110

COMMERCIAL STUDIES (63)

Aims:
1. To enable students to develop a perceptive,
sensitive and critical response to the role oI
business in a global, national and local context.
2. To allow students to balance the demands oI
social parameters with individual aspirations.
3. To develop in students an appreciation Ior the
roles oI the entrepreneur and the proIessional
manager.

4. To help develop a co-operative attitude through
study oI the organisation and participation
associated with commerce and industry.
5. To provide an appropriate body oI knowledge
and understanding, and to develop appropriate
skills as a basis Ior Iurther study or work or both.
CLASS IX
There will be one written paper of two hours duration
carrving 80 marks and Internal Assessment of 20
marks.
The paper will be divided into two sections A and B.
Section A (Compulsory) will consist of questions
requiring short answers and will cover the entire
svllabus.
Section B will consist of questions, which will require
detailed answers. There will be a choice and
candidates will be required to answer four questions
from this section.
1. Introduction to commercial organization.
(a) Human activities
Meaning and tvpes Economic and non-
economic activities classification of
economic activities business, profession and
emplovment. Comparison between economic
and non-economic activities.
(b) Business activities
Meaning and characteristics. Tvpes of
business activities industrv classification
of industries on the basis of products.
Commerce tvpes of commerce trade and
aids to trade. Brief description on various
tvpes of trade and aids to trade. Inter
relationship between industrv, commerce and
trade needs to be covered.

(c) Non-proIit seeking organizations
Meaning and tvpes, comparison between
profit seeking and non-profit seeking
organisations.
(d) Ownership structures oI commercial
organization
Sole proprietorship, partnership, Hindu
undivided familv business, foint stock
companv, co-operative societv, public sector
enterprise. (Brief introduction to each
ownership structure and its features onlv.
Tvpes, comparison between different
ownership structures and their merits and
demerits need not be covered).
2. Understanding the functions of a commercial
organization.
The Iollowing topics should be studied as
departments in a typical Iirm only:
(a) Marketing and Sales.
(b) Finance and Accounting.
(c) Human Resources (personnel, training).
(d) Production.
(e) Purchasing and Stores.
(I) General Administration and Legal.
Students should be explained the concepts and
functioning of - Purchasing and Stores,

111
Production, Marketing and Sales, Finance -
(manual and computeri:ed accounting svstem in
business organi:ations). Human Resources
(personnel, training), & General Administration
and Legal departments, affecting the organisation
all through. All the six terms need to be clearlv
defined and their specific features explained
individuallv. The cross linkages need to be clearlv
brought out.
This topic should be studied through the medium
of a case studv or a profect. Such tools will make
the students appreciate the inter-links.
No question is to be set from this topic. Case
study or project for this topic can form one of
the assignments for ~Internal Assessment.
3. Communication in commercial organization.
Meaning, characteristics, process, importance and
diIIerent methods oI communication.
Different methods of communication (letter,
facsimile, e-mail, videoconference, memo,
telephonic conversation, etc.). A comparative
analvsis of these tools need to be undertaken.
4. Introduction to Accounting and Book keeping.
(a) Meaning and objective
Meaning and obfective of accounting and
book keeping, accounting cvcle, distinction
between accounting and book keeping.
(b) Basic accounting terminology
The following terms need to be defined and
explained - Capital, liabilitv, asset, revenue,
expense, purchase, sales, stocks, debtors,
creditors, drawings, debit and credit,
discount.


(c) Basic accounting principles and concepts.
Business entitv, monev measurement, going
concern, accounting period, dual aspect and
accounting equation, matching principle,
principle of full disclosure.
(d) Journal
Meaning and classification of accounts
(conventional and modern), rules of debit and
credit.
Meaning, uses and limitations of fournal.
Recording of transactions in fournal. (Simple
numericals based on the terminologv
mentioned in part (b) need to be covered.
Compound fournal entries including cash
discount, bad debts and opening and closing
entries need not be covered).
(e) Ledger
Meaning, posting and balancing of ledger
accounts. (Ledger posting on the basis of
simple fournal entries).
(I) Trial balance
Meaning, obfectives and preparation of trial
balance with the given set of ledger account
balances.
(Re-drafting of trial balance need not be
covered.)
(g) Cash Book
Meaning, tvpes of cash books, preparation of
single column cash book.
5. Trade
Trade - Home Trade and International trade
Meaning and tvpes of trade
Home trade - functions of retailers and
wholesalers, tvpes of retailers and wholesalers
(features onlv).
International trade meaning, tvpes, advantages
and disadvantages of international trade.


112
CLASS X
There will be one written paper of two hours duration
carrving 80 marks and Internal Assessment of 20
marks.
The paper will be divided into two sections A and B.
Section A (Compulsory) will consist of questions
requiring short answers and will cover the entire
svllabus. There will be no choice of questions.
Section B will consist of questions, which will require
detailed answers. There will be a choice and
candidates will be required to answer four questions
from this section.
1. Stakeholders in commercial organisations
(a) Distinction between stakeholders and
customers.
Explain all the six stakeholders of a firm -
shareholder, creditor, supplier, emplovee,
government and societv.
It should be stressed that customer, though
verv important for anv firm is not a
stakeholder as he does not have a stake in the
firm.
(b) Internal and external stakeholders.
Stakeholders within and outside the firm need
to be explained. The six stakeholders need to
be classified as internal and external
stakeholders.
(c) Expectations oI stakeholders employers
(owners and managers), employees,
associates, and the general public.
The student must understand that each of
these stakeholders is equallv important and
anv one of them cannot be satisfied at the cost
of the other one.
2. Communication
(a) Meaning and types

Jerbal and non-verbal communication, formal
and informal communication. (merits,
demerits and suitabilitv).

(b) Interpersonal skills in communication
Skills required for effective communication
and barriers causing breakdown in
communication and measures to overcome the
barriers.
3. Marketing
(a) Marketing
Meaning, obfectives, importance and
functions of marketing.
(b) Product and service
Meaning, tvpes and difference between a
product and a service (with examples).
(c) Marketing research
Meaning, role and methods of marketing
research.
(d) Advertising and sales promotion
Advertising meaning, importance of
advertising, merits and demerits, difference
between advertising and publicitv, advertising
media. Code of conduct for advertisers.
Sales promotion meaning and techniques.
Brand and Trademarks their meaning,
brand promotion meaning and techniques,
brand equitv and brand lovaltv.
(e) Sales and the selling process, including the
diIIerence between marketing and sales,
qualities oI a good salesman. Consumer
Protection Act 1986, need Ior consumer
protection, Ieatures oI the Act and rights oI
the consumer.
Explanation and examples.
4. Finance and accounting
(a) Capital and revenue
Capital and revenue receipts, capital and
revenue expenditure and deferred revenue
expenditure.
(b) Final accounts oI a sole trader
Meaning and preparation of 1rading
account, Profit and Loss account and
Balance sheet based on the given trial
balance with the adfustment of closing stock

113
only. (Preparation of manufacturing account,
profit and loss on sale of assets, intangible
and fictitious assets, prepaid and accrued
expenses and incomes are excluded.)
(c) Non-proIit organizations
Simple understanding of receipts and
pavments account, income and expenditure
account and balance sheet. Onlv features
and comparison with final accounts of trading
organi:ation. Ao numerical problems.
(d) Fundamental concept oI Cost (direct, variable,
etc.)
Classification of costs needs to be explained,
based on behaviour (fixed, variable, semi-
variable), nature (direct, indirect),
controllabilitv and functionalitv.
(e) Budgeting
Meaning and utility oI budgeting, comparison
between budgeting and Iorecasting, budgets
(meaning and types).
(I) Banking Iunctions oI the Central Bank and
commercial banks, types oI accounts and
documents used in banking transactions.
Central Bank and commercial banks. role in
the economic development. Tvpes of
commercial banks now present in India
(public sector commercial banks, private
sector commercial banks, foreign commercial
banks), the tvpes of accounts and some basic
documents used in banking transactions (
pass book, cheques, pav-in-slips, bank drafts,
travellers cheques, debit and credit cards),
ATM need to be clearlv explained. Credit
Control measures used bv the Central Bank to
be excluded.
5. Human Resources
(a) Recruitment, selection and training.
(i) Recruitment - meaning, sources, advantages
and disadvantages of different sources,
(ii) Selection- meaning and steps, tvpes of
selection test,
(iii) Training meaning, obfectives, importance,
tvpes and methods of training (performance
appraisal is excluded).
(b) Simple understanding oI industrial relations
and the role oI trade unions. Concept oI Social
Security - including brieI reIerence to
Provident Fund, Gratuity, Pension, Group
Insurance and Maternity BeneIits.
Self-explanatorv.
(Acts are not required).
6. Logistics and Insurance
(a) Transportation
Means of transportation (land, air and
water), merits, demerits and suitabilitv.
(b) Warehousing
Meaning, importance, tvpes and
documents used.
(c) Insurance
Meaning, importance and principles.
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT
A minimum oI three assignments are to be done during the
year, as assigned by the teacher.
EVALUATION
The project work is to be evaluated by the subject
teacher and by an External Examiner. The External
Examiner shall be nominated by the Head oI the
school and may be a teacher Irom the Iaculty, but not
teaching the subject in the relevant section/class.
For example, a teacher oI Commerce/Accounts oI
Class XI may be deputed to be the External Examiner
Ior Class X Commercial Studies project work.
The Internal Examiner and the External Examiner will
assess the candidate`s work independently.
Award oI marks (20 marks)
Subject Teacher (Internal Examiner) 10 marks
External Examiner 10 marks
The total mark obtained out oI 20 are to be sent to the
Council by the Head oI the school.
The Head oI the school will be responsible Ior the
entry oI marks on the mark sheets provided by the
Council.

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