LESSON 1Understanding the nucleus of an atom

Atomic model Daltons model Matter was made up of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can neither created or destroyed. All atoms of the same element are identical; different elements have different types of atom. Thomsons model plum-pudding model

Sir Ernest Rutherford and found evidence for Rutherford Model. They fired a stream of alpha particles at a very thin gold foil and counted how many alpha particles were scattered at a number of different angles. The results agreed well with the theory.

Atom is a solid sphere of positive charge with electrons distributed uniformly over it. Rutherford model An atom has a positively charged core or nucleus, which contains most of the mass the atom and which surrounded by orbiting electrons.

The result and the conclusion of the experiment is simplified in the table below: Result Conclusion Most of the alpha Most of the space particles passed taken up by an straight through the atom must be foil in their original completely direction. empty. A very small nucleus is placed at the centre of the atom.

Geiger and Marsden planned and carried out an experiment proposed by

A few alphas particles were deflected through very small angles

A very small number of alpha particles were bounced back by the gold foil.

The nucleus are positively charged. The alpha particles also positively charged are repelled by the nucleus because repulsion force is produced between the like electric charges. When the alpha particles approach very close to the nucleus , they were exerted by a very large repulsion force because the repulsion obeys the inverse square law of the force between two charged objects (F1 ) r2

made up of protons and neutrons or called nucleons.

Protons, neutrons and electrons are the fundamental particles of an atom. The properties of these particles are given in the table below. Fundame ntal particle Charge Relative charge Value of charge Relative mass Actual mass Symbol Proton positiv e +1 +1.6 x 10-19 C 1 1.67 x 10-27 kg 1 p
1

Electro n negati ve -1 -1.6 x 10-19 C 1 1840 9.1 x 10-31kg

0 -1

Neutr on Neutr al Neutr al 0 1 1.67 x 10-27 kg 0 n

1

Bohrs model Bohrs model state that an atom has electrons in stable orbits around the nucleus , like planets round the sun. Chadwicks model The neutron as a neutral particle found in the nucleus of atoms , along with the protons. Todays model of the atom The atom with its very small and very dense nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negative electrons. The electrons may be represented as waves or clouds around the nucleus. The nucleus is

Proton Number , Z and Nucleon Number, A An element with a chemical symbol X, nucleon number , A and proton number , Z is represented by the symbol : A X number Z A = Nucleon Z = Atom number X = Element

Nucleon Number = number of proton + number of neutron A=N+Z The table below shows the examples of three elements : Eleme nt Hydro gen Helium Berylli um Sym bol
1 1

number but different nucleon number are called isotopes. Since the chemical properties of an element are determined by the number of electrons, isotopes of the same element have similar chemical properties. For example , the hydrogen element have three nuclides to form isotopes. 1 2 and 3H 1H 1H 1 A 1 1 2 3 5 Z 1 6 1 7

H C Cl

Number of of of prot neutr electr on on on 1 0 1 6 17 6 18 6 17

12 6

35 17

Radioisotope Isotopes with unstable nucleus tend to decay. For example:

12 6

13 6

14 6

Stable

Unstable (radioisotopes)

Nuclide A type of atom characterized by its proton number and its neutron number.

Isotope One of two or more atoms of the same element that have the same proton

TUTORIA L1
1 The diagram shows a model of an atom.

Which of the following is related to the model of the atom? A B C D 2 Dalton Thomson Rutherford Geiger-Marsden

The results of the Geiger-Marsden scattering experiment provided evidence for the presence of the nucleus within the atom. What was scattered in this experiment? A B C D Alpha - particles Beta- particles Gamma-particles Light rays

In the Geiger-Marsden experiment , a narrow beam of alpha particles was fired at a thin piece of gold foil in a vacuum, Some particles were scattered through large angles. The result of the experiment provided evidence for the existence of A B C D uncharged atoms unclear reactions neutrons in the nucleus a positively-charged nucleus

The diagram shows a narrow beam of -particles is fired at a thin piece of gold foil.

What is the final direction of most of -particles?

C D and 7

Protons and neutrons Electrons Electrons

Protons

neutrons Which of the following is a characteristic of a neutron? A Negatively charged B Orbiting the nucleus C Having 1.6 x 10-19 C of charge D Having the same mass as the protons mass The nucleon number of an atom is the number of ___________________________________

A protons in nucleus B neutrons in nucleus C protons and electrons in nucleus D protons and neutrons in nucleus 5 Which of the following is not the direction of -particles approach very close to the nucleus of an atom? 9 How many neutrons and protons does one atom of substance A X Z have in its nucleus? Number of neutrons A B C D A Z A-Z Z-A Number of protons Z A Z A

An atom of an element has a nucleus surrounded by particles. Which of the following gives its structure? Nucleus Surrounded by A Electrons and protons Neutrons B Electrons and neutrons Protons

10 An atom of lithium 3 electrons, 3 protons and 4 neutrons. Its nucleon number is A C E 3 6 10 B D 4 7

40

11 A nuclide is represented by 10X . How many neutrons and protons does each nucleus contain? Neutrons Protons

A B C D

10 30 30 40

10 10 40 30

12 Which of the following is true for a natural atom? Number Numbe Number of r of of protons neutron electron s s A 12 12 5 B 8 14 14 C 16 7 16 D 14 15 16

15 Deuterium 2Hand tritium 3H, are 1 1 two isotope of hydrogen. Compared to a deuterium atom, how many protons, neutrons and electrons does a tritium atom have? Protons Electrons A B C D More Same More More Same Same Same Fewer Neutrons More Same More More

13 Which of the following nuclides has equal numbers of neutrons and protons? A C
1 1

H Li

B D

4 2

He

7 3

9 4

Be
16 Three nuclei X, Y and Z have proton numbers and nucleon numbers as shown in the table below. Proton number 43 43 44 Nucleon number 93 94 94

14 What are isotopes? A B C D Atoms which are radioactive Atoms with too many neutrons Atoms of the same element with different numbers of protons Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

X Y Z

15 Which one of the following pairs of isotopes is true? A

10 6 2 3

Which nuclei are isotopes of the same element?

P and

2 10

10 4

Q and
A B C D
6

Q
C
8 4

R and

6 4

12 18

S and

12 8

X and Y only X and Z only Y and Z only X, Y and Z

17 The diagram shows the plum pudding model of an atom. (i) Explain why the alpha particle changes direction. ............................................ ................ (a) Scientists thought that the pudding was positively charged. (i) Name the particles labelled A in the diagram. ............................................ ................ (ii) Complete this sentence by choosing the correct words from the box. negatively charged positively charged The particles labelled A are ............................................ ............... (b) A new model of an atom was suggested by Rutherford and Marsden. They fired alpha particles at thin metal foil. Alpha particles are positively charged. In their model each atom has a nucleus. The diagram below shows the path of an alpha particle as it passes the nucleus of an atom. ............................................ ................ ............................................ ................ ............................................ ................ ............................................ ................ ............................................ ................ (ii) The diagram shows different paths taken by alpha particles when they were fired by Rutherford and Marsden at the thin metal foil.

The boxes on the left show some observations from the experiment. The boxes on the right give their explanations. Draw a straight line from each observation to its explanation. One has been done for you.

Observation Explanation some alpha particles travel along path Y because the nucleus has a very large positive charge and because the nucleus is very small (i) Which two of the atoms are from the same elements.

most of the alpha particles follow path X

. (ii) Give a reason for your answer in a(i)

some alpha particles rebound backwards along path Z very few alpha particles follow path

because most of each atom is empty space

. because the nucleus is positively charged

18 (a) The diagrams present three atoms X , Y and Z.

. (b) In the part of the 20th century some scientists investigated the paths taken by positively charged alpha particles into and out of a very thin piece of gold foil. The diagram shows the paths of three alpha particles.

Explain the different paths A, B and C of alpha particles.