . 0 4 200

7 015 . 0 984 . 3 4
4 98 . 3
5 . 0 4 4 2
5 . 0
r
5 0. r , 4 , at
max
2
i
2 2
2
n
=
= +


=
= =
=

=
= =

Alternate solution:
( )
( ) psi 2 . 9381 6 . 254
1
64
5 . 0 4 200
12 . 1
12 . 1 11 - 4 Fig.
round
8
5 . 0
4
, at
psi 7283 6 . 254
1
64
5 . 0 3 200
15 . 1
15 . 1 11 - 4 Fig.
round
6
5 . 0
3
5 . 0 , 3 , at
4
4
= +

=
=

= =
= +

= + =
=

= =
= =

i
i
i i
i
K c
F
B
A
F
I
MC
K
K c
r
c r A
7
h4.7 Transverse Shear Loading in Beams

Transverse shear stress at y = y
0

Ib
VQ
ydA
Ib
V
c y
y y
=
=

=
=

or

0



solid circular section
A
V
3
4
max
=
rectangular section
A
V
2
3
max
=
thin-walled tube
A
V
2
max
=


h4.8 Stress Transformation

2-D stress (plane stress)
Given
x
,
y
,
xy
and ,
x
,
y
,
xy
=

Sign conventions for Mohrs circle representation

+
ckwise counterclo
clockwise
: stress Shear
n compressio
tension
: stress Normal
8
Steps for constructing Mohr circle

c Locate points: A (
x
,
xy
)
B (
y
,
yx
)

d Draw segment AB

e Locate point C
intersection of AB and -axis
f Draw circle with radius ( ) BC or CA , centered at C
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
C, at
xy
y x
y x
R AC BC
C

= = =
+
=


g Find principal stresses
1
,
2,
and angle 2
R
R C
R C
y x
xy
y x
xy
=

=
=
+ =
max
2
1
2
2
2 tan

h From A, measure 2 counterclockwise, and draw a diameter points D, E

i Find the coordinates of points D (
x
,
xy
), E(
y
,
yx
)
( )
( )
( )
y x x y
y x
y
x
R
R C
R C

=
=
=
+ =




2 2 sin
2 2 cos
2 2 cos
9
h4.11 Three-Dimensional Stresses
in principal axes
2
3 1
max

= (
1
>
2
>
3
)


2-D Stress in terms of 3-D point-of-view

2-D 3-D

2
2 1
max

=
2 2
1 3 1
max

=

=
Different results are obtained
=
========
circle s Mohr'
{
10
Prob. 4-30

Find (a) 3-D Mohrs circle at maximum bending stress.
(b) 3-D Mohrs circle at highest combined torsional
and transverse shear stress.


Sol
(a)
2-D

( )
( ) MPa 5 . 29 3 . 127 8 . 97
MPa 1 . 225 3 . 127 8 . 97
2
1
= = =
= + = + =
R C
R C

In 3-D point of view
MPa 5 . 29 , 0 MPa, 1 . 225
3 2 1
= = =

( ) MPa 3 . 127
2
5 . 29 1 . 225
max
=
+
=
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) MPa 5 . 81
25
32
5 . 12 10 5 . 2
MPa 6 . 195
25
64
2
25
10 3
N 1000
mm N 10 5 . 2 250 1000
mm N 10 3 200 100 1000
A at
4
5
4
5
5
5
max
=

= =
=

= =
=
= =
= + =

J
Tr
I
MC

V
T
M
3 . 127 5 . 81
2
6 . 195
2
8 . 97
2
6 . 195
2
2
2
2
2
= + |
.
|

\
|
= + |
.
|

\
|
=
= = =

R
C
11
(b) Maximum shear occurs at B
( ) MPa 2 . 84 72 . 2 5 . 81
25
4
1000
3
4
5 . 81
3
4
2
= + =

+ = + =

A
V
J
Tr


In 3-D point of view
MPa 2 . 84 0, MPa, 2 . 84
3 2 1
= = =
( )
( ) MPa 2 . 84
MPa 2 . 84
2 . 84
0
2
1
=
=
=
=

R
C
12
h4.12 Stress concentration factor, K
t


Load
... keyway, notch, hole,
groove, shoulder, raisers) (stress
ities discordinu geometry with
component structural

state) stress triaxial (biaxial,
d) distribute
uniformly not is (stress
ion concentrat stress


For example
area net
load total
stress nominal wherer
max
=
=

nom t
K

K
t
= theoretical stress concentration factor


Method of obtaining K
t

1 Experimental measurements
2 Theoretical analysis Fig. 4.35 ~ 4.41

Consideration of K
t

(1) Ductile material under fatigue and impact loadingYes
(2) Ductile material under static loading No
(3) Materials permeated with internal discontinuities (e.g. gray cast iron)No
(4) Brittle materials Yes
13
h4.14 Residual stresses caused by yielding

(1) Axial loading

Elastic-perfectly plastic material



14
(2) Bending

15
Prob. 4-57
Ideal stress-strain curve (elastic-perfectly plastic)
Find stress distribution as
(a) P = 200 kN and then unloaded.
(b) P = 400 kN and then unloaded.
Sol
(a) P = 200 kN
Average stress
( )
( ) MPa 200
20 10 60
10 200
3
=


= =
A
P
av

av
< S
yt
not entire cross-section is yielded
( )
yt av t
t
S K
K
b
a
> = = =
=

= =
MPa 500 200 5 . 2
5 . 2 4.40 Fig.
hole unloaded
167 . 0
60
10
max


Local yielding occurs residual stress generated as unloaded.

(b) P = 400 kN
16
( )
( )
yielding in fails part the
MPa 400
20 10 60
10 400
3
>
=


= =
yt av
av
S
A
P

h4.15 Thermal stresses

Thermal expansion without restraint

. difference e Temperatur
) Expansion Thermal of nt (coefficie CTE where
strain thermal

0
0

T
T
L
L
T L L

= = =

Thermal strain thermal stress not always
Imposing restraints thermal stress

Factors causing thermal stress:
c Temperature change
d Temperature distribution (thermal gradient)

( )
H T M
H T
E E
M
T
E

= =
+ + =
=
=
=
=

Stress

strain Total
ion concentrat moisture in change M

strain c Hydroscopi

strain Thermal

strain Mechanical
M
H
T
M