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CONTENTS
PRINCIPLES WATER PURIFICATION PROCESSING OF SOLID RESIDUES AGRICULTURE SUMMING UP
A river system once a life line now in distress due A river system once a life line now in distress due to nutrient overload from agriculture to nutrient overload from agriculture
A natural water body in the process of decay A natural water body in the process of decay
A natural water body converted to land due to A natural water body converted to land due to nutrient overload nutrient overload
110 Photosynthesis
90
50
Respiration
Plants 500
(50 y)
Animals 100-150
(2 y)
Dead Organics in (1 y) Soil 50 Fossil Fuels 4,000 Dead Organics Reserve in Soil 1,576
(300 y)
18
50 - 65
Quantities in 1015g
Global Carbon Cycle (Meilli, 1995) Global Carbon Cycle (Meilli, 1995)
Source: Encyclopedia of Environmental Biology, Vol.1, Academy press, 1995, pp.235-248 Source: Encyclopedia of Environmental Biology, Vol.1, Academy press, 1995, pp.235-248
1. Water 2. Land
Discharge (vf )
C2
T1
R1
T2
R2
T3
R3
T4
R1
R2
R3
T1
T2
T3
T4
Photosynthesis
nCO2 + 2nH2O + Minerals (N,P, S,K,Q) + Sunlight = [CH2ONxPySzKyQ]n + nO2 + nH2O
BIOMASS YIELD, MINERAL CONTENT, NITROGEN CONTENT, WATER CONSUMPTION FOR SOME CROPS
Yield 20 18 14 12 9
CHEMISTRY OF SBT
Respiration
(CH2ONxPySzKy)n + nO2 + nH2O = nCO2 + 2nH2O + Mineral (N, P, S, K) + Energy (1)
Photosynthesis
nCO2 + 2nH2O + Minerals (N,P, S,K) + Sunlight = [CH2ONxPySzKy]n + nO2 + nH2O (Photosynthesis) ( in soil) (in water)
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12a) (12b)
4C3H7O2NS + 8H20 = 4CH3COOH + 4CO2 + 4NH3 + 4H2S + 8H+ + 8e8H+ + 8e- + 3CH3COOH + CO2 = 4CH4 + 3CO2 + 2H2O Adding 5 and 6 give overall biomethanation chemistry 4C3H7O2NS + 6H20 = CH3COOH + 6CO2 + 4CH4 + 4NH3 + 4H2S
Methanogenesis
CO2 + H2O = HCO3 - + H+ Primary mineral + CO2 + H2O = M+n + n HCO3 - + soil/clay/sand NH3 + CO2 + 1.5O2 = Nitrosomonas + NO2- + H2O + H+ NO2-+ CO2 + 0.5O2 = Nitrobacter + NO34NO3- + 2H2O + energy = 2N2 + 5O2 + 4OH NO2- + NH4+ = N2 + H2O + energy
Denitrification
The trinity showing importance of combining The trinity showing importance of combining organics, inorganics & suitable life forms to derive organics, inorganics & suitable life forms to derive value from wastes value from wastes
Wheat (USA) Wheat (India) Rice (USA) Rice (Phil) Potato (USA) Cassava (Tanga)
Source: Energy in agriculture, Lockeritz (ed.) International Congress energy in agriculture Missouri, 1975-76
10 9 8 7 Energy efficiency 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 Yield , Ton/ha Wheat,USA Rice,USA Potato,USA Wheat,India Rice,Phillipines Cassava,Tanga Direction of Increasing biological potential
60
50
40
30
20
10
Yield -Efficiency correlation for some crops Yield -Efficiency correlation for some crops
Organics
Anaerobic processing
Aerobic processing
Bioprocessing by the two types of organisms Bioprocessing by the two types of organisms Source: Bhawalkar (1996) Source: Bhawalkar (1996)
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH OF BACTERIA IN EARTHWORM GUT (no. in million) (Parle, 1959) Forgut All Bacteria Actinomycetes 475 26 Midgut 32900 358 Hindgut 440900 15000
Rats, ants
Potworm
40
A picture of red worms r selected organisms in A picture of red worms r selected organisms in waste environment waste environment
E(theta) vs theta
0.008 0.007 0.006
E(theta)
1 theta
= fraction of holdup in the macrochannel = fraction of tracer that enters the macrochannel
(1 ) 2 = (1 )
1 =
2 =
(1 ) Pe Pe1 = Pe Pe2 = (1 )
Diffusivity
RT io D= 2 F zi
=3
3 Q gW
Film Thickness
= 0.1 mm
Peclet Number
uL Pe = D
= 6 - 14
0 .8 C(theta)
0 .6
0 .4
0 .2
0 .5
1 .5 th e ta
2 .5
RTD Plot of normalized concentration (C/Co) vs. Time for 2m soil filter RTD Plot of normalized concentration (C/Co) vs. Time for 2m soil filter showing fit to Dispersion model equation (8) for Run 2a (22.3 cm/h) showing fit to Dispersion model equation (8) for Run 2a (22.3 cm/h) with fitted parameters =0.67, =0.9, Pe=9 with fitted parameters =0.67, =0.9, Pe=9
RTD Plot of normalized concentration (C/Co) vs. Time for soil filter RTD Plot of normalized concentration (C/Co) vs. Time for soil filter showing fit to Dispersion model equation (8) for Run 2a (22.3 cm/h) showing fit to Dispersion model equation (8) for Run 2a (22.3 cm/h) with fitted parameters =0.25, =0.68, Pe=0.83 with fitted parameters =0.25, =0.68, Pe=0.83
Plot of normalized concentration (C/Co) and RTD function E (t) vs. Plot of normalized concentration (C/Co) and RTD function E (t) vs. Time for soil filter showing fit to Dispersion model equation (8) for Time for soil filter showing fit to Dispersion model equation (8) for Run 1a (7.2 cm/h) with fitted parameters =0.09, =0.40, Pe=0.89 Run 1a (7.2 cm/h) with fitted parameters =0.09, =0.40, Pe=0.89
1000 Equipment : Pheretima Biofilter Intial loading on bed =24.4gmCOD/L Restoration rate constant I stage =0.2 /h Restoration rate constant II stage =0.11/h
500
ORP, milivolt
ORP data (Probe 9, Depth:-2.5cm) Fit to model Eqn 3.6.13 & 3.6.14
-500
50
100 Time,h
150
200
ORP (Reference calomel electrode+244 mV) restoration profile showing fit to model Pattanaik, B.R. (2000)
Pheretima biofilter T = 30.2 C vs = 7.2 cm/h CI = 1.8mg/L Ce = 6.8 mg/L Run : OTR 14
Experimental data Fit to model
0 0 20 40
Variation of outlet O2 concentration with time as per single cell model Variation of outlet O2 concentration with time as per single cell model Pattanaik.,(2000) Pattanaik.,(2000)
Time, min
60
80
100
120
COD REMOVAL
600 500 COD (m g/l) 400 300 200 100 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 Time (hr) 150 ml/min
Agitated & sparged vessels 10-3 to 10-2 /sec This work Quiescent fluids 5 x 10-3/sec 10-5/sec
GOVERNING EQUATIONS
1. Continuity Equation 2. Momentum balance
+ ( v ) = 0 t
( )
F= v
( )
1.2
C2/C20 fit to Eq.3.4.7, Run 2b Exptl data, C2/C20, Run 2b C2/C20 fit to Eq. 3.4.7, Run 3b Exptl. Data, C2/C20, Run 3b
0.8
C2/C20
0.6
0.4
Run Hyd. Loading rate ka (m3/m2.hr ) (hr-1) 0.6 0.22 0.8 0.53
0.2
2b 3b
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time,hr Effect of hydraulic loading on distribution of liquid on biofilter Effect of hydraulic loading on distribution of liquid on biofilter
160
COD ( mg/L )
0 0 0 0
Time (h)
Vb =13 L, Vl = 30 L, vr = 5x 10-5 m3/m2h kac = 2.7 h-1, kC = 0.05 h-1, kan = 11 h-1, kN =1.5 h-1,
Comparison between Dispersion model prediction and reactor performance data for sewage
90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 00
8 7 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 4 3 4 Time ( h) Time ( h) 3 5 6 7
Model Eq. 9 & 10 Model Eq. 9 & 10 Experimental Experimental
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
CO D ( g / L ) CO D ( g / L )
00
66
88
Model Parameters: Vb =13 L, Vl = 30 L, vr = 5.1 m3/m2 h = 0.32, = 0.81, d = 0.25, Pe = 0.18, kac = 1.5 h-1, kan = 11 h-1,
1.0E+09
1.0E+08 1.0E+07 1.0E+06 1.0E+05 1.0E+04 1.0E+03 1.0E+02 1.0E+01 Inf luent E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7
R e c y c l i n g ( hr )
Effect of recycling on micro-organism removal; E0: Effluent 0 hr, E1: Effluent 1 hr etc Kadam., (2005)
As(III) oxidation and removal As(V) via precipitation as ion complex with Fe(III). These results show that <10 ppb As are attained via natural oxidation and chemical precipitation revealing typically 0.3 mg As (III)/lit.hr. These natural rates of removal sustain via the natural aeration of the
As (III) water
Soil Filter
As (V)
Precipitation Fe3+ + As
Fe3++ As
Filter
As Sludge 30 % %Complex
Zero Valent iron 0.85 mg As/lit.hr( Leupin et al., 2005) Iron coated sand 0.75 mg As/lit.hr (Joshi and Chaudhari, 2004) Activated Alumina 0.15 mg As/lit.hr (Pant and Singh, 2005) Soil filter process 0.30 mg As/lit.hr
Effect of Feed Distribution arrangement on Fluid distribution Contours of Velocity Magnitude (m/s)
Fig 4a: Feed From Top surface only Fig 4b: Feed From Top & Slopes vr = 0.15 m3/m2h
PLANT ELEVATION
SBT PLANT
PROCESS FEATURES Very low energy use intensity due to high Natural oxygen transfer in process. (0.06 kWh/kL sewage). Very low space intensity of 0.8-1.0 sqm/kL per day sewage. An engineered evergreen natural process with no moving parts except for pumps. No sludge due to ecology at work. Very high bacteria, BOD, COD, suspended solids, colour, odour, ammonia removal. Practically maintenance free.
SBT PLANT
SBT PLANT
SBT PLANT
SBT PLANT
Renovation of colony sewage for irrigation in sports Renovation of colony sewage for irrigation in sports complex complex
Wastewater
Treated Wastewater
SBT PLANT
Colony sewage treatment Colony sewage treatment showing untreated & showing untreated & treated water treated water
SBT PLANT
Renovation of septic tank waste water for irrigation in a Renovation of septic tank waste water for irrigation in a Research Center Research Center
SBT PLANT
Retrofitting of idle activated sludge plant Retrofitting of idle activated sludge plant
Features
150-200 g / sqm.d 150-200 g / sqm.d 600-800 k.cal / sqm.d As required 0.05 - 0.25 cum/sqm.h 0.01 0.1 per sec.
OPERATING FACILITIES Bombay Presidency Golf Club Naval Housing Colony, Bombay Vazir Sultan Tobacco, Hyderabad Jindal Steel, Delhi Taj Kiran, Gwalior IIT Bombay Beru Ashram Badlapur Delhi Travel Tourism Dev Corporation Bombay Municipal Corporation (in progress) University of Hyderabad (in progress).
SBT PLANT
2 4 6
Raw organics
ROAD 38 39 ROAD 5m
300 m
1m
10 m
Features
150-200 g / sq.m.d 150-200 g / sq.m.d 600-800 k.cal / sq.m.d 20-30% 0.375 0.500 kg / kg fertilizer/culture/soil
Chickoo plant affected by fungal disease Chickoo plant affected by fungal disease
Chickoo plant after restoration of soil Chickoo plant after restoration of soil
Item
Unit
Capacity (m3 / d)
10,000 10000 25 50 75 4000 15000 5000 500 24500
5 50 100 200 500 3,000 1. Space m2 40 250 400 600 1500 3500 2.Civil, mech., Elec. Rs. Mil 0.10 0.5 0.9 1.0 1.5 12 3.Bioreactor Rs. Mil 015 0.6 1.0 1.5 2.5 17 Total (2 + 3) Rs. Mil 0.25 1.1 1.9 2.5 4.0 29 4. Power Rs./d 10 100 200 400 800 1200 5. Additives Rs./d 20 100 250 500 1250 5000 6. Staff Rs./d 250 250 500 500 1000 2500 7. Miscellaneous Rs./d 10 50 50 150 200 300 Total (5 to 7) Rs./d 340 600 1000 1550 3250 9000 US $ = Rs. 47.00; Power Rs. 4 per kWh ; Mil Million; additives Rs. 5 / kg
mil. million mech. mechanical elec. electrical Rs. Rupees (1US$ = Rs.47)
APPLICATIONS
Rain water harvesting via storm water conservation Primary purification of drinking water Primary purification of swimming pool water Sewage treatment for reuse in construction, cleaning & gardening, ground water recharge, make up water for swimming pools & industries etc Industrial wastewater treatment, Industrial air purification Organic solid waste conversion Municipal solid waste processing Commercial production of Soil Animal House waste processing Hospital waste disposal
SUMMING UP
THANK YOU !
XRD ANALYSIS
1400 1200 1000 Intensity 800 600 400 200 0 0 20 40 Angle 60 80 100 Murram
XRD ANALYSIS
1000 800 Intensity 600 Black soil 400 200 0 0 20 40 Angle 60 80 100
XRD ANALYSIS
1400 1200 1000 Intensity 800 600 400 200 0 0 20 40 Angle 60 80 100 Blacksoil Murram
Comparison of Artificially weathered Rock (Black soil) with Murram (partially weathered Rock)
XRD ANALYSIS
900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 20 40 Angle 60 80 100
Intensity
Rock Powder
XRD ANALYSIS
1200 1000 Intensity 800 600 400 200 0 0 20 40 Angle 60 80 100 Redsoil
XRD ANALYSIS
1400 1200 1000 Intensity 800 600 400 200 0 0 20 40 Angle 60 80 100 Rock-Powder Murram
Comparison of Primary Mineral (Rock powder) with Murram (Partially weathered Rock)
XRD ANALYSIS
1400 1200 1000 Intensity 800 600 400 200 0 0 20 40 Angle 60 80 100 REDSOIL Murram
Comparison of Naturally weathered Rock (Red soil) with Murram (partially weathered Rock)
XRD ANALYSIS
AW-1
1350 1250 1150 1050 Intensity 950 850 750 650 550 450 25 30 35 40 45 Angle 50 55 60 65
XRD ANALYSIS
AW-2 1300 1200 1100 1000 In n ity te s 900 800 700 600 500 25 30 35 40 45 Angle 50 55 60 65
XRD ANALYSIS
AW-3 1300 1200 1100 In n ity te s 1000 900 800 700 600 500 25 30 35 40 45 Angle 50 55 60 65
XRD ANALYSIS
AW-4 1200 1100 1000 In n ity te s 900 800 700 600 500 25 35 Angle 45 55 65
XRD ANALYSIS
Worli pad-5
1600 1400 1200 In n ity te s 1000 800 600 400 25 30 35 40 45 Angle 50 55 60 65
XRD ANALYSIS
Garde n Soil 1500 1400 1300 1200 In n ity te s 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 25 30 35 40 45 Angle 50 55 60 65
5.
6.
8.
9.
10. 11.
US Patent: Process for treatment of organic wastes; US Patent no: 6890438, www.uspto.gov; Issue date: 10 May 2005 ;
Underdrain:- Stone rubble of various sizes ranging upto Gravel (200.0-2.0 mm), Very coarse sand (1.0-2.0 mm), Coarse sand (0.5-1.0 mm), Medium sand (0.25-0.5 mm), Fine sand (0.1-0.25 mm) Media:- Formulated from soil as required and primary minerals of suitable particle size and composition Culture:- Geophagus (Soil living) worm Pheretima elongata and bacterial culture from natural sources containing bacteria capable of processing cellulose, lignin, starch, protein, also nitrifying and denitrifying organisms. Anaerobic organisms for methanogenesis. For industrial wastes, development of appropriate culture required Additives:- Formulated from natural materials of suitable particle size and composition to provide sites for respiration, CO2 capture Bioindicators:- Green plants particularly with tap root system
EXTRACT FROM VISION 21 DOCUMENT OF WHO EXTRACT FROM VISION 21 DOCUMENT OF WHO
Current sanitation solutions contribute, either directly or indirectly, to many of the problems faced by society today: water pollution, scarcity of fresh water, food insecurity, destruction and loss of soil fertility, global warming, and poor man health as well as loss of life. In summary, we divert excreta away from land, consuming a limited resource fresh water, into receiving water bodies causing water pollution. We then try to treat the water we drink. Both processes create health hazards. By diverting nutrients away from land, artificial fertilizers are added to land, creating even more water pollution, which is difficult and expensive to treat. We must find another way. We have to design and build new systems, which promote waste as a resource and envisage local solutions and cultural attitudes and contribute to the solving societys most pressing problems.
Source: Esrey, S. & Anderson, I., Vision 21- Environmental Sanitation Ecosystems Approach, report published by Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council ( WSSCC) World Health Organization, United Nations, 1993