Ali Francisco Studies 10 8/18/2011 24

Global Short Answer Questions for Ch.

1. Hobbes wrote Leviathan, and had a conservative view of government. He believed that governments purpose was to impose law and order to prevent the state of war. He believed that governments must be set up to protect people from themselves, and he did not see a use for representation since government was set up to control. Locke wrote Two Treatises of Government, and had a more moderate view of government. He believed that governments purpose was to secure natural rights, like the rights to property and liberty. Locke believed that governments should be set up to protect people from the government becoming too oppressive. He believed that representation helped to make sure that governments were responsive to the people and did not become too powerful. Rousseau wrote The Social Contract, and his view of government was even more liberal than Lockes. He believed that men are naturally free and equal and that governments purpose was to bring people back into this state of harmony. Rousseau thought that representation was not enough and that every person had to be directly involved in the government. 2. Catherine the Great ruled Russia for more than 30 years after her husband, Peters, death. In 1765, she established the Free Economic Society in order to promote the modernization of agriculture and industry. She also encouraged foreign investment in poor, underdeveloped areas. She relaxed the censorship law and encouraged education for the nobles and middle class. Under her rule, Russia also achieved great military success and gained large tracts of land, including establishing a warm water port for Russia. Frederick the Great was King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786. Fredrick the Great expanded Prussias territory during the Seven Years War, when he held off France, Russia, and Austria. He also made changes within Prussia. He reformed the court system so that the legal process was quicker, torture was abolished, and judges were educated. He established laws to enforce education. He financed the building of roads. All of these changes helped to make Prussia one of the strongest nations in Europe. 3. A revolution is a dramatic change in ideas, practice, or government. The Enlightenment can be considered a revolution.

If the Scientific Revolution is a revolution, than the Enlightenment is a revolution. They were basically the same kind of events, just dealing with different areas. The Scientific Revolution focused on peoples understanding of the physical world around them, but the Enlightenment focused on peoples understanding of government. Just like the Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment caused people to question views that had been around for along time so it was a dramatic change and could be considered a revolution. 4. The Scientific Revolution changed the way people thought about the physical world around them. It caused scientists to question traditional beliefs about the workings of the universe. The scientific method was introduced and scientist began to use experimentation and observations instead of tradition to make findings. This change led to new discoveries in medicine, physics, and biology. Some of the most famous scientists of this time were Copernicus, Galileo, and Isaac Newton. The Scientific Revolution also led to the Enlightenment which caused Europeans to think differently about politics. 5. Jean-Baptiste Colbert followed a policy of mercantilism. JeanBaptiste Colbert believed that the number of international commercial opportunities were limited and constant. He also believed a country should do anything and everything to conquer as much as possible. He wanted to pay for all the states expenses. He believed the government was the most capable to organize its trade and economy. Adam Smith followed a policy of capitalism. Adam Smith theorized that the market would arrange trade and the economy as efficiently as possible. Since trade would attract more prosperity, it was to be free from all tariffs and regulation. Both Colbert and Smith believed in a centralized government while realizing the role of individual entrepreneurs. They wanted to help the individual entrepreneurs as best as they possibly could.