Jammu and Kashmir - Facts, Problems and Solutions

National Workshop on
Jammu-Kashmir
Facts, Problems and Solution
19-20 November 2011 Smriti Mandir, Nagpur
Jammu-Kashmir Study Centre
Introduction: Jammu and Kashmir

A lot of misconceptions created deliberately by vested interests have become firm beliefs. That is the greatest tragedy Kashmir is facing and is the root cause of the most issues related to the trouble torn state. First casualty is the myth that Kashmir means Jammu & Kashmir. In fact, Kashmir is just 7.13% area of the state of Jammu & Kashmir as it existed and acceded to The Dominion of India on 26th October 1947. It is only 15.63% of the area that continues to be within Indian administration. So we need to be very careful when we talk of Kashmir issue. Second impression that has been accepted as a fact is that J&K is a Muslim state. No, it is not. It certainly is the Muslim majority state but Muslims are in Majority in only one province. Both Laddakh and Jammu divisions are Buddhist and Hindu majority areas respectively. Third is the misconception about the Muslim population of Kashmir valley. We are being asked to believe that the majority community is a homogenous entity. It's also not true. Kashmiri Muslim community is as heterogeneous and divided or united as any other community in rest of the country with sharp divisions leading to bloody conflicts at times. The state of Jammu & Kashmir is a
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region of widely varying people and geography. In the south, Jammu is a transition zone from the Indian plains to the Himalaya. Nature has lavishly endowed Kashmir with certain distinctive favours which hardly find a parallel in any alpine land of the world. It is the land of snow clad mountains that share a common boundary with Afghanistan, China and Pakistan; Jammu and Kashmir is the northernmost state of the Indian Union. Known for its extravagant natural beauty this land formed a major caravan route in the ancient times. Trade relations through these routes between China and Central Asia made it a land in-habited by various religious and cultural groups. It was during the reign of Kashyapa that the various groups led a settled life. Buddhism influenced Kashmir during the rule of Ashoka and the present town of Srinagar was founded by him. This place was earlier called 'Srinagari' or Purandhisthan. The Brahmins who inhabited these areas admired and adorned Buddhism too. From the regions of Kashmir Buddhism spread of Ladakh, Tibet, Central Asia and China. The state consists of following main regions.
Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution
Jammu
Jammu is one of the administrative divisions within Jammu and Kashmir state in India. Jammu city is the largest city in Jammu and the winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir. Jammu City is also known as "City of Temples" as it has many temples and shrines, with glittering shikhars soaring into the sky, creating the ambiance of a holy and peaceful Hindu city. Home to some of the most popular Hindu shrines, Jammu is a pilgrimage tourism destination in India. The town of Katra, which is close to Jammu, contains the Vaishno Devi shrine. Nestling on top of the Trikuta Hills at a height of 1700 m is the sacred cave of Vaishno Devi shrines dedicated to the three forms of the mother goddess- Mahalakshmi, Mahakali and Mahasarasvati. Pilgrims start trekking to the cave temple, which is 13 km from Katra. The majority of Jammu's about 6 million population practices Hinduism, while Islam and Sikhism enjoy a strong cultural heritage in the region. Due to relatively better infrastructure, Jammu has emerged as the main economic centre of the state. The Shivalik Range comprises most of the region of Jammu. The Pir Panjal Range, the Trikuta Hills and the lowlying Tawi River basin add to beauty and diversity to the terrain of Jammu. The Pir Panjal range separates Jammu from the Kashmir valley.
Many historians and locals believe that Jammu was founded by Raja Jambu Lochan in the 14th century BC. Jambu Lochan was the brother of Raja Bahu Lochan who constructed a fort on the bank of river Tawi. Bahu Fort is a historical place in Jammu. The city name figures in the ancient book Mahabharata. Excavation near Akhnoor, 20 miles (32 km) from Jammu city, provides evidence that Jammu was once part of the Harappan civilization. Remains from the Maurya, Kushan, Kushanshahs and Gupta periods have also been found in Jammu. Jammu is also mentioned in accounts of the campaigns of Timur. Jammu came under the control of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in the 19 century and became a part of the Sikh Empire. Maharaja Ranjit Singh appointed Raja Gulab Singh the ruler of Jammu in 1820. After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Punjab, The Sikh Empire was defeated by the British. Not having the resources to occupy the hills immediately after annexing parts of Punjab, the British recognized Maharaja Gulab Singh, the strongest ruler north of the Sutlej River, as ruler of Jammu and Kashmir. After the Treaty of Amritsar, the Maharaja became the vassal of the Sikh Empire and was partly responsible for its treaty obligations. Maharaja Gulab Singh is thus credited as the founder of Jammu and Kashmir. Thus the two areas of Kashmir and Jammu were integrated into a single
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political unit. The reign of Ranavir Singh (ascended in 1857) witnessed a great amount of enthuiasm for Sanskrit. Sivasankara compiled the Dharmasastra Digest, Vasudeva wrotethe Chittapradipa amongst others. The king appears as the sponsor of no less than thirty two branches of Sanskrit literature. Jammu is the only region in the state of Jammu and Kashmir that has a Hindu majority population approx. 65% of Jammu's population practice Hinduism, 30% practice Islam and most of the remainder are Sikhs. Most of Jammu's Hindus are Dogras, Kashmiri Pandits, migrants from Kotli and Mirpur and Punjabi Hindus, West Pakistan Refugees and internally displaced of POK Many Sikhs are migrants from Pakistan Controlled Kashmir (from areas like Muzaffarabad and Punch sector areas occupied by Pakistan during 1947). People of Jammu speak mostly Dogri, Poonchi, Gojri, Kotli, Mirpuri, Hindi, Punjabi, and Urdu. Hindus of Jammu region are subdivided into various groups, and of them Brahmins and Rajputs are the predominant ones. According to the 1941 census, 30% of them were Brahmin, 27% Rajput, 15% Thakkar, 4% Jat and 8% Khatri.
Kashmir
Amongst the oldest chronicles in the world is the Rajatarangini. It is the history of Kashmir, written in verse; by Kalhana in 1149-50 a.d. this book is considered a masterpiece and followed a method of historical research. He was followed by Jonaraja who died in 1459 a.d, imitated Kalhans style and brought the history narrative up to the reign of Zain-ul-Abidin. Srivara, Prajya Bhatta and Suka carried on the history till Kashmir's conquest by Akbar. Upto 600 BC According to the Rajatarangini, the oldest ruler was Gonanda I, who appears to have ruled in the days just before the Mahabharata. It is emperor Ashok who is said to have founded the city of Srinagari, now Srinagar. Uttarakurus were located beyond the Himalayas. This is corroborated by the fact that Taxila became a centre of learning and classical Sanskrit was first developed in Kashmir. 320 to 740 AD According to Kalhana, nearly the whole of the Gupta age was ruled by the Gonanada dynasty ie for about 300 yrs. After them a new dynasty known as Karkota or Naga was founded by
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Durlabha-vardhana. He had married the daughter of the last Gonanada king and became king in 527 a.d. According to Hiuen Tsang who visited Kashmir, the king ruled over parts of western and north western Punjab as well. The King's son Chandrapida in 713 ad defend his kingdom against the Arabs. He was followed by Lalitaaditya Muktapada in 724 ad, the greatest king of that dynasty. He defeated the Tibetans and the Turks. His extensive conquests, up to Bengal, made Kashmir the most powerful kingdom since the days of the Guptas. The most famous of his works is the Martanda Temple. He died in 760 ad while the dynasty continued to rule till the middle of the ninth century ad. When Jayapida, the grandson of Lalitaditya, lost the throne of Kashmir, he came to North Bengal. In the 8th century ad, Sarvajnamitra, a nephew of the King of Kashmir became one of the principal teachers of Nalanda. Renowned scholar, Kumarjiva, responsible for translating over 100 Sanskrit texts into Chinese, was taken by his mother at the age of nine to Kashmir to study Buddhist literature. 750 to 1000 A.D. Lalitaditya's son Vajraditya ruled from 762 a.d. The Arab governor of Sind raided Kashmir around 770 The next successor was Jayapida referred to above. He was a brave general like his Grand Father Lalitaditya. Thereafter, a series of Kings ruled Kashmir. Next in line was
Yasakara who earned a reputation as a man of great learning. Besides being a good administrator, he built a Matha (monastery) for the residence of students coming from Aryadesa to Kashmir for higher education. A Turkish family ruled the Kabul Valley and Gandhara for a long time. Kallar, a minister, overthrew the king to found the Hindu Shahi dynasty in the second half of the ninth century a.d and is identified as Lalliya Shahi in the Rajatarangini. After the death of Lalliya's son, Kamaluka, his grandson Bhima-about 900 ad, ascended the throne. By giving his daughter is marriage to the King of Lohara in Poonch, he was able to exercise influence in Kashmir to build a magnificent temple of Vishnu and call it Bhimaksava. (Has now been converted into a Muslim Ziarat). There were a series of kings thereafter. It ends with King Jayapala who fought the Sultan of Ghazni. Towards the middle of the 8th century was built the magnificent Marthananda temple. While resting in the Valley the learned Brahmans told Sankaracharya that unless he defeated the learned persons of Sarada Pitha they would not accept the supremacy of his philosophy. With his arguments he defeated all the learned men at that high seat of learning including Jains and Buddhists. The King of Kasmira or Kashmir has made arrangements for the Shankaracharya's stay at Srinagar but he chose to stay near an ancient Siva temple
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overlooking the city. Since then the temple has popularly been known as the Sankarcharya temple. 1000 TO 1300 AD Around 1014 ad, Mahmud Ghazni plundered the Valley for the first time. Sahamer became King in 1339 ad under the name Shams-ud-din. This marked the advent of Muslim rule in 1338 ad. 1300 to 1526 AD The history of Kashmir was given in three Sanskrit chronicles ie from the middle of the 12th century to the time it was conquered by Akbar. The earliest one was by Jonaraja. The Muslim chronicles are based on these writings. After a series of kings The next important king was Sikandar whose reign marks a turning point in the history of Kashmir. A large number of fanatical Muslims from outside the country came, occupied offices of the state and became the king's friends. Idols were destroyed; temples demolished, attempts were made to kill the Brahmins. His son Mir Khan continued with the torture of Brahmins. Shahi Khan became the next king in 1420. He was well versed in Persian and Sanskrit, had the Mahabharat translated into Persian. He died in 1470 ad. 1526 to 1700 AD A series of kings ruled Kashmir till 1540. Humayun's general Mirza Haidar
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invaded Kashmir in 1540 and died in one such war in 1551. There were a series of kings between 1551 and 1579 till Yusuf Shah became king who submitted to Akbar's forces in 1586. Akbar imprisoned Yusuf. His son Yaqub continued fighting Akbar till he was defeated. The reigns of Jahangir and Shah Jahan did not see much interaction with Kashmir. During Aurangzib's stay in Punjab in 1674-75 officials converted a large number of Hindus to Islam. In order to infuse courage in Hindus, Guru Tegh Bahadur visited East Punjab. This created confidence in the minds of people. Enthused, the Kashmiri leaders told the Guru of their plight. He advised them to inform Aurangzeb to convert the Guru first and then all of them would embrace Islam. Surely Guru did not convert and paid for his life by being beheaded on 11/11/1675. 1707 to 1818 AD After Aurangzeb's death the decline of Mughal power did not affect Kashmir till Ahmad S Shah Abdali conquered it in 1752. The Afghans ruled it till 1819. There were 28 governors during Afghan rule of which there was only one Hindu, Sukhjiwan. In 1753 he was the first Hindu chief of Kashmir since 1320 ie in 433 yrs. He was a brave soldier, wise administrator, scholar and poet . But he fell out with Ahmad Shah Abdali who invaded Kashmir with the help of Ranjit Deo, the ruler of Jammu. Sukhjivan was
captured, blinded and trampled to death by horses. After this Afghan rule was a tale of atrocities. Sunni-Shia riots broke out in 1763-65. Mir Hazar Khan in 1793 sewed up Hindu leaders in gunny bags and threw them in the Dal Lake to be drowned. Ata M K Alkozai forcibly seized pretty girls to satisfy his lust. Many parents were forced to shave the heads of their daughters rather than allow them to be molested and degraded. This forced many Pandit families to migrate to Rajauri, Poonch and Delhi. As a result of oppression, great unrest spread in the province. It was conquered by Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1819 after approached by one Birbal Dhar, a noble of Kashmir. Birba Dhar kept his son as a gurantee for the support of Kashmir nobles to the Sikh army.
Ladakh
Ladakh lies between the Kunlun mountain range in the north and the main Great Himalayas to the south, is one of the most sparsely populated regions in Jammu and Kashmir state. Historically, the region included the Baltistan (Baltiyul) valleys, the Indus Valley, the remote Zangskar, Lahaul and Spiti to the south,Aksai Chin and Ngari, including the Rudok region and Guge, in the east, and the Nubra valleys to the north. Contemporary Ladakh borders Tibet to the east, the Lahaul and Spiti to the south, the Vale of Kashmir, Jammu and Baltiyul regions to the west, and the transKunlun territory of Xinjiang to the far north. Ladakh is renowned for its remote mountain beauty and culture. the past Ladakh gained importance from its strategic location at the crossroads of important trade routes, but since the Chinese authorities closed the borders with Tibet and Central Asia in the 1960s, international trade has dwindled except for tourism. Since Ladakh is bordering with china occupied Tibet, Indian military maintains a strong presence in the region. The largest town in Ladakh is Leh. It is one of the few remaining abodes of Buddhism in South Asia, a majority of Ladakhis are Buddhists and the rest are
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mostly Shia Muslims. Some Ladakhi activists called for Ladakh to be constituted as a union territory because of its religious and cultural differences with predominantly Muslim Kashmir. Rock carvings found in many parts of Ladakh show that the area has been inhabited from ancient age. Around the 1st century, Ladakh was a part of the Kushana empire. Buddhism spread into western Ladakh from Kashmir in the 2nd century when much of eastern Ladakh and western Tibet was still practising the Bon religion. In the 8th century, Ladakh was involved in the clash between Tibetan expansion pressing from the East and Chinese influence exerted from Central Asia through the passes. Suzerainty over Ladakh frequently changed hands between China and Tibet. In 842 NyimaGon, a Tibetan royal representative annexed Ladakh for himself after the break-up of the Tibetan empire, and founded a separate Ladakhi dynasty. During this period Ladakh acquired a predominantly Tibetan population. Faced with the Islamic conquest of South Asia in the 13th century, Ladakh chose to seek and accept guidance in religious matters from Tibet. For nearly two centuries till about 1600, Ladakh was subject to raids and invasions from neighbouring Muslim states, which led to the partial conversion of Ladakhis to Islam. King Bhagan reunited and strengthened Ladakh and founded the
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Namgyal dynasty which survives till today. The Namgyals repelled most Central Asian raiders and temporarily extended the kingdom as far as Nepal, in the face of concerted attempts to convert the region to Islam and destroy Buddhist artifacts. In the early 17th century efforts were made to restore destroyed artifacts and gompas and the kingdom expanded into Zangskar and Spiti. However, despite a defeat of Ladakh by the Mughals, who had already annexed Kashmir and Baltistan, it retained its independence. In the late 17th century, Ladakh sided with Bhutan in its dispute with Tibet . This event is known as the TibetLadakh-Mughal war of 1679-1684. Kashmir helped restore Ladakhi rule on the condition that a mosque be built in Leh and that the Ladakhi king convert to Islam. The Treaty of Tingmosgang in 1684 settled the dispute between Tibet and Ladakh, but severely restricted Ladakh's independence. In 1834, the Dogras under Zorawar Singh, a general of Ranjit Singh annexed Ladakh. A Ladakhi rebellion in 1842 was crushed and Ladakh was incorporated into the Dogra state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Namgyal family was given the jagir of Stok, which it nominally retains to this day. European influence began in Ladakh in the 1850s and increased. Geologists, sportsmen and tourists began exploring Ladakh. In 1885, Leh became the headquarters of a mission of theMoravian Church.
At the time of the partition of India in 1947, Pakistani raiders had reached Ladakh and military operations were initiated to evict them. The wartime conversion of the pony trail from Sonamarg to Zoji La by army engineers permitted tanks to move up and successfully capture the pass. The advance continued. Dras, Kargil and Leh were liberated and Ladakh cleared of the infiltrators. In 1949, China closed the border between Nubra and Xinjiang, blocking old trade routes. In 1955 China began to build roads connecting Xinjiang and Tibet through this area. It also built the Karakoram highway jointly with Pakistan. India built the Srinagar-Leh Highway during this period, cutting the journey time between Srinagar and Leh from 16 days to two. Kargil was an area of conflict in the wars of 1947, 1965 and 1971 and the focal point of a potential nuclear conflict during the Kargil War in 1999. The Kargil War of 1999, codenamed "Operation Vijay" by the Indian Army, saw infiltration by Pakistani troops into parts of Western Ladakh, namely Kargil, Dras, Mushkoh, Batalik and Chorbatla, overlooking key locations on the Srinagar-Leh highway. Extensive operations were launched in high altitudes by the Indian Army with considerable artillery and air force support. Pakistani troops were evicted from the Indian side of the Line of Control. Since 1984 the Siachan glacier area in
the north-east corner of Ladakh has been the venue of a continuing military standoff between India and Pakistan and the highest battleground in the world There is a competition to occupy the heights of the Saltoro Ridge which borders the Siachan glacier. Since then strategic points on the glacier are occupied by both sides, with the Indians having a clear strategic advantage. Following demands for autonomy from the Kashmiri dominated state government; the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council was created in the 1990s. Leh and Kargil Districts now each have their own locally elected Hill Councils with some control over local policy and development funds. Ladakh is the highest plateau of the Indian state of Kashmir with much of it being over 3,000 m (9,800 ft). It spans the Himalayan and Karakoram mountain ranges and the upper Indus River valley. Before partition, Baltistan, now under Pakistani control, was a district in Ladakh. Skardu was the winter capital of Ladakh while Leh was the summer capital. The peaks in the Ladakh range are at a medium altitude close to the Zoji-la (5,0005,500 m or 16,00018,050 ft), and increase towards south-east, culminating in the twin summits ofNunKun (7000 m or 23,000 ft). The Suru and Zangskar valleys form a great trough enclosed by the Himalayas and the Zangskar range.
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Rangdum is the highest inhabited region in the Suru valley, after which the valley rises to 4,400 m (14,436 ft) at Pensi-la, the gateway to Zangskar. Kargil, the only town in the Suru valley, is the second most important town in Ladakh. It was an important staging post on the routes of the trade caravans before 1947, being more or less equidistant, from Srinagar, Leh, Skardu and Padum. The Zangskar valley lies in the troughs of the Stod and the Lungnak rivers. The region experiences heavy snowfall; the Pensi-la is open only between June and mid-October. Dras and the Mushkoh Valley form the western extremity of Ladakh. The Indus river is the backbone of Ladakh. Most major historical and current towns Shey, Leh, Basgo and Tingmosgang (but not Kargil), are situated close to the Indus River. After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, the stretch of the Indus flowing through Ladakh is the only part of this river, which is greatly venerated in the Hindu religion and culture, that still flows through India. The Siachan Glacier is located in the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalaya Mountains along the disputed India-Pakistan border. The Karakoram range forms a great watershed that separates China from the Indian subcontinent and is sometimes called the "Third Pole." The glacier lies between the Saltoro Ridge immediately to the west and the main Karakoram range to the east. At 70 km long, it is the longest glacier
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in the Karakoram and second-longest in the world's non-polar areas. It falls from an altitude of 5,753 m (18,875 ft) above sea level at its source at Indira Col on the China border down to 3,620 m (11,875 ft) at its snout are occupied by troops on both sides. Ladakh is a high altitude desert as the Himalayas create a rain shadow, denying entry to monsoon clouds. The main source of water is the winter snowfall on the mountains. The regions on the north flank of the Himalayas Dras, the Suru valley and Zangskar experience heavy snowfall and remain cut off from the rest of the region for several months in the year, as the whole region remains cut off by road from the rest of the country. Summers are short, though they are long enough to grow crops. The summer weather is dry and pleasant. Temperature ranges are from 30 to 35 C in summer and minimums range from -20 to -35 C in winter. Ladakh sends one member (MP) to the lower house of the Indian parliament the Lok Sabha. Among the popular places of tourist interest include Leh, Drass valley, Suru valley, Kargil, Zangskar, Zangla, Rangdum, Padum, Phugthal, Sani, Stongdey, Shyok Valley, Sankoo, Salt Valley and several popular trek routes like Lamayuru - Padum - Darcha, the Nubra valley and the Indus valley. Ladakh was the connection point between Central Asia and South Asia when the Silk Road was in use. The sixty-
day journey on the Ladakh route connecting Amritsar and Yarkand through eleven passes was frequently undertaken by traders till the third quarter of the 19th century. Another common route in regular use was the Kalimpong route between Leh and Lhasa via Gartok, the administrative centre of western Tibet. Gartok could be reached either straight up the Indus in winter or through either the Taglang la or the Chang la. Beyond Gartok, the Cherko la brought travellers to the Manasarovar and Rakshastal lakes, and then to Barka, which is connected to the main Lhasa road. These traditional routes have been closed since the Ladakh-Tibet border was sealed by the Chinese government. Other routes connected Ladakh to Hunza and Chitral but, as in the previous case, there is currently no border crossing between Ladakh and Pakistan. In present times, the only two land routes to Ladakh in use are from Srinagar and Manali. Travelers from Srinagar start their journey from Sonamarg, over the Zoji La pass (3,450 m, 11,320 ft) via Dras and Kargil (2,750 m, 9,022 ft) passing through Namika la (3,700 m, 12,140 ft) and Fatu la (4,100 m, 13,450 ft). This has been the main traditional gateway to Ladakh since historical times and is now open to traffic from April or May until November or December every year. However, with the rise of militancy in Kashmir, the main corridor to the area has shifted from the Srinagar-Kargil-Leh route via Zoji la to the high altitude
Manali-Leh Highway from Himachal Pradesh. The highway crosses four passes, Rohtang la (3,978 m, 13,050 ft), Baralacha la (4,892 m, 16,050 ft), Lungalacha la (5,059 m, 16,600 ft) and Taglang la(5,325 m, 17,470 ft) and the More plains and is open only between May and November when snow is cleared from the road. Ladakh has a population of about 2,60,000 which is a blend of many different ethnic groups. Among non-Ladakhi residents, there are followers of Hinduism and Sikhism, and a small number of followers of the Bon religion. According to the 2001 population census of India, 47.4% of the population is Buddhist, 45.9% Muslim, 6.2% Hindu and 0.5% others. The region's population is split roughly in half between the districts of Leh and Kargil. Leh is 77% Buddhist and Kargil is 80% Muslim.
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Pak Occupied Jammu- Kashmir

The Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh was not interested to accede with Pakistan but the Pakistan was very keen to annexed it. Therefore, An all-out invasion of J&K started on 22nd October 1947. The main raiders' column consisted of an estimated five thousand tribesmen including soldiers of the Pakistan Army on leave and led by a few regular officers who knew Kashmir well. Garhi and Domel were quickly captured and the gates of Muzaffarabad were reached. On 24th October, Mahura Power House supplying electricity to Srinagar was taken over; the capital of the State was plunged in darkness. Maharaja sought India's military help and signed the Instrument of Accession on 26th October 1947 to enable that help to be rendered. As GovernorGeneral of the Dominion of India, Lord Mountbatten signed his acceptance of the Instrument deed on the next day. In the early hours of 27th October 1947 began an operation the like of which had never before occurred in the history of warfare. With the wholehearted cooperation of the civilian air companies, over a hundred civilian aircraft and Royal Indian Air Force planes were mobilized to fly troops, equipment and supplies to Srinagar. Some of the pilots flew did several sorties in the course of the day; the ground crew rose to the occasion.
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On 7th November the Indian troops won the battle of Shaltang, thereby removing all threats to Srinagar. Three days later, Baramulla was recaptured. The process of retreat by the enemy on all fronts began. With the Indian Army finding that the only way the raiders could be completely removed from Kashmir was by attacking their bases and sources of supply in Pakistan, India warned Pakistan on 22nd December 1947 that unless Pakistan denied her assistance and bases to the invaders, India would be compelled to take such action. At that critical stage in J&K's history, Lord Mountbatten urged our PM, Jawaharlal Nehru, about the overwhelming need for caution and restraint; he stressed how embroilment in war with Pakistan would undermine the whole of Nehru's independent foreign policy and progressive social aspirations. And, on Mountbatten's advice, Nehru decided to lodge a complaint to the United Nations Security Council. That was done on December 31, 1947. Following the 1949 cease-fire agreement, the government of Pakistan divided the northern and western parts of Kashmir which it held into the two separately-controlled political entities: Pakistan Occupied Jammu and Kashmir - The area of northern Kashmir is still in occupation of Pakistan.The narrow southern part, 250 miles (400 km) long, with a width varying from 10
to 40 miles (16 to 64 km) and an area of Kashmir that was once under Pakistani control is the Shaksgam tracta small region along the northeastern border of the Northern Areas that was provisionally ceded by Pakistan to the People's Republic of China in 1963 and which now forms part of China's Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang. In 1972, the then-current border between Pakistan and India, which held areas of Kashmir, was designated as the "Line of Control". The Line of Control has remained unchanged since the 1972 Simla Agreement, which bound the two countries "to settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations." Some political experts claim that, in view of that pact, the only solution to the issue is mutual negotiation between the two countries without
involving a third party, such as the United Nations. Pakistan named this region Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) which is a self-governing state under Pakistani control but is not constitutionally part of Pakistan. It has its own elected president, prime minister, legislature, high court, and official flag. The government of Pakistan has not yet allowed the state to issue its own postage stamps, however, and Pakistani stamps are used in the state instead. It has its own Judiciary as well. POJK's financial matters, i.e., budget and tax affairs, are dealt with by the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Council, rather than by Pakistan's Central Board of Revenue. The Azad Jammu and Kashmir Council is a supreme body consisting of 11 members, six from the
Division Mirpur
District Bhimber Kotli Mirpur Hattian Neelum[12]
Area (km) Population (1998) Headquarters 1,516 1,862 1,010 ? 3,621 855 301,633 563,094 333,482 638,973 ? 106,778 411,035 Bhimber Kotli Mirpur Muzaffarabad Hattian Bala Athmuqam Rawalakot[11] Forward Kahuta[11] Bagh Pallandari Muzaffarabad
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Muzaffarabad Muzaffarabad[11] 2,496
Poonch
Poonch Haveli Bagh Sudhnati
600 (est.) 150,000 (est.) 768 243,415 569 13,297 334,091 2,972,501
POJK Total
10 districts
government of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and five from the government of Pakistan. Its chairman/chief executive is the president of Pakistan. Other members of the council are the president and the prime minister of Azad Kashmir and a few other AJK ministers. The state is administratively divided into three divisions which, in turn, are divided into ten districts. The northern part of POJK encompasses the lower area of the Himalayas, including Jamgarh Peak (15,531 feet/4,734 meters). However, Hari Parbat peak in Neelum Valley is the highest peak in the state. Fertile, green, mountainous valleys are characteristic of geography, making it one of the most beautiful regions of the subcontinent. The region receives rainfall in both the winter and the summer. Muzaffarabad and Pattan are among the wettest areas of the region. Throughout most of the region, the average rainfall exceeds 1400 mm, with the highest average rainfall occurring near Muzaffarabad (around 1800 mm The majority of the population is culturally, linguistically, and ethnically related to the people of northern Punjab. The principal languages spoken are Pahari, Gojri, Dogri, Potohari, Urdu, Kashmiri, Pashto and Punjabi. Agriculture is a part of Azad Kashmir's economy; low-lying areas that have high populations grow crops like barley, mangoes, millet, corn (maize), and wheat, and also raise cattle. There are
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some mineral and marble resources close to Mirpur and Muzaffarabad; there are also some graphite deposits at Mohriwali. There are some reservoirs of low-grade coal, chalk, bauxite, and zircon. In the latter part of 2006, billions of dollars for development were mooted by international aid agencies for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of earthquake-hit zones in Azad Kashmir, though much of that amount was subsequently lost in bureaucratic channels.
Gilgit-Baltistan
Gilgit-Baltistan, the much larger area to the north of Jammu and Kashmir. It was officially granted full autonomy on August 29, 2009 but the present Indian Govt. didn't show any concern other than issuing a token statement. Gilgit-Baltistan borders Pakistan's Khyber Pukhtunkhwa province to the west, Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor to the north, China to the east and northeast, POJK to the southwest, and Jammu and Kashmir to the southeast. Gilgit-Baltistan covers an area of 72,971 km (28,174 mi) and is highly mountainous. It has an estimated population approaching 18,00,000. Its administrative center is the city of Gilgit . The territory became a single administrative unit in 1970 under the name Northern Areas and was formed by the amalgamation of the Gilgit Agency, the Baltistan District of the Ladakh Wazarat, and the states of Hunza and Nagar. There are more than 50,000 pieces of rock art (petroglyphs) and inscriptions all along the Karakoram Highway in GilgitBaltistan, concentrated at ten major sites between Hunza and Shatial. The carvings were left by various invaders, traders, and pilgrims who passed along the trade route, as well as by locals. These carvings were pecked into the rock with stone tools and are covered with a thick patina
that proves their age. Many of these carvings and inscriptions will be inundated and/or destroyed when the planned Basha-Diamir dam is built and the Karakoram Highway widened. The local Northern Light Infantry is the army unit that was believed to have assisted and possibly participated in the 1999 Kargil conflict. More than 500 soldiers were believed to have been killed and buried in the Northern Areas in that action. Lalak Jan, an Shia Imami Ismaili Muslim(Nizari) soldier from Yasin Valley, was awarded Pakistan's most prestigious medal, the Nishan-eHaider, for his courageous actions during the Kargil conflict. On 29 August 2009, the GilgitBaltistan Empowerment and SelfGovernance Order, 2009, was passed by the Pakistani cabinet and later signed by the President of Pakistan. The order granted self-rule to the people of GilgitBaltistan, by creating, among other things, an elected legislative assembly. Gilgit-Baltistan thus gained de facto province-like status without having so constitutionally. Gilgit-Baltistan is administratively divided into two divisions which, in turn, are divided into seven districts, including the two Baltistan districts of Skardu and Ghanche, and the five Gilgit districts of Gilgit, Ghizer, Diamer, Astore, and Hunza-Nagar. The main political centres are the towns of Gilgit and Skardu.
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Division Baltistan Gilgit
District Ghanche Skardu Gilgit Diamir Ghizar Astore HunzaNagar
Area (km) 9,400 18,000 39,300 10,936 9,635 8,657
Population (1998) 88,366 214,848 383,324 131,925 120,218 71,666
Headquarters Khaplu Skardu Gilgit Chilas Gahkuch Gorikot Aliabad, Sikandarabad
Gilgit-Baltistan totals
7 districts
72,971
970,347
Gilgit
Gilgit-Baltistan borders the Wakhan corridor of Afghanistan to the northwest, China's Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang (Part of Ladakh, illegally handed over to China by Pakistan) to the northeast, the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir to the south and southeast, the POJ K to the south, and Pakistan's NorthWest Frontier Province to the west. Gilgit-Baltistan is home to five of the "eight-thousanders" and to more than fifty peaks above 7000 meters. Gilgit and Skardu are the two main hubs for expeditions to those mountains. The region is home to some of the world's highest mountain rangesthe main ranges are the Karakoram and the western Himalayas. The Pamir mountains are to the north, and the Hindu Kush lies to the west. Amongst the highest mountains are K2 (Mount Godwin-Austen) and Nanga Parbat, the
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latter being one of the most feared mountains in the world. Three of the world's longest glaciers outside the polar regions are found in Gilgit-Baltistan the Biafo Glacier, the Baltoro Glacier, and theBatura Glacier. There are, in addition, several highaltitude lakes in Gilgit-Baltistan: Sheosar Lake in Deosai Plains (Astore region) Satpara Tso Lake in Skardu - Baltistan Katzura Tso Lake in Skardu - Baltistan Zharba Tso Lake in Shigar - Baltistan Phoroq Tso Lake in Skardu - Baltistan Bara Tso Lake in Gangche - Baltistan Byarsa Tso Lake in Gultari - Baltistan Borith Lake in Gojal (Upper Hunza- Gilgit) Rama Lake near Astore Rush Lake near Nagar - Gilgit Kromber Lake In Kromber Pass ( Ishkoman Valley, Ghizer District)
Barodaroksh lake in Bar valley Nagar The Deosai Plains, are located above the tree line, and constitute the secondhighest plateau in the world at 4,115 meters (14,500 feet)after Tibet. The climate of Gilgit-Baltistan varies from region to region, surrounding mountain ranges creates sharp variations in weather. There are towns like Gilgit and Chilas that are very hot during the day in summer, yet cold at night, and valleys like Astore, Khaplu, Yasin, Hunza, and Nagar where the temperatures are cold even in summer. The economy of region is basically based on traditional route of trade through Silk Road. China Trade organization was the leading economic forum through which most of barter trade activity made a phenomenal change in the general economical outlook
of the area which being the remotest region of Pakistan was neglected for over quarter of century. This forum led the people of the area to actively invest and learn the modern trade know how from its neighbor Xingkiang. Rest of the economy is shouldered by mainly agriculture and tourism. Agriculture such as: wheat, corn (maize), barley, fruits; Tourism is mostly in trekking and mountaineering and this industry is 'growing in importance' In early September 2009, Pakistan signed an agreement with the People's Republic of China for a mega energy project in Gilgit-Baltistan which includes the construction of a 7,000megawatt dam at Bunji in the Astore District.
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Accession is full, final and irrevocable

The Kashmir { Jammu and Kashmir } State of Hari Singh that was part of British Indian Empire in 1947 comprised of three distinct regions in the broader sense. Maharaja had hence classified the management of His State in 3 administrative units,{i} The Province of Jammu ( headed by a Governor and had two jagirs also associated with it i.e Poonch and Chenani) , {ii} The Province of Kashmir ( headed by a Governor ) and {iii} Ladakh headed by a Wazir E Wazarat. Pirpanchal mountain range separated the Province of Jammu from the Province of Kashmir. Srinagar was the summer capital and Jammu was the winter capital of Maharaja. Maharaja Hari Singh acceded to Dominion of India on 26 Oct 1947 under an instrument designed for Accession with dominion of India . It was accepted by Governor General of India on 27th of October 1947. Governor General of India did address a letter to Hari Singh that is being used by some separatist elements to call the acceptance of Accession as conditional. J&K has remained disturbed politically. In addition very few people have worked all these years treating J&K affairs outside personal political gains. Only designated authority to decide accession of Princely State was the Prince The Instrument of Accession signed
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by Maharaja was covered with a letter of circumstances & reasons. Maharaja Hari Singh did try to explain some of the reasons in his letter dated 26 October 1947 addressed to Mountbatten Governor General of India ( GGOI ) for not signing the Instrument of Accession with either Dominion by 14-08-1947. No doubt Maharaja of J&K as per the Indian Independence Act 1947 and Government of India Act 1935 was the only authority to take a decision regarding a State of British Empire that was outside British India and make any observations on the circumstances as prevailed around him while taking a decision regarding accession to any of the dominion or otherwise relationships. Maharaja in his letter said, I have to inform your Excellency that a grave emergency has arisen in my State. The Maharaja further said, I wanted to take time to decide to which Dominion I should accede or whether it is not in the best interests of both the dominions and of State to stand Independent, The mass infiltration of tribesmen drawn from distant areas of North West Frontier Province, coming regularly in motor trucks, using the MansehraMuzaffarabad road and fully armed with up-to-date weapons, cannot possibly be done without the knowledge of the Provincial Government of North
West Frontier Province and the Government of Pakistan..Regarding his people the Maharaja said, : The people of my State, both Muslims and non Muslims , generally have taken no part at all .With the conditions obtaining at present in my State and the great emergency of the situation as it exists, I have no option but to ask for help from India Dominion. Naturally they can not send the help asked for by me without my State acceding to the Dominion of India. I have accordingly decided to do so and I attach the Instrument of Accession for acceptance by your Government. I may Inform your Excellency's Government that it is my intention to at once set up an interim government and ask Sheikh Abdullah to carry the responsibilities in this emergency with my Prime Minister. Lord Montbatten said, : In the circumstances mentioned by your Highness, my Government have decided to accept the accession of Kashmir State to the Dominion of India. It is my Government's wish that , as soon as the law and order have been restored in Kashmir and its soil cleared of the invader, the question of State's accession should be settled by a reference to the people. My Government and I note with satisfaction that Your Highness has decided to invite Sheikh Abdullah to or an interim Government to work with your Prime Minister. It is worth noting here that the letter from Mountbatten was dated 27/10-1947
and by then neither the Maharaja nor Government of India had gone to UN / UN Security Council . And so strangely on the on set itself Lord Mountbatten Governor General of India made such self conceived remarks on the offer for Accession as was made by Maharaja of J&K and classified J&K State as a State where the issue of Accession was a dispute. Where as in the circumstances as explained by Maharaja in his letter there was no reference of any dispute or resistance to accession with India Dominion from the people of his State. The Maharaja had no where talked of any dispute regarding accession of J&K . Then why this condition of settlement of issue of accession by reference to the people and what was the basis for Governor General in the name of Government of India to call the issue of accession a dispute as regards J&K when Maharaja Hari Singh Bahadur in his letter dated 26 Oct 1947 had clearly informed that the people of his State , both Muslims and non Muslims , general had taken no part at all in the disturbances where ever the same prevailed. The said letter has been used by anti India elements and their sympathizers/ supporters to term the accession as conditional , even temporary.. Maharaja had not made any conditional accession. Hence technically the Accession of J&K with Indian Dominion has been surely there and those asking for right of self determination in the context of political
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and national status of J&K have to first call for secession of J&K from Union of India and may be even before that for undoing the Indian Independence Act of British Parliament. And if at this stage Indian Independence Act 1947 is negated, who shall endorse the 1947 partition of British India ? Rather it could be inferred that Maharaja Hari Singh had no where acknowledged the conditional accession nor did he assign to the National Assembly, that was ordered to be elected for working out a more democratic constitutional arrange for internal governance vide the 5th March 1948 proclamation, the job of endorsing the accession nor was such job assigned to the Constituent Assembly that was to be elected under the proclamation dated 1st May 1951 of Yuvraj Karan Singh . While the power was transferred to the people in British India, the rulers of the princely States were given / suggested an option to join either of the two Dominions India or Pakistan. The Government of India Act 1935, as adopted in the Indian Independence Act, 1947, provided, "An Indian State shall be deemed to have acceded to the Dominion if the Governor General has signified the acceptance of an Instrument of Accession executed by the ruler thereof.".., Pakistan and even Britain were party to these provisions. So the choice of joining either of the Dominions was left to the Rulers of the States concerned. Moreover, in the Indian Independence Act, 1947 of
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British Parliament , there was no provision for any conditional accession worth sharing the sovereignty with any one out side the Dominion. Ofcourse the same Act had given the Princes of princely states a sole right to decide on accession to either of the dominions i.e Independent Dominion of India and new dominion of Pakistan. Hence from all technical reasons the letter of Mountbatten dated 27th Oct 1947 was not the part of instrument of accession. although not required in terms of the Instrument of accession, the State Constituent Assembly ratified the accession of the State to the Union of India on February 6, 1954. The President of India subsequently issued the Constitution (Application to J&K) Order 1954 May 14 under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution extending the Union Constitution to the State with some exceptions and modifications. The J&K Constitution Act 1996 Samvat too was amended on 14 may 1954AD. The State's Constitution for handling the issues left to State by the Union Constitution came into force on January 26, 1957 under which the elections to the State Legislative Assembly were held for the first time on the basis of adult franchise the same year. The Section 3 of the Constitution says, "The State of Jammu and Kashmir is and shall be an integral part of the Union of India." The Section 4 of the Constitution defined the territories
which on the fifteenth day of August, 1947, were under the sovereignty of suzerainty of the Ruler of the State." 1 . From all technical angles the Accession of J&K as of 1947 with Indian dominion is complete and legitimate. Under the Indian Independence act Prince of J&K was the only designate authority to decide for Accession . 2 . Maharaja Hari Singh unconditionally acceded to Dominion of India and also initiated for a duly elected Constituent Assembly where in all the 75 National Conference leaders got elected. Mountbattens letter is not part of instrument accession from technical angle. 3 Though a little late, in view of the circumstances in hand , it was on 25
November 1949 that Yuvraj Karan Singh the Sadar e Riyasat / Maharaja's authorized Regent too issued a proclamation accepting the constitution being drafted by the Constituent Assembly of independent India Dominion/ Republic. 4 . Though not required as per the instrument of Accession signed by the Prince of J&K , still the Constituent assembly also formally ratified /confirmed the accession with India.
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Roots Of Separatism
Muslim separatist politics in Jammu and Kashmir, particularly Kashmir valley dates back to 1930,s. It was the period when Indian freedom movement had entered a decisive phase. Indian nation under the leadership of Indian National Congress had declared Puran Swaraj as its objective. 26th January 1930 was declared the complete independence day. Revolutionaries like Shaheed Azam Bhagat Singh and ChanderShekhar Azad had created a fear among the British. To counter this unprecedented awakening across the country Britishers secretly encouraged Muslim League and the demand for separate homeland for Muslims on the basis of two nation theory. In open the British government convened series of Round Table Conferences in London to address the governance grievances of the people of India. In the very first Round Table Conference held from November 1930 January 1931 Maharaja Hari Singh, the then ruler of J&K as Chairman of the Chamber of Princes supported the complete freedom demand of the INC, an act not liked by the imperialists. As a measure of punishment, the British government of India decided to
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de-stable Maharaja of J&K. Local Muslim young men, particularly educated from Aligarh were patronized to rise in rebellion besides Muslim League cadres from Punjab were systematically infiltrated in disguise into J&K. One such person Qadeer by name was smuggled in as a cook of western traveler. In Srinagar Qadeer started cooking politics instead of food-his declared objective. Local authorities arrested this man for inciting communal trouble and disturbing the peace. Local stooges under the leadership of sheikh Abdullah were mobilized to undermine the rule of law. This entire mobilization was on communal grounds and minority Hindus became natural targets. On 21 June 1931J & K M u s l i m Conference was formed by Mir Waiz Yousuf Shah, Sheikh Abdullah, Chowdhury Ghulam Abbas and others. 13th July 1931 was a conspiracy hatched by the British Political Department against Maharaja Hari Singh for his highly patriotic stand at the Round Table Conference in London. The other dimension of the plot was to coerce him to submit to the long promoted British demand for lease of strategic Gilgat. The conspiracy was
implemented on the ground by Wakefield, Maharaja Hari Singh's Prime Minister and the British Resident Jammu Kashmir Muslim Conference, the political party constituted to institutionalize the agitation against the Maharaja and his government. The Muslim Press of Lahore, and Ahmadiya Jamat and Majlis Ahrar, two religiopolitical movements of Punjab, also gave him a helping hand in that formative period. Sh. Abdullah converted Muslim Conference into All J&K National Conference On 10th June 1939. To be able to get support of the Indian Press and leadership in his struggle for power in Kashmir. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan persuaded him to do so But Sheikh Abdullah did not leave his essential component, the communal politics. For him Kashmir was a nation and National conference its national party. The Second World War and arrest of all top leaders of the Congress in the wake of the quit India Movement of 1942, gave a new turn to Kashmir's politics. The communist party of India, which began to support the British after German attack on Soviet Russia and Russian entry into the Anglo-American Camp. They began to take special interest in Kashmir. Many top communist leaders of Punjab began to give pro-communist tilt to politics and policies of the National Conference. The National Conference under the leadership of Sheikh Abdullah adopted
Naya Kashmir campaign as a manifesto. The manifesto of Naya Kashmir, contained a declaration for the establishment of a responsible Government besides the high ideals of reformation in social, educational and economic fields along with a provision for independent judiciary and parliamentary democracy. According to Sheikh Abdullah, all these things were possible when the Maharaja was ousted from power. With full religious zeal the National Conference launched its Quit Kashmir movement on May 10, 1946. For the brief period from 1947-53 in which National Conference was in power they used the state apparatus to make Kashmir an independent entity. When ousted for his anti national policies in 1953 MA Beig, the 2nd in command of NC formed the Plebiscite front and asked for implementation of UN resolutions. It is worthwhile to note that the HQ of NC is called Mujahid Manzil that is the goal of Muslim warriors. Separatist sentiment was, therefore institutionalized to make it a perpetual sentiment. Trouble for Hindu minority was being institutionalized in Kashmir. A fresh dose of migration that had almost stopped in Sikh-Dogra regime began anew after Battaloot day of 1931. Muslim Conference headed by Sheikh Abdullah with the backing of British was gaining strength. Jawahar Lal Nehru who had
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personal envy with Maharaja and close affinity with sheikh started meddling. Ambitious sheikh saw his future with loosely knit Congress as compared to Ali Mohd. Jinnah and Muslim League. This along with several other factors lead to transformation of Muslim Conference into National Conference. Nation denoting Kashmir, not India. With this kind of situation we reach 1947. Partition of the country on the basis of two nation theory and subsequent events had its toll in Kashmir. Insistence of Pt. Nehru to install Sheikh Abdulla as Prime Minister/emergency administrator ensured that NC cadres built on communal narrative became ruling elite overnight. Ray of Hope statement gave them the much required moral license to do whatever they wanted. In this process atrocities committed against minority got suppressed. That Hindus in District Baramulla in particular had to suffer enormously remained concealed. An entire generation including has grown up listening to horrible tale of the dreadful days .A well-planned psychological war was unleashed against the Hindus, which involved: v denigration of their religious precept and rituals; v desecration and destruction of their temples; v encroachment on their religious endowments, unlawful occupation of the land attached to temples and ancient shrines; v frequent provocations to arouse
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general communal tension to instill fear among them, so that they abandoned their homes; v promotion of the distress sales of Hindu property, with finances made available from various Muslim endowments and trusts; v pressure built upon the small Hindu business community to close down whatever business enterprises it owned; v Elimination of Hindus from decision making process; v Delimitation and redrawing of territorial constituencies so as to get rid of all chances of any Hindu getting elected to state legislature; v the recruitment of the Hindus in the services was further reduced to almost eliminate them completely with a view to compel them to leave the State; Reduction of the intake of Hindus in the higher educational institutions in spite of merit and competence.
Forgotten Heroes People like Shaheed Mohd. Maqbool Sherwani were pushed into oblivion and separatist rewarded constantly. Sheerwani was the person who faced tribal raiders in 1947 and played an important role in delaying their march to Srinagar. He was tied to a pole and 24 bullets fired at him. He was not allowed to be an inspiration for local populace. Instead the people who were actively involved in plundering Hindus ascended to the throne. As soon as NC took charge of the
administration Islamisation was given official colour. Capturing Hindu landsprivate as well as community was done under laws prepared for the purpose. Infamous land to tiller was designed in such a way that even small and marginal hindu land owners were left with no or a little land. Recruitment policy was also designed in such a way that gave enormous advantage to the majority community. Hence if a matriculate Hindu was eligible for say post of constable in case of Muslims it was middle pass only.this was irrespective of what the status of the Muslim candidate was. In this manner all the fundamental human rights of Hindus of J&K recognised by the constitution and part of Universal Declaration like Any symbol exhibiting the civilisational relation and bonding between Kashmir and rest of the country were and is being destroyed in a systematic manner. Urdu was thus designated as official language and not the Kashmiri which is closer to Sanskrit. And now while in government the Kashmiri language has been distorted to make it look an abstract of persio-Arabic language. This process continues un abated till date. And after several decades of this policy we witness an isolated and marginalized section of opportunist elements using separatism as an instrument of personal ambitions becoming almost mainstream sentiment.
Competitive encouragement to this sentiment ensured that all the successive governments irrespective of party to which it belonged harboured or at least demonstrated their desire and commitment to a separatist Islamic state After Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad( who replaced Sheith Abdullah in 1953), Ghulam Mohd. Sadiq was installed as Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir in February 1964. During his time the State witnessed many political changes. The nomenclatures of Sadr-i-Riyasat and the Prime Minister were changed to Governor and the Chief Minister respectively. As a result of the efforts of Sadiq, the National Conference was merged with the Indian National Congress. The Praja Parishad Party had already merged with Jan Sangh. Sadiq adopted a policy of liberalisation towards Sheikh Abdullah. On the other side the Sheikh had not abandoned his old policy and activities and naturally he followed the same old path. Al Fatah, deriving its name from Arab Guerrilla organization committed to liberalization of Palestine, dominated the separatist movement in Kashmir soon after Tashkent Agreement. It started its activity in 1966, gradually swelled its ranks and by 1969 it became a full-fledged organization and almost peaked in 1971. Al Fatah was first attempt to militarize separatist sentiment in
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Kashmir immediately after the Sacred Relic Agitation in 1963 when massive protests were witnessed in the Valley. It was for the first time that the separatists in the Valley realized that there existed a military option too to achieve their goal. when Pakistan launched its second mission in 1965 to annex Kashmir it was banking on the local support orchestrated by Al Fatah. this misadventure failed and Al Fatah had to lie low for a long time. Subsequently, its cadre was rehabilitated in the mainstream by the successive governments in the State under the pretext that it had abjured violence and the separatist ideology. Some of its members were absorbed in state apparatus thus enabling separatists to join the system to wreck it from within to achieve the ultimate goal. It needs to be understood that the strong foundations for the current armed insurgency was laid by Al Fatah cadre entrenched within the State establishment itself. Hijacking of 'Ganga' the Indian Airlines flight that had taken off from Srinagar on the morning of January 30 for Delhi, and subsequent Indo Pak war resulting in stunning defeat of Pakistan and emergence of Bangladesh demoralized Kashmir separatists, particularly Sheikh Abdullah. He entered into an agreement with Indira Gandhi and returned to Power
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without abonding his real intentions. Sheikh fully supported "Al Fatah" . Its 30 activists, who were in Jail on charge of sedition, were released after Sheikh Abdullah withdrew the cases against them. The organisation like the Jamait-eIslamic too received his support. The Sheikh disbanded the Plebiscite Front and merged it with the National Conference in order to wear a nationalist mask on its anti-national activities. The anti-defection law was enacted in such a way as would ensure supremacy of his political group. Resettlement Bill" was introduced in state Assembly with a purpose to remove the constitutional returning to the state of the people who had migrated to Pakistan in 1947. Farooq Abdullah, son and successor of Sheikh continued this policy. weapons from Pakistan were smuggled into Kashmir during the time of Farooq Abdullah and during the same time Jamait-e-Islami incited Kashmiri Muslim youths to taking up arms and anti-India propaganda was launched through the cassettes. The result was that the terrorists enjoyed the upper hand. Taking advantage of the ostrich type attitude of the Chief Minister, many religious organisations - Islamic Students League, Ahle Hadis, Umate Islami and Jamait-eIslami started uprooting the ancient
national glory in Kashmir. These organisations started the work of influencing educational institutions while following Pakistan's style of Islamisation. 70hardcore terrorists arrested by security forces with active support of swyamsewaks in several instances were released on the eve of Eid in 1989. Kidnapping drama of Rubya Syed daughter of Mufti Sayyed and subsequent release of five terrorist leaders was another example of abject surrender. Abandoning of responsibility and creating hurdles in the way of Governor Jagmohan with the help of Congress party under Rajiv Gandhi's leadership proved disastrous. This opportunist use of Kashmir by NC-Congress for narrow political purposes continues under Omar-Rahul combination. Another dangerous consequence of this political opportunism is the PDP of Mufti Sayyed who is leaving no stone unturned to establish his family as an
alternative to NC. This has convinced the common man in street that genuine democracy will never flourish in Kashmir. Economics of Militancy The second aspect of the disinformation campaign about the militant violence is pertaining to the alleged economic deprivations, the Muslims faced in the State. The local political leadership, specifically the leadership of the National Conference and the splinters of the Muslims United Front, a section of the Muslim leadership of the Congress the left parties and some of the constituents of the Janta Dal, blamed the Hindus of having appropriated economic advantage at the cost of the Muslim majority. The Muslims, they alleged, were compelled by poverty and economic depression to resort to armed resistance against India.
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Article 370 of the constitution of India

Article 370 of the constitution of India is temporary in nature and grants special status to Jammu and Kashmir. The whole question of constitution making in the State was considered in May 1949, at a Conference of the Premiers of the various States and the Union of States. The Conference of the Premiers decided to leave the task of the framing of the Constitution of the States to the Constituent Assembly of India. The Maharaja of Kashmir accepted the Constitution of India the same way; it was accepted by other acceding princely States. The Interim Government of Jammu and Kashmir State, which was constituted by the National Conference, did not accept that the Constituent Assembly of India should frame the Constitution of the State and insisted upon the convocation of a separate Constituent Assembly in the State. The Constituent Assembly of India, in spite of tragic partition, had opted for a Union of India based on the secular integration of the people of India. In broad terms, the National Conference leaders took the position, to exclude the Muslim majority State from the Constitutional organization of India. NC under the leadership of Sheikh Abdullah in collaboration with Jawahar Lal Nehru forced legitimate ruler
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Maharaja Hari Singh out of state to ensure its grip over power. The exclusion of the Jammu and Kashmir State from the constitutional organization of India and its reconstitution into a separate political identity based upon the Muslim precedence is Article 370 in nutshell. Article 370 implies Sixfollowing Special Provisions for Jammu &Kashmir 1) Jammu & Kashmir was allowed to have its own constitution. 2) Parliaments legislative power over the state was restricted to three subjects Defence, Foreign affairs, and communications. 3) If other constitutional provisions or other Union powers were to be extended to Kashmir, the prior concurrence of the state govt. was required.
Text of the Article 370
Article 370 of the Indian Constitution(1) Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,-
(a) the provisions of article 238 shall not apply in relation to the State of Jammu and Kashmir; (b) the power of Parliament to make laws for the said State shall be limited to (i) those matters in the Union List and the Concurrent List which, in consultation with the Government of the State, are declared by the President to correspond to matters specified in the Instrument of Accession governing the accession of the State to the Dominion of India as the matters with respect to which the Dominion Legislature may make laws for that State; and (ii)such other matters in the said Lists as, with the concurrence of the Government of the State, the President may by order specify. Explanation.- For the purposes of this article, the Government of the State means the person for the time being recognised by the President as the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers for the time being in office under the Maharaja's Proclamation dated the fifth day of March, 1948; (c) the provisions of article 1 and of this article shall apply in relation to that State; (d) such of the other provisions of this Constitution shall apply in relation to that State subject to such exceptions and modifications as the President may by order specify : Provided that no such order which relates to the matters specified in the
Instrument of Accession of the State referred to in paragraph (i) of sub-clause (b) shall be issued except in consultation with the Government of the State : Provided further that no such order which relates to matters other than those referred to in the last preceding proviso shall be issued except with the concurrence of that Government. (2) If the concurrence of the Government of the State referred to in paragraph (ii) of sub-clause (b) of clause (1) or in the second proviso to sub-clause (d) of that clause be given before the Constituent Assembly for the purpose of framing the Constitution of the State is convened, it shall be placed before such Assembly for such decision as it may take thereon. (3) Not withstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this article, the President may, by public notification, declare that this article shall cease to be operative or shall be operative only with such exceptions and modifications and from such date as he may specify : Provided that the recommendation of the Constituent Assembly of the State referred to in clause (2) shall be necessary before the President issues such a notification. (Source: Constitution of India)
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Implications of Article 370

Manifestation of Limitations on Law making in India, Examples: Chapter- I ( Preliminary )- Be it enacted by Parliament in the Fifty-sixth Year of the Republic of India as follows: 1 (1) This Act may be called the Right to Information Act, 2005. (2) It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir. Implication of Such limitation [Reply from Deputy Secretary to Home MHA North Block department of J&K Government] WRT your above quoted letter for providing of information to the applicant regarding above noted subject, I am directed to say that as per section 3 of J&K Right to Information Act,2009 every person residing in the state shall have the right to information. Since the applicant is not a resident of J&K state, the application filed by him has not been entertained. CM J&K not bound to obey the orders of Union government Even in case of terminally ill people Article370 comes to rescue of reluctant officers. "It is to intimate that the Government of Jammu and Kashmir is not bound to obey the orders of the Home Ministry under Article 370, which gives special status to the state," Chief Minister Ghulam Nabi Azad's special secretary Zafar Ahmed reportedly wrote to Usha Koul, who had sought aid from the State
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Government for her son Vipul's treatment. "Hence your son's medical the case cannot be settled at any cost on the instruction of the Home Ministry," Ahmed wrote. This is a case of 2007 that got some media attention. Refusal to limit the authority of state power and the nature and extent of individual liberty and freedom. Denial of protection against discrimination on grounds of religion, caste and region and laid down legal remedies against arbitrary exercise of authority. Isolate the State from the mainstream of the Indian political development. Push the state into a separate orbit of political operatives, which ultimately isolated it from the rest of the country. The provisions with regard to citizenship are applicable to the state with a number of exceptions. There is an overlapping in Article I and Article 370 as far as definition of Union is concerned. The State of J&K has a Flag of its own. The Indian National Flag can be flown only along with the State Flag. Jammu and Kashmir is the only State that has dual citizenship, one of the State and the other of India. Even the voters lists for State elections and for Parliament elections are not common. If a girl belonging to Jammu and Kashmir marries a boy from outside the
state, who is not a state subject, she loses all her rights as a 'State Subject'. Even if her children are then born in the state, those children have no rights as state subjects! The Urban Land Act, 1976, which is in force in the entire country, is not applicable to Jammu and Kashmir. Therefore, rich landlords, belonging to the majority community in the Valley, indulge in economic exploitation of the poor and the Indian citizens, who are non-state subjects and living in the valley, cannot even secure loans from the financial institutions. . The State Government of Jammu and Kashmir did not accept the Antidefection law adopted in the country; it made several amendments. The decision on defection is not taken by the Speaker of the Assembly but by the leader of the connected political party, giving unbridled authority to the leader of the party. Burning of the national flag is not a cognizable offence. Under Article 370 the Indian Parliament cannot increase or reduce the borders of the state. The High Court of J&K has limited powers as compared to other High Courts within India. It cant declare any law unconstitutional. Unlike High Courts in other states, under Article 226 of the Constitution, it cant issue writs except for enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
The Supreme Court is not vested with the jurisdiction of the Federal Court in regard to the Jammu and Kashmir State; The appellate jurisdiction of the Court cannot be enlarged by the Parliament without having received a request to that effect from the State; and In regard to the Jammu and Kashmir State the Parliament is not empowered to confer on the Supreme Court powers to issue directions, orders and writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari for purposes other than the enforcement of the fundamental rights. The provisions of the Constitution of India with regard to the services do not apply to the Jammu and Kashmir State, except in regard to the powers of the Parliament to create one or more all India services common to the Union and the States and regulate and recruitment and conditions of service of any such services. The provisions of the Constitution of India with regard to the election is applicable to Jammu and Kashmir with certain major modifications. The provisions of the Constitution of India that law made by the Parliament in regard to the delimitation of the constituencies cannot be called into the question in any court of law, do not apply to the State.
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Discrimination with Jammu and Laddakh

Historically, the present conglomeration of three heterogeneous regions of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh were never an organic political entity. This sharp inter-regional contradiction has a spill over in the political perception of the three dominant communities of the respective region and integration is absent. Political domination of Kashmiri Muslims and their discrimination against Jammu and Ladakh kept the latter neglected. Both these regions are raising the issue of abject discrimination at all possible levels but have failed to get justice in the name of containing separatismin Kashmir valley. The neoelite ruling section of Kashmir has constantly discriminated several regions of Kashmir also. This clearly indicates that this ruling class that captured the power in the state in 1947 by pure manipulation and blackmail is interested in enjoying the power only and haveno respect for ideals they claim. Political domination of Kashmiri Muslims: The democratic process in the state of Jammu and Kashmir was initiated with first assembly election in 1951. But by maneuvering the dominant political representation of the valley in the state Legislative Assembly, Sheikh Abdullah managed to place the political command
31
of the state in the hands of Kashmiri Muslims. With Kashmir valley-centric mindset Sheikh Abdullah deliberately earmarked 43 seats for Kashmir, 30 for Jammu and 2 for Ladakh in the then house of a 75-member Legislative Assembly in the state, even though more than half of the population and 90 per cent of the land area belong to Jammu and Ladakh. Presently, in the house of 87-member legislative assembly in the state, Kashmir valley sends 46 members and the rest is shared between the two regions with 37 from Jammu and only 4 from Ladakh. Of the total 6 Lok Sabha seats in the state, Kashmir valley, Jammu and Ladakh have been sharing 3, 2 and 1 seats respectively. The regional share of political representation in the state is not in conformity with the strength of population and voters structure of the respective region. The voters strength of Jammu (24,55,174), Kashmir valley (24,22,765) and Ladakh (1,43719) vindicates the allegation that the people of Jammu and Ladakh due to uneven representation in the state Legislative Assembly were discriminated in the decision making process in the state. There are also allegations that in the absence of the control of the Election Commission of India in conducting the election in Jammu and Kashmir till 1967, the National Conference manipulated the rejection of the nomination of
opposition candidates to maintain its hegemony in the political control of the state. Where as Kashmir Region (province) had only three districts (Anantnag, Baramulla and Muzafarabad ). After 1947 invasion from Pakistan side some areas of Mirpur district and Muzafarrabad were encroached by Pakistan as POK. As far as the administrative units of Maharaja's J&K are concerned, before 1975, Jammu Region had six districts ( Jammu, Kathua, Udhampur, Rajouri, Poonch and Doda } spread over nearly 26000 sq Km where as Kashmir region had only three ( Anantnag, Baramulla and Srinagar ) districts( 2.5 Districts of Pre 1947 days ) spread over nearly 16000 sq km But as regards Kashmir region the number of districts was arbitrarily increased to 6 districts (Srinagar, Badgam, Baramulla, Kupwara, Anantnag and Pulwama) in 1978/79..Where as the cause of Jammu region was neglected, rather it could be termed discrimination.This surely made the case of Kashmir Division more stronger for additional development funds based on the number of districts . Similarly Wazir Commission recommended three new districts for Jammu region in 1984 { Samba/ Bahu, Reasi and Kishtwar ) and only one more for Kashmir division. This way Jammu region would have got more development funds taking into consideration 9 districts for Jammu Region and only 7 for Kashmir division.
But Wazir Commission report was not implemented putting the people of most backward areas of Kishtwar, Rajouri and Samba to great financial / developmental disadvantage. And to add to this, so strangely, it was in 2006 that without any rational study Ghulam Nabi Azad lead Congress Government carved 4 new districts in Kashmir Division as against only one recommended by Wazir Commission in 1984. Where as for Jammu Region as against 3 recommended by Wazir Commission only four were created. This way Jammu region was given just 33 % more than what Wazir Commission recommended where as Kashmir region was given 300 % more than what Wazir Commission had recommended. So, overall a net financial advantage was intentionally and irrationally tilted towards to Kashmir Region. At overall planning and development level too Jammu region has been neglected , if not discriminated. The road net work in this region has remained severely overlooked upto 2005 and the connectivity was just less than 40 % as compared to Kashmir region till the last delimitation was done. No doubt climate wise Kashmir Valley has more uniformly distributed tourism friendly locations and sites. But Jammu region does have many good areas worth development of summer tourism, adventure tourism and pilgrim tourism. Rather Jammu region has much more scope for pilgrim tourism as
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compared to Kashmir region. The areas of Rajouri / Poonch, Doda/ Bhaderwa/ Kishtwar/ Udhampur and even Kathua have enough scope for commercial tourism. There is enough scope for developing and promoting tourist circuits where high valley tourist could surely plan a stay of 10 to 15 days at a time. But the areas have been totally neglected. Even after 1990 when tourist traffic to Kashmir valley was badly hampered not even one and easiest to develop tourist circuit around Patnitop/ Sansar/ Bhadarwa could be developed in 20 years. This speaks of the neglect and intentions. There is no any programme for development and promotion of world reknowned pulses like RAJMAS of the hills of Jammu Region. It is alleged that thousands of quintals of Rajmas are sold to visitors in local market after import from other states since the local growers are not able to meet the demand of the market in Jammu. Similarly there is no special programme / incentives for promotion of production of JAMMU desi Basmati like 370. If atall the millers of Jammu region go for export of this Basmati it is at the cost of the local poor people of J&K. There is no special high value project and programme of Saffron ( Kesar ).as grown in the villages of Kishtwar. Nothing has been done to promote even the name and quality of Kishtwar Saffron which as per statement made in Legislative Assembly of J&K in March
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2005 is of superior in quality / market value than Kashmir valley saffron. There is no special programme / incentives for promotion of Horticulture in Jammu region. Himachal Pradesh has been able to promote the Citrus and Mango along with Apple and cherry quite competitively. Citrus and Mango are fruit crops of Jammu region. Even Apple that could be grown in Poonch / Doda/ Kishtwar as well as walnut have not seen any particular support programme in these areas although there was more need for such development/ subsidy programmes in Jammu region since even in the pre 1947 days these areas were economically most neglected. Similarly there is no special programme / incentives for promotion and development of local craft s / weaving industry (like Loee and Kambal ) in Jammu region that could otherwise do a lot for improvement of the economy of these areas. Jammu region has been the largest producer of natural quality honey of appreciable medicinal value. Doda region had been the leader for wild honey. Apiculture development department does exist but no programme for growth of this industry as commercial apiculture and promotion of products of these areas has been chalked out worth appreciation. At overall planning and development level too Jammu region has been neglected , if not discriminated.
The road net work in this region has remained severely overlooked upto 2005 and the connectivity was just less than 40 % as compared to Kashmir region till the last delimitation was done. No doubt climate wise Kashmir Valley has more uniformly distributed tourism friendly locations and sites. But Jammu region does have many good areas worth development of summer tourism, adventure tourism and pilgrim tourism. Rather Jammu region has much more scope for pilgrim tourism as compared to Kashmir region. The areas of Rajouri / Poonch, Doda/ Bhaderwa/ Kishtwar/ Udhampur and even Kathua have enough scope for commercial tourism. There is enough scope for developing and promoting tourist circuits where high valley tourist could surely plan a stay of 10 to 15 days at a time. But the areas have been totally neglected. Even after 1990 when tourist traffic to Kashmir valley was badly hampered not even one and easiest to develop tourist circuit around Patnitop/ Sansar/ Bhadarwa could be developed in 20 years. This speaks of the neglect and intentions. There is no any programme for development and promotion of world reknowned pulses like RAJMAS of the hills of Jammu Region. It is alleged that thousands of quintals of Rajmas are sold to visitors in local market after import from other states since the local growers are not able to meet the demand of the market in Jammu.
Similarly there is no special programme / incentives for promotion of production of JAMMU desi Basmati like 370. If atall the millers of Jammu region go for export of this Basmati it is at the cost of the local poor people of J&K. There is no special high value project and programme of Saffron ( Kesar ).as grown in the villages of Kishtwar. Nothing has been done to promote even the name and quality of Kishtwar Saffron which as per statement made in Legislative Assembly of J&K in March 2005 is of superior in quality / market value than Kashmir valley saffron. There is no special programme / incentives for promotion of Horticulture in Jammu region. Himachal Pradesh has been able to promote the Citrus and Mango along with Apple and cherry quite competitively. Citrus and Mango are fruit crops of Jammu region. Even Apple that could be grown in Poonch / Doda/ Kishtwar as well as walnut have not seen any particular support programme in these areas although there was more need for such development/ subsidy programmes in Jammu region since even in the pre 1947 days these areas were economically most neglected. Similarly there is no special programme / incentives for promotion and development of local craft s / weaving industry (like Loee and Kambal) in Jammu region that could otherwise do a lot for improvement of
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the economy of these areas. Jammu region has been the largest producer of natural quality honey of appreciable medicinal value. Doda region had been the leader for wild honey. Apiculture development department does exist but no programme for growth of this industry as
A re a C o n trib u tio n to G o v t in co m e
commercial apiculture and promotion of products of these areas has been chalked out worth appreciation. The following facts will make it clear to any sensible, unbiased and secular mind that the Jammu is fighting for justice. In reality , it is a fight for integrity and freedom of India.
V o te rs
A sse m b ly se a ts L o k sa b h a se a ts S ta te ca b in e t m in iste rs U n e m p lo y m e n t G ovt E m p lo y m e n t S e cre ta ria t e m lo y e e s P h e la b o re rs E le ctrifica tio n Roads R o a d d e n sity / km T o u rists T o u rism e x p e n d itu re P u b lic se cto r e n te rp rise s A g ricu ltu re e x p e n d itu re S e ricu ltu re e x p e n d itu re
Ja m m u K a sh m ir 2 6 2 9 3 sk m 1 5 9 4 8 sk m 7 5 % b y w a y o f ta x e s a n d e le ctricy 2 0 % , b u t n o t b y w a y o f ta x o r e le ctr w h ich a re fre e in th e v a lle y fo r la st 6 0 y e a rs 3 0 5 9 9 8 6 (a ctu a l fig u re s, th is 2 8 8 3 9 5 7 (in fla te d fig u re s , e x clu d e s la cs o f th o se w h o h a v e th e re a re lo ts o f b o g u s b e e n d en ie d v o tin g w rite s v o te rs) m isu sin g th e se ctio n 3 7 0 ) 37 47 2 3 5 14 70% 1 .2 la cs 20% 500K 70 % 4571 km 23% 8 0 la cs 10% N il 30% 30% 30% 3 la cs 75% 2100K 99 % 7129 km 51% 4 la cs 85% 3 70% 70%
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Refugee problem in J&K

Jammu has over the years become a land of refugees. Different kinds of people belonging to all types of castes and creeds have found place of refuge in Jammu after being persecuted and discriminated at the places of their origin. Right from 1947 after the partition of India people came to save their life and honour and settled in Jammu. Major categries of refugees now in jammu are as follows: West Pak Refugees Over two lakh refugees from West Pakistan -- mostly members belonging to the depressed classes -- have been leading a wretched life in Jammu since 1947. They migrated to Jammu to save their life. Even after over 64 years of independence and forced migration these refugees have failed to obtain citizenship rights despite repeated passionate pleas and protest demonstrations. Their life is nothing but a hell on earth as they are considered a community who don't deserve human rights, including the right to education and vote. No authority cares for them. All those who matter in the state and at the centre focus only on the prosperous Kashmir and the people it houses. They cannot get admission in professional colleges of the state nor can they apply for the government jobs. They can vote for
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the parliament but not for state assembly. They were in fact stopped by the state government in 1947 and promised proper rehabilitation. But that promise was never kept. POJK Refugees Jammu also houses nearly one million refugees from Pakistanoccupied-Jammu and Kashmir (POJK). They had, like the refugees from West Pakistan, also left their original habitat in 1947 to escape their physical liquidation at the hands of the votaries of the pernicious two-nation doctrine and save their honour, culture and religion. They were displaced from Mirpur,Kotli, Deva Batala, Bhimber, Muzaffarabad, Gilgit etc.They left behind properties worth millions and millions of crores. They have been struggling since then to obtain compensation and proper rehabilitation, but with no result. As a result, they continue to suffer. The authorities remain unmoved and always offer crumbs to them to conciliate them. Such is the perverted thinking of the authorities. They, instead of focusing on the persecuted and hounded out communities, focus only and exclusively on the rather prosperous and allpowerful Kashmir and its privileged people. These refugees are actually residents of J&K state and are paying for
inability of the government to vacate the POJK from the illegal occupation of Pakistan. These POjK DPs have remained Neglected all these years. No claims of the properties left behind by them in POK have been given to them like other refugees from Pakistan. There has been no regular exercise done by GOI or J&K for registration / number count of the families displaced from POK and those killed during the disturbance. Only registration done has been for those who qualified for ex gratia relief ( amount was very small ) and submitted for applications. The number of such applicants ( not invited for general registration ) was around only 31600 as per the official sources. Many who went outside J&K in 1947 have remained totally unattended. No any special assistance like reservation in services, reservations in educational institutions, subsidies on financial supports from financial institutions etc has been given to them. Even the small ex gratia assistance in 1960s was adjusted against small accommodations provided to them. POJK DPs have now started complaining of Discrimination against them in addition to neglect of their cause after 1990 migration of people of Kashmir Valley and have started demanding even additional compensation for no timely support ( as has been provided to Kashmiri Migrants) provided to them over the years and (i) reservations in
services and education (ii) economic back up like loans / subsidies etc (iii) the accumulated appreciated value of assets left behind by them in POK ( they can surrender the property rights in favour of Government ). Many POK DPs who went outside J&K could not even carry STATE SUBJECT CERTIFICATES while running for life in 1947. They should be given SSC/ PRC on the basis of camp registrations they had in 1947/48.
IDPs from Kashmir Valley

In 1989-1990, Kashmir witnessed genocide of the miniscule minority of Kashmiri Hindus. Several Hindus lost their lives. Several Hindu women suffered. Their religious places were vandalized. The fanatics created an environment that left the Kashmiri Hindus with no other option but to quit their homes and hearths and migrate to Jammu and other places of the country. It happened in early 1990. Ever since then, they are longing for a dispensation that induces them to go back to the Valley and lead there a dignified life in the land of their ancestors. But nothing has come out of their passionate pleas. Most of them continue to lead a miserable life in the unliveable camps, including the newly-built and "unsafe" Jagati Township. The displaced Kashmiri Hindus continue to confront a situation that makes them believe that they are not part and parcel of the Indian society and that the authorities, instead
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of redressing their grievances, have abandoned them to placate Kashmir and its people. Gross political mismanagement, unprecedented corruption and loot of public exchequer by the emerging neoelite lead to public disenchantment in Kashmir. The ruling establishment collaborated and cooperated with Islamic fundamentalists in diverting the growing public anger towards the Central government, Hindu minority and India as a whole. Petro-dollars pumped into Kashmir from Arabian countries, perceived successes of Mujahideen in Afghanistan and collapse of the USSR as a superpower encouraged Muslim youths in Kashmir to take to the gun. Organised violence and brutal attacks against the helpless minority Hindu community began right from 1986 and even much earlier. Riots broke out against Kashmirs Hindu minority in February 1986,assuming a genocidal dimension.It was a full dress rehearsal of the plan for their genocide chalked out by Pakistans infamous ISI codenamed Operation Topac. The Administration remained busy in placating Muslim fundamentalists Instead of providing protection to the besieged minority community.The happenings of 1986 were factually summed up by Vinod Sharma, a veteran journalist with established secular credentials, in a report carried by the newsmagazine The Weekly in its March
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23-29,1988 issue (photocopy enclosed). The very title of the story filed by him, Valley of Fears: Is There a Sinister Attempt to Force a Hindu Exodus? conveyed the crux of the situation. The government virtually abdicated its responsibility in the fast deteriorating security situation in the state, supinely surrendering before the secessionist onslaught . Incidents of bomb blasts, attacks on high profile targets, appearance of photographs of fully armed terrorist leaders in the media etc. announced the arrival of gun culture in the Valley. Instead of taking effective measures to curb militancy, it released 70 hard core terrorists on one pretext and 5 more in the stage-managed Rubaiya Sayeed abduction case.Civil curfews; Hartals, violent demonstrations became the order of the day. Official vehicles were openly used to smuggle in arms and ammunition as well as subversives. The terrorists struck under a definite design to eliminate Hindus. Dealing the first blow, Tika Lal Taploo, a leading lawyer and popular political leader, was g u n n e d d o w n o n 1 4 t h September,1989. Administrative circles discounted the fears of the scared minority as unfounded. Hell broke loose on the night of 19th January, 1990, with almost the entire Muslim community coming out on the streets, raising hateful slogans against the Hindu minorityThe night of January 19, 1990 exposed the hollowness of the
secular pretensions of Kashmirs political organisation when almost the entire Muslim majority came out on the streets raising vicious slogans against the terrified Hindu minority, particularly insulting to its womenfolk. There was no sign of administration visible or invisible anywhere in Srinagar on that day. The fundamentalist terrorists went on rampage, virtually taking over the city and doing whatever they wanted to do. The minority community of Kashmiri Hindus had no option but to leave for the safety of their life and limb and honour of their womenfolk. They left their homes and hearths leaving everything behind -- movable and immovable property, jobs, and business enterprises, hoping that the situation will soon normalize and they will be able to return to their native land. The night of January 19, 1990 exposed the hollowness of the secular pretensions of Kashmirs political organisation when almost the entire Muslim majority came out on the streets raising vicious slogans against the terrified Hindu minority, particularly insulting to its womenfolk. The fundamentalist terrorists went on rampage, virtually taking over the city and doing whatever they wanted to do. The minority community of Kashmiri Hindus had no option but to leave for the safety of their life and limb and honour of their womenfolk. They left their homes and hearths leaving everything behind -- movable and immovable property, jobs, business
enterprises, hoping that the situation will soon normalize and they will be able to return to their native land. Official records say that 56487 families are registered as Kashmiri migrants. Out of these 34562 families are in Jammu,19338 in Delhi and the remaining in other states. But only 15078 families in Jammu, that is less than 50%, and 4335 families in Delhi, that is about 21%, are receiving cash assistance from the government. 5242 families in Jammu and around 250 families in Delhi have been provided camp accommodation -that is just 10% of the registered families. The remaining families have been left to fend for themselves. These people are living in extremely miserable and subhuman conditions. The minority Hindu community has not been displaced from Kashmir only physically but also culturally. Their imprints on the history and geo-culture of Kashmir are being deliberately erased. Historical places are being renamed, existence of cultural heroes denied and access to their language is being denied to the displaced Hindus as part of the plan to prevent their return. The census of 2001 showed the numbers of Kashmiri Hindus much below their actual population, and gave an unreal picture of their existence. Same is being repeated in 2011. Kashmiri Hindus have been unceremoniously eliminated from revised voter lists. The displaced Hindu minority of Kashmir is not only trying to come to terms with the
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trauma of displacement, but is also fighting injustices of a biased government. Discrimination is clearly visible in providing relief to the victims on the basis of religion. The displaced Hindu minority of Kashmir is not only trying to come to terms with the trauma of displacement, but is also fighting injustices of a biased government. Discrimination is clearly visible in providing relief to the victims on the basis of religion.
Terror Victims of Jammu Region In the Jammu region, both Muslims & Hindus from various areas particularly Poonch, Rajouri, Doda, Kishtwar, Ramban, Reasi. Udhampur were forced to leave their native areas and live under miserable and sub-human conditions in Jammu and elsewhere Supreme Court of India and High Court J&K, in their interim directions have impressed upon the state government to treat the migrants of Jammu region on the analogy of Kashmiri migrants in respect of sanction of relief and other benefits, but the state government is reluctant to implement the court directions as a result of which they have been living in miserable conditions and are leading despondent lives. The impact of terrorism in the Jammu region does not get due attention. The living conditions of the displaced persons (about ten thousand families) in the terrorism hit areas of Jammu region are
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deplorable. The areas which have witnessed migration in Jammu after the state was engulfed by secessionist and communal violence in 1989 include the erstwhile Doda district, Rajouri district, Poonch district and the erstwhile Udhampur district. They left their homes and hearths to escape the fanatics' ire and wrath. They migrated years ago, but no one is interested in their well-being, happiness and rehabilitation. Then, there are border migrants. They abandoned their homes to escape the Pakistani wrath and help the Indian State defeat the Pakistani onslaughts. They should have been taken care of for their sacrifices and contribution, but the authorities have not done anything concrete to mitigate their woes. Such is the attitude of the authorities in a state called a welfare state. And, then, there are the original inhabitants in Jammu province. Their number is more than three million. Their plight is miserable and their life pathetic. In fact, they constitute the most neglected lot in the whole of the country. New Delhi considers them irrelevant and perpetrates on them injustice after injustice. The situation has virtually climaxed to the point that their very identity is under grave threat. New Delhi acts as an agent of Kashmir and Kashmiri leadership and virtually despises the people of Jammu province, including refugees of all varieties, under the misguided notion that the
conciliation of the neglected people of Jammu province might "hurt the psyche of Kashmir and Kashmiri leadership".
War Refugees
India has fought wars with Pakistan in 1965, 1971 and 1999. Most of the people who got affected due to these wars belonged to Jammu Region and Ladakh region. As regards Jammu Region India surrendered some more areas to Pakistan , particularly Chammb area, as after affect of 1965 / 1971 wars and a large number of people of J&K were displaced from Chammb areas . Here too bulk of them were non muslims. The question liberation of POK as of 1947 has still remained unresolved till date and instead some mores have been surrendered to Pakistan. Affected people are all Permanent Residents of J&K ( subjects of J&K). There are two broader categories of people who had been / have been suffering due to Indo Pak LOC/ International Border conflicts. Cat-1 > those who have faced regular dislocations / disturbances. These people have not lived peacefully for last six decades. They have been forced leave their homes and lands very often. They have been provided some short term surviving assistances and have been many a times asked to go back even when the conditions had not fully improved. Some reservations in services / education were provided to people living in ALOC/ LOC. But no
support enabling them to sustain the regular socio economic losses have been provided to them. This need a detailed study so that they are got compensated for the neglect meted to them so far. Cat-II >those who have been permanently uprooted from their homes ( like Chammb refugees) : These people were provided some compensation in kind after the permanent dislocation was caused to them officially. Here too no regular agency has been engaged by government to estimate the loss they suffered and hence the compensation given to them has to be still tested. More so no Non Governmental Organisation from JK / national level / international level too has done any study on their cause. These people had remained disturbed for decades even before they left Chammb and hence were economically and educationally backward. These people hence need be supported with special support for education, trade, employment and services. Hence they too fall in the category of most neglected people of J&K.
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Some useful facts

The total population of the State according to census of India, conducted in 1981, was 59,27389 of which 19,30,448 were Hindus, 38,43,451 were Muslims, 1,33,675 were Sikhs, 69,706 were Buddhists, 1,576 Jains, and 2,481 Christians. The population figures, quoted above did not include the two and a half lakh Hindus and Sikhs, who migrated to Jammu and Kashmir in 1947, and the Hindus and Sikhs who were displaced from the territories of the State occupied by Pakistan and who have lived in the State ever since. These people are still awaiting settlement in the State. This has been in contrast with the expedition and efficiency with which the Muslim refugees from Tibet, who claimed Kashmiri lineage and who migrated to Kashmir in the wake of the Chinese annexation of Tibet in 1950, the Afghan refugees and thousands of Muslim immigrants, who sneaked across the Cease-Fire Line, from the occupied territories, in the wake of the IndoPakistan conflict of 1965, and the Bangladesh War of 1971, were settled in both the provinces of the State. These ugly facets of the Indian policy towards Kashmir and the double standards of the State Government have hardly been known outside the State and have generally been lost in the din of the
orchestrated tradition of tolerance and secular values of the Muslim leadership in Kashmir. The total population of the Hindus according to the Census of 1981, formed 32.4 percent of the total population of the State. The population of Sikhs formed 2.1 percent of the population of the State and the population of Buddhists constituted 1.1 percent of the population of the State. The population of the Hindu and Sikh Sharnarthis, refugees still awaiting settlement, constituted 4.1 percent of the population of the State. Added together, the population of the Hindus, the Sikhs and the Buddhists in the State, constituted 39.7 percent of the population of the State. The Jammu and Kashmir is a prosperous State, which in terms of per capita in come is placed fourth among the Indian States. The prosperity of the Muslims accounted for a greater share in the figures cited above due to more favourable allocation of financial resources for the Kashmir division, varying between 65 to 69 percent as compared to 35 to 31 percent allocated to the two divisions of Jammu and Ladakh. The widespread propaganda campaign about the so-called economic deprivation of the Muslims of Kashmir, was designed to conceal the real import and objectives of the militancy and was
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aimed to mislead the Indian public opinion in order to provide tactical advantage to the secessionist forces working against the unity of the country. The Muslims in the province were and still are, a prosperous community. The Muslims of Kashmir dominated the economic organisation of the State, as shown by the following facts: The Muslims in Kashmir owned 97.4 percent of the agricultural land, leaving 2.6 per cent of agricultural land in the ownership of the Hindus and the other minorities, who together constituted about 11 percent population of the province. The Muslims owned 96 percent of the fruit orchard acerage in the Kashmir province, whereas the Hindus owned only 2.8 percent of the fruit orchards. TheMuslims in Kashmir owned 98.7 per cent acerage of Kareva highland, growing saffron, whereas the Hindus owned 0.03 percent land yielding saffron. The export of dry fruit: almond, and walnut, was a monopoly of the Muslims in Kashmir, the Hindus having negligible or no share in the export of dry fruit from Kashmir. The export of precious walnut and willow-wood was wholly a monopoly of the Muslims, the Hindus having no share in it. The employment of the Muslims in the horticulture industry approximated to 8 lakhs of people working on 4,81,000 orchard holdings. The employment of Hindus in the Horticul- ture indus try was less than 0.5 percent.
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Of the industries using electric power in Kashmir province, 98.9 per cent were owned by the Muslims and only 0.02 per cent were owned by the Hindus. The handicrafts and handloom industry of Kashmir division was almost wholly owned by the Muslims and provided employment to 91,941 persons, among whom only 0.4 per cent were Hindus. The membership of the handicrafts and handloom cooperative societies in 1985-86, the years, when the Muslim fundamental its were getting militarised, was 17,776, of which only 0.3 per cent belonged to the Hindus in Kashmir. In 1985-86, the number of smallscale industries and industrial units registered with the Directorate of Industries in Kashmir province was 46,293. The number of units registered in the name of the Hindus of Kashmir estimated to only 0.01 percent. 98.7 percent of the industrial units were registered in the name of the Kashmiri Muslims. The Khadi and village industries registered under Khadi and Village Industries Board, provided employment to 28,110 persons. 98.8 percent of the employees were Muslims. According to the statistics and figures collected from the Government sources for the years 1985-86, the State Transport Corporation employed 6,434 persons of which the Kashmiri Hindus
accounted for 0.8 percent. According to the figures available for the year 1985-86, from the government sources, the entire boat transport in the State was monopolised by the Kashmiri Muslims. The hotel industry is a highly lucerative industry in Kashmir. It was always a closed preserve of the Muslims of Kashmir. The Muslims owned about 96 percent of the hotel property in Kashmir, the Hindus owned only 2.2 percent of the Hotel property in Kashmir. 94 percent of the State subsidy paid on horticulture, agriculture, agricultural implements, fertilisers, pesticides etc. was appropriated by the Muslims in Kashmir with 2.4 per cent and less of the subsidies received by the Hindus. The Muslims appropriated the whole of the State subsidies on industrial loans, exports, self employment schemes etc. The share of the Hindus of Kashmir in such subsidies was negligible; less than
0.1 per cent. The share of the Hindus in the industrial loans, provided by the State Government, the loans on selfemployment schemes, loans on small scale and handicraft industrial units and the lands alloted for the establishment of such industries, was negligible; less than 0.1 per cent. The Hindus were almost excluded from contracts and public works undertaken by the Government and were given, on an average, a share of 4 percent in the works undertaken by the State. Land to tiller With one stroke of pen Hindu community was rendered landless. Social boycott of pro Indian parties.; Gujjar Bakerwals , shias and Ahmedias also not accepted as equals. Caste system within Muslims prevalent everywhere. Love Jihad existed in Kashmir earlier.
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Major Players in Kashmir

Kashmir is being termed as stormy centre of world. Every major power is active in this area. First in the name of containing elsewhere USSr and now to have a pie of natural resoueces of central Asian countries every country is trying to meddle in the area. Af-Pak is hence emergingas a major cetre of global power games. This has its impact on Kashmir and India as whole. Some key players in Kashmir are as follows: access to the Gulf through Pakistan," stated the NYT. Beijing intends to create a corridor from the Indian Ocean up to the Chinese province of Xinjiang. The first cornerstone of this grandiose project has been the construction of the Gwadar Port, at the mouth of the Persian Gulf and outside the Strait of Hormuz. It is near the key shipping routes used by the mainline vessels that have connections to Africa, Asia and Europe, and it enjoys a high commercial and strategic significance. The port was financed and built by China and inaugurated in 2007 by the former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf. At present, it takes a Chinese tanker about 16 to 25 days to reach the Gulf. Once high-speed rail and road links through Gilgit-Baltistan are completed, however, China will be able to transport cargo to and from Xinjiang to Gwadar and to other Pakistani port facilities, within 48 hours. PLA's soldiers in Gilgit-Baltistan are also expected to work on the infrastructure in the region. According to reports, China is planning the construction of roads and bridges; a high-speed rail system, and nearly twodozen tunnels. As the whole area is closed to foreign observers, news can only be obtained through intelligence information, as well as satellite imagery
China
China has been deploying thousands of soldiers in the strategic GilgitBaltistan. Although cooperation between Pakistan and China is not new -- it was China in the 1970s that supported Pakistan's attempts to acquire its nuclear capability -- the deployment of Chinese troops in Pakistan, however, indicates a worrying alliance. The presence of the Chinese People's Liberation Army [PLA] in Gilgit-Baltistan region, where a nascent revolt against the Pakistani rule is taking place, constitutes the direct involvement of Beijing in the dispute over Kashmir, making any future understanding between Pakistan and India more difficult, and can only arouse a new and serious rift between New Delhi and Beijing. "China wants a grip on the strategic area to assure unfettered road and rail
45
that shows construction activities are underway throughout the region. Many of the PLA soldiers are supposedly currently building the railroad. Others are extending the Karakoram Highway, which connects China and Pakistan across the Karakoram mountain range, and engaged in activities for constructing dams, expressways and other projects. Their presence is also apparently meant to deter any possible disturbances from the local population, within which are simmering rebellious sentiments against the Pakistani rule.
USA and West

The alliance between the U.S. and Pakistan appears to be becoming less and less sound. The U.S.-led war against the Taliban, Al-Qaeda, and other terrorist groups in Afghanistan is quickly deteriorating into a growing open conflict with Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)., which represents the core of Pakistani military power and can also act independently from Pakistan's government. The agency is responsible for the creation of the mujahiddin movement in Afghanistan during the war against the USSR; and later, for the movements for the "liberation" of Kashmir, as well as the first attack on World Trade Center, and the attacks on hotels and a Jewish Habad Cenmter in Mumbai. China and Pakistan share many common interests: both have territorial disputes with India. China and India,
whose populations, combined, make up slightly less than 40% of the world population. They are also both striving for strategic regional supremacy. By linking its western province to the Indian Ocean, China will not gain just a strategic stronghold and access to the Persian Gulf, but also could significantly influence the geopolitics and trade in the Indian Ocean Region, as well as in Central Asia. US obtains more influence in South Asia, compared to Russia and China; United States changed its security policy for the Asia-Pacific region This is primarily demonstrated in the United States' increasing focus on the Asia-Pacific region or, more accurately, in the emergence of an integrated military strategy for the Europe-Atlantic region and the Asia-Pacific region. India and the Indian Ocean are expected to play an important role in such a geostrategy. In the closing days of the Clinton administration, the containment of China gradually increased in importance as a factor influencing America's Asia-Pacific strategy. In addition to causing trouble on the Taiwan issue, the strategy of containment included reliance on Japanese and Indian Forces, and especially on the trend of enhancing India's capabilities to contain China. Giving the fact that counter-terrorism has became the primary issue in American strategy, the United States intends to use the war on terrorism to
46
implement its military strategy in the Asia-Pacific region in addition to strengthening homeland security. The US military strategy in the Asia-Pacific region, consequently, includes securing influence and location in Central Asia; the limiting of Western Asia's development; and a return to South East Asia. Within this context, India and the Indian Ocean constitute the bridge for the United States in its regional military strategy. While Pakistan has attempted to balance Indian superiority by seeking external ties, India has perceived this as a way of upsetting the natural balance of power in South Asia.25 For America, Pakistan's role in the United States' military strategy is especially important when America's personal interests are in jeopardy (anti-communism, containment of the erstwhile Soviet Union, and counter terrorism). As Pakistan is a traditional ally of the United States and a frontline state in fighting terrorism, without a more normal India-Pakistan relationship, the India-US relationship will remain highly sensitive to Indian perceptions of Washington's relationship with Islamabad. In conclusion, based on the rise of the Indian power, the importance of South Asia and the emergence of an Asia-Pacific perspective, the United States has gradually changed its balance of power policy. America is using the balance of power (method) to secure a power advantage (goal).
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Britsh compulsion
Most British Kashmiris originate from Azad ("free") Kashmir, which isn't so much free as controlled by Pakistan (a source of suppressed anger). But they're Kashmiris in the sense that they originate from the old princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. 500,000 or so fellow citizens who originate from Pakistan and well over a million British citizens of Indian origin, concentrated in a relatively small number of urban areas, among whom the Kashmir issue arouses divided views and fervent passions. The conflict in Kashmir, like the condition of Pakistan, thus has ripple effects in Britain. Pakistan's a long way from collapse. (The army remains a dominant force.) But trouble there has effects here. The Al Qaeda connection's too obvious to stress. A further war over Kashmir between India and Pakistan - three have been fought since the 1940s - could have serious consequences.
Pakistani Terrorist Machinery Aimed at Kashmir

For Islamabad, the liberation of Kashmir is a sacred mission, the only task unfulfilled since Muhammad Ali Jinnah's days. Moreover, a crisis in Kashmir constitutes an excellent outlet for the frustration at home, an instrument for the mobilization of the masses, as well as gaining the support of the Islamist parties and primarily their loyalists in the military and the Inter
Services Intelligence (ISI) The ISI has a major interest to continue the crisis. Back in the 1970s, Pakistan started to train Sikhs and other Indian separatist movements as part of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's strategy for forward strategic depth. Pakistan adopted the sponsorship of terrorism and subversion as an instrument to substitute for the lack of strategic depth and early warning capabilities. The Pakistani sponsored terrorists and the Pakistani intelligence operatives in their ranks would be able to warn Pakistan of any impending Indian invasion, and then launch a guerrilla warfare against the Indian Army even before it reached the border with Pakistan. Therefore, sponsoring separatist subversion has become a crucial component of Islamabad's national military strategy. Deadliest Pakistani Terrorist Groups Active in Jammu and Kashmir: Harkat-ul-Ansar (recently renamed Harkat-ul-Mujaheedin) Headquarters: Muzaffarabad (PakistanOccupied Kashmir) Lashkar-e-Toiba Headquarters: Muridke (Pakistan) Hizbul Mujahideen Groups active in Kashmir The Jammu and Kashmir Democratic Freedom Party (JKDFP) was founded in 1998 by Hashim Qureshi and Shabir Ahmad Shah as a separatist party that advocates self-rule for Jammu and
Kashmir. The Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party (PDP) was founded in 1999 by Mufti Mohammed Sayeed and is a separatist party that advocates selfrule for Jammu and Kashmir. The All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC) was founded in 1993 and is a political front formed as an alliance of 26 political, social and religious organisations in Kashmir. One of the main objectives of the APHC is ascend the Indian controlled regions of Kashmir to Pakistan and to instate Islamic governance. The Indian National Congress (INC) is one of the two major political parties in India and is considered centreleft in the Indian political spectrum. In the 2009 general election it formed a coalition with a number of allies called the UPA and was able to form a majority and form a government. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is India's second largest political party and is considered centre-right in the Indian political spectrum and is the HinduNational party. They were in power from 1998 to 2004 when Atal Bihari Vajpayee was Prime Minister. The Jammu and Kashmir National Conference Party (NCP) was founded
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by Sheikh Abduallah in 1939 and dominated electoral politics for many decades in the state, it is now being led by his grandson Omar Abdullah. They are a moderate separatist party and call for Jammu and Kashmir's right to selfdetermination and autonomy. Jaish-e-Mohammed is a militant organisation that operates in Kashmir but is based in Pakistan. The group's main aim is to ascend the Indian controlled regions of Kashmir to Pakistan and to instate Islamic governance and has carried out several attacks. It has been banned in Pakistan since 2002 and its Commander-inChief Masood Azhar is currently imprisoned in Pakistan, however, the group continues to operate. Hizb-ul-Mujahideen is a militant organisation that has operated in Kashmir since 1989 and is the militant wing of the Kashmiri political and religious group Jamaat-e-Islami. The current leader of the group is a Kashmiri known as Sayeed Salahudeen who resides in Pakistan. The group is considered by many to be the most widely supported and populist militant group active in the conflict. Lashkar-e-Taiba was founded in 1994 as the militant wing of the Marqaz, a centre which was founded in the 1980s by Hafiz Mohammed Saeed and is one the largest and most active of the militant
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operations. They have taken responsibility for a number of violent attacks including the Red Fort attacks in Delhi in 2000. India has also accused them of being responsible for the 2009 Mumbai attacks. They differ from the other main militant groups as most of their members are non-Kashmiri. They are an extremely well-known and prominent group in Pakistan. However, they have been banned since 2002 in Pakistan, but they continue to operate and include different factions. Farooq Abdullah Has dominated local politics for years and is the son of Sheikh Mohammed, who founded the National Conference Party. While he has accepted that Kashmir should remain part of the Indian Union, he has campaigned for its greater autonomy. He has been criticised for shifting his allegiances to political parties, but is currently an ally of the BJP. Omar Abdullah is the son of Farooq Abdullah and was made head of the National Conference in 2008, he resigned in 2009 amid allegations of a sex scandal, however he is currently still in the party and is Chief Minister for Jammu and Kashmir. Shabir Shah is a high profile campaigner for Kashmiri independence since the late 1960s, and has spent much of his life in Indian jails. However, he
was suspended from the APHC due to political disagreements and went on to found his own party in 1998 called the Jammu Kashmir Democratic Freedom Party (JKDFP). Abdul Gani Bhat is another key player in Kashmiri politics and advocates for Kashmir's accession to Pakistan. In 1993 his party, the Muslim Conference, became part of the main Kashmiri separatists alliance the APHC. He recently claimed that other separatists involved in the conflicts had assassinated some high profile leaders in the separatist movement and his own brother. Syed Ali Shah Geelani is a prominent separatist leader from Kashmir. He headsy Tehreek Hurriyat and is a hardliner. Mirwaiz Molvi Mohammad Umar Farooq is the chairman of the Awami Action Committee and the All Parties
Hurriyat Conference, a coalition of separatist parties in the Kashmir valley. As the Mirwaiz (Mir-Head; Waiz-Priest) of Kashmir and chairman of the Hurriyat Conference has both an important religious and political role in the Kashmir Valley. He was Placed on the stage at the age of 17, following the assassination of his father, Mirwaiz Maulvi Farooq, the then leader of Awami Action Committee. Sajjad Gani Lone is a Kashmiri politician, the youngest son of Abdul Ghani Lone, who was killed in a rally in Srinagar. After the death of his father, Sajjad Lone became the chairman of People's Conference. In the 2009 Indian general election he stood as an independent candidate in Baramulla, becoming the first separatist leader to stand in a general election in Jammu and Kashmir in 20 years. . He was defeated by the National Conference candidate Sharifuddin Shariq.
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National Workshop on

Jammu-Kashmir Study Centre

Introduction: Jammu and Kashmir

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Pak Occupied Jammu- Kashmir

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

District Bhimber Kotli Mirpur Hattian Neelum[12]

Muzaffarabad Muzaffarabad[11] 2,496

Poonch Haveli Bagh Sudhnati

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Division Baltistan Gilgit

District Ghanche Skardu Gilgit Diamir Ghizar Astore HunzaNagar

Area (km) 9,400 18,000 39,300 10,936 9,635 8,657

Population (1998) 88,366 214,848 383,324 131,925 120,218 71,666

Headquarters Khaplu Skardu Gilgit Chilas Gahkuch Gorikot Aliabad, Sikandarabad

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Accession is full, final and irrevocable

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Article 370 of the constitution of India

Text of the Article 370

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Implications of Article 370

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Discrimination with Jammu and Laddakh

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Refugee problem in J&K

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

IDPs from Kashmir Valley

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Some useful facts

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Major Players in Kashmir

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

USA and West

Pakistani Terrorist Machinery Aimed at Kashmir

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Jammu-Kashmir Study Centre

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