FSK

Overview FSK MFSK MSK GMSK
COMS4100/7105:
Digital Communications
Lecture 10: FSK, MSK, Error
Probability, Spectral Eciency
Mandar Gujrathi
Bldg 78, Room 312
August 31, 2011
This lecture
Frequency Shift Keying
Minimum Shift Keying
Gaussian MSK
Probability of Error
Spectral Eciency
Frequency of the carrier is shifted according to the binary symbol.
Two frequencies for two binary symbols (one high and other low)
Two carriers are orthogonal to each other
In one bit period of input signal, the carriers have integer number of cycles.
Modulated signal has continuous phase.
Two types: Orthogonal FSK and Non-orthogonal FSK.
Transmitter
On-off Level
Encoder
Inverter
) cos( 2 t w P
H
) cos( 2 t w P
L
) ( t s
H(t)
L(t)
Binary data
sequence +
+
) ( t v
BFSK signal
If s(t) = 1, H(t) = 1, L(t) = 0, v
H
(t) =
2P cos(
0
+ )t
=
2P cos(
H
)t
If s(t) = 0, H(t) = 0, L(t) = 1, v
L
(t) =
2P cos(
0
)t
=
2P cos(
L
)t
Transmitter
We can construct a table as
Binary d(t) H(t) L(t)
1 +1 1 0
0 -1 0 1
We can write v
H
(t) and v
L
(t) as
v(t) =
2P cos(
o
+ d(t))t
v
H
(t) =
2P cos(
o
+ )t Binary 1
v
L
(t) =
2P cos(
o
)t Binary 0
The higher frequency
H
=
0
+ and the lower frequency
L
=
0

The BFSK signal is v(t) =
2PH(t) cos(
H
t) +
2PL(t) cos(
L
t)
Orthogonal and Non-orthogonal FSK
If
2P cos(
H
t) and
2P cos(
L
t) are orthogonal over the interval (0, T
b
), it is
OBFSK. Here f
L
= nf
b
and f
H
= mf
b
and m > n.
_
T
b
0
2P cos(
H
t)
2P cos(
L
t)dt = 0
OBFSK is preferred to maintain phase continuity.
If f
L
and f
H
are not integral multiples of f
b
, this is non orthogonal BFSK.
_
T
b
0
2P cos(
H
t)
2P cos(
L
t)dt = 0
Example
Draw the orthogonal and non-orthogonal BFSK waveforms for the sequence {1,
0, 1, 1 }. State your assumptions for high and low frequency.
BFSK: PSD
Therefore the BFSK signal is v(t) =
2PH(t) cos(
H
t) +
2PL(t) cos(
L
t)
We have the carrier signals as
2P cos(
H
t) and
2P cos(
L
t). Their PSDs
will be
G
x(h)
(f ) =
P
2
_
(f f
H
) +(f + f
H
)
_
G
x(l )
(f ) =
P
2
_
(f f
L
) +(f + f
L
)
_
H(t) and L(t) are unipolar signals.
PSD of Unipolar signal is
G
s
(f ) =
V
2
T
b
4
sinc
2
(fT
b
) +
V
2
4
(f )
G
H
(f ) or G
L
(f ) =
T
b
4
sinc
2
(fT
b
) +
1
4
(f )
PSD: BFSK
Hence, PSD of the BFSK signal will be
G
v
(f ) = G
H
(f ) G
x(h)
(f ) + G
L
(f ) G
x(l )
(f )
=
P
8
_
(f f
H
) +(f + f
H
)
_
+
PT
b
8
_
sinc
2
[(f f
H
)T
b
] + sinc
2
[(f + f
H
)T
b
]
_
+
P
8
_
(f f
L
) +(f + f
L
)
_
+
PT
b
8
_
sinc
2
[(f f
L
)T
b
] + sinc
2
[(f + f
L
)T
b
]
_
Power Spectral Density
0
0
Frequency
S
p
e
c
t
r
u
m

o
f

B
F
S
K
PT
b
/8
P/8 P/8
f
L
f
h
f
h
+f
b
f
L
f
b
The total Bandwidth will be
B = f
h
+ f
b
f
l
+ f
b
= f
h
f
l
+ 2f
b
= 4f
b
if f
h
f
l
= 2f
b
Provided there is no spectral gap between the lobes.
Geometrical Representation of BFSK
The BFSK signal is v(t) =
2PH(t) cos(
H
t) +
2PL(t) cos(
L
t) can be
written as
v(t) =
2PH(t) cos(
H
t) +
2PL(t) cos(
L
t)
=
_
PT
b
H(t)
1
(t) +
_
PT
b
L(t)
2
(t) such that
1
(t) =
_
2
T
b
cos(2mf
b
t) =
_
2
T
b
cos(
H
t)
2
(t) =
_
2
T
b
cos(2nf
b
t) =
_
2
T
b
cos(
L
t)
Geometrically, these signals can be represented as:
Geometrical Representation of BFSK
Geometrically we can represent BFSK signal as
.
.
b
E
b
E
) (
1
t
) (
2
t
The distance between two points d =
2E
b
Coherent Receiver: BFSK
) cos( t w
H
) cos( t w
L
Binary data
sequence
+
-
) ( t v
BFSK signal
Integrator
Integrator
Decision
Device
) (
1
t v
) (
2
t v
) ( t y
Two correlators for two frequencies of the FSK signal.
Integration is performed over one bit interval.
If v
2
(t) > v
1
(t), y(t) < 0 detector decides in favour of 0.
Non-Coherent Receiver: BFSK
Binary data
sequence
) ( t v
BFSK signal
Envelope Det.
Envelope Det.
BPF
BPF
H
f
L
f
Comparator
Two bandpass lters, one with center freq f
H
other f
L
.
f
H
f
L
= 2f
b
, output do not overlap
Output of the detector is then compared by the comparator.
Advantages and Disadvantages BFSK
In comparison to BPSK, BFSK has wider Bandwidth
Distance between the signal points in BFSK less
More error
Note that the BFSK signal was given as
v(t) =
2P cos((
0
+ d(t))t)
=
2P cos(
0
t) cos(d(t)t)
2P sin(
0
t) sin(d(t)t)
Now cos(d(t)t) = cos(t) and sin(d(t)t) = cos(t)
Hence the rst term carries no information. Thus only half of the transmitted
energy carries the information signal.
Transmitter: MFSK
N-bit digital
to Analog
Converter
Frequency
modulator
Serial to
Parallel
Converter
Input bit
sequence
Clock every Ts
) (t v
m
) ( t v
M-ary FSK signal
0
b
1
b
1 N
b
Transmitted frequencies are f
0
, f
1
, . . . , f
M1
depending on input symbol.
PSD of MFSK
The PSD of the BFSK signal was
G
v
(f ) = G
H
(f ) G
x(h)
(f ) + G
L
(f ) G
x(l )
(f )
=
P
8
_
(f f
H
) +(f + f
H
)
_
+
PT
b
8
_
sinc
2
[(f f
H
)T
b
] + sinc
2
[(f + f
H
)T
b
]
_
+
P
8
_
(f f
L
) +(f + f
L
)
_
+
PT
b
8
_
sinc
2
[(f f
L
)T
b
] + sinc
2
[(f + f
L
)T
b
]
_
Since we now have M such symbols, PSD can be generalised to
G
v(MFSK)
(f ) =
P
8
_
(f f
1
) +(f + f
1
) + +(f f
M
) +(f + f
M
)
_
+. . .
PNT
b
8
_
sinc
2
[(f f
1
)NT
b
] + sinc
2
[(f + f
1
)NT
b
+. . .
. . . sinc
2
[(f f
M
)NT
b
] + sinc
2
[(f + f
M
)NT
b
_
0
0
P
S
D

o
f

M
F
S
K
NPT
b
/8
P/8
f
1
+f
b
/N f
1
f
1
f
b
/N
f
1
f
M
B = 2
f
b
N
M
= 2
f
b
N
2
N
=
2
N+1
f
b
N
Non Coherent Receiver: MFSK
Binary data
sequence
M-ary FSK signal
Envelope Det.
Envelope Det.
BPF
BPF
0
f
1 M
f
Envelope Det.
Envelope Det.
BPF
BPF
Comparator
N-bit Analog
to Digital
Converter
Parallel to
Serial
Converter
0
b
1
b
1 N
b
M BPFs with center frequencies f
0
, f
1
, . . . , f
M1
.
Envelope detector outputs are applied to decision device.
Decision device produces output corresponding to largest input.
Geometrical Representation of MFSK
Geometrically we can represent MFSK signal as
.
.
s
E
s
E
) (
1
t
) (
2
t
s
E
.
) (t
n
2NE
b
QPSK: phase changes by 90
(oset) or 180
(non-oset)
Also creates variations in the waveform.
Spectral component at high frequencies. Filtering ?
Bandwidth requirement is more. Filters can have other side eects.
MSK: Output waveform is continuous in phase.
Hence no abrupt changes in amplitude.
Side lobes are small, ltering not required.
MSK transmitter
90 phase shift
90 phase shift
) (
0
t s
) ( t s
e
t cos
t sin
t w P
0
sin 2
) cos( 2
0
t w P
MSK signal
) ( t v
Duration of each bit (even/odd) is 2T
b
For binary 0, s(t) = 1
For binary 1, s(t) = 1
The waveforms of s
e
(t) and s
o
(t) have an oset of T
b
.
The MSK signal is represented as
v(t) =
2Ps
e
(t) sin
_
2t
4T
b
_
cos(
0
t) +
2Ps
o
(t) cos
_
2t
4T
b
_
sin(
0
t)
=
2Ps
e
(t) sin
_
t
_
cos(
0
t) +
2Ps
o
(t) cos
_
t
_
sin(
0
t)
=
2Ps
e
(t)
1
2
_
sin(
0
+ )t sin(
0
)t
_
+. . .
. . .
2Ps
0
(t)
1
2
_
sin(
0
+ )t sin(
0
)t
_
=
2P sin(
0
+ )t
_
s
0
(t) + s
e
(t)
2
_
+
2P sin(
0
)t
_
s
0
(t) s
e
(t)
2
_
If
0
+ =
H
and
0
=
L
v(t) =
2P sin(
H
t)C
H
(t) +
2P sin(
L
t)C
L
(t) MSK signal
MSK signal
v(t) =
2P sin(
H
t)C
H
(t) +
2P sin(
L
t)C
L
(t) MSK signal
C
H
(t) =
s
o
(t) + s
e
(t)
2
, C
L
(t) =
s
o
(t) s
e
(t)
2
If s
o
(t) = s
e
(t), C
L
(t) = 0, C
H
(t) = 1
v(t) =
2P sin(
H
t)C
H
(t) Trans. freq is
H
If s
o
(t) = s
e
(t), C
H
(t) = 0, C
L
(t) = 1
v(t) =
2P sin(
L
t)C
L
(t) Trans. freq is
L
Frequencies f
H
and f
L
are chosen such that
_
T
b
0
sin(
H
t) sin(
L
t) = 0
Transmitter
Given the MSK signal,
v(t) =
2P sin(
0
+ )t
_
s
0
(t) + s
e
(t)
2
_
+
2P sin(
0
)t
_
s
0
(t) s
e
(t)
2
_
s
e
(t) s
o
(t) v(t)/
2P
-1 -1 - sin
_
2[f
0
+
f
b
4
]t
_
-1 1 sin
_
2[f
0

f
b
4
]t
_
1 -1 sin
_
2[f
0

f
b
4
]t
_
1 1 sin
_
2[f
0
+
f
b
4
]t
_
MSK signal
Frequencies will be orthogonal when
_
T
b
0
sin(
H
t) sin(
L
t) = 0
_
T
b
0
cos(
H
+
L
)tdt +
_
T
b
0
cos(
H

L
)tdt = 0
sin(
H
+
L
)T
b
H
+
L
+
sin(
H

L
)T
b
H

L
= 0
This is possible when
2(f
H
f
L
)T
b
= n
2(f
H
+ f
L
)T
b
= m
2
_
f
0
+
f
b
4
f
0
+
f
b
4
_
T
b
= n
f
b
T
b
= n means n = 1
Therefore f
H
f
L
=
f
b
2
MSK signal
Similarly,
2(f
H
+ f
L
)T
b
= m
(f
H
+ f
L
) =
m
2
f
b
2
_
f
0
+
f
b
4
+ f
0

f
b
4
_
T
b
= m
4f
0
T
b
= m means f
0
=
m
4
f
b
.
What is minimum in MSK
Dierence between f
H
and f
L
is minimum and they are orthogonal.
f
0
=
m
4
f
b
carrier frequency is an integral multiple of
f
b
4
.
Since we have assumed
f
H
= f
0
+
f
b
4
=
m
4
f
b
+
f
b
4
= (m + 1)
f
b
4
Similarly f
L
= (m 1)
f
b
4
MSK can be called as FSK with reduced bandwidth and continuous phase.
f
0
=
m
4
f
b
, m = 5, f
0
= 1.25f
b
.
In one bit period, the carrier frequency completes 1.25 cycles.
f
H
= (m + 1)
f
b
4
, m = 5, f
H
= 1.5f
b
f
L
= (m 1)
f
b
4
, m = 5, f
L
= 1f
b
Or, f
0
=
f
H
+f
L
2
Also, f
H
f
L
= 0.5f
b
. For FSK, f
H
f
L
= 2f
b
In comparison to FSK, the frequency spacing in MSK is less. MSK also called as
Fast FSK.
Since the spacing between 2 frequencies is minimum, it is called as Minimum
Shift Keying.
MSK a shaped QPSK
QPSK, the signals s
o
(t) and s
e
(t) directly multiply the carrier, abrupt change in
phase and hence amplitude.
In MSK, the waveforms s
e
(t) cos
_
2t
4T
b
_
and s
e
(t) cos
_
2t
4T
b
_
do not have
abrupt changes in their amplitudes. These are then multiplied to the carriers.
The waveforms do not have abrupt changes in their amplitudes.
The phase changes occur at zero crossings.
Smooth changes in the side lobes of MSK waveforms are smaller compared to
QPSK.
Eect of interchannel interference is less in MSK.
Hence MSK is called as shaped QPSK.
Class Example
Draw the MSK waveforms for the sequence {1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1}
Geometric Representation
We had the MSK signal
v(t) =
2P sin(
H
t)C
H
(t) +
2P sin(
L
t)C
L
(t)
=
_
PT
s
_
2
T
s
sin(
H
t)C
H
(t) +
_
PT
s
_
2
T
s
sin(
L
t)C
L
(t)
=
_
PT
s
H
(t)C
H
(t) +
_
PT
s
L
(t)C
L
(t)
Hence the MSK Signal points can be represented as
Geometrical Representation of MSK
Geometrically we can represent MSK signal as
.
.
.
.
s
E
s
E
s
E
s
E
1
0
L
H
C
C
1
0
H
L
C
C
1
0

H
L
C
C
1
0

L
H
C
C
) (t
H
) (t
L
2E
s
v(t) =
2Ps
e
(t) sin
_
2t
4T
b
_
cos(
0
t) +
2Ps
o
(t) cos
_
2t
4T
b
_
sin(
0
t)
The rst and the second term contain the same power. The calculation of PSD
is rather complicated. Therefore we just state it
G
v
(f ) =
8E
b
_
_cos
_
2(f f
0
)
f
b
_
1
_
4(f f
0
)
f
b
_
_
2
+
_cos
_
2(f +f
0
)
f
b
_
1
_
4(f +f
0
)
f
b
_
_
2
_
0
0
Frequency
P
S
D

o
f

M
S
K
f
0
f
0
f
0
3f
b
/4
f
0
+3f
b
/4
f
0
3f
b
/4
0.8E
b
B = 3
f
b
2
Advantages : MSK and QPSK
MSK signal has continuous phase in all cases, QPSK has phase shifts of or

2
MSK signal does not have amplitude variations
MSK main lobe is wider than QPSK.
99% of MSK power is in main lobe. QPSK 90%
Side lobes of MSK are smaller as compared to QPSK. Hence interchannel
interference is signicantly large in QPSK
To avoid ICI QPSK requires ltering, can change amplitude and phase of QPSK
waveform. Not required for MSK.
Distance between signal points is the same in QPSK and MSK. Probability of
error also same.
Disadvantages : MSK and QPSK
Bandwidth requirement of MSK is 1.5f
b
. For QPSK, Bandwidth requirement is
f
b
However, 99% of the signal power can be transmitted within the bandwidth of
1.2f
b
for MSK.
QPSK requires around 8f
b
to transmit the same power
Generation and detection of MSK is slightly complex.
Phase jitter may be present in MSK because of incorrect synchronisation. Can
degrade performance
MSK receiver
Integrator
Integrator
Carrier regenerative
circuit
x(t)
y(t)
MSK signal
) ( t v
) ( t b
o
) (t b
e
Bit sequence
Raised to
2
nd
power
Band pass
filter
Frequency
Divider (/2)
Phase
shift 90
Phase
shift 90
Band pass
filter
Frequency
Divider (/2)
x(t)
y(t)
t 2 cos
t w
0
2 cos
t cos
t sin
t w
0
cos
t w
0
sin
Gaussian MSK
Main lobe of MSK is wide.
Unsuitable for applications where extremely narrow bandwidths and sharp
cut-os required.
Slow decay of MSK PSD can create adjacent ICI.
MSK not suitable for multi-user communications.
Can be overcome using Gaussian MSK.
Gaussian MSK
NRZ bit sequence rst passed through low pass lter.
H(f ) = exp
_
f
2
ln 2
2W
2
_
W is the 3-dB bandwidth of the baseband signal.
When input signal is passed through LPF, spectrum is made narrow and sharp
roll-o characteristics.
This signal is then given to MSK can be used for multi-user communications.
Gaussian LPF MSK transmitter
Bit
Sequence, b(t)
MSK
signal, s(t)
Homework
Compare and contrast between the various digital modulation/ demodulation
techniques we have seen.

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Overview FSK MFSK MSK GMSK

The distance between two points d =

The distance between two points d =

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