NewSAT 1

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SECTION 1 Time 25 Minutes 1 Question You have 25 minutes to write an essay on the topic below. Your essay will be judged on how well it is written as well as how adequately you have covered the topic. DO NOT WRITE ON ANOTHER TOPIC. AN ESSAY ON ANOTHER TOPIC WILL RECEIVE NO CREDIT. Your essay must be written on your answer sheet on the lines provided. The lined pages will be sufficient if you use all the space provided.
Directions: Consider carefully the following statement and the assignment below it. Then plan and write an essay that explains your ideas as persuasively as possible. Keep in mind that the support you provideboth reasons and exampleswill help make your view convincing to the reader. The harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly; it is dearness only that gives everything its value. Thomas Paine Assignment: What is your view of the idea that people tend to value most that which they worked hardest to obtain? In an essay, support your position by discussing an example (or examples) from history, literature, the arts, science and technology, current events, or your own experience or observation.
YOU MAY MAKE NOTES ON THIS PAGE AND ON THE PRECEDING PAGE, BUT YOU WILL BE EVALUATED ONLY ON WHAT YOU HAVE WRITTEN ON THE ANSWER SHEET.
For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org
SECTION 2 Time 25 Minutes 24 Questions Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices provided, and fill in the corresponding oval on your answer sheet. Each sentence below has one or two blanks. Each blank indicates that something has been omitted from the sentence. Choose the word or set of words that best completes the meaning of the sentence as a whole. Example: Trends are difficult to spot until they are well established because they usually begin as minor, seemingly ------- events. (A) momentous (B) popular (C) insignificant (D) current (E) recent 4. Aspiring actors sometimes forget that fame is not guaranteed but rather -------; and even if achieved, not ------- but rather ephemeral. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 5. intransigent . . transient elusive . . immutable hopeful . . permanent mercurial . . impersonal inevitable . . futile
In todays cynical media age in which a public figures every expression and minutest gesture is scrutinized, successful politicians become skilled at -------: masking their true feelings and beliefs to suit the views of their audiences. (A) relegating (B) coercing (C) vilifying (D) dissembling (E) perpetrating
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Skilled animal trainers condition their animals to associate a specific ------- with a given behavior, so that each stimulus will ------- an expected response. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) discipline . . vanquish pattern . . subvert habitat . . elicit temperament . . yield cue . . trigger
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The candidates final ------- owed as much to her positive appeal with voters as to the negative views they held of her rival. (A) appearance (B) controversy (C) victory (D) season (E) platform
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Every new scientific theory that challenges the reigning orthodoxy is viewed as ------- until it is supported by incontrovertible evidence and eventually adopted as truth. (A) dichotomous (B) heretical (C) critical (D) relative (E) inconsequential
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Questions 6-7 are based on the following passage.
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Why do we know so little about the life of Napoleon was asked whether he preferred William Shakespeare when we know courageous generals or brilliant generals. Neither, comparatively so much about the lives of his less he replied; he preferred lucky generals. A society accomplished peers? Our lack of knowledge about Line that cannot accept the concept of luck is one that Shakespeare has inspired countless conspiracy (5) seeks to attach blame to every undesired outcome. theories. The actual writing of Shakespeare's Unless we can accept bad luck we are destined to works has been attributed to others from be governed by a risk-blame-litigationcontemporary playwrights Christopher Marlowe compensation culture that suffocates initiative. and Ben Jonson, to the brilliant Renaissance For some, this culture can be rewarding. scientist and philosopher Francis Bacon. Tripping over an uneven paving stone, plus a note (10) Though Shakespeare died at just 52, he was an from a compliant doctor, plus the assistance of an immensely successful dramatist as well as a enterprising lawyer, can yield untold riches prosperous property owner. Circumspect, and only sometimes even without tripping. But for others, too aware of the government-inspired branding of this culture is threatening. All the traditional risks Jonson, its torture of Thomas Kyd, and its murder (15) encountered in our daily lives are now overhung of Marlowe, Shakespeare kept himself nearly by legal and financial risks. The whole world is anonymous. Wary to the end, Shakespeare led a now struggling to come to grips with this culture. life virtually without memorable incident, as far as we can tell. 8. As used in line 12, enterprising most nearly means 6. It can be inferred that the author cites the (A) opportunistic treatment of Jonson, Kyd, and Marlow (lines 15(B) well-known 16) in order to (C) successful (A) show that Shakespeare had a compelling (D) expensive reason to keep a low profile (E) financial (B) demonstrate that these authors could not have written Shakespeares works 9. In context, the word others (line 13) refers to (C) illustrate similar ludicrous conspiracy theories (A) individuals who worry about bad luck about Shakespeares contemporaries (B) doctors, lawyers, and other profiteers (D) prove that in fact we know quite a bit about (C) individuals who deny the existence of luck Shakespeares life and times (D) those who seek to profit from their bad luck (E) suggest that Shakespeare, too, may have been (E) those blamed for the consequences of bad luck mistreated by the English government 7. The authors primary purpose is to (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) challenge an assumption refute a misconception propose an alternative explanation reveal a historical fallacy provide new evidence in support of a theory
Each passage below is followed by questions about its content. Answer the questions based on what is stated or implied in each passage and in any introductory material. Questions 10-17 are based on the following passage. The following passage is an excerpt from a collection of essays on ecology written by a professor of zoology. Every species has its niche, its place in the grand scheme of things. Consider a wolf-spider as it hunts through the litter of leaves on the woodland floor. It must be a splendid hunter; that goes without saying for otherwise its line would have long since died out. But it must be proficient at other pursuits, too. Even as it hunts, it must keep some of it eight eyes on the lookout for the things that hunt it; and when it sees an enemy it must do the right thing to save itself. It must know what to do when it rains. It must have a lifestyle that enables it to survive in the winter. It must rest safely when the time is not apt for hunting. And there comes a season of the year when spiders, as it were, feel the sap rising in their eight legs. The male must respond by going to look for a female spider, and when he finds her, he must convince her that he is not merely something to eatyet. And she, in the fullness of time, must carry an egg-sack as she goes about her hunting, and later must let the babies ride on her back. They, in turn, must learn the various forms of fending for themselves as they go through the different months of the spiders life until they, too, are swift-running, pouncing hunters of the woodland floor. Wolf spidering is a complex job, not something to be undertaken by an amateur. We might say that there is a profession of wolf-spidering. It is necessary to be good at all its manifold tasks to survive at it. What is more, the profession is possible only in very restricted circumstances. A woodland floor is necessary, for instance, and the right climate with a winter roughly like that your ancestors were used to; and enough of the right sorts of things to hunt; and the right shelter when you need it; and the numbers of natural enemies
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must be kept within reasonable bounds. For success, individual spiders must be superlatively good at their jobs and the right circumstance must prevail. Unless both the skills of spidering and the opportunity are present, there will not be any wolfspiders; the niche of wolf-spidering will not be filled. Niche is a word ecologists have borrowed from church architecture. In a church niche means a recess in the wall in which a figurine is placed; it is an address, a location, a physical place. But the ecologists niche is more than just a physical space: it is a place in the grand scheme of things. The niche is an animals (or a plants) profession. The niche of the wolf-spider is everything it does to get its food and raise its babies. To be able to do these things it must relate properly to the place where it lives and to the other inhabitants of that place. Everything the species does to survive is its niche. The physical living place in an ecologists jargon is called the habitat. The habitat is the address or location in which individuals of the species live. The woodland floor hunted by the wolf-spiders is the habitat, but wolf-spidering is the niche. 10. Based on the passage as a whole, the authors primary purpose is to (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) develop a metaphor offer an explanation propose a theory raise a question illustrate a paradox
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11. The word place (line 1) most nearly means (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) purpose location status role setting
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(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) circumstances pursuits offspring predators prey
12. In line 8, the author mentions that a wolf spider needs to keep some of its eight eyes on the lookout for its
16. If the author used the word niche in the same way as its architectural meaning (lines 45-49), a wolf-spiders niche would refer to its (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) environment lifestyle opportunity specialty design
13. The complex job of the wolf spider referred to in the second paragraph (line 27) is (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) finding its proper niche finding the right circumstances everything it must do to survive and reproduce maintaining its place in the food chain contributing to its environment
17. Which of the following is probably the most serious limitation to the authors likening an animals niche to a human profession? (A) An animals niche is a much more complex job than any human profession. (B) The word niche can be used in varying contexts with different meanings. (C) Different animals have widely different niches. (D) Unlike a human being, an animal can neither choose nor change its profession. (E) An animal must contend with evading predators as well as with finding prey.
14. If wolf spiders were not superlatively good at their jobs or if the right circumstances did not prevail as discussed in the second paragraph, which of the following would be the most likely eventual consequence? (A) (B) (C) (D) The wolf-spiders habitat would change. The wolf-spiders line would end. The wolf-spiders niche would change. The wolf spider would acquire new natural enemies. (E) The wolf-spider would have competitors for its niche. 15. The primary function of the second paragraph (lines 27-44) is to (A) elaborate on the aspects that constitute a species job (B) propose an alternative view of a species job at odds with the framework outlined in the first paragraph (C) point out that a species merely being good at its job is not enough to guarantee the survival of that species (D) concede that the survival of any species requires the continuous improvement of its job skills (E) demonstrate that the profession of any species is highly limited
Questions 18-24 are based on the following passage. In this excerpt from With a Daughters Eye, author (45) and anthropologist Mary Catherine Bateson recounts some childhood memories with her parents Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson, themselves world-famous anthropologists.
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In Holderness, New Hampshire, where we spent (50) many summers, a long field runs down toward the lake. At the bottom, near the strip of woods that shields the shore, lies a broad patch of springy moss. My mother picked this place to wander alone with me, especially in the early morning. Sometimes we (55) found spider webs between protruding grass stems stretched flat above the moss, with dewdrops still shining on them. She showed me these as fairy tablecloths, with crystal goblets and silver plates still spread out, for the feckless fairies went off to sleep (60) at dawn without cleaning up. Searching along the ground we found their serving bowls, the bases of acorns. She showed me red-tipped lichens as small as pinheadsfairy roses. Once upon a time, my 18. Based on the first paragraph (lines 1-26), it can be mother would narrate, a king and a queen lived in the inferred that the mothers primary concern in kingdom between the grass stems. The labors and telling stories was to loves of this king and queen grew out of each other (A) protect her daughter from the harsh realities of with the same elegance connecting the parts and the real world growth cycles of a flowering plant. The flower is (B) create a fantasy world that she and her pollinated, seed is formed, scattered, and germinated. daughter could share together Look! Fairies use the silk in the milkweed pods to stuff (C) entertain her daughter, whom she felt was too their mattresses. Blow on the dandelion down to make young to comprehend scientific principles a wish. Pause in the middle of fantasy to see the (D) provide some relief from the rigorous lectures natural world as fragile and precious, both caressed and the daughter received from her father threatened by human dreaming. (E) present the natural world in an engaging way My father showed me intricacies between the grass that her daughter could understand stems of another sort, a moth or beetle living out quite different dramas. When I look at the field with his 19. Based on the second paragraph as a whole, the eyes, I see myriad complex symmetries and intricacies . . . of a different sort (lines 26-27) relationships, in which the position of the spider-web that the father introduced his daughter to refers to above the moss hints at the pathways of foraging insects. Worlds can be found by a child and an adult (A) the fathers fantasy world bending down together and looking under the grass (B) the realities of life in nature stems or at the skittering crabs in a tidal pool. They (C) the various activities they shared can be spun from the stuff of fantasy and tradition. (D) another patch of land apart from the springy And worlds can be created in miniature from all sorts moss of materials, such as the aquariums I constructed with (E) insects and animals other than spiders my father. An aquarium is bounded, like a city, but the discipline that goes into building it is different, for it is
alive. In the fantasy world, the discipline is primarily aesthetic: Here is the forest and here the open valley and here the dragon lurks. In an aquarium, the needs and relationships of living creatures must be balanced. Newly spawned swordtails swim among the water plants, seeking shelter lest they be devoured. The snails moving sedately on the glass control the algae; on the sandy bottom catfish prowl continually, scavenging the pollution of living that never occurs in fairy tales. We live in a world in which no microcosmno tide pool, no forest, no family, no nationis completely separate. My parents were scientists and teachers who thought of worlds, and drew me into them. There were worlds to be built and worlds to be imagined; worlds to be held in two hands and cherished, and worlds of abstract argument. The meadow mornings of fantasy with my mother, the hours assembling aquariums with my father: each parent found uniquely personal ways to give me a sense of the integrity of the biosphere.
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(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) is built with many materials requires long-range planning is not a self-contained ecosystem contains tangible structures is a genuine world
20. The authors observation that an aquarium is bounded (lines 37-39) implies that a city, unlike an aquarium,
24. As used in line 62, integrity means (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) honesty variety unity immensity reality
21. As used in lines 39-44, the meaning of the word discipline is (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) creativity punishment organized behavior complex structure fundamental requirement
22. In the last sentence of the second paragraph (lines 47-51), the author states that pollution does not occur in fairy tales because fairy tales (A) oversimplify the complexities of actual life (B) rarely depict harsh realities of any sort (C) take place in the past, when pollution was not a problem (D) bear little resemblance to the concerns of living persons (E) are products of someones imagination 23. The authors discussion in the final paragraph (lines 51-62) indicates that regarding the time they spent with their daughter, both parents (A) had little contact with each other (B) had similar goals, despite different approaches (C) could not have had more different personalities (D) had different expectations for their daughter (E) preferred to spend time with her independently
SECTION 3 Time 25 Minutes 20 Questions Directions: You may use any available space in your booklet for scratch work, but only your answer sheet will be graded. When you have determined the answer to a question, fill in the corresponding oval on your answer sheet. Notes: 1. You may use a calculator. All numbers used are real numbers. All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise indicated. Figures that accompany problems are intended to provide useful information useful in solving the problems. They are drawn as accurately as possible EXCEPT when a specific problem states that the figure is not drawn to scale.
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Reference Information
A = r2 C = 2r
A = lw
A = bh
V = lwh
V = r 2h
c2 = a2 + b2
Special Right Triangles
The number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360. The measure in degrees of a straight angle is 180. The sum of the measures in degrees of the angles of a triangle is 180. 2x + y equal? 2
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If x = 4 and y = 20, what does (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 4 11 12 14 24
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5x x
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Note: Figure not drawn to scale. 3. In the figure above, of x ? (A) 30 (B) 60 (C) 150 (D) 180 (E) 300
l1 || l2 . What is the value
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If j is an integer and what does j equal? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 5 6 7 8 9
38 lies between 7 and 8, j
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15 30 24 4. x y w 6 z
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y A P B E C D x
In the figure above, w, x, y, and z represent missing numbers. The product of numbers in any row or column inside the square must equal the number in the corresponding position outside the square. What does w equal? (A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 8 (D) 48 (E) It cannot be determined from the information given.
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In the figure above, point P lies on a line (not shown) that has a positive slope. Which of the following labeled points could also lie on the line? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) A B C D E
8. The slope of the line given by y 2x = 6 is 5. The ratio of 0.8 to 1 is equal to which of the following ratios? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 1 to 8 8 to 1 4 to 5 5 to 4 8 to 100 (A) (B) 3 2
(C) 1 2 1 (D) 2 (E) 2
6. At a certain candy store, peanuts cost $1.50 per pound and cashews cost $2.00 per pound. If a 10-pound mixture of peanuts and cashews costs $18.00, how many pounds of the mixture are peanuts? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Two Four Five Six Eight
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If xy = 2 and x2y = 16, what is the value of y ? 1 4 1 (B) 2 (A) (C) 2 (D) 4 (E) 8
10. A certain class consists of b boys and g girls. If a student is picked at random from this class, the 4 probability that the student is a girl is . What is 7 b the value of ? g 3 7 3 (B) 4 4 (C) 3 7 (D) 3 3 (E) 7 (A)
13. Let k be the greatest of 3 consecutive positive integers whose sum is t. In terms of t, what is the sum of the next 3 consecutive integers immediately following k ? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) t+3 t+6 t+9 t + 12 t + 18
120 11. If f (x) = 8 x3, then f ( 2) = (A) 16 (B) 4 (C) 0 (D) 4 (E) 16
Note: Figure not drawn to scale. 14. If x = 40 in the figure above, what is the value of y ? (A) 100 (B) 80 (C) 60 (D) 40 (E) 20
12. The average (arithmetic mean) of 5 numbers is greater than 80 and less than 86. If three of the numbers are 94, 82, and 76, which of the following could NOT be the other two numbers? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 93 and 84 88 and 95 87 and 85 84 and 80 63 and 89
15. What are all values of x for which | x 8 | > 6 ? (A) x > 14 (B) 14 < x < 14 (C) 2 < x < 14 (D) x < 14 or x > 14 (E) x < 2 or x > 14
18. If
x0
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x2 (A) 1 16 (B) 1 2 (C) 2 16. In the figure above, 4 circles each of radius 1 are placed inside a square. If the total area covered by the circles is c and the area of the square is s, what c is the value of s ? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (D) 4 (E) 16
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4 3 2 Set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 19. Two numbers from set A are selected at random without replacement and their sum recorded. How many different sums are possible? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Thirty-six Thirty Fifteen Eleven Nine 2 4
17. If xy2z 3 < 0, then which of the following must be negative? (A) x (B) xy (C) yz (D) xz (E) xz2
20. The figure above shows a cube with edge 1.What is the distance from any vertex to the center of the cube? 1 2 (B) 2 2 (C) 3 2 (A) (D) (E) 2 3
SECTION 4 Time 25 Minutes 24 Questions Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices provided, and fill in the corresponding oval on your answer sheet. 4. Each sentence below has one or two blanks. Each blank indicates that something has been omitted from the sentence. Choose the word or set of words that best completes the meaning of the sentence as a whole. Example: Trends are difficult to spot until they are well established because they usually begin as minor, seemingly ------- events. (A) momentous (B) popular (C) insignificant (D) current (E) recent 5. The committees recommendation represented not simply ------- change for the sake of appearances, but rather a profound departure from the administrations previous policy. (A) an unexpected (B) a redundant (C) an inexpedient (D) a cosmetic (E) a political The virtues of meals by the best chefs are not -----but rather subtle, and require the discriminating palate of the connoisseur to ------- fully. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 6. gullible . . encompass consuming . . savor sagacious . . distinguish flagrant . . appease conspicuous . . appreciate
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A classic is ------- literary work that may fall out of favor with a generation of readers, and yet sooner or later will be rediscovered by another generation. (A) an enduring (B) an authoritarian (C) a derivative (D) an exclusively (E) a conservative
The heroic rescuer was remarkably ------- about his feat: as soon as the news crews arrived to interview him for saving so many lives, he quietly ------- the scene. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) eloquent . . persevered with meritorious . . exempted from unassuming . . retired from conscientious . . commenced with accommodating . . profited from
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The effect of the introduction of improved football helmets on the games safety was -------: because the new helmets encouraged a more dangerous style of play, the number and severity of head injuries increased. (A) exhilarating (B) presupposed (C) aggressive (D) counterintuitive (E) fortifying
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Benjamin Franklin was the ultimate -------: he was less concerned with speculating than with testing his ideas experimentally. (A) idealist (B) catalyst (C) dogmatist (D) theoretician (E) empiricist
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Far from being ------- by a succession of setbacks in his life, native American Billy Mills was inspired by his adversity and went on to win an Olympic gold medal. (A) daunted (B) validated (C) discredited (D) prohibited (E) vindicated
After months of an unrelentingly ------- schedule on the campaign trail, the investigative journalist was left completely -------. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) dilatory . . listless soporific . . burgeoning frenetic . . enervated torpid . . moribund noisome . . obdurate
The two passages below are followed by questions based on their content and on the relationship between the two passages. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passages and in any introductory material that may be provided. Questions 9-12 are based on the following passage. Passage 1 While writers acknowledge that there is some difference between the humorous and the witty, there is much confusion among them concerning what Line precisely distinguishes one mode of expression from (5) the other. Both wit and humor involve bringing together ideas intended to arouse amusement. The element prominent in wit is the sudden and unexpected display of resemblance between two apparently dissimilar ideas. Mark Twain defined wit as the (10) sudden marriage of ideas which, before their union, were not perceived to have any relation. The chief characteristic of humor, on the other hand, is the sudden and unexpected recognition of two apparently similar ideas as incongruous. Passage 2
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10. The author of Passage 1 would probably agree that wit and humor are each characterized by which of the following? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) amusing situations creative distinctions a figure of speech a matter of opinion an element of surprise
11. The author of Passage 2 probably uses the phrase art history (line 20) in order to (A) emphasize his view that even cartoons merit critical analysis (B) demonstrate the breadth of his knowledge regarding art (C) offer a concession to visual artists who tend to look down on highbrow entertainment (D) qualify his basic argument that wit and humor are employed primarily by visual artists (E) refute the suggestion that cartoons are popular entertainment 12. The primary difference between Passage 1 and Passage 2 concerns each authors respective focus on a different (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) tone diction subject medium syntax
Wit and humor are common strategies employed by visual artists. Wit and humor remain outside the realm of serious critical inquiry, however, because of their uncomfortable proximity to seemingly lowbrow forms of popular entertainment like cartoons. One of my (20) favorite moments in art history occurs when Road Runner, to evade Wile E. Coyote, paints a deft illusion of a tunnel opening in the side of a mountain and then neatly escapes through it. Wile E. Coyote, of course, slams into the mountain because for him, the tunnel is (25) just paint; he doesnt get the joke. This scenario neatly illustrates the difference between wit and humor: Road Runners cerebral ingenuity is supremely witty, and Wile E. Coyotes painful corporeal blunder is profoundly humorous.
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The primary purpose of Passage 1 is to (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) prove a point draw a distinction illustrate a paradox discuss an example offer a definition
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The following excerpt is from a book of literary criticism written by John Gardner, noted author and critic. (50)
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The language of art critics, and of artists of the kind who pay attention to critics, has become exceedingly odd: not talk about feelings or intellectual affirmationsnot talk about moving and (55) surprising twists of plot or wonderful characters and ideasbut sentences full of large words like hermeneutic, heuristic, structuralism, formalism, or opaque language, and full of fine distinctionsfor instance those between modernist and post(60) modernistthat would make even an intelligent cow suspicious. Though more difficult than ever before to read, criticism has become trivial. The trivial has its place, its entertainment value. I can think of no good reason that some people (65) should not specialize in the behavior of the left-side hairs of an elephants trunk. Even at its best, its most deadly serious, criticism, like art, is partly a game, as all good critics know. My objection is not to the game but to the fact that contemporary critics (70) have for the most part lost track of the point of their game, just as artists, by and large, have lost track of the point of theirs. Fiddling with the hairs on an elephants nose is indecent when the elephant happens to be standing on the baby. (75) At least in America, art is not thought capable, these days, of tromping on babies. Yet it does so all the time, and what is worse, it does so with a bland smile. Ive watched writers, composers, and painters knocking off their works with their left (80) hands. Nice people, most of them. Artists are generally pleasant people, childlike both in love and hate, intending no harm when they turn out bad paintings, compositions, or books. Indeed, their ambition guarantees that they will do the best they know how to do or think they ought to do. The error is less in their objects than in their objectives. Art is 13. Based on the passage as a whole, the authors tone play, or partly play, theyll tell you with an engaging can best described as which of the following? smile, serving up their non-nutritious fare with the (A) hopeful murderous indifference of a fat cook serving up (B) mocking hamburgers. What they say is true enough, as far as it (C) indifferent goes, and nothing is more tiresome than the man who (D) urgent keeps hollering, Hey, lets be serious! but that is (E) objective what we must holler.
In a world where nearly everything that passes for art is tinny and commercial and often, in addition, hollow and academic, I argueby reason and by banging the tablefor an old-fashioned view of what art is and does and what the fundamental business of critics therefore ought to be. Not that I want joy taken out of the arts; but even frothy entertainment is not harmed by a touch of moral responsibility, at least an evasion of too fashionable simplifications. My basic message is as old as the hills, drawn from Homer, Plato, Aristotle, Dante, and the rest, and standard in Western civilization down through the eighteenth century: one would think all critics and artists should be thoroughly familiar with it, and perhaps many are. But my experience is that in university lecture halls, or in kitchens at midnight, after parties, the traditional view of art strikes most people as strange news. The traditional view is that true art is moral: it seeks to improve life, not debase it. It seeks to hold off, at least for a while, the twilight of the gods and us. I do not deny that art, like criticism, may legitimately celebrate the trifling. It may joke, or mock, or while away the time. But trivial art has no meaning or value except in the shadows of more serious art, the kind of art that, if you will, makes the world safe for triviality. The art which tends toward destruction, the art of cynics and nihilists, is not properly art at all. Art is essentially serious and beneficiala game played against chaos and death, against entropy. It is a tragic game, for those who have the wit to take it seriously, because our side must lose: a comic game because only a clown with sawdust brains would take our side and eagerly join in. Like legitimate art, legitimate criticism is a tragiccomic holding action against entropy. Art builds temporary walls against lifes leveling force, against the ruin of what is splendidly unnatural in us: consciousness. Art rediscovers, generation by generation, what is necessary to humanness. Criticism restates and clarifies, reinforces the wall.
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(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) aesthetic excellent sophisticated subtle impressive
14. As used in line 9, the word fine most nearly means
18. Which of the following is implied in the authors discussion in the third paragraph (lines 26-44)? (A) Even bad art requires more than creative talent. (B) Too much of anything, even art, can have harmful consequences. (C) Artists are largely unaware of what is at stake in the corruption of art. (D) Art should be created for the sake of art alone. (E) Artists create their work with the best of intentions. 19. The author uses the phrase nearly everything that passes for art (lines 45-46) in order to (A) suggest that he would usually disagree with this label (B) emphasize that he is remaining open-minded about art (C) argue for objective standards of art (D) criticize those who argue for higher standards in art (E) highlight the amount of art being produced today 20. The author probably uses the phrase banging the table (line 48) in order to (A) ask for a turn to speak at last (B) stress the urgency of his message (C) show that he is not above old-fashioned theatrics (D) admit that his views on art are sometimes unreasonable (E) distract the attention of art critics 21. The phrase kitchens at midnight, after parties (line 60) refers to the (A) authors informal discussions about art (B) authors debates with university professors (C) authors conception of the ridiculous state of current art criticism (D) earlier metaphor of artists creating nonnutritious fare (E) typical gatherings after art openings
15. The main point of the first paragraph (lines 1-13) is that (A) artists should not concern themselves with the opinions of critics (B) academic jargon masks how inconsequential art criticism has become (C) art critics have lost touch with their public (D) art critics should use simpler, more understandable language (E) artists have become suspicious of art critics 16. The purpose of the first half of the second paragraph (lines 14-19) is to (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) offer a concession raise a question counter a proposal create a dichotomy offer an example
17. The author places the word works (line 30) in quotes in order to underscore his (A) distinction between art and art criticism (B) personal experience with persons in a wide range of arts (C) point that the creation of art is not easy (D) admiration for artists who treat their craft as a profession (E) contempt for much of contemporary art, music, and literature
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(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
22. In the final sentence of the fifth paragraph (lines 62-77), the author express the view that art is a game that anyone can play can never ultimately be won must be played according to set rules thrives on competition should not be taken so seriously
23. According to the final sentence in the passage, which of the following should be the primary function of art criticism? (A) To reinforce all styles of art, regardless of individual merit (B) To describe and explain art, but neither to celebrate nor to criticize particular works or artists (C) To remain as detached as possible from the increasingly commercial aspects of art. (D) To popularize art to a wider audience by explaining art in simple terms. (E) To illuminate the moral mission of art, and to remind artists when they stray too far from that mission 24. Based on the passage as a whole, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree? (A) Art criticism is nothing more than a game. (B) The fundamental goal of art is not mere entertainment. (C) Art should not joke or be playful. (D) Even cynical or destructive art serves a useful purpose. (E) Trivial art is meaningless, if not a contradiction in terms.
SECTION 5 Time 25 Minutes 35 Questions Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices provided, and fill in the corresponding oval on your answer sheet. In each of the following sentences, some part of the sentence or the entire sentence is underlined. Below each sentence you will find the original underlined portion, followed by four alternative ways of writing the underlined part. Choice A is always the same as the underlined part. Select choice A if you think that the original version is better than any of the suggested changes. Otherwise, select the choice that produces the most effective sentence while still retaining the original meaning. Pay attention to acceptable usage in grammar, sentence construction, and punctuation. These questions test correctness and effectiveness of expression, so follow the requirements of standard written English. An effective sentence will be clear and exact, without awkwardness, redundancy, or ambiguity. Example: Most people seem to prefer realistic art than abstract art. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) than abstract art than they do abstract art to abstract art instead of abstract art rather than art that is abstract
1.
Alison worked daily to improve her dance techniques, this rigorous practice finally paid off when she was accepted into a highly prestigious ballet company. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) this therefore and this of which that
3.
For many centuries, using water and coal for power is more efficient than using oil. (A) using water and coal for power is more efficient (B) using water and coal for power was more efficient (C) being able to use the power of water and coal is more efficient (D) there was more efficiency in using water and coal (E) to use water and coal was more efficient
2.
Marie Curie used her considerable scientific skills to isolate the radioactive element radium and she could research the atomic properties of matter. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) and she could research as well as researching and so to research and the research of and to research
4.
Henry Ford, envisioning a cheap and reliable car which would be called the Model T, and this new vehicle was designed with mass production in mind. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) and this new vehicle was designed the design of this new vehicle was this new vehicle having been designed his design of this new vehicle was designed this new vehicle
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5.
Native Americans are often treated as a single group, but they actually comprise many distinct tribes, each with its own language and culture. (A) each with its own language and culture. (B) each having their own rules and culture. (C) when they each have their own rules and culture. (D) which has its own language and culture. (E) they each have a language and culture of their own.
8.
Although small scale earthquakes occur regularly on the island, causing the land to shake for no more than a few seconds. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) causing the land to shake for no more and yet it shakes for no more they do not cause it to shake for more and they do not cause it to shake for more yet causing to shake for more
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The film critic blasted the remake of Breakfast at Tiffanys , arguing that the leading actress had been cast not so much for her acting ability but for her physically resembling Audrey Hepburn. (A) but for her physically resembling Audrey Hepburn (B) the reason being her physical resemblance of Audrey Hepburn (C) the reason was her physically resembling Audrey Hepburn (D) as well as for her physically resembling Audrey Hepburn (E) as for her physical resemblance to Audrey Hepburn
Possibly the most colorful linguistic dialect in the United States, the South is characterized by its lazy drawls and slurred syllables. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) the South is characterized by its the South has such characteristics as the South includes among its characteristics southern accents are characterized by their southern accents are including such characteristics as
10. The television series, once close to being cancelled, is now one of the most popular shows on the air. (A) The television series, once close to being cancelled, is (B) The television series was once close to being cancelled, it is (C) The television series that once having been close to cancellation, is (D) The television series, because it was so close to being cancelled, is (E) The television series was once close to being cancelled, and it is 11. Thomas Edison was one of this centurys most notable inventors, this includes the creation of the electric light bulb and the telegraph. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) inventors, this includes the creation of inventors, which includes the creation of inventors, whose creations include inventors; his creations include inventors; this creations includes
7.
Because she was young was why Kim, a college student applying for jobs, felt that she was being denied a position. (A) Because she was young was why Kim, a college student applying for jobs, felt that she was being denied a position (B) Kim, a college student applying for jobs, felt that she was being denied a position because she was young (C) Because she was young, Kim felt that this was why she was being denied a job as a college student (D) Kim, a young college student looking for a job, feeling that she was being denied a position (E) A college student, Kim, felt that because she was a college student applying for jobs, she was being denied a position
The following sentences contain errors in grammar, usage, idiom, and diction (choice of words). Some sentences are correct. No sentence contains more than one error. In choosing answers, follow the requirements of standard written English, the kind of English found in most college textbooks. You will find that the error, if there is one, is underlined and lettered. (Assume that elements of the sentence that are not underlined are correct and cannot be changed.) If there is an error, select the one underlined part that must be changed to make the sentence correct. If there is no error, select choice E. Example: No matter how hard an artist tries, no A individual is truly free from the influences B C of their predecessors. No error D E 12. Now that Siena won first place in several regional A tournaments, she appears somewhat excited about B C traveling to the capital to compete in the tennis D finals. No error E 13. The construction of the companys headquarters A required hiring additional personnel, increasing B C factory output, and added office space. No error D E 14. The remarkable leadership skills exercised by A General Grant in the Battle of Fort Donelson were B C attributable to his military experience. No error D E 15. On hockey teams, players are asked to determine A which of their peers seems most capable to be B C D captain. No error E 16. A recently established body of minority voters have met with officials from the federal A government to express its distress over recent B C instances of electoral discrimination. No error D E 17. Many of the citizens which voted in the election A B thought the campaigns central issue so trivial C that they were almost indifferent to the races D outcome. No error E 18. That Frank Wildhorn composes so prolifically for A B the Broadway stage and he knows so little about C reading music is surprising. No error D E
19. If one is interested in becoming truly A knowledgeable about archeology, B you should attend digs at actual excavation C sites as well as study textbooks. No error D E 20. A ranger at the state park explained to the A students that an extremely large percentage of their B wildlife relies on insects as a source of food. C D No error E 21. Some advanced math concepts are difficult for A B students to understand because they call for C D students to think three-dimensionally. No error E 22. Public speaking often causes a political candidates A stomach to turn, thereby preventing him or her B C to speak clearly. No error D E 23. There has always been some degree of tension A between my roommate and I because we each B prefer such different environments in which to C D study. No error E 24. Each of the journalistsboth expecting to win A a major literary prizehope to hear from the B C Pulitzer Prize committee soon. No error D E
25. In his last work on the American Civil War, A historian Shelby Foote argued that the Souths B economic resources were not as vast as the North. C D No error E 26. After Mary Lou Retton won a gold medal in the A 1988 Olympics, many young girls who wanted to B become a gymnast like her enrolled in gymnastics C D programs across the country. No error E 27. The Supreme Court Justice began to question his A stance on burning flags in public when he B C discussed them with veterans of the armed forces. D No error E 28. No matter how diligent some students work, they A B are susceptible to making careless spelling and C punctuation errors so they should have someone proofread their papers. No error D E 29. Dogs are such loyal creatures that it is not A uncommon for them to travel many miles home B after separating from their owners. No error C D E
Directions: The following passage is an early draft of an essay. Some parts of the passage need to be rewritten. Read the passage and select the best answers for the questions that follow. Some questions are about particular sentences or parts of sentences and ask you to improve sentence structure or word choice. Other questions ask you to consider organization and development. In choosing answers, follow the requirements of standard written English. Questions 30-35 are based on the following passage. (1) The phrase a cappella means without accompaniment in Italian. (2) In English a cappella usually refers to a style of singing without being accompanied by music of any kind. (3) Singing of this type can be performed individually or in a group. (4) In the United States, a cappella singing groups are becoming more and more common, being more popular on college campuses especially. (5) If you are in a college, there is probably a singing group there. (6) The a cappella singing style, having its origins in African and Slavic folk singing, requires participants to create their own harmonies, usually in four parts. (7) Usually, a cappella groups will write arrangements of classic jazz and folk songs, adding and simplifying the piece for four voice parts. (8) These groups usually perform from memory, sometimes doing dance moves while singing. (9) My own a cappella singing group is all-female and is called the Grace Notes. (10) We perform an arrangement of Love Me Tender, among other pieces, and also a very funny arrangement of In the Still of the Night. (11) We sing on our college campus and also sometimes for parties and social events. (12) I auditioned for my group and was happy to get in, since I enjoy singing. (13) Its a lot of fun, and I recommend it highly. (14) For me, a cappella singing means a group of friends who have a good time together and enjoy singing for other people. 30. What is the best way to combine sentences 2 and 3, reproduced below? In English a cappella usually refers to a style of singing without being accompanied by music of any kind. Singing of this type can be done individually or in a group. (A) In English a cappella usually refers to a style of singing without musical accompaniment, and can be performed individually or in a group. (B) Usually referring in English to a style of singing without a piano or any other accompaniment, singing of this type can also be performed individually or in a group. (C) Referring to a style of singing in English without a piano or any other accompaniment, singing of this type can usually be performed individually or in a group. (D) It usually refers to a style of singing without a piano or any other accompaniment, and it can also be performed individually or in a group. (E) Singing of this type in English usually refers to a style of singing without a piano or any other accompaniment and can be performed individually or in a group.
31. Which of the following is the best revision of sentence 4, reproduced below? In the United States, a cappella singing groups are becoming more and more common, being more popular on college campuses especially. (A) (as it is now) (B) Especially on college campuses, in the United States a cappella singing groups are becoming more and more common. (C) A cappella singing groups are becoming increasingly common in the United States, especially on college campuses. (D) On college campuses, especially in the United States, a cappella singing groups are becoming more and more common. (E) Especially in the United States, a cappella singing groups on college campuses are becoming more and more common. 32. How should the underlined portion of sentence 6 be revised? The a cappella singing style, having its origins in African and Slavic folk singing, requires participants to create their own harmonies, usually in four parts. (A) (as it is now) (B) which has its origins in African and Slavic folk singing (C) has its origins in African and Slavic folk singing (D) and having its origins in African and Slavic folk singing (E) the origins of which are in African and Slavic folk singing
33. In sentence 7, reproduced below, which is the best word replacement? Usually, a cappella groups will be writing arrangements of classic jazz and folk songs, adding and simplifying the piece for four voice parts. (A) replace Usually with Possibly (B) replace will be writing with will write (C) replace adding and simplifying with adding plus simplifying (D) replace jazz and folk songs with jazz songs and folk songs (E) replace the piece with pieces 34. Which of the following is the best revision of sentence 10, reproduced below? We perform an arrangement of Love Me Tender, among other pieces, and also a very funny arrangement of In the Still of the Night. (A) (as it is now) (B) We perform pieces, among others, of Love Me Tender, and a very funny arrangement of In the Still of the Night. (C) Among other pieces, we perform an arrangement of Love Me Tender and a very funny arrangement of In the Still of the Night. (D) We perform among other pieces, an arrangement of Love Me Tender, and In the Still of the Night. (E) In addition to an arrangement of Love Me Tender, among other pieces, we perform a very funny arrangement of In the Still of the Night. 35. Omitting which of the following sentences would best improve the unity of the final paragraph? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) sentence 10 sentence 11 sentence 12 sentence 13 sentence 14
SECTION 6 Time 25 Minutes 18 Questions Directions: This section contains two types of questions. You have 25 minutes to complete both types. For questions 1-8, solve each problem and decide which is the best of the choices given. Fill in the corresponding oval on your answer sheet. You may use any available space for scratch work. Notes: 1. You may use a calculator. All numbers used are real numbers. All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise indicated. Figures that accompany problems are intended to provide useful information useful in solving the problems. They are drawn as accurately as possible EXCEPT when a specific problem states that the figure is not drawn to scale. Unless otherwise specified, the domain of any function f is assumed to be the set of all real numbers x for which f(x) is a real number.
2.
3.
A = r2 C = 2r
A = lw
A = bh
V = lwh
V = r2 h
c2 = a 2 + b 2
The number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360. The measure in degrees of a straight angle is 180. The sum of the measures in degrees of the angles of a triangle is 180. 2. From the dessert menu at a certain restaurant, a diner can choose from 5 types of ice cream and 4 types of topping. How many combinations of an ice cream and a topping are there? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 9 10 16 20 25
1. If 2(x + 5) = 22, then x + 5 = (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 11 15 16 20 38
6
pq + rs + tu
6. The expression above represents an odd integer. At most, how many of the integers p, q, r, s, t, and u could be even? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) One Two Three Four Five
3.
In the figure above, 4 congruent equilateral triangles are combined to form equilateral triangle ABC. If the perimeter of triangle ABC is 24, what is the perimeter of one of the smaller triangles? (A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 12 (D) 18 (E) 24
y B
4.
If the origin is the midpoint of the line segment between the points (4, 2) and (x, y), then (x, y) = (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (8, 4) (2, 1) (2, 4) ( 4, 2) ( 4, 2)
7.
In the figure above, points A, B, and C have coordinates (0, 1), (0, 3), and (4, 6) respectively. What is the area of triangle ABC ? (A) 16 (B) 10 (C) 8 (D) 5 (E) 4
5.
Let x <> y be defined by x <> y = x + 2y for all values of x and y. If 6 <> n = 36, what is the value of n ? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 12 15 21 30 42
8.
Cylinder A has volume v. If Cylinder B has twice the radius of Cylinder A and twice the height, what is the volume of Cylinder B in terms of v ? (A) 2v (B) 4v (C) 6v (D) 8v (E) 16v
Directions: Each of the 10 questions requires you to solve the probelm and enter your answer by makring the ovals in the special grid, as shown in the examples below. Answer: 2.25 Answer: 9 / 4 or 9 4 Answer: .01 Either position is correct.
Note: You may start your naswers in any column, space permitting. Columns not needed should be left blank.
9.
What is the coordinate of the point on a number line that is exactly midway between the points with coordinates 15 and 18 ? x
80
60
Note: Figure not drawn to scale. 11. In the figure above, x + y =
10. What is the least three-digit positive integer that is a multiple of 3 ?
6
12. If 2x + 1 = 32, then 2 x =
6
m, 2m, . . .
15. The first term in the sequence above is m, and each term after the first is twice the preceeding term. If the difference of the first and fifth terms is 75, what is the value of m ?
13. The remainder when n is divided by 8 is 5. What is the remainder if 2n is divided by 8 ?
14. On a blueprint of a building,0.5 inches represents 5 feet. If the area of a square room in this building is 100 square feet, what is the rooms area, in square inches, as represented on the blueprint?
16. In the figure above, three squares of side 1 are removed from the larger square of side 5. What is the perimeter of the resulting polygon, indicated with a solid line?
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when x = 1, what is y when x = 2 ?
17. If y varies inversely as x2 and if y = 100
Note: figure not drawn to scale 18. The figure above shows the graph of y = p x2, where p is a constant. If the length of JK is 10, what is the value of p ?
SECTION 7 Time 20 Minutes 19 Questions Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices provided, and fill in the corresponding oval on your answer sheet. Each sentence below has one or two blanks. Each blank indicates that something has been omitted from the sentence. Choose the word or set of words that best completes the meaning of the sentence as a whole. Example: Trends are difficult to spot until they are well established because they usually begin as minor, seemingly ------- events. (A) momentous (B) popular (C) insignificant (D) current (E) recent 4. By dismissing his opponents views as -------, the speaker hoped that the audience would fail to notice that his own position was anything but -------. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 5. tenable . . debatable irrefutable . . preposterous spurious . . plausible partisan . . dubious moderate . . inscrutable
Sadly, most academic prose is perplexing if not downright -------, and certainly not a model of writing to be emulated by students. (A) archetypal (B) impenetrable (C) nondescript (D) creative (E) ostensible
1.
It was hard not to laugh at the kittens ------gestures intended to frighten us away from its food bowl. (A) menacing (B) cunning (C) vivacious (D) apathetic (E) domesticated
6.
Only the aging actors biggest fans were able to overlook that his heart was no longer in his ------- performances, and that he relied on ------- when nuanced portrayals were required. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) mercenary . . paradigms perfunctory . . histrionics laborious . . parodies callow . . machinations trenchant . . kudos
2.
After years of feeling that their legitimate concerns were merely ------- to mainstream interests, a growing faction of marginalized citizens have rejected ------- and become more vocal. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) arbitrary . . boycotts nefarious . . lobbying clamorous . . narcissism squandered . . reclamation peripheral . . passivity
3.
The effects of Brian Regans brilliant comedy routine are ------- as well as -------; they sneak up on an unsuspecting audience, slowly gathering an overwhelming comic force. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) cumulative . . insidious eccentric . . negligent vivid . . earnest prominent . . surreptitious austere . . acquisitive
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Passage 1
The two passages below are followed by questions based on their content and on the relationship between the two passages. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passages and in any introductory material that may be provided.
(45) personal experiences and preconceptions may affect his
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History claims to offer an authoritative account of the past based on a critical analysis and evaluation of the evidence. Historians assess the reliability of different sources, and also determine what the available evidence might mean, selecting particular pieces of evidence and fitting them together in different patterns in an effort to develop more general interpretations (though some historians believe that the evidence can be left to speak for itself). It is not easy, however, to study how historians actually interpret historical evidence. The writings of historians present the results of their interpretation, but only rarely do they discuss the process of that interpretation. Moreover, the interpretation process is at least partly intuitive and unconsciousthe meaning of some historical data will seem obvious to one historian, who will then have to work back and determine why so as to convince other historians. The process of developing insights and ideas must be distinguished from the ways in which these insights must be justified in presenting them to other historians. Historians make sense of evidence by relating it to what they already know. Indeed, new evidence sometimes forces us to modify what we knew earlier. The key point is that virtually any bit of evidence can have different meanings and can be accorded different significances by different historians, all depending on a variety of factors. First, historians of a given period share a great deal of knowledge and a great number of assumptions about the status of historical knowledge, and to a great degree embrace a common framework of understanding, especially about the relation between past and present. This fact explains why historical interpretations are frequently of their time, dated in retrospect. Moreover, historians specializations incline them to particular views: political historians, military historians, economic historiansto name but a few specialtiesall view the ancient world differently. Finally, the individual historians
or her interpretations by suggesting particular ways of reading the evidence, without giving any authority to such readings. Historians social and political beliefs especially affect their interpretations of the historical (50) recordhowever much they may vociferously deny any such influence. Inevitably, historical interpretation is highly subjective, hence the nervousness of many historians about the status of their interpretations, and their (55) diffidence about admitting the role and importance of imagination in their work. For the historians task is essentially one of imagination: thinking of ways in which evidence might be understood, making productive connections with other bits of evidence, and (60) offering suggestions as to how the gaps in the evidence might plausibly be filled. Passage 2 For the historian, the relationship of art to truth is exacting, though it may seem rather narrow. What more is there to be said, after all, but that the historian has to tell the truth? At least, that is ideally what he is supposed to do. Some would say that art does not come into it at all. But art does come into it. All sciences are devoted to the quest for truth, and truth can neither be apprehended nor communicated without art. History, therefore, is an art, like all the other sciences. Ironically, many great historians who repudiate the use of art as unfit for the science of history themselves show great artistic skill in the treatment of their material. Historians must marshal their facts and shape their arguments. They must interweave their arguments with their narratives, relate the small particular incident to their general argument, and analyze the myriad forces at work in the shaping of history. These are the skills of an artist. Historical material cannot be understood without an aesthetic sense. The accumulation of facts is useless unless they are related to each other and seen in proportion. Not all facts are born equal; there is a hierarchy of facts. To arrange
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them rightly, to distinguish the important from the trivial, to see their bearing one upon another, requires artistic skill. Without art there may be accumulations of statements, there may be calendars or chronicles, but there is no history. If the historian aspires to more than amassing a mere catalogue of unrelated and therefore unintelligible statements, he must approach his material as any other creative artist does: with the sense that it contains some essential and permanent truths which it may be his skill or good fortune to release. A historians artistic license is severely circumscribed, however. The poet, the dramatist, the novelist are free to exercise their imagination as widely as they choose. But the historian is not allowed so long a tether. The historian can use only what he has before him: he cannot invent evidence, and he cannot reject it, either, except within very narrow limits. He must even find a place for the awkward fact that does not fit with the scheme of events as he had first envisioned it. If new facts destroy his theory, he must abandon it and start again. The historian gains his knowledge through evidence that is at best contradictory, ambiguous, and incomplete. Even the greatest historian can never reach more than a partial and personal version of truth as it once was. All efforts of historical scholarship are ultimately reduced to a matter of opinion. Yet neither the uncertainty nor the personal nature of his own judgments exonerates the historian from applying the utmost of his critical faculties and scholarly abilities to establishing the truth according to his own lights. 7. In context, regarding the notion that historical evidence can be left to speak for itself (lines 1112), the author of Passage 1 would probably (A) agree that it is theoretically possible, but impossible in practice (B) agree that it is possible and even desirable in practice (C) disagree tentatively, without wishing to rule out the possibility (D) disagree in both theory and in practice (E) consider it too absurd a notion to take seriously
8.
In line 16, the quotation marks around the word obvious serve to (A) assert that facts are not meaningful in the same way that ideas are (B) highlight a problematic term that deserves further analysis (C) emphasize that what seems self-evident to one historian may not be so for others. (D) call attention to a little-understood aspect of historical study (E) remind the reader that nothing is obvious to any historian
9.
In line 28, the quotation marks around the word knew serve to (A) suggest that earlier historians were unaware of the extent of their ignorance (B) criticize historians for feeling intellectually superior (C) demonstrate that historians actually know more than they realize (D) indicate a potential weakness of all historical research (E) underscore that historians are sometimes mistaken
10. The phrase without giving any authority to such readings (lines 47-48) most nearly means without (A) (B) (C) (D) providing written evidence claiming the right to make personal judgments suggesting a more plausible explanation justifying one particular analysis over any other (E) explaining how to interpret history 11. From the context, historians who vociferously deny the influence of their social and political beliefs (lines 50-51) do so because they (A) believe that historians and other scholars are entitled to their privacy (B) resent the implication that their social and political beliefs are questionable (C) hope to minimize the influence they have on the social and political beliefs of others (D) realize that such biases undermine the apparent objectivity of their field (E) wish to hide their personal beliefs from public scrutiny
12. Based on the first paragraph of Passage 2 (lines 62-71), the author of Passage 2 would probably respond to the nervousness and diffidence (lines 52-56) of historians regarding the status of their conclusions by (A) suggesting that historians should indeed be concerned about their reputations (B) reminding historians that there is nothing to be nervous about if they simply tell the truth (C) pointing out that historians are not the only scholars who rely on an aesthetic sense (D) encouraging historians to have more confidence in their analysis and conclusions (E) emphasizing that a little tentativeness is better for historians than overconfidence 13. The function of the question What more is there to be said . . . tell the truth? (lines 63-65) in the first paragraph of Passage 2 is to (A) ask whether historians are always honest (B) convey the authors opinion of the importance of truth in history (C) represent the bare minimum historians ought to accomplish (D) characterize the authors ideal of a philosopher-historian (E) present a simplistic view of the historians task 14. Based on the sentence Moreover, the interpretation process . . . other historians. (lines 17-22), the author of Passage 1 would probably say that the great historians who reject the role of art in their work (lines 72-75) do so because they (A) may be unaware of the degree to which their reasoning is subjective. (B) prefer to leave the study of art to artists and art critics. (C) believe that art and interpretation should not play a role in any scholarly pursuit. (D) believe that nothing is obvious to any historian, despite appearances to the contrary. (E) believe that their conclusions need not be justified to other historians.
15. In the third paragraph of Passage 2 (lines 81-95), the author argues that (A) art is more important to a historian than facts (B) history consists of more than simply a chronology of facts (C) historians should study art as well as history (D) historians should make their statements more readable and intelligible (E) historians should be more creative 16. As used in line 103, awkward most nearly means (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) ambiguous incompatible confusing intricate unimaginative
17. The function of the fourth paragraph of Passage 2 (lines 96-106) is to (A) explain the ways in which historians are limited in the use of their imagination (B) criticize historians for not being more inventive (C) propose that historians be allowed greater artistic freedom in interpreting historical evidence (D) encourage historians to read more fiction, especially the work of poets and novelists (E) suggest that historians should be more creative, like poets and novelists 18. The last sentence of Passage 2 (lines 112-116) is intended to express the authors belief that (A) history is neither an art nor a science, but a unique hybrid of the two (B) the study of history would be improved if historians were more able to express their opinions (C) historical truth is an illusion, and therefore history is not truly a science (D) historians must be allowed more leeway given the insurmountable uncertainty surrounding all historical matters. (E) historians must strive to present history to the best of their ability, notwithstanding the challenges they face
19. Unlike the author of Passage 1, the author of Passage 2 (A) refers to specific historical specialties (B) challenges the belief that historians are any more imaginative than are scholars in other fields (C) cites specific historical examples (D) discusses the role of interpretation in disciplines other than history. (E) adopts a neutral attitude towards the topic
SECTION 8 Time 20 Minutes 16 Questions Directions: You may use any available space in your booklet for scratch work, but only your answer sheet will be graded. When you have determined the answer to a question, fill in the corresponding oval on your answer sheet. Notes: 1. You may use a calculator. All numbers used are real numbers. All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise indicated. Figures that accompany problems are intended to provide useful information useful in solving the problems. They are drawn as accurately as possible EXCEPT when a specific problem states that the figure is not drawn to scale.
2.
A = r2 C = 2r
A = lw
A = bh
V = lwh
V = r2 h
c2 = a 2 + b 2
The number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360. The measure in degrees of a straight angle is 180. The sum of the measures in degrees of the angles of a triangle is 180.
1.
If x + y = 12 and x = 2y, then x = (A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8 (E) 24
2.
Team M has 24 members, and Team N has 48 members, with no members in common. If 1
of the members of Team N join Team M, how many members will Team M have then? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 16 32 36 40 60
8
3. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 81 82 83 84 88
The median of a set of 5 consecutive integers is 86. What is the least of those 5 integers?
6.
Four runners, J, K, L, and M, enter a race. L finishes before M, and J finishes immediately after K. If there are no ties in the race, in which of the following positions could L finish? I. First II. Second III. Third (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) I only II only III only I and III only I, II, and III
4.
A certain bakery sells pumpkin pies for Thanksgiving. The net amount P, in dollars, earned by the bakery from selling n pumpkin pies the week before Thanksgiving is given by the function P(n) = 15n 300. If the bakery sells 40 pies, what is the net amount it earns? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) $75 $225 $300 $450 $600
7.
If x2 + y2 = 4, then (4x) 2 + (4y)2 = (A) 16 (B) 32 (C) 64 (D) 128 (E) 256
5.
The product of 2, 3, and x is equal to the sum of 2x and (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 3 4 6 3x 4x
8.
If x, y, and z are positive integers, and y = x + 1, and z = 3y, then which of the following is a possible value of x + y + z ? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 17 18 19 20 21
8
9. c (A) 10p 10p (B) c 10c p p (D) 10c (C) (E) 10pc
8
FAVORITE PETS Cat Dog 12 26 Other 3 6
If p pencils cost c cents, then at this rate how many cents will 10 pencils cost?
Questions 12 and 13 refer to the following table, which shows the results of a survey of 60 women and 40 men.
Women Men
45 8
12. What percentage of women surveyed listed dog as their favorite pet? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 8% 12% 18% 20% 24%
10. Let the function f be defined by f (x) = x2 . If n is a number such that f (n + 3) = f (n) + 3, what is the value of n ? (A) (B) (C) 1 0 3
(D) No such solution exists. (E) An infinite number of solutions exists.
13. A man and a woman are selected at random from among the persons surveyed. How many times more likely is the man to have listed other as his favorite pet than the woman was to have listed other as her favorite pet? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Two Three Four Five Six
Note: Figure not drawn to scale. 11. If AD > BE in the figure above, then which of the following must be true? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) BC > CD CD > BC AC > CE AB > DE AB + DE > BD
8
x 1 2 3 4 5 f(x) 3 4 5 6 7
14. According to the table above, if f ( f (x)) = 7, then x = (A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5 (E) 7
16. In the figure above, the two circles with centers J and K each have a radius of 3. What is the perimeter of the combined figure, indicated with a solid line? (A) 16 (B) 12 (C) 8 (D) 6 (E) 4
(0,4) (4,0) x
15. The figure above represents the graph of which of the following equations? (A) y = | x 4 | (B) y = | x + 4 | (C) y = | x | 4 (D) y = | x | + 4 (E) y = | x 4 |
SECTION 5 Time 10 Minutes 14 Questions Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices provided, and fill in the corresponding oval on your answer sheet. In each of the following sentences, some part of the sentence or the entire sentence is underlined. Below each sentence you will find the original underlined portion, followed by four alternative ways of writing the underlined part. Choice A is always the same as the underlined part. Select choice A if you think that the original version is better than any of the suggested changes. Otherwise, select the choice that produces the most effective sentence while still retaining the original meaning. Pay attention to acceptable usage in grammar, sentence construction, and punctuation. These questions test correctness and effectiveness of expression, so follow the requirements of standard written English. An effective sentence will be clear and exact, without awkwardness, redundancy, or ambiguity. Example: Most people seem to prefer realistic art than abstract art. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 1. than abstract art than they do abstract art to abstract art instead of abstract art rather than art that is abstract 2. The historical term McCarthyism referring to Senator Joseph McCarthys vitriolic pursuit of Communism within American borders during the 1950s. (A) referring to Senator Joseph McCarthys vitriolic pursuit (B) referring to vitriolic pursuit by Senator Joseph McCarthy (C) which refers to Senator Joseph McCarthys vitriolic pursuit (D) refers to Senator Joseph McCarthys vitriolic pursuit (E) is when vitriolic pursuit by Senator Joseph McCarthy
When the architect sketched his plans for the castle, conventional Gothic designs were employed, but it was not strictly adhered to by him. (A) conventional Gothic designs were employed, but it was not strictly adhered to by him (B) conventional Gothic designs were employed, but he did not adhere to it strictly (C) conventional Gothic designs were employed by him and not strictly adhered to (D) he employed conventional Gothic designs, but they had not been strictly adhered to (E) he employed, but did not strictly adhere to, conventional Gothic designs
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3.
Each summer hundreds of thousands of tourists travel to Florence, a city famous for its many churches and museums. (A) Each summer hundreds of thousands of tourists travel to Florence, a city famous for its many churches and museums (B) Famous for its many churches and museums, hundreds of thousands of tourists travel to Florence each summer (C) Hundreds of thousands of tourists travel to Florence each summer famous for its many churches and museums (D) Hundreds of thousands of tourists had traveled to Florence each summer, which is known for its many churches and museums (E) Each summer, famous for its many churches and museums, hundreds of thousands of people visit Florence
6.
Overcoming severe physical limitations to become a prominent lecturer and author, historians view Helen Keller as one of the twentieth centurys most remarkable figures. (A) Overcoming severe physical limitations to become a prominent lecturer and author, historians view Helen Keller (B) Historians who view Helen Keller as overcoming severe physical limitations to become a prominent lecturer and author view her (C) Helen Kellers overcoming severe physical limitations to become a prominent lecturer an author led to her being viewed (D) Because Helen Keller overcame severe physical limitations to become a prominent lecturer and author, historians view her (E) Based on her overcoming severe physical limitations to become a prominent lecturer and author, Helen Keller is viewed by historians.
4.
Peat, unlike most household sources of heating energy, were once used as a building material. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) were once used as a building material was once used as a building material once being used as a building material having been used once as a building material once used as a building material
7.
Having planned the event far in advance, that the weather forced its cancellation disappointed the reunion committee greatly. (A) that the weather forced its cancellation disappointed the reunion committee greatly (B) the weathers forcing its cancellation was a great disappointment to the reunion committee (C) the reunion committees disappointment at the weathers forcing its cancellation was great (D) the reunion committee found the weathers forcing its cancellation greatly disappointing (E) the reunion committee was greatly disappointed in the weather forcing its cancellation
5.
Caesars northern armies invaded the region that was to become modern-day Belgium, ravaging the land and the defeated barbarians were driven to flight. (A) land and the defeated barbarians were driven to flight (B) land with the defeated barbarians having been driven to flight (C) land, and the driving of the defeated barbarians to flight (D) land and driving the defeated barbarians to flight (E) land; driving to flight the barbarians defeated
9
8.
The more we practice speaking a new foreign language, the more accustomed you will become to thinking in that language. (A) The more we practice speaking a new foreign language (B) The more you practice speaking a new foreign language (C) The more speaking a new foreign language is practiced (D) As the practice of speaking a new foreign language increases (E) As people practice speaking a new foreign language more
11. In 1926 The Great Gatsby was the defining work of literature of the American Gilded Age, it was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. (A) In 1926 The Great Gatsby was the defining work of literature of the American Gilded Age, it was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. (B) In 1926 F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote The Great Gatsby, the defining work of the American Gilded Age. (C) By F. Scott Fitzgerald in 1926, The Great Gatsby, the defining work of the American Gilded Age, was written. (D) With writing by F. Scott Fitzgerald in 1926, The Great Gatsby was the defining work of literature of the American Gilded Age. (E) The defining work of literature of the American Gilded Age, F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote The Great Gatsby in 1926. 12. Even the president of the corporation is expected to dress in casual clothing, this policy creates an extremely relaxed work environment. (A) this policy creates an extremely relaxed work environment (B) with this policy creating an extremely relaxed work environment (C) and an extremely relaxed environment in which to work being the result of this policy (D) and this policy creates an extremely relaxed work environment (E) an extremely relaxed work environment is created by this policy
9.
The American West was once a haven for travelers, some craving wealth, some desiring fame, and some seeking individual freedom. (A) fame, and some seeking individual freedom (B) fame, and individual freedom was sought by some (C) fame, and some individuals seeking freedom (D) fame, and some because of individual freedom (E) fame, individual freedom being sought by some
10. Ironically encumbered by its many decades of experience in the industry, the companys struggle with ways to reinvent itself was hopeless. (A) the companys struggle with ways to reinvent itself was hopeless (B) the companys hopeless struggle was with ways to reinvent itself (C) ways to reinvent itself was what the company struggled with hopelessly (D) ways to reinvent itself with which the company hopelessly struggled (E) the company struggled hopelessly with ways to reinvent itself
13. Since the songs of the French singer Edith Piaf are less well known than her American contemporaries of the time, many people today are surprised to discover that she was at one time enormously popular with American audiences. (A) Since the songs of the French singer Edith Piaf are less well known than her American contemporaries of the time (B) Since the songs of the French singer Edith Piaf are less well known than her American contemporaries (C) Because the songs of the French singer Edith Piaf are less well known than those of her American contemporaries (D) The songs of the French singer Edith Piaf being less well known than her American contemporaries (E) The songs of the French singer Edith Piaf having been less well known than her American contemporaries were 14. Although Irelands government censors had long stifled artistic expression, the country is now discovery the tremendous talents of its native poets and novelists. (A) Although Irelands government censors had long stifled artistic expression, the country is now discovery the tremendous talents of its native poets and novelists. (B) Artistic expression that was once being stifled by Irelands government censors, but now they are discovering the tremendous talents of their native poets and novelists. (C) The government censors had long stifled artistic expression, but Ireland is now discovering the tremendous talents of their native poets and novelists. (D) Artistic expression was long stifled by Irelands government censors, and so now they are discovering the tremendous talents of their native poets and novelists. (E) Now discovering the tremendous talents of its native poets and novelists, Irelands government censors had stifled artistic expression for a long time.

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1

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Questions 6-7 are based on the following passage.

Questions 8-9 are based on the following passage.

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Special Right Triangles

If x = 4 and y = 20, what does (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 4 11 12 14 24

l1 || l2 . What is the value

38 lies between 7 and 8, j

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(C) 1 2 1 (D) 2 (E) 2

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Questions 13-24 are based on the following passage.

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14. As used in line 9, the word fine most nearly means

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Special Right Triangles

1. If 2(x + 5) = 22, then x + 5 = (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 11 15 16 20 38

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Note: Figure not drawn to scale. 11. In the figure above, x + y =

10. What is the least three-digit positive integer that is a multiple of 3 ?

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13. The remainder when n is divided by 8 is 5. What is the remainder if 2n is divided by 8 ?

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17. If y varies inversely as x2 and if y = 100

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Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal.

Special Right Triangles

If x + y = 12 and x = 2y, then x = (A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8 (E) 24

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(D) No such solution exists. (E) An infinite number of solutions exists.

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