Dr. -Ing.

Alexander Seeger
W-CDMA Coverage
Link budget
thermal noise density
interference margin (noise rise)
fast fading margin (power control headroom)
log normal fading margin
soft handover gain
antenna gain
penetration loss, body loss, feeder loss ...
Propagation model & resulting coverage area
Coverage increasing measures
tower mounted amplifier
receive diversity
higher sectorisation
Dr. -Ing. Alexander Seeger
Example Link Budget: Uplink Voice
Transmitter (mobile)
Maximum mobile transmission power in W 0,1
Maximum mobile transmission power in dBm 21,0 a
Mobile antenna gain in dBi 0,0 b
Body loss in dB 3,0 c
Euivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) in dBm 18,0 d = a + b - c
Receiver (base station)
Thermal noise density in dBm/Hz -174,0 e
Base station receiver noise figure in dB 5,0 f
Receiver noise density in dBm/Hz -169,0 g = e+f
Receiver noise power in dBm -103,2 h = g + 10*log(38400000)
Interference margin in dB 3,0 i
Total effective noise + interference in dBm -100,2 j = h + i
Processing gain in dB 25,0 k = 10*log(3840/12.2)
Required Eb/N0 in dB 6,1 l
Receiver sensitivity in dBm -119,0 m =l - k + j
Base station antenna gain in dBi (3 sectors) 18,0 n
Cable loss in the base station in dB 2,0 o
Fast fading margin in dB 0,0 p
Maximum path loss in dB 153,0 q = d - m + n - o - p
Log normal fading margin in dB 8,6 r
Soft handover gain in dB 5 s
In-Car loss in dB 8 t
Allowed propagation loss for cell range in dB 141,4 u = q - r + s - t
Dr. -Ing. Alexander Seeger
Example Link Budget: Downlink Voice
Transmitter (base station)
Total transmission power (per sector) in W 20
Total transmission power for dedicated channels in W 18
number of users 60
Transmission power per user in W 0,30
Transmission power per user in dBm 24,8 a
Base station antenna gain in dBi (3 sectors) 18,0 b
Cable loss at base station in dB 2,0 c
Euivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) in dBm 40,8 d = a + b - c
Receiver (mobile station)
Thermal noise density in dBm/Hz -174,0 e
Mobile station receiver noise figure in dB 7,0 f
Receiver noise density in dBm/Hz -167,0 g = e + f
Receiver noise power in dBm -101,2 h = g + 10*log(38400000)
Processing gain in dB 25,0 k = 10*log(3840/12.2)
Required Eb/N0 in dB 7,9 l
Receiver sensitivity in dBm -118,2 m = l - k + h
Body loss 3,0 n
Fast fading margin in dB 0,0 p
Maximum path loss in dB 156,0 q = d - m - n - p
Log normal fading margin in dB 8,6 r
Soft handover gain in dB 2 s
In-Car loss in dB 8 t
Allowed propagation loss for cell range in dB 141,4 u = q - r + s - t
Dr. -Ing. Alexander Seeger
Coverage versus Capacity
number of users number of users
range range
Pole capacity Pole capacity
(from system level simulations) (from system level simulations)
downlink downlink
uplink uplink
Dr. -Ing. Alexander Seeger
Contributions to Link Budget
Thermal noise density:
-174 dBm/Hz = 10*log(k*T)
k = 1,381 * 10
-23
J/K (Boltzmann constant)
T = 290 K (temperature)
Interference margin (noise rise)
with increasing load in the cell interference dominates over
thermal noise as source of distortion
noise rise = I
total
/P
N
typ. values: 1.0 - 3.0 dB for a load of 20 - 50 %
Dr. -Ing. Alexander Seeger
Contributions to Link Budget - Interference Margin
j
j
j
j
b
P I
P
R
W
N
E

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
total 0
total
0
/
1
1
I
N
E
R W
P
j
b
j
j

|
.
|

\
|
+
=
j
b
j
j
N
E
R W
L
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
0
/
1
1
load per connection load per connection
R R
j j
: user rate for connection : user rate for connection j j
P P
j j
: power for connection : power for connection j j
I I
total total
: total interference at : total interference at NodeB NodeB
N N
0 0
: thermal noise power spectral density : thermal noise power spectral density
W: W: chip rate chip rate
Dr. -Ing. Alexander Seeger
Contributions to Link Budget - Interference Margin (cont.)

=
+ =
N
j
N j
P I L I
1
total total N
N
j
j
P L I =
|
|
.
|

\
|

=1
total
1
UL
1
total
1
1
1
1
q
=

=
N
j
j
N
L
P
I
( )

=
+ =
N
j
j
L i
1
UL
1 q
55 . 0
ce interferen cell own
ce interferen cell other
~ = i
Extension to multi-cell scenario:
factor load :
UL
q
Dr. -Ing. Alexander Seeger
Contributions to Link Budget
Fast fading margin = power control headroom
especially for slow moving mobiles some headroom is needed in the
mobile station transmission power for maintaining closed-loop fast
power control, typ. values: 2.0 dB
Log normal fading margin
rises with increasing coverage probability requirement
rises with increasing log normal fading variation
Soft handover gain
reducing required log normal fading margin because slow fading is
only partly correlated between base stations
reduction of required Eb/N0
uplink: due to selection diversity gain (softer handover: antenna gain +
diversity gain)
downlink: due to diversity gain
typ. values: 5.0 dB (uplink), 2.0 dB (downlink)
Dr. -Ing. Alexander Seeger
Propagation Model and Resulting Coverage Area
Okumura-Hata propagation model for an urban macro cell
path loss L = 137.4 dB + 35.2*log
10
(R)
base station height: 30 m
mobile antenna height: 1.5 m
carrier frequency: 1950 MHz
path loss exponent: 35.2 (free space: 20.0)
Site area: approx. 2.6*R
2
Dr. -Ing. Alexander Seeger
Idealised Hexagonal Cellular Network Structure
Real inhomogeneous cell layout

Ideal homogeneous cell layout
90 antenna 90 antenna beamwidth beamwidth
Dr. -Ing. Alexander Seeger
Coverage Increasing Measures
Tower mounted amplifier (TMA)
Receive diversity
Higher sectorisation
Dr. -Ing. Alexander Seeger
Tower Mounted Amplifier
Purpose & Effects:
Compensates the feeder loss in uplink
Reduces the noise figure of the Node B
Improved receiver sensitivity
Better link quality at cell borders
Dr. -Ing. Alexander Seeger
Node B Noise Figures @ Reference Points
Node B without TMA: NF @ reference point: typical 5 dB
Node B with TMA: NF @ reference point: typical 3 dB,
cable losses up to 12 dB can be compensated
TMA DUAMCO TRX
Node B
Reference Point
with TMA
DUAMCO TRX
Node B
Reference Point
without TMA
DUAMCO: Duplexer, Amplifier, Coupler
TRX: Transceiver (Transmitter + Receiver)
Dr. -Ing. Alexander Seeger
Receive Diversity Considerations
Increase antenna gain ~ 10log
10
(Nant)
Increase degree of diversity by additional Rx antennas per
sector
step from 1 Rx to 2 Rx yields highest gain
gain depends on multipath diversity
Implementation loss due to real channel estimation and
inaccurate acquisition
For example uplink coverage can be expanded by about
2.5 dB with the step from 2 Rx to 4 Rx
Drawback: Additional antennas, TMAs, cables, Rx filters,
low noise amplifiers, TRX units, connections to baseband
units
Dr. -Ing. Alexander Seeger
6 sectors with 2 path Rx
antennas
45
o
antenna width, antenna
gain 19 dBi, = 1 dB
25% traffic load per cell ->
interference margin UL: 1.2
dB, = 1.8 dB
3 sectors with 4 path Rx
antennas
65
o
antenna width, antenna
gain 18 dBi
50% traffic load per cell ->
interference margin UL: 3 dB
ca. 2.5 dB gain (4 instead of
2 RX antennas) , = 2.5 dB
Uplink: Comparison 4 Path Rx Diversity versus 6 Sectors
Coverage and capacity in UL are comparable in both cases