572

Fourier Integrals, Translorms Senes. and

Chap.10

Sec.10.2

Frn iions of ihis kird oc.ur ar .rtcmal forcs acling on ftch.Dic.l syst ns, .t crrcnrotie. poinid@snot alf.cr th. irr.Bralr forc6 in clcctric circuic, .1c.iTh. valucof.f(r)ar a singlc hencc*. car !c.vc t(r) uden.ed ar r = 0 and r = r d. ,',ldt r. F.on l6a) *c obtai. d0 = 0. This car also bc wn wirhoui i.r.!ntio.. sinc. rh. ar@ udd.r th. curc orr(r)b.lvcen -r lDd 'is z.rc. Fron (6b). - t r f r o ( r ' c o 3 d d ' I l. ^ c o \ u d r l| a - = : I t t t ' c o s 4 t d: l l tl nL 'in, o , InJ .. Similarly. froD (6.) *c obtain t' 1 I r\in,,drl

sin because d = 0al - '. 0, andr tor all 4 = 1,2.. ,-

r\

llto j1 . ' I /(r,snDdr :ll(-i,\in",d,. o

. $ = t l; [c o a r,r " - r , 4 ' l ^. " l

( S i n c e c o s - a ) = c o s o a n d c o s0 = l , t h i s y i e l d s l ,i.:lco\o Now. cos r = - 1. cos 2r = I, cos lr r r o\01 - l, 1 co\rur.

-\

o,"".1

r- |

for odd ,.

= - l. elc.; in 8....a1, '

r a n dh u \ r

rcc,.=l

12 for odd r-

rh. c@fici.ncrn of @r function arc Hence Fouri.r

b,
and nnc( lhe,i

0.

13

;.

h.

0,

6r =

s".

a,. z.ro. lhe Fuu e' '.rie' of r(r' i

,_ ' ' s
_ 4l

1/'i", . l""r
r\ 3

l, 5

) /

4^/. | ^r J , r - l s r n ir ^ r n r r t .

in ..d th.n graphs Fi8.2ll $.n to indiqre thallb. *n.s is coiv..ec.t andhasih. sumJir). W. th. giv.n function. notic.lh.l at r = 0 andr = r, thepoi . ofdi$ontinuiiyoftk). all padiat nsn of th. valu.s t sd * of dr function. suoshav. th. valu. zro. th. arnhmeric d.d assuning thar,f(r)is th. sumofrhc seris *ning i - rr, e. have Funherdorc, ./a\ r l : l ^ 1 ^ t .- : 'I ; - + - l l I '

Orthogonalityot the

Th tngonom

_ _ lr l_ t

'

' . _

, _r,

is orthogord o 2r, becaus productof an for formulas,

r.suh by L.ibniz (obtaind 16?l frcm saom.tnel consid.rati,ont. in This is a famous lt of illustEt.srharth values variorssen.swirhconstdr t.ms canb. obraircd .valuaring by
Foun.r s.ne! st sp.cific po'nt\.

Chap. 10

Sec.10.2

Fourier Series

573

.*"]
/dr rrreeryen ruid'on/artPeJ odL. sauare wale)

] = ,

-t

i6r The t 6t th.ee oanja 5uns of the cor6pond ng Fourerseres

Fig. 231-Example l

Orthogonalityof the TrigonometricSystem

(3), Sec. 10.1. Th trigonometric system l, cos 'I, sin J, cos 2r, sin 2r. ., cos /I:I, sin ff, ..

is orthogonalo/l the intet\/al -r = .{ = r'(hence on any interval of length 2r', because periodicity).By delinition, this meansthat lhe intagraloflhe of product ofany lwo difTrent thesefunctiodsbver that interval is zero; in of formulas, for any integersm and n + m we have

cos I cos nmr ,!r d:r : 0

I

(m + n\