DIGITAL MODULATION

A.C. Subudhi, DDE, RSTI(T), BBSR

The purpose of modulation are : a. b. c. d. e.
f.

Modulation for ease of radiation Converting wide band signal to narrow band signal Reducing the effect of impracticability of the antenna Modulation helps in frequency division multiplexing Modulation overcomes the limitation of the equipment Modulation overcomes the noise and interference in the baseband

TYPES OF MODULATION
Normally two type of modulation are used

1. Analog Modulation
a. Amplitude Modulation b. Frequency Modulation c. Phase Modulation d. Pulse Amplitude Modulation

2. Digital Modulation
a. b. c. d. e. Amplitude Shift Keying Frequency Shift Keying Phase Shift Keying Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

THE REQUIREMENT OF DIGITAL MODULATION SCHEME ARE : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. It should be able to handle high bit rate It should provide minimum probability of error It should provide resistance to noise & interference It is supposed to handle low transmitter power It should provide better spectral efficiency It should reduce complexity of the circuit

Definition of various Modulation Scheme

Normally the carrier has three parameter such as : Amplitude, Frequency & Phase
Type of Binary Digital Baseband Format NRZ Unipolar Carrier Statement Type of Digital Modulation Scheme Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) or On-Off Keying (OOK) or Interrupted Carrier Wave(ICW) Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Co-sinusoidal

Whenever the amplitude of the carrier changes in accordance with the amplitude of NRZ Unipolar signal Whenever frequency of the carrier changes in accordance with the amplitude of NRZ bipolar signal Whenever the phase of the carrier changes in accordance with the amplitude of NRZ bipolar signal

NRZ Bipolar

Co-sinusoidal

NRZ Bipolar

Co-sinusoidal

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

One symbol = 2 binary bits

Types of Symbol(2 bits makes 1 symbol) The two binary bits provides 4 symbols ( 00, 01,11, 10) The two binary bits provides 4 symbols ( 00, 01,11, 10) Carrier Co-sinusoidal Statement Whenever the phase of the carrier changes in accordance with amplitude of symbol Whenever the amplitude and phase of the carrier changes in accordance with amplitude of the symbol Type of Digital Modulation Scheme Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

Co-sinusoidal

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation ( QAM)

CONCEPT OF BANDWIDTH :
The bandwidth is defined as the range of positive frequency over which the energy is maximum. In the digital communication system the speed over which data are transmitted is called data rate or bit rate. The relation between bit rate and bandwidth in M-ary digital signal is related by Bit rate = 2 x bandwidth x Log2 M Where M = Number of Amplitude states of the Digital Signal Example : Let a binary bit has time period of Tb Second

The spectrum of binary bit of duration Tb is of the following form

Hence, the bandwidth of the above binary signal is 1/T b

AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING

The block diagram of ASK TX is shown above, the input binary stream is in 1 or 0 form. When 1 is given to the mixer the output of the mixer is A Cosct . When 0 is given to the mixer the output of the mixer is 0. Hence, the output of the mixer either is A Cosct or 0. The timing diagram of ASK wave form is shown below.

TIMING DIAGRAM

The purpose of band pass filter is to shape or limit the spectral spreading

Frequency Domain Analysis of ASK Signal

When a pulse of amplitude 1 unit is multiplied by carrier the output is A Cosct. The spectrum
of ASK signal in frequency domain is

Hence the bandwidth of ASK signal is 2/Tb . The disadvantage of ASK signal is that it is more prone to noise & interference.

FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

The block diagram of FSK signal is shown below

Whenever input to the FSK Modulator is 1 at that time output is A Cos(c+)t and when input to the FSK Modulator is 0 the output is A Cos(c-)t hence it is seen the output of the FSK Modulator is drifting in between A Cos(c+)t to A Cos(c-)t or viceversa.

The timing diagram of FSK signal is shown below

SPECTRUM OF FSK SIGNAL

It is seen from the spectrum that the FSK signal occupies a bandwidth of 2(f + 1/T b). The disadvantage is that it occupies more bandwidth.

PHASE SHIFT KEYING

The block diagram of PSK signal is shown below

Whenever input to the PSK Modulator is 1 at that time output of Comparator & PSK Modulator are 1 & A COSct respectively. Whenever input to the PSK Modulator is 0 at that time output of the comparator & PSK Modulator are -1 & - A COSct respectively. It is seen that the PSK signal drifts between A COSct to - A COSct or viceversa. The timing diagram of PSK signal is shown below.

SPECTRUM OF PSK SIGNAL

It is seen from the spectrum of PSK that, bandwidth of PSK signal is 2/Tb whether signal is 1 or 0.

QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYING :

The block Diagram of QPSK signal is shown below.

As it is required to carry out QPSK Modulation, hence bits are converted to symbols. So, two bits are making one symbol. If bit duration is Tb and then the bandwidth of the bit is 1/Tb . The symbol duration is 2Tb, hence the bandwidth of the symbol before modulation is 1/2Tb and after modulation the bandwidth is 1/Tb. Input Bit Stream/Symbol 0 0 (-1 -1) 0 1 ( -1 1 ) 1 1(1 1) 1 0 (1 -1 ) Output QPSK Signal - A COSct - A SINct - A COSct + A SINct + A COSct + A SINct + A COSct - A SINct

It is seen that the QPSK signal requires lesser bandwidth than PSK signal, hence finds more application for conserving bandwidth in satellite communication as well as terrestrial communication.