e

Original: KH/CLT/2005/RP/16 Phnom Penh, July 2008
14th Technical Committee / 14mee Comit technique
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STANDING SECRETARIAT
UNESCO Office
Address:
38 Samdech Sothearos Blvd. P.O. Box 29 Phnom Penh Cambodia
Phone:
(855) (23) 426 726 (855) (23) 723 054 / 725 071 (855) (12) 222 440 (855) (12) 813 550 (855) (12) 813 844 (855) (23) 720 841
Fax:
(855) (23) 426 163 / 217 022
E-mail:
cicangkor@unesco.org t.teneishvili@unesco.org d.balle-calix@unesco.org apsara.ddta@online.com.kh
Standing Secretariat
in Paris:
Mr Azedine BESCHAOUCH Scientific Advisor, Culture Sector
in Phnom Penh: Ms Tamara TENEISHVILI Ms Dominique BALL-CALIX Ms CHAU SUN Kerya (APSARA Authority) Mr SAM Rithy
International Coordinating Committee for the Safeguarding and Development of the Historic Site of Angkor
Comit international de coordination pour la sauvegarde et le dveloppement du site historique dAngkor
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE ICC.......................................................................................................................................................5 RECORD OF THE DISCUSSIONS...........................................................................................................................................................8

I. OPENING SESSION..8
I-1 Statement by the Co-chairman for France, Mr Dominique DORDAIN, Advisor for Cooperation and Cultural Action with the Embassy of France 8
I-2 Statement by the Co-chairman for Japan, Mr Susumu INOUE, MinisterCounselor with the Embassy of Japan9 I-3 Statement by the Head of the Cambodian Delegation, HE Mr SOK An, Deputy Prime Minister and Chairman of the APSARA Authority11 I-4 Statement by Mr Mounir BOUCHENAKI, Deputy Director General of UNESCO for Culture.13
II. SAFEGUARDING, CONSERVATION, RESEARCH16

II-1 Report on Activities of the APSARA Authority..16 Introduction by HE Mr BUN Narith, Director General of the APSARA Authority Report on the activities of the Department of Monuments and Archaeology, by HE Mr ROS Borath, Deputy Director General, APSARA17 II-2 Statement from HE Mr Charles RAY, Ambassador of the United States of America21 II-3 TEAM REPORTS ON SITE ACTIVITIES 25 II-3.1 Bat Chum Project (APSARAS/FSP/ACCOR): Presentation by Messrs SO Pheap, HENG Jeudi and HOU Nolamony, APSARA25 II-3.2 Completion of Phase II of the JSA Project: Summary of Conservation and Restoration Operations, by Prof. Takeshi NAKAGAWA, Mr SOK Vannisay and Ms Chinami EGUCHI..28 II-3.3 Restoration of Pre Rup Temple, by Mr Valter Maria SANTORO, I.Ge.S...32 II-3.4 Ongoing GACP Projects, by Mr Simon WARRACK and Prof. Hans LEISEN, GACP..34 II-3.5 Report from BSCP on Banteay Srei and update on website project, by Mr Ueli SALZMANN.......................................................................................................................................37 II-3.6 Durability of the sandstone on Angkor monuments and temperature and humidity monitoring at Angkor Wat, introduction by Prof. Nobuo ENDO and presentation by Mr Satoru MIWA, Sophia University39 II-3.7 Challenges in the Conservation and Restoration of the Ta Prohm Temple, by Mr C. Babu RAJEEV, Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India43 II-3.8 Progress Report on the Preah Khan and Ta Som Conservation Projects, by Mr John SANDAY, WMF45 II-3.9 Proposal for an Intervention on the Churning of the Sea of Milk Gallery in Angkor Wat, by Messrs John STUBBS and Glen BORNAZIAN, WMF.46
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II-4 PROJECT PROPOSALS52 II-4.1 Introduction to the New Fonds de solidarit prioritaire (Priority Solidarity Fund, FSP), by Mr Michel VERROT52 II-4.2 EFEO/FSP Baphuon Project: Status Report and Prospects, by Mr Pascal ROYRE, EFEO.52 II-4.3 New Phase of Project Funded through Japanese Funds-in-Trust with UNESCO, JSA/APSARA, by Mr AMAMIYA Yuji, Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs.54 II-4.4 Phnom Bakheng: Update on Structural Risks Analysis, by Messrs Michael MARTIN and Stefan YAREBAK, WMF..56 II-4.5 Proposal for Safeguarding Angkor Wat: New Project Using Italian Funds-in-Trust with UNESCO and I.Ge.S., by Valter Maria SANTORO..59 II-5 RESEARCH61 II-5.1 Reinforcement of the Phnom Penh National Museum Workshop and Museum Master Plan, by Messrs Dominique DORDAIN and Bertrand PORTE61 II-5.2 Angkor Thom: An Archaeological Assessment of the Site After Four Years of Research, by Prof. Jacques GAUCHER, EFEO/FSP63 II-5.3 Report on the Greater Angkor Project at Bam Pen Reach in January-February 2005: Introduction by HE Ms Lisa FILIPETTO, Ambassador of Australia; presentation by Prof. Roland FLETCHER, University de Sydney/EFEO/APSARA..68 II-5.4 Contributions of Building Archaeology to the Study of the Bayon Style, by Dr Olivier CUNIN, CEK/INALCO.71 II-5.5 Findings from Archaeological Excavations at Trapeang Thlok: Introduction by HE Mr ROS Borath, Presentation by Mr Pierre BTY, INRAP/APSARA/SCA..73 II-5.6 Preliminary Results of Excavations in March 2005 at Roluos and Prehistoric Burial Site Excavations on the Western Baray in June 2005, by Christophe POTTIER, EFEO/French Ministry of Foreign Affairs77
III. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT83

III-1 URBAN DEVELOPMENT.83 III-1.1 Report on Ongoing APSARA Authority and Siem Reap Province Projects, by HE Mr UK Someth, DDG, APSARA83 III-1.2 Presentation of an Urban Development Project in Siem Reap, by Mr Yves TERRACOL, Director of the Phnom Penh Office of the Agence franaise de dveloppement (AFD)84 III-1.3 Report on the Siem Reap/Angkor Sustainable Development Master Plan Study, by Mr Itsu ADACHI, JICA Group Leader.86 III-2 WATER AND THE ENVIRONMENT89 III-2.1 Present Situation, Summary of Issues and Progress, by HE Mr UK Someth, APSARA89 III-2.2 Western Baray Irrigation Project, by Mr A.D. MOHILE, WAPCOS.90 III-2.3 Water and Forestry Issues in Angkor Park and at Phnom Kulen, by Mr HANG Poeu, APSARA Department Director91 III-2.4 Report on the Prek Toal Station, Phnom Kulen Botanical Garden and Other Projects in Angkor Park, by Mr NEOU Bonheur..92 III-2.5 Report on the Angkor Center for Conservation of Biodiversity (ACCB), by Ms Isabel STICH, Deputy Director of the ACCB96 III-2.6 The Archaeological Quarry Site of O Thmor Dap, Source of Supplies of Restoration Materials, by HE Mr SEUNG Kong, DGD, APSARA97 III-2.7 Prospects for a Contribution from New Zealand to the Development of Angkor, by Mr Steve DOWALL, NZAID98 III-2.8 Progress Report on the Environmental Management System, by Mr UN Moninita and Ms SENG Sothira, APSARA.100 III-3 INFRASTRUCTURE.103 III-3.1 Progress Report on Construction of the APSARA Authoritys Headquarters and the Cultural and Tourist City, by HE Mr UK Someth, APSARA.103
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III-3.2 Update on Angkor Visitor Center, by Mr Mounir BOUCHENAKI, Deputy Director General for Culture, UNESCO, and Mr Bchir SOUID, Architectural Programmer..104 III-3.3 Update on Temple Approach Area Structuring Project, by HE Mr ROS Borath, APSARA109 III-3.4 Progress Report on the National Road 67 Project and Confirmation of the Right-of-way, by Mr KEM Borey, Deputy Director, Ministry of Public Works and Transport.109 III-3.5 Buddha Statue Museum Project Funded by the AEON Group, by Mr Yasuyuki FURUYAMA, Sophia University..110 III-3.6 Presentation of Cambodian Land Mine Museum Project, by Mr Richard FITOUSSI, Director of the Cambodian Land Mine Museum Relief Fund Project; Introduction by Mr Steven RHEAULTKIHARA, Canadian charg daffaires..112 III-3.7 Update on the Museum of Traditional Asian Textiles, by Mr SHARMA, First Secretary of the Embassy of India..115
III-4 TOURISM DEVELOPMENT.116 III-4.1 Presentation of Projects for New Tourist Itineraries, by Ms CHAU SUN Krya, Director, DDTA APSARA..116 III-4.2 Updates on New Tourism Projects, by HE Mr TEP Henn, DGA APSARA, Assisted by Ms ANG Sokun and Messrs TES Sothy and NGETH Sothy, APSARA.118 III-5 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT121 III-5.1 Results of the Population Census in Angkor Archaeological Park, by Mr TAN Boun Suy, APSARA...121 III-5.2 Briefing on Artisans dAngkor and the Chantiers-coles de formation professionnelle, by HE Mr TAN Sambon, APSARA Deputy Director General and AA Chairman, and Mr PRIM Phloeun, AA Business Manager.123 III-5.3 Awareness-raising Activities and Support for Communities in Angkor Park, by Mr KHUON Khun Ney, DMA2 Director, APSARA..124 III-6 HUMAN RESOURCES126 III-6.1 New Phase in FSP Institutional Support to the APSARA Authority and Heritage School Project, by Mr Michel VERROT, FSP..126 III-6.2 Capacity-building Project at the Royal University of Fine Art Faculties of Archaeology and Architecture, Funded through Japanese Funds-in-Trust, by Mr tienne CLMENT...127 III-6.3 Center for Khmer Studies: Training Activities, by Mr Philippe PEYCAM, CEK128
IV CLOSING SESSION133
IV.1 Statement by the Japanese Co-chairman, Mr INOUE..133 IV.2 Statement by the Co-chairman for France, Mr DORDAIN..134 IV.3 Statement by the Representative of the Royal Government of Cambodia, HE Mr SOK An..136 IV-4 Statement by the Representative of the UNESCO Director General138
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS...140
NOTICE: The languages used during the sessions of the ICC are English and French. In the record of the debates, all material spoken originally in French is therefore a translation. Presentations and comments made originally in English are indicated by [OrigE] at the beginning of the contribution.
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RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE ICC
SAFEGUARDING, CONSERVATION AND RESEARCH Sessions 1 and 2 (June 7, 2005)

1. In view of the new challenges facing the APSARA National Authoritys Department of Monuments and Archaeology (DMA) (expansion of its terms of reference, in particular coaching international projects), the committee recommends, in the area of human resources: a) That the DMA be strengthened by appropriate recruitment; b) That an effectual human resources management plan be put in place, including a definition of the statutory missions as well as a motivating system of internal promotion and management-level empowerment; The committee recalls, in keeping with its previous recommendations, that the teams operating on the Angkor site have agreed to file their technical documents with the APSARA National Authority and recommends that the international teams promote information exchange and consultation among themselves in order to be more familiar with the updated data; Whenever a completed preservation and restoration project is turned over, the committee invites the international teams operating in Angkor Park to file a set of specifications with the APSARA National Authoritys Department of Monuments and Archaeology (DMA) so as to facilitate the continuum of site monitoring and upkeep; Having noted the Archaeological Master Plan of Angkor Thom (French Fonds de solidarit prioritaire), the committee encourages an exchange of expert opinions on this tool to protect and conserve the archaeological reserve and temples in the city of Angkor Thom; Given the extremely complex nature of the Ta Prohm site, the committee thanks the Archaeological Survey of India for consulting the ad hoc group of experts prior to any work done and encourages it to consult an arborist with regard to the lifespan of the trees that are in integral part of the site; Having been apprized of the detailed technical proposal presented by the World Monuments Fund for safeguarding the Churning of the Sea of Milk bas-relief in Angkor Wat, a masterpiece of Khmer art, the committee recommends that the ad hoc experts be consulted prior to making a decision on implementation of this proposal; Having noted the presentation of the findings of archaeological survey excavations done at Trapeang Thlok on airport land (funded by the Socit Concessionnaire de lAroport [SCA]), the committee recommends that this example of applied archaeological surveying in a developing country involving a public-private partnership be followed for all future investment projects in the zone;
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
International Coordinating Committee for the Safeguarding and Development of the Historic Site of Angkor Comit international de coordination pour la sauvegarde et le dveloppement du site historique dAngkor
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Sessions 3 and 4 (June 8, 2005)

8. The committee recommends that an approach integrating the human populations and the environment of the sites be adopted in the design of any project for the safeguarding of the cultural monument heritage; The committee takes this opportunity to recommend that any decision regarding the development of the town and region of Siem Reap comply with the implementation directions of the 1972 Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, updated in February 2005. On this matter, the committee insists on the need to coordinate donor programs under the direction of the Royal Government of Cambodia. In this regard, the committee recommends the speedy formation of the ICC Advisory Committee on Sustainable Development, in order to provide advice to the Royal Government as it assesses proposed projects in keeping with the directions of the Convention for World Heritage.
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10. Noting the contributions regarding water management, the committee recalls that this major issue is included on the United Nations agenda as a priority program and recommends that the Royal Government of Cambodia, while providing consistent coordination of the various activities being carried out or contemplated, assume its responsibilities in order to prevent uncontrolled development in this area. Furthermore, a watchful eye is needed and the ad hoc experts should be consulted regarding any increase in the water level in the West Baray that could have an impact on the structural stability of the East Mebon temple; 11. Alarmed by the deforestation taking place on Phnom Kulen, the committee recommends that an action plan be put in place that includes water and forestry specialists as well as a surveillance structure in order to provide proper and balanced management of this forest; 12. The committee recommends that the Cambodian authorities be encouraged to continue promoting the Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve in order to keep it intact and to look into the possibility of including the projected zones of Preak Thoal, Stung Sen and Boeung Chhmar on the World Heritage List as a natural site on the basis of the exceptional values found therein; 13. The committee has taken note of the projects linking the communities of Angkor Park through education and the promotion of educational activities and thanks the government of New Zealand for the information it supplied regarding the new community development project; 14. The committee noted the presentation regarding the Cambodian Land Mine Museum Relief Fund Project (CLMMRF) and commends those who are behind it. It has no problem with its essential features, but feels considerable reservation about where it will be set up. In view of the fact that the 1972 Convention stipulates that Zone 2 is not to be built up, the committee recommends that the Royal Government make an alternative land allotment available; 15. Regarding the National Road 67 construction project, the committee recommends that the road allowance be adhered to as was decided in consultation with the APSARA National Authority and requests that it be briefed on all changes, including those of a minor nature; 16. Regarding all of the new tourism projects proposed by the APSARA National Authority (implementation of battery-run bicycles, plastic slippers to be worn by visitors to the Angkor monuments, putting up a stairway and monoculars for
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visitors to Phnom Bakheng, entrance fee to include a book about Cambodia, electric shuttles), the committee takes note that in keeping with previous recommendations made by the ICC, the APSARA National Authority is to test out these projects to confirm their quality, viability and acceptability to tourists prior to any official adoption; it recommends in particular that the Cambodia Guide for Tourism and Investment be distributed through alternate channels; 17. Regarding projects for the training of Cambodian experts and scholars, the committee congratulates Japan, UNESCO, the Fonds de solidarit prioritaire (France) and the Center for Khmer Studies for their achievements and recommends a pooling of their experience and expertise in order to build national capacity in the area of heritage conservation, research and management. Conclusion of recommendations made by the ICC Technical Committee, June 2005.
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RECORD OF THE DISCUSSIONS
I. OPENING SESSION
I-1 Statement by the Co-chairman for France, Mr Dominique DORDAIN, Advisor for Cooperation and Cultural Action with the Embassy of France
Excellency Deputy Prime Minister, Honorable Co-chairman, Honorable Director General of APSARA, Honorable Ambassadors, Ladies and Gentlemen: After a decade devoted to rescue operations, the main theme in the presentation of Angkor Park is now sustainable development, thus marking a cultural turning point. The success of this change in stream depends upon consolidating and future proofing what was done over the last ten years. Firstly, the ICC has undertaken a coordinating action that requires reinforcement and continuation on two main pillars: - Integrated strategic management between the APSARA Authority and the standing secretariat; - Enlargement of the field of jurisdiction assigned to the ad hoc group of experts by adding to its membership recognized authorities in the field of archaeology, which is a new feature, but one that is relevant given the densification of the urban area and arteries of travel within the park and in the area surrounding it. In complement thereto, the APSARA Authority requires continued support in its initial vocation of safeguarding the Angkorian heritage. Since 1995, APSARA has been building its internal technical capacities in order to care for missions involving: - Monument maintenance, - Archaeological protection in the areas of emergency interventions and surveying, - Management of the temple perimeter areas, - Familiarity with the various publics and visitor numbers, - Prevention of trafficking in artifacts. UNESCO, France and other ICC members have made commitments in these areas, and this groundwork that has enabled APSARA to ensure the integrity of mankinds world heritage must be pursued in the mid-term. However, such support from the international community will only be truly effective if the APSARA Authority is able to enhance its internal organization by adopting a personnel code that gives professional recognition and career advancement to junior management staff. Although assistance provided by APSARAs international partners has now become focused on the technical areas of sustainable development, it nevertheless remains necessary to see
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that this institution is coached in the changes required in order to better manage the park and coordinate all that is being done. The Royal Government of Cambodia is highly desirous of having the APSARA Authority occupy a key position in the development process, which means consolidating the administrative and technical structures based on a development and presentation policy: A. Firstly, ensuring that the park retains its status on the World Heritage List requires proper enforcement of the current laws and regulations, whether they involve land use and buildings, the protection of natural spaces or of archaeological heritage such as in Angkor Thom and about which you will be briefed today. B. Secondly, the layout of the space must be pursued on the basis of structuring projects which have now proven their worth and viability, including programs to: - Structure the temple approach areas, - Manage the traffic flow, - Provide improved tour itineraries, - As well as the umbrella program to set up a visitor center to enable visitors to make a preliminary discovery of the site, highlighting its history and all its other featuresmonuments, archaeology and ecologyas was expressed by the Chief Executive Officer of the APSARA Authority in his opening statement at our meeting of December 16, 2004. In conclusion, without this major operation for institutional strengthening, consolidation of the statutory framework and the undertaking of major structuring or layout programs, it would not be a sound proposition to move into new areas. Taking positive action in the face of this risk means that our committee must fully recognize the tangible and intangible heritage of Angkor as a source of added value and as the engine of tourism development. In this context and more than ever before, culture must be assigned a key role on the development process. This must be the by-word in our proceedings. I sincerely hope that our agenda will be up to the expectations of the representative of the Royal Government of Cambodia as we spend these next two days looking firstly at safeguarding operations and scientific work, followed by the theme of sustainable development.
I-2 Statement by the Co-chairman for Japan, Mr Susumu INOUE, Minister-Counselor with the Embassy of Japan
His Excellency Mr SOK An, Deputy Prime Minister in charge of the Council of Ministers, Excellencies, Honorable Co-chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is a real pleasure for me today to chair the technical meeting of the International Coordinating Committee with my colleague, Mr Dominique DORDAIN, counselor from the Embassy of France. Before coming here to Cambodia one year ago, I worked in the prime ministers cabinet. One of my main assignments was to chair the Japanese Advisory Coordinating Committee for Safeguarding the Angkor Site. Its purpose is to appeal to all Japanese organizations both public and private to share in the international activities to contribute more harmoniously to restoration of the Angkor heritage.
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I am therefore very happy to be working here in Cambodia now and to have the opportunity to attend the meetings of this committee that has up until now contributed outstandingly and will continue to contribute, I am sure, to safeguarding the historical monuments of Angkor. I would like to take this opportunity to inform you that the ceremony commemorating the completion of the second phase of the project undertaken by the Japanese Team for Safeguarding Angkor, JSA, as well as the inauguration of the new JSA project, took place last Friday, June 3, in the enclosure of the historic site of Angkor Wat, graced with the presence of His Majesty NORDODOM SIHAMONI, king of the Kingdom of Cambodia. I would also like to take this occasion to again express my deep appreciation to all those who lent us their support so that the ceremony could be held successfully and solemnly. This includes the UNESCO office in Phnom Penh, the APSARA Authority and the Cambodian government ministries concerned, as well as the local authorities in Siem Reap. Ladies and Gentlemen: Culture is a mirror that reflects the spirit and wisdom of the people who created it. I am sure that as far as the Cambodian people are concerned, Khmer culture is not only the symbol of its own nation, but is also the very heart of the people. Therefore, it is to them that we should first appeal for the conservation of this priceless treasure. However, a culture that reached the height of that surrounding the historical monuments of Angkor also reflects the common wisdom of mankind. It is therefore only natural to feel that the international community itself should be involved in this long-term task, aligning itself with what Cambodians themselves are doing to save this cultural heritage. I remember clearly the deliberations of the Japanese Advisory Coordinating Committee for Safeguarding Angkor that I mentioned at the outset. When this committee had its yearly meeting, very lively discussions took place regarding Cambodias cultural sovereignty. But five years later, now that I am here in Cambodia, I increasingly have the impression that it is not a matter of national sovereignty, but rather that of the national identity per se of the Cambodian people. As for the international community, the culture of a country is the front door, open to all that respect it and beckoning them in to the heart of the country. The Angkor site is not the start and the end. We venture forward on a discovery, with the mysterious enigma of the human heart and that of the universe. For this reason, foreign visitors, whose numbers are increasing daily, pluck up the courage to come in from the four corners of the earth to make direct contact with this world full of beauty and mystery. Ladies and Gentlemen: The Angkor site is a sacred place that we must protect at all costs. Conserving these immense historical monuments is our inherent duty towards the future generations. We have to protect it from any natural threat as well as from the human threat, that of potential damage caused by uncontrolled development in the Siem Reap region and particularly around the Angkor site. We were therefore very happy to learn that the APSARA Authority has recently bolstered its management capacity in a number of areas, including that of development, notably under the senior leadership of HE Mr SOK An. We highly appreciate this initiative on the part of the APSARA Authority, which is demonstrating very clearly the firm determination of the Cambodian government to come to grips with this new challenge. The government of Japan is prepared to support the efforts that the APSARA Authority is putting forth and my earnest desire is that todays deliberations at the level of the Technical
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Committee contribute to the more effective conservation of the Angkor site. I thank you for your attention.
I-3 Statement by the Head of the Cambodian Delegation, HE Mr SOK An, Deputy Prime Minister and Chairman of the APSARA Authority
Honorable Co-chairmen, Honorable Ambassadors, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen: Very recentlyit was last Sunday, June 5a celebration took place around the world, World Environment Day, in keeping with the stated mission of the United Nations Organization and a recommendation made by UNESCO. Of course, this country stands by the international community in this regard. But it seems to us that environmental issues are much more than something to commemorate. The policy advocated by HE Prime Minister Samdech HUN Sen and resolutely implemented by the Royal Government does not confine the concept of environment to protecting nature and landscapes, preserving natural resources and combating various forms of pollution. Indeed, we feel that safeguarding the environment is at the very heart of sustainable development. For this reason, we are including the concept of sustainable development in this perspective of Angkor conservation, and we are sure that all of you governments, institutions and teams who are giving your firm support to the national and international program also share this vision. With all members of the Cambodian delegation, I am delighted to be with you again for these two days of reflection, viewpoint interchange and debate. May I immediately extend my thanks to our intrepid secretariat for preparing an agenda that is both wideranging and forward-looking. And I invite all the APSARA National Authority administrative and technical officials to pay close attention to all the points examined, because the decisions and recommendations made will require thorough follow-up action. Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen: After this reminder about the strategic stakes involved in environmental issues in the Kingdom of Cambodia, it will not come as a surprise to anyone to see us put WATER on the top of the priority list. The drought experienced this year showed that it is problem of both national and regional dimension, because there was a lack of precipitation throughout all of Southeast Asia. Nevertheless, looking beyond the overall current circumstances, analyses and perspectives, especially those that are being conducted so competently by the Japan International Cooperation Agency, also show that WATER will have a decisive role to play in the future of the Siem Reap / Angkor region. We can longer contemplate a steady increase in visitors to the world heritage siteboth national visitors and foreign touristswithout giving attention to the water supply, its regular, balanced and equitable distribution, as well as drainage and purification systems. The outstanding analyses conducted by the French VINCI Group experts have highlighted the fact that the future of both the town of Siem Reap and tourism at Siem Reap / Angkor is imperiled if we just keep on taking water from the water table as we are doing now, without replenishing the reserves. On behalf of the Prime Minister, I would like to draw the attention of all to this nagging problem. I am asking the APSARA National Authority to strive doubly hard in this area, and I make a solemn appeal to all of you, Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, to firmly support
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what we are doing, our projects, by making the financial resources and expert assistance available for them. I am also turning to you, the deputy director general of UNESCO for culture, because your organization has a great deal of experience in these matters. In the light of such examples as Mexico, Fez and Venice, to mention only a few major properties on the World Heritage List, UNESCO is in a position to assist us in Siem Reap / Angkor. Honorable Co-chairmen, The most significant tribute that we can pay to our ICC is to continue, as we have done over the past ten years between the Tokyo Conference in 1993 and the Paris Conference in 2003, to keep on working with the representatives of the governments and international institutions, the leaders and members of the teams working at Angkor and in Siem Reap, especially the experts, to have you all involved in our analytical thinking process, our investigations, preparations of submissions upstream from the decision-making process, which obviously is in the hands of the Royal Government. For this reason, I have given instructions to the director general of the National APSARA Authority so that the submissions are reviewed authoritatively by the experts, through the ICC secretariat. The instructions are valid for not only monument conservation, restoration methods and techniques to structure the Angkor site, but also for tourism projects, proposals for tour itineraries, access procedures for the temples and intake procedures. In this way, the ad hoc exports for CONSERVATION and the advisory group for SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT will be consistently available to us with their expertise, enlightened opinions and advice. Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen: In this regard, I would like to share with you our deep satisfaction. We will soon be in a position to remedy a major shortcoming as far as cultural tourism is concerned at Angkor. This involves setting up the VISITOR CENTER at the entrance to the world heritage site. Not long ago I made a strong appeal for this crucial project to be implemented, and I am in a position to say that it will soon become a reality. I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to our secretariat for serving APSARA competently and enthusiastically and to UNESCO both in Phnom Penh and in Paris for allowing us to benefit from the best expertise available. Efforts have therefore been joined to design a CENTER for us based on a rationale, program content and operating procedures. This important achievement will be a vital step forward on the way towards sustainable development. Honorable deputy director general of UNESCO for culture and honorable UNESCO representative in Cambodia, at the request of the Kingdom of Cambodia, I would now like to address a vital issue, that is, the future of the communities that have lived for so many years on the site classified as a cultural heritage of mankind. That is why I am speaking directly to Messrs Mounir Bouchenaki and tienne Clment. Your Excellencies, I am aware of your affection for our country and your commitment to Angkor. I therefore have no doubt that both your Phnom Penh and Paris departments, as well as your experts, will be able to lend a helping hand to the APSARA National Authority. As instructed explicitly by the Prime Minister, this Authority is to prepare detailed structuring plans for Zone 2, which is the buffer or protection zone for the Angkor monuments.
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This zone has been protected by national law for ten years now. It is called upon to contribute to the betterment of the communities by enhancing opportunities for them linked to regular, routine activities, in the areas of agriculture, fish farming, animal husbandry, rural arts and crafts, enjoyable itineraries for tourists, and so on. Without any thought of failing our duty to conservean absolute prerequisite for Angkor to be maintained on the World Heritage Listthis involves contributing to development, responding to the legitimate expectation of the communities, putting in place programs to promote poverty alleviation, which is a pillar in the policy focus of the Royal Government under the leadership of Prime Minister HUN Sen. Thus, we are anticipating that UNESCO will have this vision and these horizons accepted by the World Heritage Committee. We also ask for its intellectual and technical assistance, so that the detailed structuring plans and modulations of Angkor Zone 2 will be prepared in the most favorable terms possible. Honorable Co-chairmen, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen: Other questions of no less importance require our joint attention. I do not want to monopolize the floor, so I will have to conclude. I remain convinced that these issues will not be overlooked and that together we will address them. It is therefore a pleasure for me to wish this committee all success in its proceedings, to thank our two co-chairmen for their kind vigilance and to wish all of you a warm welcome to Siem Reap / Angkor, which has long been your home away from home. Thank you for your attention.
I-4 Statement by Mr Mounir BOUCHENAKI, Deputy Director General of UNESCO for Culture
Honorable Co-chairmen, Your Excellency Deputy Prime Minister and Chairman of the APSARA National Authority, Excellencies, Honorable professors and heads of heritage missions, Dear colleagues, It is indeed a pleasure for me to be back with you to share in the proceedings of this technical meeting of our ICC for Angkor, so dear to us. Before all else, I would like to convey to you a message from the Director General of UNESCO, Mr Koichiro MATSUURA, expressing his high regard and support. Through regular reports sent in to our headquarters by the UNESCO office in Phnom Penh and the Culture Branch, Mr MATSUURA is able to be briefed periodically on the work you are doing. He is delighted that your committee has continued to maintain close cooperation and consultation with the Royal Government as it sees to supporting the programs and activities of the various departments within APSARA. He also asked me to let you know how deeply satisfied he feels with your faithfully holding to the directions and recommendations of the 1993 Tokyo Conference and the 2003 Paris Conference. You are thus keeping a careful balance between the necessities of conservation, which apply to all without exception, and the development effort, which is such a crucial factor in the socio-economic resurgence of Siem Reap/Angkor. This is indeed the prerequisite for sustainable development, which I would like to reiterate on behalf of UNESCO: - Firstly, safeguarding the integrity of this site included on the World Heritage List and the authenticity of the monuments that make it upthe crown jewel as far as the Cambodian people and visitors alike are concerned;
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Secondly, using cultural tourism, which is a balanced, well-thought-out form of tourism, as the engine of economic development to provide benefits for the greatest possible number of people; Thirdly, raising awareness among the communities regarding heritage values and making sure they share in the benefits resulting from the sensible development of this heritage.
Clearly, the very future of Angkor is at stake. As demonstrated by the recent decision of the World Heritage Committee to take the site off the List of World Heritage in Danger, the international community is confident in this regard. Indeed, Cambodia has enacted laws to protect this world heritage site, the Royal Government is seeing to it that they are enforced, officials on the APSARA National Authority are assuming their responsibility to be vigilant. And in keeping with its terms of reference, the ICC is conducting an ongoing, efficient monitoring operation, under the chairmanship of France and Japan. In my capacity as spokesman for the UNESCO Director General, I would like to express the wish that this situation will continue to prevail and that Angkor will remain what it has been up to this point: a real success story and model undertaking. Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen: In implementation of the decisions made at the Tokyo intergovernmental conference and at the first session of this committee held in Phnom Penh in December 1993, UNESCO made the services of standing secretariat available to the ICC, which has distinguished itself by its skills and dedication. Another message is to be conveyed to you, that being a very strong wish with regard to the Advisory Group. Following in-depth consultation between the Royal Government, the French and Japanese co-chairmen and UNESCO, the principle of setting up such a group has been approved and, as you recall, this committee decided to go ahead with it. However, the one-year trial period for the operation of this group has not yet begun. Yet, there is an ever increasing number of economic development projects being tabled for analysis and appraisal. Further delay in this area could prove to be detrimental, and I reiterate the importance of conservation and development to go hand in hand in order to achieve sustainability. We would therefore ask our honorable co-chairmen to kindly handle this question as a matter of priority and bring it full circle, as it involves the future of Angkor. Furthermore, before concluding, I would like to highlight an important project for Angkor / Siem Reap that is now moving nicely ahead, that being the setting up of a tourist intake and information center, or more simply put, a visitor center. Very fruitful discussions have taken place between the deputy director generals and department heads of APSARA and the ICC secretariat, along with experts commissioned by UNESCO. This resulted in putting together a program in keeping with the wish expressed by Deputy Prime Minister SOK AN, chairman of the National APSARA Authority. With your approval, this program will soon be up and running. UNESCO is delighted with this. Excellencies, Dear Colleagues: I stated at the outset how happy I am to be with you and to have visited the Angkor site once again. Throughout the past decade, it was my pleasureand indeed privilegeto participate from time to time in your proceedings in my capacity as director of the Cultural Heritage Division as well as in the framework of my duties as director of the World Heritage Center. Each time I felt I could relate to it because of being both an archaeologist and heritage administrator. This will help you understand why, despite the great diversity of areas covered by UNESCOs
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Culture Sector, I have never lost sight of the importance of culture despite my assignment as deputy director general. Speaking directly in English, Mr BOUCHENAKI went on to share a point of information regarding the UNESCO website (www.unesco.org), which now has a page devoted exclusively to Angkor, and he invited the participants to look at it. A substantial part of it covers the ICCs activities, and it includes a film about the site produced by NHK. He then stressed the importance of the ICCs achievements, which is an huge international campaign at the scale of the Nubia campaign, which was the most extensive archaeological rescue operation ever undertaken in the world before Angkor. This has drawn worldwide attention to what has been done at Angkor, and the ICC approach is considered as a model for countries where the heritage is in danger. Thus, two other ICCs have been established along the lines of the ICC for Angkor, one for Afghanistan and the other for Iraq. UNESCO has a mandate in the field of culture. It is the only international organization having a UN mandate for culture. We have the mandate to continue to work together and we will continue certainly with the support of our important network of experts, most of them for Cambodia are here today and I really welcome them. We have with us very important organizations, like ICCROM, the International Center for the Study of Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property in Rome; NGOs such as ICOMOS, the International Council for Monuments and Sites; and the UICN (the International Union for Conservation of Nature). All of these bodies are together with Cambodia because the challenge is very important. It is exemplary. Many delegations now, after the report made by HE Perez de Quellar on Culture and Development, are taking the example of Angkor as the example of the link between culture and development. The population of Siem Reap and the population of Cambodia are benefiting from this very important site. Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen: I would like to conclude by saying that we are committed, we are all together, and my colleagues in Phnom Penh, the UNESCO office, my colleagues in Paris in the cultural sector. I must say also, on behalf of all the professors and experts present here with us, we will continue to work with you and we will ensure that this jewel of Angkor, a unique site in the world, will be preserved not only for us but also for the future generations. Thank you for your attention. At the conclusion of this opening session, the co-chairman for Japan, Mr INOUE, opened the proceedings of the committee. The first area of discussion focused on safeguarding, conservation and research, and the first contributor was invited to take the floor.
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II. SAFEGUARDING, CONSERVATION, RESEARCH

II-1 Report on Activities of the APSARA Authority: Introduction by HE Mr BUN Narith, Director General of the APSARA Authority
Honorable Co-chairmen, Excellencies, Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is a pleasure for me to extend a warm welcome to you and as always hope that your stay in Siem Reap / Angkor will be both pleasant and interesting. While we do not want to start this meeting on a sad note, all of us would like to pay tribute to a truly grande dame of Angkor, as she deserves to be called. Madame Madeleine Giteau is no longer with us. We are all familiar with her great love for Angkor and Cambodia. Her death is a cruel loss for the friends of Angkor as well as for the field of research. The inheritance she left us is immeasurable and we all join in paying a most respectful tribute to her memory. We are gathered here today once again to think things out and work together for the conservation and showcasing of the Angkor site, this being the 14th technical meeting of the International Coordinating Committee for the Safeguarding and Development of the Historic Site of Angkor. The commemoration of the tenth anniversary of the ICC took place in Paris in November 2003, at which time a declaration was made by all of the participants and the co-chairs, and subsequently adopted by the Royal Government of Cambodia. On a somewhat more modest level, may we also remember that 2005 marks the tenth anniversary of the Authority for the Protection of the Site and Management of the Region of Angkor, that we are all more familiar with as the APSARA Authority. That is a canonical age for an institution that in spite of encountering financial problems in its early years, various challenges to set up its institutional organization and obstacles in the enforcement of regulations, went on to develop sufficient maturity to become stabilized and establish the strategies required for its development. For that, we owe a debt of gratitude to all those who were instrumental in its creation, some of whom are present at this meeting. We must underscore the political will of the Royal Government of Cambodia that, in spite of the enormous problems facing it in the area of national reconstruction in 1995, unhesitatingly set up the APSARA Authority and strengthened its roles and terms of reference by a major body of legislation. Let us not forget all the friends of Angkor and Cambodia who have shared with us both the joys and the pains during the ten years of effort, struggle and victory for the existence of the institution whose operations for the safeguarding and development of the Angkor site will be carried on, we hope, with enthusiasm and patience. We welcome any comments or advice that you would like to give to help us fulfill our missions. On June 3, 2005, under the supreme patronage of His Majesty King NORODOM Sihamoni, we celebrated the completion of the second phase of the JSA mission and the beginning of a new phase under a partnership arrangement with the APSARA Authority and the government of Japan. We also want to highlight the end of the Angkor SiteHeritage and Development Project, under the French FSP Fund (Fonds de solidarit prioritaire), brought to a successful conclusion by the French experts in its three componentsrestoration, training and prevention of illicit trafficking in Khmer artifacts. We hope that a page has been turned, but there is still work to do, and that a new project will get underway soon to help us work together in this very fruitful cooperation arrangement. We would like to express our deep gratitude to France and Japan for their inestimable input towards restoration technology as well as for the training given in all the other areas, including tourism
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management. The other international operators and Khmer heritage protectors have also been unsparing in their efforts to contribute to preservation of the monuments. We would like to express our heartfelt thanks to them. With regard to development, the APSARA Authority is working to prepare projects to promote economic growth in the Siem Reap / Angkor region and for the communities therein, in a way that is friendly toward the heritage and environment, in compliance with the recommendations of the Paris Declaration for the sustainable development of the Angkor site. Thus, the APSARA Authority proposes to put up a visitor center in the Culture and Tourist City, at the gates of Angkor, which is destined to become a sort of city of the arts, of culture and leisure. A properly developed intake center is expected to provide visitors to Angkor with an appropriate introduction to the monumental and archaeological site, as well as to the overall eco-historical complex. We will also be moving ahead very shortly on the construction of the APSARA Authoritys headquarters building in the Culture and Tourist City. We are also happy to inform you that a building contract for a deluxe hotel has been signed with an investor and that other commitments are in the course of finalization, which will allow us to fill up the first subdivision in the Culture and Tourist City. The APSARA Authority could never have achieved so much since its establishment had it not been for the determination of a group of men and women, both national and international. We can only very sincerely ask for your support and hope that you will be unfailing in your confidence in our ability to deal with the obstacles, thus encouraging us to win the fight for the safeguarding and development of the historic site of Angkor, humanitys world heritage. We are not allowed to give up in the face of difficulties, for we have a moral duty towards Angkor and its communities, which has enabled us to develop professional bonds, but especially bonds of friendship and peace during the past decade. We are grateful to the Royal Government of Cambodia and the Deputy Prime Minister and Chairman of the APSARA Authority, HE Mr SOK An, for having placed his confidence in us and helping us to grow, so that we could take on greater responsibilities and thus round out our actions in the field. We would like to express our deep gratitude to the international community for its technical assistance in all areas. We would like to warmly thank UNESCO for its vigilance and advice in the area of monument protection as well as for steering us toward sustainable development of the site, especially the members of the ICC secretariat, notably Mr Azedine BESCHAOUCH, for their stick-to-itiveness and patience in all matters affecting the Angkor site. Thank you for your attention.
Report on the activities of the Department of Monuments and Archaeology, by HE Mr ROS Borath, Deputy Director General, APSARA
Honorable Co-chairmen, His Excellency the Deputy Prime Minister, Ladies and Gentlemen: 1) Let me first of all review the terms of reference of the Department of Monuments and Archaeology. Almost a year ago, a decree set out the new structure of the department. DMA1 or the Directorate of Architectural and Archaeological Conservation, upon which falls the initial terms of reference of the DMA, was rounded out by DMA2, also known as the Directorate of Monumental and Urban Heritage that resulted to some extent from the transfer of certain areas of jurisdiction from the former Directorate of Culture and Research. DMA1, headed by Ms MAO Loa, has retained its basic assignments relating to maintaining, presenting and preserving the archaeological and architectural resources. DMA2, which is under Mr KHUON Khun-Neay, oversees construction, signage and public awareness-raising activities. It is also assigned to look after infrastructure upkeep.
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DMA2, for the time made up of a team of nine, became operational in September 2004. Although it does not yet have all that it needs to fully assume all of its assignments, it has gradually set up the structures required to get its work done. It has thus started handling applications for building permits, making on-site checks, analyzing documents and making appropriate recommendations. It also contributed to writing up a set of specifications for an invitation to bid involving infrastructure repair work on the road to Banteay Srei. In the last few months it has been especially busy with public awareness-raising activities. 2) Getting back to DMA1, I would like to outline briefly the human and methodological resources that have been implemented to date so that it can properly care for its responsibilities. In May 2000, with support from the FSP project Angkor SiteHeritage and Development, three technical operational units were created within the department: maintenance, archaeology and perimeter area management. When they started up, these units had a staff of eight that quickly grew to 19, but due to some attrition of staff members, they now only have 13 architects, archaeologists and engineers. As for methodological tools, they follow primarily the APSARA/FSP approach that most of you are now well acquainted with. This set of guidelines is being applied in the various areas of intervention cared for by the units. The steps involved in this approach are also mandatory for the international teams. Numerous other reference documents have been made up as needs arose: health cards for the monuments, status reports, space layout instructions, scheduling documents, etc. For the last four years, DMA 1 has used these means to carry out a great deal of groundwork while handling emergencies. First, the monument health card approach has been used by the maintenance unit. It must be kept in mind that one of the purposes of its work is to compile and update a risk map of the parks monuments. This allows emergency measures to be carried out, which mainly involve stabilizing monuments by putting in props. With regard to archaeological surveying, a site plan shows the scheduled survey interventions. Most of these are diagnostic operations done in connection with projects for temple approach area structuring. Finally, the temple perimeter area management unit has been busy over the last few years putting in washroom facilities and doing other approach area work. A number of sites required a landscape study in order to determine appropriate locations. Other studies involved the perimeter areas of complexes subjected to the greatest pressure from tourists. This unit, in close cooperation with the archaeological survey team, also worked on integrating the various buildings needed for proper park management into the overall layout plan, such as police stations, telecommunication antennae, etc. 3) Let us now take a look at what DMA1 has been doing since the beginning of the year 2005. You will note that the basic technical units are now capable of carrying out the necessary assignments referred to earlier, while dealing with new situations that arise. The maintenance unit has been very busy the last few months putting in emergency propping, such as bracing on a tower at Phnom Bakheng, trusses at Tanei, bracing and strut work at Phnom Krom, shoring up and bracing work at Banteay Samr and various shoring up, bracing and arch support operations at Angkor Thom.
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A word about the park upkeep team. This team carries out a major ongoing, routine upkeep operation. In one instance, it had to prune a tree near one of the Prasat Suor Prat. The work was greatly facilitated thanks to the scaffolding loaned by the JSA team. It is noteworthy that this team supervised cleaning the Prasat Bakong moats this last season. A tremendous amount of work had to be done to restart ongoing upkeep of the moats, a job that had fallen by the wayside for over three decades. As for the archaeology survey unit, it carried out a number of excavation campaigns. Sixteen surveys were made prior to putting up Heritage Police Unit stations near the main temples. For the bicycle parking lot, a diagnostic study was conducted. The observations made by opening three trenches were sufficient to declare the lot free of archaeological constraints. At Thommanon, we did a manual study of the moat embankments, enabling some surface work to be done in order to provide a natural stage for the Ballet Royal, along with space for the audience. A trench was hand-dug in the southern pond at Angkor Wat in order to characterize the thickness and nature of the archaeological sediment prior to cleaning it out, which is still underway. Other projects are on the drawing board. In very short order we are going to undertake a rescue operation on the Kauk Patri site. Our team is now doing the preliminary studies. Major progress has also been made on surveying archaeological sites along the future National Road 67 right-of-way based on aerial photographs and maps made available by the EFEO. But we will have to go out in the field and make a more concrete assessment of things. The DMA1 archaeologists also have a number of miscellaneous assignments including work on presentation projects for the ancient bridges along National Road 6, monitoring the international work sites and handling more specific problems such as sourcing new quarries for sandstone needed on the restoration sites. Last year, the temple perimeter area management unit started studying layouts for a new batch of six temple approaches. It is continuing to do design programming on approaches that are likely to experience the most rapid growth, such as at Banteay Srei. The team is also working on intake infrastructures for the proposed battery-run bicycle rental system, which will require a main center and several smaller relay buildings for users. These setups were preceded by an intervention by the archaeology survey team, as was also true of the Thommanon temple where a perimeter upgrading project is taking place. A very minimal leveling and grass-planting operation will make it possible to set up a space for shows by the Ballet Royal of Cambodia. In a spirit similar to the Phnom Bakheng panoramic road project, we have looked into improving the access road to the Kbal Spean site, including shelters along the way and facilities to guide visitors along the river. Also, with the idea of implementing long-term landscaping work, the unit has started developing a protocol to be used for making a map of the archaeological park landscapes. It can therefore be seen that the departments role is gradually diversifying: the current situation is calling for an expansion of the jurisdiction of the Directorate for Architectural and Archaeological Conservation. First, the development of a full-fledged engineering office is needed to work in cooperation with the maintenance and perimeter area units. It also involves the field of research, notably with the establishment of a ceramics laboratory. Activities focused initially on setting up a database on ceramics items from Tani. It is noteworthy that we attended the first Symposium on Khmer Ceramics in Osaka in
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March of this year. More recently, we held an internal training session on the documentation, management and treatment of ceramics. Bat Chum is a work site on which our agency is exemplifying its ability to carry out a project directly as the main contractor, in application of the ASPSARA / FSP method, with the generous financial assistance of the ACCOR Group and support from the FSP. It would be good if this type of project could become a standard procedure, as many sites require conservation measures far beyond simply making them safe. 4) Let us now move into some of the new responsibilities that have devolved upon the department: The APSARA Authoritys role as project owner is becoming increasingly recognized, which is fully in keeping with the planned directions for the establishment. This department handles all presentation files for conservation, construction and infrastructure projects that in one way or another involve heritage or landscape preservation. In some cases, all that is required is an opinion on the file, while other cases require follow-up action and issuing appropriate instructions. On the project list, there are firstly the international conservation work sites. Twelve international teams are currently working on 23 active sites on the Angkor site. A regular schedule of inspection visits should be made up, but this is not possible with our current level of staff. But there are also many other operators in the building and infrastructure sectors, such as the extension of the Siem Reap / Angkor International Airport or rehabilitation of National Road 6, and they require instructions regarding excavations, follow-up and verification. As the project owner, DMA1 conducts or shares in design studies. It prepares technical instruction files that are used to put together certain international conservation programs. It also shares in designing various structuring features, such as the visitor center. Our role also includes providing assistance to main contractors in the framework of partnerships with the international teams. That is different from the supervisory actions conducted as project owner, in that a partnership arrangement is covered in an agreement that clearly spells out the roles of each of the stakeholders. At Ta Prohm, two of our archaeologists were assigned to conduct a survey to help the Archaeological Survey of India team in its investigation of the temple foundations. The department shares in the overall communication effort of the APSARA Authority by attending or actually organizing seminars, such as the Angkor Wat Study Workshops. We also want to continue developing signage on the site, as well as ongoing training and information meetings for the local communities. In conclusion, I feel the need to give you a round-up of the staff situation of my department. As plans were being made for the optimal organization of the DMA, we drew up lists of staff needs for our present and future missions: 1) Basic missions of DMA1. In order to properly carry out the groundwork activities that I described in the outset of my presentation, we need to restructure the three technical units through a division of jobs based on specialized sections. This points up a need for 47 junior technicians, thus a shortfall of 33 people in relation to current staff level. 2) Expansion of basic missions including research for and setting up a laboratory and engineering unit. Ideally, we would have a staff base of 27 persons. But we have a shortfall of 17 specialists for this area of activity. 3) New missions incumbent upon the department due to the increase in functional links between APSARA and its international partners require the recruitment of 35 persons. As for DMA2, it needs 10 additional staff members in order to meet its mid-term level of assignments.
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The overall staff shortfall for the DMA thus amounts to 95 persons. We have our sights set on that number. Of course, it is not just a matter of hiring 95 more people, but we need qualified people who have the ability to perform the tasks they are assigned. Future recruitments will have to be processed using clearly defined job descriptions. A special challenge arises due to the disparities in salaries for junior Cambodian specialists, depending on the facility they work for. Some in-depth thinking must be done with the international partners on this point so that when personnel are transferred to APSARA, consideration is given to the salary and social problems that will inevitably arise. Thank you.
II-2 Statement from HE Mr Charles RAY, Ambassador of the United States of America
His Excellency Senior Minister SOK An, Esteemed Co-chairmen, Excellencies, Colleagues, Ladies and Gentlemen: I am honored to be here with you this morning. At our last meeting, it was my great pleasure to announce our grant for the Conservation and Presentation of Prasat Phnom Bakheng, the first project that the United States government has directly supported in Angkor. During the initial three-year project, specialists from at least nine different disciplines will analyze Phnom Bakheng and provide both short- and long-term work plans for conservation and presentation. I am happy to report that this work is progressing well. The immediate task of the World Monuments Fund, in close collaboration with the APSARA Authority, has been to draw up a program of emergency interventions to prevent further degradation of the site due to the heavy monsoon rains and the vast number of daily visitors. In fact, just this week hydrologist Mike Martin from the U.S. National Park Service is assessing hydrological issues related to the instability of the structure of the monument as part of a multinational team. We fully endorse the APSARA Authoritys objectives to ensure the immediate stability and security of Phnom Bakheng and its temple as a matter of urgency and I am pleased to learn from the World Monuments Funds team in Siem Reap that the emergency interventions are already underway. We also fully support World Monuments Funds endeavors to develop a state-of-the-art conservation and management plan for Phnom Bakheng. Later this afternoon we will hear an update from the WMF team on their structural risk analysis of the temple. I am hopeful that this is just the beginning of a long-term commitment by the United States government to Angkor, and it is backed by strong Congressional support. The United States is committed to keeping Cambodias cultural heritage in Cambodia. Part of this effort is an import ban enacted in 2003 to halt the trafficking of Cambodian artifacts into the United States and to return recovered artifacts to their rightful home. Just as important, we have to educate Cambodians and tourists alike about the value of heritage protection. To this end, HeritageWatch, through a grant from the U.S. Embassy, has successfully launched its Heritage Education Program. Soon brochures, comic books and childrens books in Khmer, illustrated by Cambodian artists, will appear in all villages and markets with stories of a stone garuda who lives in an ancient temple and is stolen by smugglers. Educational kiosks in five languages will soon appear in Siem Reap and Phnom Penh, urging visitors to Cambodia not to buy antiquities, and radio and television spots will broadcast into Cambodia homes the harmful effects of looting. The Heritage Education Program is an excellent complement to the UNESCO-directed documentary film Kbal Neakta,
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which educates the staff of the Ministry of Interior, the Ministry of Culture, the Heritage Police and the Customs Service to help them in their fight to stem the flow of trafficked materials. I am also pleased to announce that the Smithsonian Institutions Freer and Sackler Gallery of Asian Art and the National Museum of Phnom Penh have organized a metals conservation project with the aim of surveying the museums collection of bronzes other metals and stabilizing the collection through conservation treatment and storage improvements. To accomplish these goals, the three-year project will establish a conservation lab and provide training in conservation theory and methods to museum staff and others, serving the museums own collections as well as functioning as a regional center for conservation of metals. We are also very proud of the achievements of the Center for Khmer Studies. Part of the centers mission is to promote American scholarly interest in Khmer studies, and to bring American scholars into contact with their Cambodian and international counterparts. With a grant from the Department of States Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, CKS has funded the research in Cambodia of nine doctoral and post-doctoral scholars. Most importantly, the Center for Khmer Studies is dedicated to improving the quality of Cambodias institutions of higher education. As Philippe PEYCAM will explain in his presentation tomorrow, the Building Institutional Capacity in Cambodian Higher Education project strengthens the research and teaching skills of Cambodian faculty, Cambodian graduate students and Cambodian universities. But Angkor is not just temples. Angkor is made up of people, people who have suffered through decades of war and genocide. As an old soldier myself, I have seen firsthand the mayhem that war can produce. It is fitting then, that in a country blessed with monuments but beset by land mines, that there should be a museum dedicated to land mine relief and education. The Cambodia Land Mine Museum and the Cambodia Land Mine Museum Relief Fund (CLMMRF) promote mine awareness and education to both tourists and Cambodians here in Siem Reap. Because land mines and unexploded ordinances will likely be a problem for Cambodia for years to come, avoiding casualties through awareness, safety and prevention will help to protect Cambodian communities from further suffering and devastation. Today I celebrate the invaluable work of the ICC and the APSARA Authority. Sadly, though, this is my final presentation before you as the U.S. Ambassador to Cambodia. Two and a half years ago, I came to Cambodia as a total stranger; but I leave a richer person. I would like to thank the Royal Government of Cambodia, the ICC and the APSARA Authority for their support, and I want to thank all of you for being very good friends and colleagues. And, I have said it often, but it deserves to be repeated: all of us benefit when we work together. I would like to paraphrase the words of someone who is a lot more eloquent than I am: We cannot shut our own temple doors and merely recite fables of our brothers, or brothers brothers work. For the wood for a temple does not come from a single tree. We should direct our attention to our common interests with a largeness of spirit and a largeness of generosity. The road ahead will be long and hard, so it is important that we make the journey together. For when we work together, the temples of Angkor shine such lovely light on all of us. Thank you very much. Comment by Mr tienne CLMENT, UNESCO Representative in Cambodia: On behalf of the secretariat I would like to comment on the three important presentations that we heard and with your permission perhaps already suggest a few recommendations for inclusion in the report and adoption at the end of our proceedings. First, with regard to the very fine report made by the APSARA Authority, starting with HE Mr BUN Narith, who highlighted a number of major achievements that APSARA has to its credit during the last six months, followed by the technical presentation by HE Mr ROS Borath, Deputy General Director, who was very frank in outlining the very positive achievements as well as the challenges still facing the APSARA Authority as it seeks to fulfill all of the missions devolving upon it. My comments are as follows:
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I feel that it is important for the ICC members to take note, and that the report also take note, of the truly outstanding achievements mentioned today. Among other things, there was the construction of the APSARA Authoritys headquarters and its commitment to getting the visitor center up and running, as announced by the Deputy Prime Minister a few minutes ago, the excellent work outlined by Mr ROS Borath as director of the Department of Monuments and Archaeology. But I think that it is also important that the report and recommendations take note of the requests, the calls for a continuation of the support that has been given. The secretariat has taken note of the very clear request made Messrs BUN Narith and ROS Borath for the continued support of the ICC members in carrying them out. Honorable Co-chairmen, I propose that one of the recommendations include a further request of the ICC members to continue providing this support to the APSARA Authority and expand upon it, if possible. I also suggest, if you agree, that we also take note of this major challenge of developing the perimeter areas and getting the planned engineering office underway, as was mentioned by HE Mr ROS Borath. I think that further encouragement to the APSARA Authority in this area to bring its major programs to completion should also be something we agree upon in our recommendations. And last but perhaps most importantly, Honorable Co-chairmen, is a positive response to the last point raised by Mr ROS Borath and in which he said, if I understand things clearly, that the international teams legitimately establish partnerships with the APSARA Authority for the performance of conservation operations and that we are facing, within APSARA, this challenge of responding to these rightful requests for cooperation. That means developing a staff policy that calls for an increase in recruitments as well as setting up a genuine staff management policy. It means thinking in terms of career paths, of ways to keep the good material that has been trained by APSARA. You have then the comments from the secretariat that we are tabling before you, Honorable Chairman, as well as the proposals for recommendations: one is for the ICC members to continue providing support to the APSARA Authority, and the other is for the APSARA Authority to do everything possible to bring these projects full circle. They have had approval for a long time, such as the perimeter areas, and have been presented again, meaning that we are in the final stages. Finally, a recommendation to think about ways of developing the staff, recruitment and career path policy and, subordinate to that, that the ICC members be asked to support the APSARA Authority in this latter issue. Now concerning the extremely important presentation made by the Ambassador of the United States of America, we would suggest also as secretariat, because HE Mr Charles RAY has announced that this will be his last ICC session, I think that it is important that a recommendation be adopted at the end of our proceedings to make a vote of thanks to HE Mr Charles RAY. It was under the impetus of HE Charles RAY, during his mandate as ambassador, that not only the United States as a member state of the ICC developed a comprehensive program, but also launched its very active support to various other nongovernmental organizations. That did not happen in the past, and I think that it is thanks to HE Charles RAY that this is taking place. So with your permission, the secretariat would also suggest a recommendation along those lines. Thank you. Comment by Dominique DORDAIN: I think definitely that we can accept both proposals that have been made, i.e. regarding support to the APSARA Authority. This comes down to referring back to and complying with one of the four conditions that UNESCO set at the time of classification. Regarding the training of management staff, the training of young people and putting in place a statute to help them develop, find fulfillment and gradually get involved as main contractor, that was a condition set by UNESCO. So with the agreement of our co-chairman, we could prepare this recommendation. With regard to perimeter area structuring, we talked about that. It involves what could be included in the visitor center. That takes us
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right to the core of the sustainable development and tourism presentation policy. So I also feel that with the agreement of my fellow chairman, this third recommendation could be prepared and presented at the conclusion of our proceedings tomorrow. Thank you. Comment by Mr Mounir BOUCHENAKI: I would like also to comment the statements made by our colleagues from APSARA and also the statement made by the ambassador of the United States of America. I would like to inform those in attendance at this meeting that since the return of the United States to UNESCO, the government of the United States has put emphasis on two priorities for UNESCOs program for education and culture. It is very important to note that we are now receiving very strong support from the United States in the field of museums and in the field of protection of collections of art.
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The reference made by the ambassador of the United States to illicit trafficking in cultural property is a very important point. It is related to the 1970 UNESCO convention to which the United States is a party and it is through this convention that we are working not only in the fight against illicit trafficking in this area of the world, in particular with regard to objects that have been illicitly transferred to other parts of the world from Cambodia. In this area we have also worked very closely with Prof. Claude JACQUES, present here, when we were informed about the transfer of very, very important objects from Banteay Chmar Temple, more that 170 pieces were exported illicitly from Cambodia. I think this is a very important point. My colleague, Mr tienne Clment, who started his work in UNESCO some years ago and was my colleague in the Division of Cultural Heritage, was in charge of training programs and workshops in this part of the world, in Bangkok, in Phnom Penh, training police officers, customs officials, management staff in various departments of cultural heritage, to raise awareness among officials regarding illicit trafficking. Now with the United States, and particularly with the various foundations, among them being the Getty Foundation, we started a project that we call the I.D. Project. We want to have an I.D. card for objects, not unlike the common citizens I.D. card, and this will help a lot. All those who are in charge of cultural heritage want to make sure that in case of theft, in case of illicit traffic, we have the evidence and therefore we can immediately report to INTERPOL, to the International Customs Association, to ICOM, and in this way we may be able to retrieve some of the objects. I remember that once we published with ICOM this item called One Hundred Missing Objects in Angkor. An art dealer in Paris came to see me at UNESCO headquarters and he said, Look, I have in my shop an object. I didnt know that it was smuggled, that it came from a theft, and I want to give it back to Cambodia. We then arranged with then-Prince Sihamoni, now King Sihamoni, a very important ceremony to raise awareness among art dealers regarding the ethics of acquiring in bona fide some work of art. This is really something that we have to put in our report, and I really appreciate this important information, and I want also to confirm that with your colleague, Ms Louise Oliver, ambassador of the United States to UNESCO, we are promoting cooperation with the Smithsonian Institute, the Getty Institute, the World Monuments Fund and all cultural institutions dealing with heritage in the United States. Thank you.
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Comment by HE Mr CHEA Sophorn: On behalf of the Deputy Prime Minister, as well as on behalf of the Royal Government, I would like to express our gratitude to the government of the United States. For the first since its return to UNESCO, it agreed to sign, two years ago now, a memorandum of understanding on the prevention of illicit trafficking in cultural property. Happily, we feel that this document will not go unheeded but that it will be followed by enforcement, as the American ambassador stated in his speech, by the very fact that his country is contributing actively to this prevention process by means of an awareness-raising campaign in the form of books, with cartoons, to accomplish this tremendous work that remains to be done. That goes along with the need to inventory cultural property that requires protection, as well as artifacts that have been damaged, stolen or trafficked. We therefore wish to pay tribute to this gesture on the part of our American friends. The co-chairman for Japan stated that with the agreement of the chairman for France, the committee took good note of the comments made by the colleagues from APSARA and the American colleague.
II-3 TEAM REPORTS ON SITE ACTIVITIES

II-3.1 Bat Chum Project (APSARA/FSP/ACCOR): Presentation by Messrs SO Pheap, HENG Jeudi and HOU Nolamony, APSARA
Mr SO Pheap a) Overview of the site The Bat Chum restoration project is being carried out by DMA1, following the method developed by APSARA and the FSP, with the support of UNESCO. This project is being funded by the ACCOR Group. Bat Chum temple is located north of the Royal Way south of Sras Srang. It includes a platform surrounded by a moat, in the middle of which stand three brick towers. The building opens to the east and is opposite to the access causeway leading to the sacred pool. Bat Chum was built in the 10th century by Kavndrrimathana, the only architect whose name is known. He was also responsible for the construction of the Rajendravarman Royal Palace, the Eastern Mebon and Sras Srang. The temple was built on his own account and is dedicated to the Buddhist triad of Buddha, Prajnaparamita and Avalokitevara. Epigraphy provides information on its consecration, shortly before his death in 960. In 1952, the EFEO undertook operations on Bat Chum under the direction of Henri Marchal. It involved site clearing, a photo survey and test pits in the sanctuaries. The findings of those initial excavations revealed a foundation system of shafts in both the central and southern towers, while the northern tower has sandstone slabs. Mr HENG Jeudi b) Step 1: Status report and emergency measures We took stock of the health status of the monument. We surveyed the three towers and analyzed the monument using health cards in order to isolate the problems. The central tower proved to be in good condition, the southern tower was suffering from various forms of damage (cracks, collapses, etc.), while the northern tower was clearly in bad condition because of foundation subsidence and a large crack that were threatening the structural stability of the tower. After arriving at a proper understanding of the northern tower, we went on to conduct some studies that yielded the following results: A study of the towers load on its foundations
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revealed a low compression rate, leading to the conclusion that overloading was not the problem. The problem had to be in the foundations, probably due to rainwater infiltration. In parallel, we implemented the following emergency measures: bracing the small pillar, cross bridging the door, truss centering the arch and putting struts in to support the lintel. After analysis of the northern tower, we put wooden braces in to relieve the load on the foundations. We also put a thatch roof over it to protect it from rain. In conclusion, the analysis enabled us to make out the status report and highlight matters still to be investigated. It was therefore necessary to undertake follow-up studies on the internal and external functions of the towers, determine the condition of the terraces by cleaning them off and perform stratigraphic research on the platform and moats. To provide further information about these studies, I am giving the floor to my fellow archaeologist, who will outline the results of these excavations. M. HOU Nolamony c) Archaeological excavations [OrigE] Our colleagues from the maintenance unit needed to check the foundation system of the towers. The first step was to look for the inner foundations. We chose the central one, because it was the most stable of the three and therefore it was safe to work in it. We found that the foundation system was as described by Henri Marchal, with a slope. We also noted that the upper terrace was all made of laterite. Our excavations allowed us to confirm Marchals observations and to learn about the construction of the terraces. The second step involved the outer foundations. We removed the stones from the northeast corner in order to observe the condition of the terraces. The upper one is made entirely of laterite blocks, while the lower one is made of laterite blocks placed around, filled in with a sand and clay embankment. We also noted postholes in the upper terrace. To complete our studies, we removed the accumulated soil piled all around the temple to look at the general state of conservation of the terrace. We decided to excavate the piles by a transversal cut so that we could see the stratigraphy and get information about the period when Bat Chum was abandoned. We learned that the accumulation came from two different phases. First, a layer of quite compact clay mixed with sand and well-conserved bricks, from a temporal destruction of the temple. Second, there was a layer of soil with more sand, less compact, with only small fragments of brick, from clearing work done during Marchals operations. We took this opportunity to sort the different kinds of bricks in order to reuse them for restoration of the northern tower. We also discovered fragments of carved sandstone originating from the temples ornamentation. We moved the lintel of the southern tower. It has been cleaned by GACP. Now we have an overall view of the terrace. Mr HENG Jeudi: d) Operations on the two terraces: The cleaning operation enabled us to survey both terraces. We noted problems on the upper terrace. There were a number of cracks in it. Some stones were moving outward and tilting. Some laterite blocks were badly damaged. We also learned that the postholes on the terrace were letting rainwater seep in between the blocks, which aggravated their deterioration. This terrace is therefore in poor condition. We noted only minor deformation problems on the lower terrace, and our conclusion is that the terrace is in good condition. In order to determine the amount of brick to be replaced, we did a layout sketch. After analyzing the northern tower, we put in wood bracing in order to ease the load on the foundations. We also put a thatched roof over it to protect it from rain. As a safety measure, we put in small wooden wedges to keep loose bricks from falling out. We asked the archaeology unit to do some additional test pits, which are still underway, in order to understand the stratigraphy and condition of the terrace foundations.
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Mr HOU Nolamony: e) Foundations and stratigraphy: [OrigE] Now the objective is to get information about the foundations of the lower terrace and to observe the stratigraphy of the platform. We opened a long trench from the basement to the middle of the moat. We are still studying these positions so we can only make a hypothesis at the moment. We noted two important locations. First, we found the foundation pit. It is 2.6 meters wide and 2.7 meters deep. It is sloped and is filled with an alternation of sand layers and stones. For security reasons and because of this big stone below, we had to stop digging there and we made an augering to get to the natural soil level, at a depth of around 5 meters. Observing the stratigraphy of the foundation pit, we can see that the foundation is very well done. The materials are carefully chosen: river sand along with stones that may have been specially extracted, as they are sharp-edged and there is no evidence of a natural source. The stones are well disposed horizontally, with each layer being firmly compacted. We can suppose that the constructor had a very good knowledge of architecture rules. The other interesting point is the layer of compacted laterite. It lies on the foundation pit, and is 5.68 meters wide. This special layer is 20 centimeters thick. It is very homogenous and we found potsherds and chips of sandstone flat on it. With regard to this level, we can imagine two different functions. First, it seals up the foundation pit, covering it with its strong impermeable surface, protecting it from water penetration. Second, we can guess that it is also a human occupation level based on the sandstone fragments and potsherds. It gives evidence of carving activities, probably the sculpting of the lintels and other sandstone components. The presence of domestic potsherds also suggests that people used to live here. Going down to the moat, we saw different embankments on the borders of the moat. We can also easily distinguish variations in the water level. We found quite a lot of potsherds in this place. The fragments are not in very good condition, as they were in a humid environment for a long time. We we found many potsherds win what seems to be the original embankment of the moat. We noticed footprints and a posthole, perhaps a stake to support a wooden structure on the water. Studies are ongoing, and we are also wondering about occupation before the temple. Mr SO Pheap: f) Further work to be done: This project will continue with various follow-up analyses. We are going to do more borings and test pits in an attempt to determine the original layout of the platform and possibly other buildings. We also have to study the moats and causeway. We are also going to do a probe in the northern tower now that it is sound, in order to take a look at the state of the internal foundations as well as remove the northeast corner for the external foundations. Completion of the conservation project is now under the maintenance unit. For the northern tower, the foundations will have to be underpinned, replacing the damaged blocks on the upper terrace. The cracks will be filled in with salvaged bricks. Consolidation work will be done with a fiberglass and resin cross pinning. Then the facings have to be treated by dismantling and reassembly, with the necessary fill-ins and overlockings. To complete the operation, after preliminary tests with natural glues, the rims will be waterproofed. For the southern tower, we will use the same approach as for the northern tower, then we will put the door and carved lintel back up. For the central tower, interventions will be limited to fixing the facing and waterproofing the rims. As for the terraces, the corners will
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be dismantled and reassembled and, finally, the last layer of the slab will be removed and we will put in a waterproof bentonite barrier with a slope rest. The perimeter area management unit is also working on a landscape study of the site, presenting it by reestablishing the links been Bat Chum and its pond, the Royal Way and Sras Srang, along with a proposal to put in walking trails in the temple environs. The Japanese co-chairman highlighted the fact that this was the first time that a conservation mission had been handled in its entirety by a Khmer team and he offered his congratulations to its members. Comment by Mr Giorgio CROCI, ad hoc expert: Yesterday afternoon Prof. Claude JACQUES and I visited this work site. We had been there in December, at the time of our last meeting. This group of young APSARA archaeologists and architects really deserve praise for their work. They have gone about it very seriously and precisely. Its like a work site school where all of the hypotheses are discussed, an effort is made to understand correctly the things causing the damage that has occurred. The outcome is a contribution to overall knowledge or a methodology very useful for training. Myself, when looking at the excavation work done by the team, I learned yesterday about some things that I wasnt very sure of before. The foundation had been uncovered and it was possible to see both the foundation and the soil under the foundation, the way in which it had been compacted with fill and stone fragments to ensure proper strength. That helps us to better understand the deformation problems in the foundation. They seem to be more superficial than was originally thought, because under the foundation they found this very compact soil. So the cause of the problem is surface water. But its not me who is saying that; its APSARAs archaeologists who came up with this hypothesis that I find very sound and accurate. I wont go into detail. The overall project is doing very well. Really, I find that things are on the right track and this case can be quoted as an example for all future activities that APSARA will be undertaking in this area. I feel that that is also creating a fine opportunity for debate and discussion with the other experts, so that everyone can give input. It is an excellent experience for junior Cambodians to gather viewpoints from the different experts working here. Thank you. Comment by Mr Claude JACQUES, in his capacity as an ad hoc expert at this committee meeting: Claude JACQUES added his personal congratulations to those of Prof. G. CROCI, emphasizing the quality of the work done by this team on a brick temple with its particular challenges. However, he suggested that the test pit be dug on the south rather than on the north, given that a probe in the south would have a better chance of coming upon the foundations of a library.
II-3.2 Completion of Phase II of the JSA Project: Summary of Conservation and Restoration Operations, by Prof. Takeshi NAKAGAWA, Mr SOK Vannisay and Ms Chinami EGUCHI
Prof. Takeshi NAKAGAWA: [OrigE] JSA carried out its phase II activities over a period of six years from May 1999 to April 2005 through Japanese funds-in-trust with UNESCO for the preservation of world cultural heritage, with a budget of about USD 10 million. Phase II followed Phase I, which ran from November 1994 to April 1999. For a discussion of our main activities within phase II, kindly see item numbers 1 to 7 in our attached paper. With great honor I would like to inform you that on June 3, 2005, we conducted the following activities within the Angkor Wat enclosure, with the presence of His Majesty King SIHAMONI of Cambodia: the completion ceremony for the conservation and restoration of the northern library of Angkor Wat and the Prasat Suor Prat towers. Part of this
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commemorative ceremony included publication of the Bayon Master Plan and Bayon Charter. We have just published this master plan, but could only bring a limited number of volumes which we will distribute to members of the directorate of the APSARA Authority and the honorable ambassadors during our coffee break. Later on, we will send from Japan copies to the distinguished experts. Please accept our apologies for this delay. On behalf of JSA, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Cambodian government, the APSARA Authority, UNESCO, and other relevant organizations, and to all the experts working at Angkor and all of our friends in Cambodia. Details of the three major phases of JSAs activities will be presented later by the leader of each activity. Naturally, the objective of JSA phase II activities were to build upon the experience of phase I, to further its achievements and to make preparations to address the conservation and restoration of the entire Bayon complex. As advised in 1994 by HE Mr VANN Molyvann, who is now senior adviser to His Majesty the King, to achieve this objective, we believed it was necessary to gain an accurate understanding of the characteristics of the Bayon and elucidate and acquire the original traditional technology in consideration of the entire relationship between the ancient Khmer civilization, Angkor and the Bayon. We therefore carried out phase II with emphasis on the five policies enumerated in the discussion paper, which I invite you to consult. I would now like to invite Mr AKAZAWA, JSA site director, to take the floor. M. Yasushi AKAZAWA: a) Prasat Suor Prat towers: [OrigE] Today I would like to talk about the characteristics of the techniques used during the conservation and restoration work on the Prasat Suor Prat towers. The slides will illustrate the activities carried out on Tower N1. First of all, the conservation and restoration work involved the dismantling of a laterite tower structure, which had little precedent at Angkor. The EFEO conducted repair work on tower N3 (so named by JSA) between 1950 and 1960 which involved some dismantling, but otherwise there were very few similar cases of this approach. For this reason, it was necessary to research the masonry method of laterite blocks and research and develop methods and materials for the repair of elements. A detailed excavation survey of the foundation and platform was also carried out to elucidate factors causing the inclination of the towers. As a result, the buildings were fully dismantled from the foundation and reconstructed using improved lime soil developed specifically to stabilize the towers and it was compacted according to a method that approximated the original method. This detailed survey and full dismantling of the foundation were also uncommon to conservation and restoration work in the Angkor region, so we believe the results and experience gained through our work are great achievements that will be of benefit to the future conservation and restoration of other monuments in the Angkor region. Many pediment elements were scattered around the towers. It is thought that flaws in the original structure contributed to their falling off. The sandstone elements, especially those found in the north pond embankment, had collapsed and had become covered with dirt. These elements were discovered during the excavation survey. After repairing them, it was possible to return them to their original positions. Regarding the first layer of the north face, only the bottom portion could not be reconstructed, but otherwise, the entire structure was almost completely reconstructed. The roof was examined through various studies, but we were unable to reach a conclusion through surveys conducted during this phase of the conservation. Therefore, a temporary roof was put on to protect the inside of the towers and their platforms.
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Our petrologic survey also produced interesting results. It was commonly believed that the Prasat Suor Prat towers were constructed during the 13th century. However, from a petrologic viewpoint, a comparative study of the rocks and masonry used on Prasat Suor Prat was made with other monuments, leading to the conclusion that these towers may have been constructed during the first half of the 12th century. Petrology alone cannot be used to determine the construction time, and a further comprehensive analysis must be carried out in the future. We would like to continue studies on the relationship between the modified terrace, towers and plaza and on the modification of the towers themselves (antechamber, trace of wooden elements, roof, etc.). Thank you very much. M. SOK Vannisay: b) Northern library of Angkor Wat: [OrigE] Today I have the great honor of presenting the activity of the conservation project on the northern library of Angkor Wat that we carried out during phase II, over a period of six years from May 1999 to April 2005. In the past, this library was partially restored by the EFEOs Angkor Conservancy in 1953 and by ASI in 1986. The past conservation work involved partial reconstruction of the walls and pillars, consolidation of the porch interior platform using concrete, partial restoration of the porch pillars using reinforced concrete, fastening belts around vertical cracks in porch pillars and coupling connecting beams with clamps. Prior to conservation work by JSA, the building platform suffered from uneven subsidence up to 25 cm in the center. The roof of the side chambers and porch had collapsed. Over 850 stone fragments were scattered about the building. The roof leaked, causing deterioration to the surface of the roof interior. Weathering and the longitudinal cracking of pillars and beam structures had to be remedied. We had to reset f the fallen stone elements, partial dismantling and repair work, pointing of the roof and consolidation of deteriorated parts, as well as partial dismantling and reinforcement of porch platforms. As for the construction techniques that JSA used, they included repair works on deteriorated elements, making a database of the conservation works, adjusting the position of reset parts, finishing the surface of new stone elements and analysis of the corbel vault roof. New sandstone blocks were used to fill in missing sections. Some lintels broke in the middle due to a bending movement. Missing sections were filled using new sandstone. Tension bolts were set at the bottom to support the upper load. With regard to pillars, some had cracked at the middle, and this part was unusable. The unfit center was cut out, the pillar consolidated by rods and a new sandstone shaft was put in place of the defective material that was removed. Large pieces of sandstone weighing over 10 tons each were quarried. The processing of one pillar took three qualified workers three months. Trial assemblies were conducted a number of times for proper fitting prior to the final assembly. Each new stone element was clearly identified by a JSA seal showing the year. A finish was given to new stone elements, applying engravings in some instances so that the new elements resembled the engraved finish of the original elements, and we then used a bush hammer and chisel to roughen the surface and produce a soft finish. Ms Chinami EGUCHI: c) Bayon Master Plan: [OrigE] On behalf of the editorial board and as a member of JSA and speaking for Prof. NAKAGAWA, I have the great pleasure to announce the publication of the Master Plan for the Conservation and Restoration of the Bayon Complex. We are now preparing a CD-ROM
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version of this master plan and we are also planning to upload the pdf version on a website for accessibility to all. In order to establish a framework for the Bayon master plan, JSA began sponsoring the annual Bayon Symposium in 1996, for which secretariat services are provided by UNESCO, under the auspices of the APSARA Authority. The symposium has played a vital role in the exchange of opinions among international participants from a global viewpoint who are engaged in the conservation and restoration project on Angkor monuments. The technical problems encountered on the Bayon temple relate to the Angkor monuments overall. Furthermore, a very important aim of the series of symposia is to provide young Cambodians with insight regarding the survey, study and conservation of the Angkor monuments. For this aspect, we have enjoyed the participation of members of various teams and international experts, as well as staff from the APSARA Authority. There have been nine editions of the Bayon Symposium up to 2004. Pooling the information gleaned and from its own technical studies, JSA is able to present today the Master Plan for the Conservation and Restoration of the Bayon Temple. The restoration of the Bayon southern library, the conservation and restoration of the basreliefs of the inner and outer galleries, and the long-term countermeasures for stabilizing the central tower have been described and will be the starting point as the three emergency tasks in the master plan. The ultimate goal of the Bayon master plan is to provide a fundamental and comprehensive policy as outlined on page 7 of the Bayon master plan. It can be summed up as follows: Utilize past research results pertaining to the Bayon and Angkor monuments and engage in the restoration plan formulation and restoration work within a framework of international cooperation centering on Cambodian youth in order to apply the knowledge and wisdom of the international community. Please see further details in the book. Another feature of the Bayon master plan is that the fundamental principle itself is summarized and established as the Bayon Charter. This matter was covered in the seventh article of the Paris Declaration at the Second Intergovernmental Conference for the Safeguarding and Development of Angkor held in November 2003. The formulation of the charter is in response to the desire to make good use of the master plan in Angkor. I would like to make a brief introduction to the book. Please take a look if you have a master plan in hand. First, we are proud to have the foreword and contribution by APSARA Autority director general HE Mr BUN Narith, UNESCO director general Mr Koichiro MATSUURA, along with Prof. Jacques DUMARCAY and a number of other contributors. This is followed by the Bayon Charter. Part of the introduction includes the present situation of the Bayon temple and themes for conservation and restoration from various types of specific surveys, such as architecture, art history, archeology, building structure, petrology, conservation science, the drainage system, and so on. The phenomena of destruction and degradation noted in the Bayon temple are then dealt with. In the main part of the book, not only the restoration plans of the Bayon temple, but the idea of its utilization, accountability to the public, a proposal for an organizational structure among the international community, education, along with ideas concerning the role of citizen participation, environmental harmonization and preservation, a special analysis of the traditional plan and traditional construction method, and so on. A wide range of viewpoints are discussed here. After the final conclusion, we again have a wide range of specific reports concerning the Bayon. The 3-D archiving project, the city planning research, and so on, and some standard specifications for the specialty restoration works are covered. We are sure that this master plan is not only a master plan for the Bayon but it provides the information which all of the
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colleagues in Angkor can refer to. This is one of the achievements of ten years of working together in the framework of international cooperation. Thank you for your attention.
II-3.3 Restoration of Pre Rup Temple, by Mr Valter Maria SANTORO, I.Ge.S.

[OrigE]
Thank you very much for giving me this opportunity to present the work carried out since 1995 by the Italian team using Italian Funds-in-Trust with UNESCO.
In 1995, we started a study with a view to making a formal restoration project on one of the most exciting temples in the Angkor area in my opinion. It belongs to the temples of the rulers. It was built in the mid-10th century and is almost entirely made of brick, with a basement of laterite and sandstone. It has many sandstone lintels, pediments and carvings. It is located in the eastern part of the Angkor complex, close to the East Baray. As a special feature, it does not have an axis of symmetry either along the east-west axis or in the north-south axis. You can see in the illustration that there is one tower lacking. This series of low towers is found on the east side just beside the main entrance of the temple. A short history of our activities. We started with a project for study, research and monitoring of the monument in order to determine the extent of damage that the lower towers had undergone, which were the most damaged of all the towers of the temple. Then we started a phase of restoration in 1999 and 2001. We then moved on to another part of the temple after these first steps. We looked after the top towers of the terrace, then we finished the first phase and moved on to the second phase in 2002. The third phase was articulated into two different steps, the completion of the restoration of the top towers and the complete restoration of the towers on the north side. The structure is typical of that of a manmade mountain temple, but it had undergone damages of various kinds, concentrated in the lower towers. We first installed a monitoring system in order to assess whether or not the damage was affected by an evolution over time. We determined that the damage has more or less stabilized and the opening of the cracks and the tilting of the walls only varied according to the variation of the environmental effects, such as humidity, water table and mainly temperature of the air. The main damage was due to uneven foundation settlement. The foundations were made of laterite block layers with some top layers of sandstone. As Prof. CROCI said before, and as confirmed with the case of Bat Chum, the settlement is concentrated, and this is typical of block-based foundations and does not extend to the soil below. The block base of laterite and sandstone can be seen as a particular type of soil where the grain size of the soil is very large, corresponding to the dimension of the blocks. So the concentration or pressure on the foundation causes uneven settlement due to the collapse of this typical block-based foundation. We can see the rotation and the tilting of the corner of the walls. Even the analysis we made with an American model shows that this effect of concentration of stresses in the corner of the towers causes the collapse of the brick on the base of the corner and this uneven settlement due to the block base foundation. So some urgent measures were carried out, first of all to limit further collapse of the structure. A monitoring system was set up in order to investigate the evolution of the damages. We also had to take into account the effect of the vegetation roots, the expanding or swelling in the cracks that increases the level damage. Based on the response of this kind of instrument program, we could make proposals to stabilize and reinforce these towers of the lower part south side.
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By means of reinforcing first the foundation due to this concentrated effect of instability of the foundation itself, we proposed a general program of strengthening the foundations by means of a rigid box inside below the floor inside the towers. They were pre-stressed using hydraulic jacks in order to stabilize all the foundation. We then strengthened the structure by means of connecting the different parts in which vertical cracks had divided the towers into basically four independent parts that are made of the four corners of the tower. All of this included a training program for local technicians and engineers as well as master workers, in order to allow them to use the special equipment required in this type of work. For the second phase, we planned the use of new material instead of steel that is compatible from a mechanical, physical and chemical point of view with the existing material in order to minimize the impact of the restoration works on the existing structure. We suggested the use of aramidic fiber that is a very resistant fiber with a very small diameter, no more than 11 mm, placed in a hole inside the wall of the tower, not much greater than 28 to 50 mm, in order to reduce the impact of this work on the monument. We gained experience with this material in many retrofit projects carried out in Italy after the seismic shocks of 1997 mainly in the Umbria region. The heads of the type of chains of aramidic bar were prepared with a fine socket that allows it to be pre-stressed in order to recover some of the deformation. All the heads were then hidden by replacing over them blocks that cover the head of the bars. Some other work was carried out in order to preserve and consolidate some corners that were decorated with very precious stucco. A very particular event occurred just before starting work on step 1 of Phase III in January 2003. One of the lintels collapsed from the top of one of the doors around the towers. It was caused by a swelling root behind the lintel and luckily it occurred before sunrise and there were no visitors as yet in the temple. This lintel weighing about two tons collapsed from a height of about 4 meters. It broke into five different parts. We suggested as a preliminary measure to connect the five parts with a short intervention, through the use of these very thin bars in order to precisely reassemble all of the broken pieces. The lintel was then restored in its original position. Then the last step involved the lower north towers, of which unexplainably there are only two instead of three. Various hypotheses have been given for this curious situation. The same intervention was carried out to reinforce and strengthen these two towers which had suffered great damage due to the basement settlement. Wide cracks had appeared between the lintel and the wall. The main tower, NE2, was decorated with finely carved lintels. One of them was broken right in the middle. Emergency measures had to be taken to prevent it from falling off completely. Even in this case, a monitoring system was placed inside in order to determine whether or not there was an evolution of the damage. The tops of the towers were treated to stop the infiltration of water, which is one of the causes of damage. Then we performed some other local interventions on the twelve turrets or small towers on the middle terrace of the mountain temple, where there was a very great risk of damage, of collapse of the towers, due also to instability of the retaining walls, which had to be stabilized. Thank you very much.
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II-3.4 Ongoing GACP Projects, by Mr Simon WARRACK and Prof. Hans LEISEN, GACP
a) Conservation work: Mr Simon WARRACK: [OrigE] We will be presenting the work that we have done in the last year and the work that we are continuing at the moment. It will be divided into the conservation work that I have been supervising and the research activities that have been supervised by Prof. LEISEN. The first activities that we have concluded have been the work on Angkor Wat central eastern gopura of the third enclosure, which you are all familiar with. We have also concluded work in the southwest pavilion where we have finished the conservation of the very important carved stone surfaces, which are now in a good and safe condition. We have concluded the work on the Ta Reach statue in the west gate of Angkor Wat and we have finished working on a statue that was damaged on the bridge of the south gate of Angkor Thom. The work in progress is the evaluation and assessment of the statues, which I will be talking about in greater length, the continued conservation of another gopura on the third enclosure, the jointing and consolidation of the wall at the back of the Churning of the Sea of Milk gallery that will be discussed further later on, and the maintenance of the apsaras and general photographic documentation that we continue throughout the year. Finally, Prof. LEISEN will present the research and monitoring activities. You are very familiar with the central eastern gopura of the third enclosure. We are basically conserving the surfaces that have been badly damaged and require continued attention. In the southwest pavilion, there is one detail that is quite interesting. We actually found a missing piece at the feet of the dancing figure which we have been able to replace. We are making a special effort to return pieces and restore the integrity of the carvings at Angkor Wat. You probably remember the work that we concluded last year on the Ta Reach statue. We did some final fine-tuning to the statue and it is now back in use. I believe this was a very successful intervention, one which we are planning to follow on from in a rather particular way. As for the repair to the statue on the bridge of the South Gate of Angkor Thom, the statue had been knocked into the moat by a truck. The middle part of the statue was lost. We replaced this with a piece of new stone which you can see as you go over the bridge entering Angkor Thom. I now would like to go on to what is the main part of my presentation, which follows on from the work we did on the statue of Ta Reach. One very important effect of this work that we found, was how the value of the statue increased, the value not only in art history terms or research terms, but the value to the local people and the religious community of Cambodia. The return of the head was seen by all as quite a historic moment, not just because it was an artifact coming back to Angkor, but to the local religious community, this represented the strengthening of the most important statue of the pantheon of Angkor Wat, not just of Buddhism, but also of Neak Ta. Following on from this, we decided to look at the other statues that are remaining in the temple of Angkor Wat because it is the most important temple here and the most used temple here by the religious community. As the people who are looking after the sculpture and carved surfaces of the temple, we decided to assess this side of the carved heritage in the temple to see what is still there. We therefore began to count. We made a database regarding all the freestanding carved elements in Angkor Wat and our aims were a better conservation of these statues and other freestanding carved elements in the temple,
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a better understanding of the history and of the use of the temple. This is very important, because the use of the temple has changed many times over the years and a good indication of how this has been changed is by examining the statues. We have seen that they have been modified, restored and altered many times in the ancient past. This is leading us to better understand how the use of the temple changed and also how statues were conserved in the past, because they were conserved. Restoration and conservation is not something new. It was done by the ancient Khmers and this is something that we are looking at and trying to understand better. We are making a risk map and a priority map. The importance of the priority map is that we will include not just the state of preservation and the effects on the stone, but also how important these statues are to the religious community and how the value of the statue in religious terms can perhaps change the priority of intervention. So this is one more piece of data that we are adding to our decision-making process. To synthesize, at all times the consultation process will include all national authorities, all international authorities and the local religious communities with whom we are in constant contact and from whom we are getting interesting feedback. I should point out that we were also in close contact with UNESCO before we began this, and it is interesting to note that in the database that we are making, we are including the question of object I.D. and so we will be fingerprinting all of the statues in every possible way to provide more information in the future. For inventory purposes, we have numbered all of the statues that we have found. We have found more than 200, which is quite surprising. We knew there were a lot, but this is many more than we expected. On the data sheets, we are including information, including the Pali and Sanskrit names that we have managed to find, the description, material (which means stone type, geology, etc.), the technique of construction, the various materials that were used in its conception and execution, the state of preservation, suggestions for conservation. This is followed by the risk factor, which is green, yellow or red, and priority of intervention, which is also in green, yellow or red. This produces a map showing the areas of the temple where the priority is greatest and where we should therefore plan to intervene. We will also have a full photographic documentation. Data sheets have been prepared on which various types of information is collected. We have photographs from all sides and a numbering system. In particular we measure and photograph the neck of all the statues of which the head is missing, in the hope that we will be able in the future to find some of these heads which could be in the various placesthe Angkor Conservancy depot, a museum, a collection abroad. We are hoping that in the future we will be able to integrate these statues and therefore reinforce the living aspect of the temple, by strengthening the images that are used by the people of Cambodia in the temple. We have already begun some fixing of elements that were in danger and continue to do so. A number of proposals have been formulated and submitted. Prof. LEISEN will now continue. b) Research activities: Dr Hans LEISEN: [OrigE] I would like to present briefly our ongoing research and monitoring activities. Further details are provided in the conference paper. Work on the southwest pavilion has now been concluded and therefore the process of conservation on the northwest pavilion has been started. The northwest pavilion is beginning to decay and is therefore in a situation similar to the southwest pavilion. Since there is much carved surface in this pavilion, it makes the conservation of these surfaces a very high priority as the risk has been clearly identified and proved.
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The method for the reduction of the risk and for the conservation of the stone has also been tested and applied by GACP with good results. The first step will be the removal of the resin coating. We have done a lot of research in the southwest pavilion and this has led to an improvement of the system being used in the northwest pavilion. Measurements of water absorption and permeability have been made in tested areas. In some areas the resin has already been removed and the good results have been confirmed. Following a number of visits to the Koh Ker site, an emergency intervention is proposed by the GACP. GACP technicians, in particular Mr LONG Nary, the GACP site manager, and his colleagues, have found quite a few traces of wall paintings and decorations in the long brick structure in the center of the sanctuary. On other brick towers, highly fragile stucco decoration has been observed. GACP has proposed a comprehensive photographic documentation of these fragments and the clear mapping of the state of preservation. Prior to the development and proposal of a conservation program, an emergency consolidation program is highly recommended in order to preserve pieces that are in immediate danger of loss. The microbiological studies started in 1997 (which were presented during the Bayon Symposium in 2004) in order to assess the possibilities of reducing the microbiological attack on the stone surfaces, using ecologically compatible biocides, was intensified. Some of the biocide treatments applied have a self-cleaning effect and do not require any mechanical abrasion of or rubbing on the stone surface. In test areas, we took small biological samples and in others we applied biocides. The long-term effects of these biocide treatments are being observed and monitored. At the request of the APSARA Authority and the Italian team, research on the Pre Rup temple has been started. In the course of the stabilization of the towers, considerable damage to sandstone elements was noted. The aim of the joint conservation is the definition of the properties of the sandstone and its state of decay, as well as developing a conservation concept specially adapted to the needs of the Pre Rup temple. Further studies have been made on the Phnom Bok linga. Measurements and drawings have been made that will help in the preservation of a proposal for the conservation and restoration of the huge stone lingam that is presently lying in a prone position protected by a shelter specially erected by the APSARA Authority. The team carried out a study of the properties of the stone. Some of these properties are similar to that of stone throughout the Angkor Wat temple. Without going into detail, the water absorption values and the figures for the ultra-sound velocity have been obtained. We note a significant variation in the values. Thus it is impossible to say that there is an Angkor Wat sandstone. There are many, many different types of sandstone, and therefore we have to adapt the conservation methods and materials, especially with regard to the materials of the Phnom Bok linga. A secondary monitoring (the first one was in 2002) for maintenance reasons has been carried out on the apsaras which were preserved by the GACP conservators. The results of this classification of the state of preservation of both the apsaras and the mortars of the GACP intervention have been compared with the detailed documentation of the primary state of conservation and the interventions. The results only in badly damaged areas, specifically at the corner towers of the second enclosure, in areas of very high risk, indicate that treatments of the first phase have not been fully successful. New repairs have to be carried out on these areas. To conclude, all areas treated up to now by the GACP team are being classified according to risk, using the colors red, yellow and green. Red means that a priority intervention is required. Yellow suggests that some conservation work has already been done. Green indicates areas that have been fully preserved. You will note that especially in the third enclosure of Angkor Wat, the southern, eastern and northern gopuras are now nearly finished in conservation work. Thank you very much for your attention.
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II-3.5 Report from BSCP on Banteay Srei and update on website project, by Mr Ueli SALZMANN
[OrigE]
It is a pleasure for me as the representative of the joint project between APSARA and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation to inform you about the Banteay Srei Temple Conservation Project (BSCP).
I will inform you about the work that we have accomplished over the last several months, give you a short overview of upcoming activities in the conservation project and information on the web project. As you may remember, one of the main activities of the BSCP was to reinstall a proper surface drainage system in the Banteay Srei temple, focusing on courtyards 1 and 2. The initial project had proposed to lay a waterproof mixture of lime, laterite and sand on the existing pavement in order to guide the surface water to the existing outlets in courtyards 1 and 2. The mixture would have covered approximately 30 to 40 percent of the surface of the pavement. During the field visit of the ad hoc experts in conjunction with the ICC meeting in December 2004, the project was revised. It was decided not to put any mixture at all on the existing pavement, but to readjust the pavement to direct the water flow towards the existing outlets and install if necessary vertical soak pits to evacuate the surface water directly to the groundwater table. Currently a lot of water stagnates in the second courtyard. The approach of readjusting the pavement was carried out in several steps. First, the existing pavement had to be removed. Then the base of the pavement had to be lowered or in some cases raised. After that operation, the old pavement was put back in place. In some cases new pavement blocks had to be put in. The drainage system of zones 1 and 2 had to be adjusted. In some isolated places where no access to the existing outlets was possible, we had to install vertical evacuation pits reaching down to the groundwater table. In total, we installed 6 pits in courtyards 1 and 2, all of which were between 2.5 and 3 meters deep. If anyone is interested in seeing the execution plans and detailed calculations for this work, we invite you to come to our office in Siem Reap. After an archaeological survey was carried out, a stainless steel collection box was put in just after the outlet, as well as a trickle shaft or drain, which is underground PVC connection pipe to allow the surface water to drain into the pond. A cleaning pit was installed at the edge so that we can clean out the pipe regularly. The current rainy season will allow us to see how effective this intervention is. Although some of these fixtures appear conspicuous now, they will soon be grown over and no longer be visible. Another important task was the inventory of all the trees in the perimeter of the Banteay Srei temple. This has now been completed and maintenance work on the trees is in progress under the direct supervision of the APSARA Authoritys Department of Monuments and Archaeology. Linked to the maintenance of the vegetation, we also have to plan the vegetation in and around the temple. Four different zones have been determined: 1) courtyards 1 and 2, in which there is no vegetation at all; 2) courtyard 3, in which no new trees are growing but in which the existing trees have to be monitored closely; 3) outside of the enclosure wall, a perimeter of about 15 meters will have so-called planned vegetation, with careful maintenance of the trees and bushes, especially tall trees; and 4) beyond the perimeter strip of 15 meters, vegetation will be allowed to grow as naturally as possible.
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A study of visitor flows was conducted over a one-year period. An analysis of the results has been completed and some immediate protection measures have already been taken. However, the planned perimeter area structuring project must be implemented in order to properly control visitor flows. This will make it possible to keep the temple from being congested with visitors, which is the case right now. There is an urgent need to act on this. It is important to complete documentation of assessment operations that have been performed on the structures of the temple. This is still in progress for all the buildings in courtyards 1 to 4. The analysis work helps us to link varies types of damage to a particular cause. Plans and descriptions will be made available. At this stage, the main physical work on the site will be completed by the end of June. We will continue to work on maintenance and especially on monitoring of the water evacuation systems that have been installed, as well as on any movement taking place in the monument. An official ceremony for the conclusion of the conservation work is planned for the month of July. Invitations will be sent out as soon as the program is ready. By then, the documentation work should also be near completion and any further commitment on the part of Switzerland should be finalized. The Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation is also working with the APSARA Authority to help it redesign its website. Now it is well organized and the newly trained employees are able to keep it up to date on their own. Twelve APSARA employees have been trained in the skills necessary to produce and maintain the web pages for their department. HE Mr BUN Narith has given approval for two of the newly trained employees to assist Mr ROS Sokhom and together form the APSARA web team. APSARA has been given 30 lessons tailored to its needs, each one with descriptions of the steps involved, screen shots, examples, links to more information, etc. The APSARA website was reorganized to give all pages the same layout and navigation structure. There are now two parts, one involving Angkor Park, its temples and history, and the other about APSARA, its departments and activities. The English pages have been approved by HE Mr BUN Narith. French and Khmer pages will follow. The web page offers ongoing conservation projects the opportunity to present their project on the APSARA Authority website. So far, only the World Monuments Fund, Sophia University and the BSCP have accepted this invitation. Please contact Mr ROS Sokhom (rossokhom@yahoo.com) for details. Thank you very much for your attention.
[OrigE]
Comment by Mr Takeshi NAKAGAWA: The BSCP team is doing very important work at the Banteay Srei temple. I have one question about the trickle shaft. I cannot forget the unfortunate event of the collapse of the embankment of Angkor Wat in September 1997. The reason for this tragedy was using a trickle shaft without maintenance. So may I ask how you will ensure maintenance of the trickle shaft. It is very convenient to use, but without maintenance, it can turn out to be very dangerous.
[OrigE]
Comment by Mr Valter Maria SANTORO: Thank you, Mr Chairman, for giving me the opportunity to say something about the Angkor Wat embankment. The collapse that occurred in 1997 was due to the constant heavy rainfall over a three-day period in late September. In the case of the southwest, east embankment, after our research, we saw that the serious collapse was due to the lack of drainage between the body of the embankment itself and the moat lower down. The difference in the water level between the body and the moat caused an over-thrust on the body that produced the collapse and the slide of the whole body. We found that the
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difference with the other spans of the embankment, in that particular location, was that the joints between the laterite and sandstone blocks were sealed with cement or mortar. This cut off the drainage and prevented the hydraulic equilibrium between the body of the embankment and the level of the moat. On the other spans of the embankment, there are open joints between the laterite and sandstone blocks, thus conducive to hydraulic equilibrium. In our view, according to our investigations, this was a basic cause of the collapse. So maintenance would be addressed by ensuring as much drainage as possible between the main body behind the embankment and the moat. For this span of embankment that was repaired by the Italian team between 2001 and 2002, we endeavored to promote drainage as much as possible from the body of the embankment by means of inserting a very permeable layer of geotextile which offers great strength on the one hand and on the other allows water to seep out from the body of the embankment after heavy rainfalls. Comment by Mr Michel VERROT, leader of FSP project: I will attempt to make a general statement in response to the query made by Prof. NAKAGAWA. I think it is very important that when each restoration work site reaches the finish point, the teams doing the restoration work must provide the APSARA Authority maintenance team with a set of specifications regarding the routine upkeep of their work, accompanied by the necessary documentation, of course. Maintenance of the restored elements as well as of monuments on which restoration work is being done is something that must be ongoing. Obviously, the teams in charge of maintenance must be aware of the things to do and not to do, as well as the frequency and specific time that maintenance work should be done. Response from Mr Ueli SALZMANN: So maybe I can give you a short answer about the Banteay Srei situation. I dont think it is quite the same as the example you describe, because we are on flat ground and we are not linked to a pond where we have the vertical pits. So there is no possibility that something could actually slide away. As we reached the groundwater table anyway, the water will move up and down, moving the material up and down as well. We have tested it over a one-year period and it will not bring about any change in the water table or the composition of the foundation as such. What we did, of course, was put in a very well compacted backfill with the same composition of material as we find on each particular level. We did not change any hydraulic flows within the groundwater table. But I would be happy to show you the more detailed plans, if you are interested.
[OrigE]
II-3.6 Durability of the sandstone on Angkor monuments and temperature and humidity monitoring at Angkor Wat, introduction by Prof. Nobuo ENDO and presentation by Mr Satoru MIWA, Sophia University
Prof. Nobuo ENDO: [OrigE] On behalf of Prof. ISHIZAWA, we want to present our projects, of which we have a total of five. Three of them involve the Banteay Kdei temple and two are in Angkor Wat. In Banteay Kdei, one of the projects is putting in wood braces in dangerous parts of the temple. The second involves cleaning up the fallen branches and leaves. We have conducted 390 operations since 1997. The third is a study of the relationship between humidity and sandstone, which will be presented by Mr MIWA. We have two projects involving Angkor Wat, one of which is the restoration of the western causeway. Yesterday, many of our members and colleagues visited our project site. I would like to express my deep thanks for your visit to our sites. The second project is the ongoing research and monitoring the relationship between temperature and humidity on the outer gallery pillars.
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Mr Satoru MIWA: [OrigE] As Prof. ENDO just explained, the Sophia Mission is currently implementing restoration work on the Western Causeway of Angkor Wat in cooperation with the APSARA Authority. On the other hand, we must establish measures with a scientific scope in connection with the mechanism of change in the natural environment in which the architectural materials are found. For this reason, the team members are carrying out their research. Today, I would like just to introduce these results on behalf of Prof. Goro SHIMIZU and Prof. Tetsuya WARAGAI of Nihon University. 1) The first is research on improving the durability of the sandstone on the Angkor monuments. This research is continuing for the purpose of making proposals to improve durability by looking into the causes of deterioration and studying scientific measures. Studies are being conducted and research is being promoted mainly on the following three items: 1) causes of sandstone deterioration; 2) prevention of deterioration by surface application of a waterproofing agent; and 3) prevention of lichen propagation by a surface application of a waterproofing or water repellent agent. The knowledge that has been gained through this research at this point can be summed up as follows: We consider the deterioration of sandstone on the Angkor monuments to be caused mainly by the sandstone absorbing water; the deterioration is accelerated by weathering; According to the water absorption tests on the monuments, a reduction effect of 55 to 92 percent can be confirmed by treating the sandstone surface with a water repellent. Moreover, that effect will be maintained for about nine years. Visual observation during this period indicates no color change or deterioration of the stone quality. With respect to sandstone on the monument that is covered with lichens, the results of observation after spraying with a water repellent agent indicate that lichens are exterminated at this point in time. These results cover a three-year study period. 2) Our second area of research involves monitoring the temperature and humidity of the Angkor Wat first gallery and sandstone column surface temperatures. In the first gallery of Angkor Wat, the degree of weathering of the sandstone columns seems to vary according to the orientation of the gallery. In particular, the deteriorated condition of sandstone columns in the galleries facing east and south is further advanced than on other parts of the gallery. Presumably, these differences in the degree of weathering are due to differences in the weathering environments as well as the surface temperatures of the sandstone columns. We shall analyze spatial differences of weathering environments due to the position of the gallery. In order to take measurements of air temperature, humidity and sandstone surface temperature at constant time intervals, data loggers were placed in each of the east, west, south and north parts of the first gallery. They were recorded every half hour from August 2004 to March 2005. As shown in the results, the maximum, minimum and mean air temperatures are all highest in the southerly exposed gallery (average of 30.5C) and lowest in the northerly exposed gallery (average 27.8C). No major difference was obtained between the galleries facing west and east. On the other hand, the humidity measurement results show an average of 70 percent in the northerly exposed gallery, which is 5 percent or more higher than in other galleries. On the other hand, compared with air temperature variations, clear differences in the surface temperatures of sandstone columns are noted according to the orientation of the gallery. In particular, the maximum sandstone temperature reaches 50.5C on the westerly exposed sandstone columns, which is higher than that with a southern exposure (48C). On the other hand, the maximum temperature of the northerly exposed sandstone columns was recorded as 37.5C, or 13C lower than the maximum temperature of the sandstone
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columns facing west. Such large temperature variations probably occur because the sandstone columns facing west and south receive sunlight directly. We are now continuing these measurements to get data during the rainy season. We believe a more detailed analysis is required. Thank you for your attention. Prof. ENDO: [OrigE] I would like to add one thing by way of a brief introduction to the World Fair going on in Aichi City, Japan. It opened on March 25 and will run until September 25, 2005. Thank you very much for your attention. Comment by Mr Mounir BOUCHENAKI: We have heard some very meaningful contributions that have given us much insight on the various operations being carried out by the teams, firstly those made up only of Cambodians. I feel that it is the duty of the International Coordinating Committee to note this very favorable outcome, which is in keeping with the orientations set by UNESCO, i.e. nationals taking on ownership of their heritage. I therefore think that it is only proper that we highlight the value of the work done in the case of the Bat Chum project by our Cambodian colleagues and express our satisfaction with the work being done locally by our colleagues who are now becoming experts in their own right, who will be in a position to transfer their knowledge and exchange with the other teams of experts working here. That refers to the first presentation. I would like to repeat in the wake of those who have preceded me in previous meetings of this committee just how much UNESCO and the UNESCO secretariat appreciate the work done by the Japanese experts, both the team under Prof. NAKAGAWA and the team from Sophia University. I would like to begin by congratulating Prof. NAKAGAWA and his colleagues for the very fine piece of work that they handed to us, specifically the Master Plan for the Bayon. I realize that not everyone could get a copy today. I think that that is a very important benchmark document for the Bayon. I had the opportunity of personally seeing through the studies that were done and the methodology used, notably for the dismantling and reassembly of the Northern Library of the Bayon and for all the work done to safeguard that important temple. You know that Japan, like other countries, has made available to UNESCO what is referred to as funds-in-trust for cultural heritage protection. Thanks to these funds, we can say that after fifteen years of implementation, major work has been donesuch as the work that was presented to usboth regarding the theory as well as the practical, technical aspects, and is now providing us with benchmarks for archaeologists, architects and restorers. I would now like to refer to the presentation made by Prof. SANTORO and again state that we have followed closely the work the Italian team has been doing which, like the Japanese team, has given attention to the matter of including junior Cambodians in the body of expertise. We can highlight their involvement in the knowledge transfer as well as in routine work on excavation sites, doing the test pits needed to identify the layers on which Pre Rup was built, the deformations due to various phenomena, as well as the technical solutions that were brought to bear to consolidate this temple, all of which was very well explained by Prof. SANTARO. Once again, I would like to highlight, as the secretariat, Italys input that, likewise in the framework of its Funds-in-Trust with UNESCO, is helping the APSARA Authority, the Cambodian authorities, to benefit from the funding of this expertise for the safeguarding of the Angkor monuments. I would also like to thank the German team, Mr Simon WARRACK and Prof. Hans LEISEN, for the outstanding work and projects that have been undertaken, also including the Cambodian team. I can inform the German team that at UNESCO we can take advantage of the presence of Ambassador Mr Hans-Heinrich WREDE, at the head of the UNESCO Executive Board, and convey to him the deep appreciation of this committee for the work done by the German team and see if the German government can continue to provide
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support and, as for Japan and Italy, perhaps find a budget formula to include the operations and pursue them in the years to come. As for the Swiss team that presented the Banteay Srei project and the information on the website project, I have to say that I personally was able to put a word in with the Swiss ambassador. He made a private trip here a year and a half ago to look at this project. I did a great deal of talking with the Swiss delegation for Angkor, and I know that the ambassador taking over from the current ambassador, Mr Ernst ITEN, is also very interested. I think that that is our role as secretariat to work both in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap with the delegates and ambassadors here to whom I convey my greetings, but also with the delegates and ambassadors at the Paris headquarters, so that we have a complete, complementary information flow on the importance of the work being done. I would now like to thank the Swiss team and the APSARA Authority for the work being done on this outstanding temple and see to it that we take note of the recommendation made by our colleague from France, Mr VERROT, when he commented on the matter of maintenance. We need to agree on this measure. Obviously, the end of a restoration project does not mean the end of the work. Once the monument has been consolidated, protected from water, once it has been reopened to visitors, then there is the ongoing maintenance. A set of specifications needs to be drawn up. That is a recommendation that we are considering. A set of specifications should be made up whenever a work site concludes and be handed to APSARA so that our APSARA colleagues can ensure this maintenance and follow up on the restoration work and presentation of these sites. In conclusion, I would once again like to speak on behalf of the secretariat and thank Sophia University, Prof. ENDO and his colleague, Mr Satoru MIWA, for showing us yesterday in the field the work they are doing on the Angkor Wat western causeway. Today he spoke on temperature and humidity monitoring at Angkor Wat and clearly demonstrated what we call the thermic coefficient and its effect on stone. Let me add that this work and data should be forwarded to our APSARA colleagues and others as well. Yesterday, we had an inside meeting with our friends and colleagues from the World Monuments Fund who are working on one of the major Angkor Wat galleries. I think that this is a good opportunity to see how all of this technical data being gathered by the various teams can be pooled and used for the work that all of the teams are doing. I would also like to take this opportunity, referring to the contribution made by the Sophia University team, to extend our congratulations to Prof. ISHIZAWA who has been working at Angkor since the early 1990s and who we understand merited a promotion to the office of president of Sophia University in Tokyo. I am sure that the committee would be most happy to pass our congratulations on to him through Prof. ENDO. So, Honorable Co-chairmen, there you have the comments and initial recommendations for this first morning session, on June 7, that are being taken down by my colleagues and that we will work on for submission to you tomorrow. Thank you. Comments by Giorgio CROCI: I would like to add a word of appreciation and gratitude to the Swiss team, because probably not everyone is aware of the way the operation developed. We discussed this issue over a year ago, about a plan that was put forward to cover over the ground with a certain material, in a certain way. There was agreement on all sides, but that year, in December 2004, we came here and observed the results with some perplexity. The matter was discussed. I was with Mr LABLAUDE who is not here today, and the Swiss experts. Although things had moved well along and a great deal of work had been done, I very much appreciated the willingness of the Swiss team to discuss the matter together and move to a different solution. Thus, the solution presented today is not the same. And it cost time and money as well, but the willingness or good will that they displayed was truly outstanding. They were the first to admit that it was something that in practical termsit was said jokingly that it would end up looking like a tennis court if they kept on with that red
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material like thatbut a total openness of mind was noted on their part to consider this alternative solution that we talked about together. I think that this is a very good solution and I would really like to commend them for their outstanding willingness. Comment by Claude JACQUES: I would like to add just a small remark following the contribution made by Mr Simon WARRACK and the outstanding work he is doing on Angkor Wat. Some years ago, I recommended that given the reverence felt toward the temples, we might put back into some of the Angkor sanctuaries copies or moldings of the statues that originally stood there. I think that would add considerably to the sacredness of the places, which is something very often overlooked. We see the tourists flow by. But these are sacred places and I think that it would be good if this aspect was considered.
II-3.7 Challenges in the Conservation and Restoration of the Ta Prohm Temple, by Mr C. Babu RAJEEV, Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India
[OrigE]
It is a pleasure and honor for me to make this presentation on the Ta Prohm project, which is executed by the Archaeological Survey of India, in close association with the APSARA Authority and UNESCO.
Many of you had the opportunity of visiting the site yesterday, and during the course of your visit, we endeavored to explain some of the challenges undertaken by us at Ta Prohm and the many issues which are to be resolved. You therefore have firsthand experience in how challenging the restoration works at Ta Prohm can be. In fact, there are some distinguishing features of Ta Prohm of which I would like to make a brief reference. The immediate portion of the temple structure is badly dilapidated. These broken members are strewn everywhere. We need to carefully collect them, document them and stack them for possible restoration works. Furthermore, Ta Prohm is known as a tree temple. The invasive forest with mammoth trees perched on the structure and the walls itself has attracted visitors from all over the world. In fact, these trees have become the hallmark of Ta Prohm. The conservator therefore has a very difficult task to balance his work between working with the trees and conserving the structure. There is also a very major problem of water accumulation, to which I will make mention during the course of my presentation. Lastly, we have this question before us: What is to be restored? The temple as it is, the dilapidated structure, the invasive forest, all gives an air of mystery, an air of awe, with which visitors are very fascinated. What are we to restore therefore? This itself is a major issue. There are, of course, a few other minor issues, which we have been able to answer in the course of our initial preparative works. Ta Prohm is very close to Angkor Wat on which India had undertaken a major restoration work in the 1980s. If you look at a layout of Ta Prohm temple, you will see that it has five enclosures. The restoration and consolidation works of ASI are mostly confined to the third enclosure. Ta Prohm actually means ancestor Brahma. It was really a large viheara built in the 12th century by king Jayavarman VII. This temple was dedicated by the king in memory of his mother, in the form of mother of Lord Buddha, that is Prajnaparamita. Among the initial preparative works so far undertaken by the ASI, we have had conducted multidisciplinary scientific studies, soil mechanics studies, structural studies, hydraulic and botanical studies. We undertook a complete documentation of the existing condition with the laser scanning technology and prepared detailed drawings in digital format. The ASI conducted a Ta Prohm symposium or round table in 2004. The conclusions of this symposium are in a way a major guide for us in deciding the type of work to be undertaken in Ta Prohm. We submitted the details of the studies that we have undertaken to the APSARA Authority and UNESCO in February 2004. Actual work at the site started in December 2004. We have undertaken emergency measures both to help save this structure and for the safe passage
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of visitors. We have removed the fallen stones from the eastern side of the third enclosure and from the moat. These were documented and stacked. We have undertaken the construction of an interpretation center and site office. Back home in Delhi, we recently conducted a seminar on Ta Prohm. Of the four gopuras, western, northern, southern and eastern, only the eastern and western gopuras are now used for access to the main Ta Prohm temple. Again, ASI is working mainly on the third enclosure and wherein it has already started its activities. With regard to the geotechnical studies that ASI has undertaken, we collected 60 soil samples from five places. These were analyzed in detail to get a broad geotechnical picture. We used both trial pits and auger holes. Details of the foundation were thus gathered, which turned out to be a combination of sandstone, laterite and sand filling. The geotechnical findings have been very encouraging. The strata is uniform and is quite competent. Even where the structure has collapsed, the plinth walls are mainly intact. The moat edges are also well stabilized so that there is no risk of slope failure and the pit and auger holes have shown that there is no weak soil. We also determined that there are a number of factors causing damage. The first three relate to the presence of huge trees, due to their excessive weight on the building structure or because of the penetration of the roots. Then there is the escape of sand from plinth-fill due to separation of the plinth stones. I earlier mentioned the problem of water accumulation. Lastly, due to some members falling, lateral pressure is being exerted on some walls. I will briefly mention some of the emergency measures that we have undertaken. This is mainly for the visitor approach. These measures included support of a lintel, wall support in various locations. In addition to the practical emergency work that we have undertaken, we have moved into our program. At the eastern enclosure, southern wing, we started removing the numerous fallen members. The area has been divided into 16 bases, and the stones are numbered in situ before they are removed and stacked. They are then removed very carefully, using nylon straps. In addition to heavy stone members, there are many small broken stone members which have also been removed very carefully, for they will be required for the purpose of conservation later on. In association with the APSARA Authority, we have undertaken a small excavation to expose the plinth level. This revealed the presence of many roots. Our work has led us to develop a plan of restoration yielding a conjectural appearance of the southern and northern side if the restoration is undertaken and goes full circle. Now I will come to the proposals. As I mentioned earlier, a very controversial issue is the extent to which one should undertake restoration. We have made very detailed studies, discussed among ourselves and came to the conclusion that we should undertake only the minimum restoration activities. We have identified the following restoration activities: 1. Eastern corridor of the third enclosure, southern and northern sides; 2. Western corridor of the third enclosure, southern and northern sides; 3. Southern corridor, eastern side only; 4. Causeway connecting the third and fourth enclosures on the west side; and 5. Partial reconstruction of the Dancing Hall. One of the most serious problems is the accumulation and stagnation of water. We have not yet been able to come up with a solution to date, but the studies are continuing. In Siem Reap, we have been able to occupy a premises through the kindness of the APSARA Authority. We have been able to set up a project library and information center. Our interpretation center and site office near the Ta Prohm temple are under construction.
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In conclusion, let me outline the present status of the work. We have completed scientific studies, investigation and documentation. Work has been started on the eastern side of third enclosure, southern wing, where the fallen members have been documented in detail, removed and stacked. As soon as this work is complete, and we are nearing completion, we propose to undertake similar work on the northern wing. Once we take up this work simultaneously, the ASI is proposing to prepare a detailed action plan in consultation with the consultants that we have employed earlier and the consultants within. We intend to submit this detailed action plan for the opinion and advice of both APSARA and UNESCO. After approval of this, we propose to take up the restoration work in the manner I have indicated on seven different locations. Thank you.
II-3.8 Progress Report on the Preah Khan and Ta Som Conservation Projects, by Mr John SANDAY, WMF
[OrigE]
It always gives me a great pleasure to have a chance to describe the work that has been going on in both Preah Khan and Ta Som.
Most of you, I am sure, know very well the progress of work in both Ta Som and Preah Khan. We have continued our work of basically protecting and safeguarding both of these site and trying to maintain the romance and tranquility found on them. We have come to a point in our work whereby we are going to take the very important step of really transferring the responsibility back to the APSARA Authority. This very important link will be bridged by a program which John STUBBS will be explaining in some detail in a minute. The main work that we have undertaken in Ta Som, for example, has been on the western gopura, which is very recognizable from the road as you drive by. That work will be completed on target by the end of June. Similarly, in Preah Khan, we have been working on the last few major structural interventions that are necessary. Weve been working very closely with the APSARA Authority in the general development of maintenance activities. At the moment, most of this is on the clearance and the presentation of the site. We will be taking this a little bit further in the future. Our other major concern, particularly in Preah Khan, is on the whole question of the trees. I know that this is one subject we talk about at nearly every meeting. We talk about controlling the potential damage from these trees, and probably John STUBBS will make brief mention of the program we have in hand for this. A new threat that we have recently been approaching is the one of landscaping and the cause of deterioration at both of the entrances on the east side of Preah Khan and also on the east side of Ta Som. We have had several discussions now with the APSARA Authority on how to control the storm water which is causing a certain amount of devastation at the entrance to both these sites. We are hoping that in our coming season we will be able to put those to rights. Another important thing that we need to stress is that our programs now in both Ta Som and Preah Khan are going to focus much more on their presentation. We will continue to undertake interventions as and when we can actually raise the funds, and we have a fundraising campaign going on in order to be able to support both the small and large activities that are being planned there. Having worked now in Preah Khan for over 12 years, its a very major step forward to be, as it were, returning it to the owners. But we will be working alongside them for several years to come. I will now give the floor to John STUBBS, from the World Monuments Fund, New York, who will tell you a little bit about the future of the activities in Preah Khan and will be announcing a workshop that we plan.
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II-3.9 Proposal for an Intervention on the Churning of the Sea of Milk Gallery in Angkor Wat, by Messrs John STUBBS and Glen BORNAZIAN, WMF
Mr John Stubbs: [OrigE] Like John SANDAY, I can say that it is a great pleasure to be before this wonderful group dealing with this wonderful subject of the Angkor temples. I just want to add one remark to John SANDAYs contribution. It has to do with a workshop that is underway as we speak, one that is aimed to produce a plana plan for the plan, if you willfor maintaining and interpreting Preah Khan. The purpose of the workshop is in cooperation with APSARA to develop a plan for maintaining and interpreting Preah Khan for at least the next decade, in a scheme to be jointly administered and funded by both the WMF and APSARA. The participants include the existing Preah Khan team of foreign advisers and Khmer professionals, plus specialist Gamini WISJESURIYA, who is in the room today, representing ICCROM and who is an expert on living heritage and its conservation. Another expert who has joined us for the first time, Stefan YARABEK, a distinguished landscape architect who specializes in historic landscapes and another distinguished professional, Jane CLARK CHERMAYEFF, who is an expert in interpreting sites of this sort. This core group plus others are at work this week doing this plan for a plan that will be discussed with and presented to Mr ROS Borath and his staff at his office this Thursday afternoon at 2 p.m. Anyone who is interested in the question of maintaining and presenting these sites in great detail is more than welcome to join our workshop and effort in general. I would like to spend the rest of my time here introducing the most important thing before the WMF at the moment at Angkor, which is the final proposal we have to make for dealing with the Churning of the Sea of Milk gallery at Angkor Wat. Its my pleasure to introduce this topic which is of the greatest importance, I think not only to WMFs work, but to what the international teams working at Angkor Wat are facing there. As many of you know, in previous presentations of its work, WMF has presented research pertaining to this project. We have discovered a real need to make extensive repairs to the roof structure of the 49-meter long gallery. It leaks extensively and is actively damaging portions of the famous bas-relief of the Churning of the Sea of Milk, arguably the most famous single work of art in all of Khmer history. The WMFs preliminary recommendations were presented at the ad hoc committee meeting and ICC at the Angkor Wat workshop hosted by JSA, that was held on December 9 of last year. Since that time, we finalized our technical findings and have developed a detailed technical project proposal that we are presenting today. There are boards in the lobby and you will see a little bit of this presentation that will touch upon the high points of the technical proposal. The product or package of work is in a number of forms: reports by different teams that have different sets of talents, engineering analyses, scientific analyses pertaining to materials, conservation science, extensive documentation of the structure, etc. The first report was produced by John SANDAY and Predrag GAVRILOVIC, LEK Sareth and MEAS Kimreath. It deals with the fundamental structural issues facing a gallery such as the Churning of the Sea of Milk gallery, which is one of eight identical galleries in Angkor Wat, but it focused on that particular gallery. That was done between 1998 and 2002. That report was supplemented by a report of a different sort that really delved into the science of conservation at that very same place, led by Glenn BOORNAZIAN and his team of specialty consultants that deals with, again, technical analyses, conservation science. This proposed project has been done with the assistance of APSARA, of course, WMF local professional staff, including the late LEK Sareth and his successor MEAS Kimreth, members of the German Apsara Conservation Project, who guided us with important advice all along, and the Department of Field Programs of the WMF in New York.
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A description is found in the handout that you were given today. Again, its just a summary. Its rather complex, heavy subject. We have to face a difficult conservation issue that calls on all of us to think about theory, integrity of structure, and the like, and I think youll see that it is quite a challenge. We present this to you, at least the highlights, now. Glenn BOORNAZIAN will do just that. Mr Glenn BOORNAZIAN: In 1998, the WMF was presented with the challenge of stabilizing the Churning of the Sea of Milk Gallery architecture at Angkor Wat and providing long-term protection for the gallery bas-relief. The bas-relief is considered one of the most important bas-reliefs of Angkor, if not all Southeast Asia, due to its great artistic, religious and historic significance. The WMF technical team performed a survey and investigative work in October 2003 and February 2004, and October 2004 conducted a series of non-destructive tests on the gallery roof, back wall, bas-relief and columns. The technical team also conducted analytical testing both on site and in a conservation laboratory, as well as implemented an environmental monitoring program in the gallery that is still ongoing. It is important to remember that the entire gallery except for the bas-relief wall was disassembled almost 40 years ago and was left in that state until 1990 when the gallery was finally reconstructed. The WMF technical team has carried out the following tasks in its investigation of the CSM Gallery: GIS-based conditions survey of the entire gallery; Non-destructive testing of selected portions of the gallery, using ultrasonic pulse velocity and microwave radar scanning to identify locations and extent of sub-surface decay and repairs; Selected probes to determine the depth and conditions related to previous roof repairs; Environmental monitoring on both the interior and exterior of the bas-relief wall; Petrographic analysis of representative stone and repair material samples; Salt identification, conductivity, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence testing of samples of stone, repair materials and efflorescence; as well as Review and comparison of historic documents and photographic images to determine rate of visible decay. Based on the findings of this survey, testing and investigative work, WMF defined the most serious conditions currently threatening the CSM gallery bas-relief and developed recommendations for a repair approach. The following summarizes the most serious conditions currently affecting the Churning of the Sea of Milk bas-relief: 1. It is clear that a large amount of water is entering the bas-relief through the roof vaults and secondarily through the rear wall. The numerous openings in the stone and failures of the previous repairs of the existing roof vault stones are causing this water to disburse in many unpredictable directions. During one of the monsoons, we were lucky enough to be here to actually see tremendous amounts of water, I would say 90 percent of water infiltration, coming from the upper sections of the roof. 2. Both surface and deep subsurface patches and repairs were initially identified as Portland cement-based materials. Further analysis revealed that the Portland cement repairs contain water-soluble calcium sulfate, otherwise known as gypsum, and that this gypsum has solubilized. The solubilized gypsum has been transported into the bas-relief wall where it crystallizes on, or just beneath, the stone surface. This condition is causing accelerated decorative surface decay. 3. Previous patching and repointing repairs have closed the original passive roof drainage system, resulting in the entrapment and increased concentration of water.
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This water then percolates deep into the bas-relief wall, transporting harmful soluble salts. 4. Probes and non-destructive testing have indicated the presence of detachment, voids and cracks in the roof vault stones and drainage channels. This condition also disperses absorbed water and damaging soluble salts deep into the roof and basrelief wall as well. 5. Non-destructive testing has indicated areas of subsurface delamination on the basrelief wall that extend well beyond visible surface decay. This is an important point, because the subsurface decay is taking place in areas where the bas-relief is still clearly visible on the surface. 6. The comparison of historic photographs to present existing conditions indicates that there has been accelerated decay on sections of the bas-relief wall over the past 80 years. 7. The rear elevation of the bas-relief wall exhibits moderate to severe detachment, exfoliation, efflorescence and erosion. Previous repairs have failed and are today a secondary source of water infiltration. The first step in responsibly addressing deleterious conditions affecting the Churning of the Sea of Milk bas-relief must be to mitigate the causes of existing deterioration. If these causes are not addressed, any repair of existing defects should be expected to fail quickly, permitting continued degradation of stone and therefore, continued deterioration of the basrelief and the gallery itself. The WMF believes the two most significant primary causes of decay in the gallery are: 1. The infiltration of water into the bas-relief wall through the roof and rear elevation; and 2. The presence of soluble salts in the masonry introduced by the previous cementitious repairs. To stabilize these detrimental conditions, we believe it is imperative to reinstate the integrity of the gallery roof and rear wall, remove all previous repairs and desalinate original roof stone units that continue to contain damaging salts. It is absolutely necessary to restore the ability of the structure to control and shed rainwater, prevent water entry into the gallery and inhibit moisture percolation throughout the structure. Six options with their advantages and disadvantages ranging from the minimal to the most radical levels of intervention were considered in the schematic development of a repair approach. Based on longevity, reversibility, visual appropriateness, waterproofing effectiveness, as well as chemical and mechanical compatibility of the schematic options considered, the WMF determined the most responsible and effective approach will be Option 3, summarized as follows: Disassemble the roof in order to remove all infected cementitious materials, desalinate affected stone as required, perform all necessary stone repairs, ensure proper pitch of drainage channels and bed joints and reassemble the room with 0.8 mm rolled lead sheeting. Lead was selected for its longstanding historic use in conjunction with stone, its chemical inertness, its complete and relatively simple reversibility, its malleability, as well as its impermeability. This membrane will be placed between each course of the roof vault. If this scope of work is implemented, the roofing system will be returned to a functioning, protective state which can, in a manner indistinguishable from the historic Khmer method, keep water away from the stone elements below and protect the bas-relief. The WMF weighed the pros and cons of different levels of intervention for the waterproofing membrane, questioning if the membrane should be inserted in a few or all of the horizontal bed joints. The final decision was to insert the membrane at each of the bed joints in the vault to provide the longest-term solution possible with minimal visual impact, respecting the fact that if over the course of time some cracks begin to open or repairs fail, that the secondary line of defensethe waterproof membranein each of the five roof joints would
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ensure long-term protection. In addition, this approach serves to minimize the repairs necessary. The WMF is fully committed to the implementation of a comprehensive training and quality control program that will be carried out on a day-to-day basis and last throughout the duration of the project. We are very honored to announce that Hans LEISEN and Simon Warrack of the GACP have agreed to collaborate with the WMF, employing their approved methods and materials for the conservation of the sandstone of the rear wall of the bas-relief. Their proven expertise in this area will ensure that after the completion of this work, water will not enter the basrelief from the back. It is important to note that after the installation of the waterproofing system, the sandstone of the bas-relief wall will begin to dry out to a level that has not existed for many years. During the drying process, water soluble salts within the wall will migrate toward the surface of the stone where evaporation takes place. As water leaves the wall, these salts will crystallize and expand, potentially causing damage. Therefore, the WMF plans to work in close collaboration with the GACP to help target areas prone to this type of decay. To carry out the highest quality repairs, a unique scaffolding and hoist system will be required. The primary scaffolding requirements are: To provide safe and easy access for workers to all sections of the roof vault; Incorporate hoists to lift stones out of place and bring them down to the storage and work area; Incorporate a system that provides for public safety, allowing visitors to safely view the gallery and bas-relief in sections where work is not in progress; Incorporate an environmental protection system that protects the bas-relief from exposure to the elements once the roof is dismantled and allows for the proper cure and protection of materials used for conservation; and finally and very importantly Design the system so that it can be modified in ways that will allow it to be used on other galleries at Angkor Wat. The WMF strongly believes that we have developed a comprehensive conservation plan to responsibly protect the Churning of the Sea of Milk bas-relief for the long term. At this time, we ask for your approval to proceed into the implementation phase of work so that final planning and mobilization can begin immediately and work on the site be scheduled to start in November 2005. Comment by Mr DORDAIN, Co-chairman for France: We thank the World Monuments Fund team for this contribution and we take note of the proposals for the transfer of skills and activities in the Preah Khan and Ta Som operations. We acknowledge the proposals concerning the churning gallery but, as you point out, it is a very complex undertaking. The proposals that you are making certainly entail a study, an analysis, a comparison, and we no doubt can, with the approval of the APSARA Authority, suggest that our ad hoc experts take a close look at your proposals with you and draw some conclusions along with you, in cooperation, as you mentioned, with other teams such as GACP. Comment by Mounir BOUCHENAKI: As our agenda for this afternoon includes the follow up to presentations by the teams working in the field and then projects, I would like, with your permission, to make a couple of remarks. First, regarding the very interesting visit that we made to Ta Phrom yesterday hosted by our colleagues from the Archaeological Survey of India, let me say that this is a site of major importance, but one that has a number of major problems: the problem with water, the problem with the trees and the problem of stone collapses. The proposals addressed to APSARA therefore seem all the more significant inasmuch as it is an emblematic, symbolic monument, as the ASI Director General quite rightly put it. We
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therefore feel that the necessary preliminary studies have been done and that they have been fully representative of the set of problems found on the site. We thank APSARAs officials for working along with the ASI and taking the necessary preliminary measures to avoid further degradations and perhaps even collapses that could have been a danger for visitors. And I feel that our committee should recommend that the group of experts work with the APSARA people and ASI people on these various problems. The first one is: Should anastylosis be used? If so, how? What parts should be treated in this way, given the recurrent flooding of the site? That is a problem that needs to be studied in harmony with the site, its topographic and hydrological situation. Secondly, the issue of the trees. We saw them yesterday when we were out in the field. John SANDAY brought it up again when talking about another site. The trees are now part of a form of harmony for visitors who have gotten used to this rather striking image of the roots of these fromager trees that penetrate the stones and give a really exceptional aspect to these ruins, a type of romance of Angkor that is born of this image. But we are faced with the important matter of seeing how to reconcile these two approaches, one approach emphasizing the esthetics, preserving this image and idea of romance, this nature-culture association, with the other approach of conserving the temple, its structural aspect, and seeing to visitor safety. The second presentation was also very significant. As I mentioned earlier, we had the opportunity to speak with our colleagues from the WMF more specifically regarding this approach to the Gallery of the Sea of Milk and the problems we are confronted with. We are dealing with a rather special situation. This is not an authentic monument, but rather it is a reconstruction and a restoration. But this restoration is now the source of the problems that were presented to us: problems of infiltration, problems of deterioration, that are affecting one of the most beautiful bas-reliefs. What should our approach be? We have six options and, again, I believe that our friends from the WMF have done a thorough job of the analysis and presenting the possibilities for the choice that must be made. As you can see, in each of these presentations, some time is needed to make a choice. All those working in the field of preservation and restoration know that making a choice is never easy. It will involve consequences and also requires a long-term vision as far as possible restructuring or even transformations are concerned. From that standpoint, I feel that this is another area in which this committee should take a little bit more time to deepen its analysis and detailed study of each of the options that have been proposed to us. I realize that option 3 is perhaps the option that would most effectively meet the challenge posed by this gallery, but our committee needs to make its decision based on a more extensive analysis. Those, honorable Chairmen, are the points that I wanted to make. We have listened to two very vital presentations on two very precious monuments, which included the basic issues confronting us, issues that are both doctrinal and technical in scope, because we have to choose what to do for the preservation and restoration of a site. As for the technological aspect, yesterday, for instance, we had the opportunity to discuss to some extent what type of technology should be used. Do we want something very advanced that would involve a material that has not been used so far in monuments from the Khmer period? Would this be advisable? Should we make use of the technology now available to us and thereby perhaps do a better job of safeguarding the monument? Those are crucial issues on the table before us. That is why, honorable Co-chairmen, I took the liberty of commenting now, before we move into projects. Thank you.
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[OrigE]
Comment by Giorgio CROCI, ad hoc expert: With regard to the problems facing Ta Prohm, and in particular the trees, I should like to say a few words. Unfortunately, yesterday morning I wasnt on the site because I just arriving with my flight, but in the afternoon with Mr ROS Borath and Prof. Claude JACQUES, we had the possibility to visit the site. On the other hand, we are very familiar with the site, as we have been to it several times.
As for the trees, this has been discussed on numerous occasions. I would like to say once more that the trees here represent something unique in the world. There is no other place quite like it. So despite the very difficult problems related to that, especially concerning safety, durability, we could say, I think that we should do as much as possible to maintain the trees. Also, from a tourism point of view, it is something really exceptional. Speaking with people who have been to Angkor, one of the first things that they talk about are those special trees over the temples. It is something that we have to maintain. From the structural point of view, there are no problems. By no problems, I mean no problems that cant be solved. It is possible to strengthen the buildings with trees in such a way to ensure stability. Certainly, we have to provide tough strengthening, but what we wouldnt accept in normal conditions, we can accept in specific conditions. So the problem of strengthening the structures is indeed a complex one, but it is possible to deal with it. The most difficult point probably is to verify the stability of the tree itself. For this reason, what I suggest is to consult a tree expert, an aborist, 1 perhaps a local Cambodian, but also some international experts, to give advice on the life span or life expectancy of these trees, when it is impossible to ensure the stability of the tree itself. That is an operation that I think we should do on the site in specific cases. Yesterday we observed one situation where it is very urgent to do something, where it was proposed to put in timber propping, but probably we could benefit if we started from this case to try to prepare a project for strengthening the structure. We could get advice from one or more experts to be sure that the safety of the structure is ensured say, for a century, for ten years, a certain length of time, during which we can be reasonably sure that there is no risk of collapse. The second point is concerning the gallery of Angkor Wat. What I suggest in case the decision is made to dismantle, it would be important to acquire information on how much of the original material we can recover. As it has been dismantled in the past and some concrete elements have been inserted, it is important to know how much of the original structure has been lost, in order to have a percentage of how much original material can be recovered. Thank you. Comment by Dominique DORDAIN: It is understood that the area of concern is maintaining the personality incidental to each temple, notably that of Ta Prohm which is particularly challenging because we are confronted with both saving the monument and saving it in its natural environment. The focus you gave us was both timely and necessary. Comment by TAN Boun Suy, Director of the Department of Water and Forestry, APSARA: In my capacity as director of an APSARA department, I have spent time studying the forest and stones of Angkor. The situation of Ta Prohm has been of interest to me. Regarding the option that needs to be chosen for Ta Prohm, I agree with the previous contributors. But I would like to make an important point that is often overlooked and that is the role of the forest in protecting the stones. If you compare the stones of Ta Prohm, protected by the forest, with the stones on the Bayon and Angkor Wat, we see that the stone on Ta Prohm is in much better condition. That is due to the fact that the forest plays a buffer role, in other words it mitigates the temperature range that our Japanese friends highlighted this morning, the hygrothermic degree range. The forest maintains a microclimate that is
Specialist in planting and transplanting, pruning, and diagnosing the ailments of trees and in tree surgery and tree maintenance.
1
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virtually stable throughout the year. This is very important for stone conservation. At our next ICC meeting, I will be making a presentation on the causes of weathering in Angkor stone. Thank you very much.
II-4 PROJECT PROPOSALS

II-4.1 Introduction to the New Fonds de solidarit prioritaire (Priority Solidarity Fund, FSP), by Mr Michel VERROT, FSP
I will start by outlining the three key pillars of the upcoming FSP project, one of which is the continuation of restoration work on the Baphuon. This morning we heard several references to the previous FSP project that ended in December 2004. We are getting a new FSP project underway. The new Angkor Heritage and Development project is designed to meet the need identified by the Royal Government of Cambodia to pursue the cooperation effort that France has been involved in over the last ten years, in particular with regard to institutional support and training. The main thrust of this new project continues to be strengthening support to the APSARA Authority and more broadly to the national institutions in charge of Angkor heritage conservation and preservation. As with the previous FSP, it brings together in just one project a number of French institutions: the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Culture and the EFEO. The project has a price tag of 2.75 million euros and will extend over four years. Its components are as follows: 1. A restoration project, a continuation of the Baphuon restoration project that will be outlined in more detail by Pascal ROYRE; 2. Institutional strengthening of the APSARA Authority and a major training project; as well as 3. A National Museum component. These three points will be presented to you as this session unfolds. Without further delay, I now give the floor to Pascal ROYRE to deal with the Baphuon restoration.
II-4.2 EFEO/FSP Baphuon Project: Status Report and Prospects, by Mr Pascal ROYRE, EFEO
You are all familiar with the Baphuon restoration program. I will therefore try to be brief and spare you a review of all the work that has been done and the reasons for this project, just covering a couple of scores, starting with: 1) A status report, since we are now at a rather important turning point in the project, to show you all that has been done up to this point, followed by 2) The prospects, notably through the design of an architectural and technical project that will be submitted to the experts on this committee within the next few days. 1) Regarding the work done, in 1995 we started working on the second tier base walls, during which we had to deal with the problem of stabilizing the backfill, which we did by putting in reinforced concrete shells designed to pick up some of the load caused by the backfill. That consolidation work is now completed. We have now finished 90 percent of the work involved in putting back the masonry materials of these base walls on the second tier. This has brought to light a number of details that need to be treated and that recur throughout the monument, that being the fact that the corners are generally broken off. Many of the masonry blocks had fallen off and were reused when the Buddha image on the west face
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was built. So we have quite a number of options when dealing with those parts. The only thing left to do now is treat the northern side where a collapse took place back in 1971. Work has also focused on the galleries, notably those on the second tier that have now been fully rebuilt on the eastern side. Work is also underway on the western side, but can only move along as we advance in restoring the Buddha statue that occupies part of this gallery. Restoration work is also moving well along on the axial pavilions on the second tier, notably on the eastern pavilion on that story. When we made a site visit during our last plenary session, I promised that we would be able to see that pavilion with all the scaffolding removed. I apologize for being off by one day, because yesterday we put up half of the capping on that pavilion. It will take about another week to get the scaffolding down. I am sorry that I cannot show you a photo of the pavilion cleared of those large planks and iron framing. We are now working on reassembling the southern pavilion of the second story, with similar problems, i.e. consolidation of the pavilion base, systematic reinforcement that sometimes requires the replacement of doorframes to ensure stability, especially where there are imitation floors that provide a roof for the central part of these pavilions. On the western faade, work has started on the second tier pavilion. This has initially required taking down some courses of the roof off the main tower. There are very few remains of the corner towers. This is because, by definition, these towers were put up on the plinth corners, which are the weakest part of the plinth. In fact we have only located a few remains of the two towers on the eastern side. When we were taking apart the head of the Buddha statue on the opposite site, we came across all of the masonry elements, but they had weathered badly. This was due to the fact that this tower had been entirely covered over by the masonry pieces making up the head of the Buddha. That means that there is a lot of consolidation work to do, or at least dowelling, in an attempt to get this complex back in shape. As for the reclining Buddha, we are still working on consolidating the section corresponding to the head of the statue. You will remember that we experienced a serious accident in 2002 that put us very much behind in our work. We are now in the finishing stages of the terrace that will hold up the volume of the statue face. 2) The second part of my presentation will be devoted to what we call the architectural and technical project. It depends upon a number of factors. Firstly, a point of major importance, we have now been able to inventory about 80 percent of the stones on the Baphuon stone storage field. That means that we will be able to achieve a minimal reconstruction face by face of what the monument might have looked like. That of course raises a number of problems relating to this multiplication of historical sequences that the temple has been through, with the construction of the Buddha statue on the west side, which operation cannibalized blocks removed from the 11th century structures. We have taken a few pictures that are in a way a preview of what the monument will look like after restoration, once the anastylosis is complete. Here is a reconstruction of the Buddha, showing an important feature in the upper view. This is a view of the monument showing some of the awkward situations resulting from certain elements, notably trees that are causing a number of problems as far as perceiving the integrity of the pyramid is concerned. This lets you see one of the aspects of the project that we intend to develop, in keeping with the solutions chosen for the technical problems of masonry work stability, reconstruction and restoration. We also want to fit these solutions into the overall landscape of the monument, with the support of APSARA and its department specializing in this area, to determine how to treat the temple greenery. We realize that some of the trees are in a somewhat dangerous situation as far as the first tier of the pyramid is concerned. We have to look into the matter of how to handle these trees and restabilize them to avoid their endangering the stability of the building in the mid-term.
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When referring to the architectural and technical project, obviously there will always be a technical aspect, because we continue to be confronted with the same problems. What was done on the second tier has to be repeated on the third tier, in other words, the base wall consolidations that are underway, since this has been fully completed on the eastern section and on part of the south side. The stabilization work will be followed by a reconstruction of the elevations. We have to treat a number of lacunae in places where material was removed to build the Buddha statue. Naturally, these operations are accompanied by putting in a drainage system that is designed to handle essentially all of the upper part of the pyramid, catching all of the water and channeling it off into the three ponds in the immediate surroundings of the monument. Getting back to the lacunae, what we are looking at now are locations where we do not have the original masonry elements. However, we do know where they are, because when the Buddha image was being taken apart and put back together, we found them inside the Buddha. This raises a number of issues. The restoration approach adopted included a reconstruction of the monuments two historic phases. But we cannot put back the 16th-century Buddha statue and at the same time take material out of it that had been used earlier on the 11th-century structures. An answer was arrived at after lengthy discussions with the ICC experts. The answer attempts on the one hand to make sure the various floors are stabilized, especially the third floor, because that is the principal concern. This stabilization work means covering over the consolidation structures, i.e. the reinforced concrete shells. The approach adopted involves a reconstruction of the main architectural lines, giving an overall outline of each of the floor structures, while refraining from too much reconstruction, adding masonry elements that would provide too much finishing on these faades. Thus, the insertion of new sandstone would be at the base of the lacunae areas, and they could be improved by a number of reconstructions that, from there on, would fall into an approach that is of an architectural rather than technical nature. As for treating the galleries, the problem remains the same, i.e. the gallery foundations have to be stabilized, but the structures, the cornices as well, by putting wooden beams back in. These had initially been put in there, that is to say, beams had been put in the core of the cornice, but they disappeared; they were worn away with time, and were replaced by reinforced concrete beams simply sitting on two supports in order to rebalance the loads distributed over the bay elements. Regarding the Buddha statue, we are now working on the head part of the statue. Once this is completed, we can work on reconstructing the upper part of the third tier. Thank you.
II-4.3 New Phase of Project Funded through Japanese Funds-in-Trust with UNESCO, JSA/APSARA, by Mr AMAMIYA Yuji, Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs
[OrigE]
On behalf of the government of Japan, I would like to make a presentation on the new phase of projects funded by Japanese Funds-in-Trust with UNESCO and to be implemented with UNESCO, JSA and APSARA.
Japan, in its foreign policy of actively promoting international cooperation in the area of culture, established the Japanese Funds-in-Trust for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage with UNESCO in 1989. So far, 32 projects in 25 countries have been implemented with these funds. Last Friday, with the supreme presence of His Majesty King NORODOM Sihamoni, we celebrated the completion of the second phase of the monument restoration project undertaken by the Japanese Government Team for Safeguarding Angkor (JSA) and inaugurated a new JSA project phase.
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In October 1993, when Japan hosted the Tokyo International Conference for the Safeguarding and Development of the Historic Site of Angkor, my country promised cooperation for restoration of the Angkor monuments, capacity building of Cambodian restoration experts and regional development in Siem Reap. After the conference, the JSA was established in 1994 and successfully completed the work to restore the Northern Library of the Bayon Temple and the Prasat Suor Prat Towers which you visited yesterday in the site visit program and which were commented on in the morning session by my JSA colleagues. In the areas of human resources development, substantial technical transfers were achieved through joint work between a total of more than 700 Japanese experts and Cambodian staff. Also, since 1993, Japan has sponsored a capacity-building project at the Royal University of Fine Arts. The project has contributed to the capacity building of over 200 students and has experienced great success during the last ten years. In the area of cooperation for development of the region, my country has extended its cooperation to the development of the Siem Reap region by utilizing official development assistance (ODA). This includes projects such as the Topographic Mapping for the Angkor Archaeological Area in the Siem Reap Region and the Water Supply System for the Siem Reap Region in Cambodia. The issue of how to coordinate monument conservation and regional development is becoming more important. As a result, since last year, the Japanese Government has been conducting a Study on the Integrated Master Plan for Sustainable Development of Siem Reap Town, which will be reported on in greater detail at this meeting by my colleague from JICA. I hope that this project will contribute to the development of the Siem Reap / Angkor region in accordance with monument conservation. Japan has made a contribution of approximately USD 20 million since 1993 for safeguarding the Angkor heritage. At the Second International Conference for the Safeguarding and Development of the Historic Site of Angkor held in Paris in November 2003, Japan expressed its decision to continue cooperation for safeguarding the Angkor monuments. Since then, the Japanese government has been holding discussions with UNESCO and the Cambodian government concerning specific aspects of the cooperation plan. I am happy to announce that this has resulted in a decision by my government to start a new project for safeguarding the Bayon temple. This further work will be undertaken on the basis of the Bayon master plan that the JSA team has finalized and distributed to you this morning as an outcome of the second phase. Three parts of the Bayon require emergency intervention: the southern library, the bas-reliefs and the central tower complex. The outcomes expected include research, analysis, development of the conservation plan and restoration work on the site. The duration of the project will be five years (2005-2010). This new project focuses on further capacity building of Cambodian experts in order to achieve the situation wherein the Cambodian people themselves will be in a position to continue the restoration works without foreign assistance. This will further promote the basic guideline for cooperation announced by Japan at the Tokyo Intergovernmental Conference in 1993. To this end, I wish that the APSARA Authority will devote itself more positively for the project as the partner of the Japanese side. Our government intends to implement the new project with the newly formed JASA team, which stands for the JSAAPSARA Team for Safeguarding Angkor. Japan appreciates very much that APSARA is strengthening its system and authority to handle new challenges through the establishment of new departments. We expect that HE Mr SOK An, president of the APSARA Authority, and other officials concerned will put forth more effort for this goal. I also want to request the ongoing cooperation of the Japanese experts. Although the Angkor site was removed from the List of World Heritage in Danger at the 28th meeting of the World Heritage Committee last year, we will have to continue our efforts to bequeath the Angkor monuments, the priceless cultural heritage of mankind, to future generations. In facing the difficult challenges of harmonizing preservation of the monuments with sustainable development, the ICC must assume an increasingly important role. Japan will continue to fulfill the co-chairmanship of the ICC in the framework of Japans
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cooperation for the preservation of the site and its contribution to development of the region. Thank you for your attention.
II-4.4 Phnom Bakheng: Update on Structural Risks Analysis, by Messrs Michael MARTIN and Stefan YAREBAK, WMF
John STUBBS: [OrigE] The next project that the WMF would like to report on today is our progress on the Phnom Bakheng Conservation and Presentation Project. As you will recall, this project was proposed to and approved by the APSARA Authority in December 2004, rather expeditiously due a number of urgent conservation issues and concerns for public safety at this very popular site. Our proposal then was to produce a holistic and integrated conservation management plan, during which we would begin to address some of the more urgent conditions at the site. I am pleased to report that a great deal of progress has been made on this new project, the details of which are again outlined in the document that was recently given out to all of you. I would like to touch on some of the highlights of our accomplishments and ask two of the World Monuments Funds specialty consultants to spend the rest of the time sharing some of their observations that theyve made in just the last week at the site that I think youll find very interesting. Progress has been made on all fronts. I think that you are all aware of the kind of things that we must address with a brand new project like this. Its about planning. Its about zoning. Its about identifying structural stabilization challenges. Its about archeology, landscape related matters, the interpretative plan and all kinds of things that would be considered appropriate contents for such a document. Work is going forward on all of these tracks by a specialty stream, groups of people that have been carefully selected for their specialties, their abilities to work together, and I am happy to say that after only six months, everything is in sync, on schedule. It is the result of a lot of hard work and wonderful cooperation indeed from APSARA and its staff as we all get into step with this project. Risk mapping has been particularly interesting. We have built upon a very good start made by APSARA. We have simply updated some information and expanded upon that. That has resulted in a priority list of twelve representative structural problem types that we are just beginning to address at this time. Vegetation management is a particular challenge at Phnom Bakheng. Weve tackled that very well so far, again in cooperation with APSARA. Ccile CALIFANO from APSARA, their number one landscape architect, has been working with ours in approaching that whole issue of judicious vegetation clearance, but also maintenance of certain vegetation that of course we all love very much. Its a matter of making windows from the site and also allowing the site to be seen better from other locations throughout the park. Great progress has been made on the presentation and interpretation plan by Jane CLARK CHERMAYEFF, our expert on that topic, again working with Khmer counterparts. Janes work is very much dependent on the contributions by the historians and the archaeologists, and especially our French predecessors whove work at the site. For the interpretation of this site, we plan to showcase the work of the French over the last one hundred years. We believe that will be one additional lesson for visitors to the site, not just the great history of the site and its significance, but the great history of archaeology and conservation at such a site. I would like at this point to let you hear from two rather distinguished experts, one in hydrology and the other in landscape architecture in their very own words. The first is Mike Martin, who is from the U.S. National Parks Service. Hes a hydrologist and also a geologist who has some rather interesting observations on both of those questions, that is to say water and geology at Phnom Bakheng.
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Michael MARTIN: water and geology at Phnom Bakheng [OrigE] As you have heard in several presentations, water infiltration is a pervasive problem in archaeological preservation in the Angkor area. With that, I would like to summarize four principal points based on preliminary observations of Phnom Bakheng. The first point deals with the bedrock geology, which the structure is built upon. The second point is with the rainfall. The third point is with subsurface water and the fourth point is with our proposed mitigation. Bedrock geology: Phnom Bakheng is built upon a sandstone structure. The sandstone is very well cemented. Therefore it has very little low porosity and does not transmit water well. In addition to that, the fracture pattern of the sandstone is very weakly developed. As a consequence, there is very little deep groundwater connection through this geologic structure. Rainfall: This area gets between one and two meters of rainfall a year. All of that rainfall that comes down on Phnom Bakheng, if it does not evaporate back into the atmosphere, it infiltrates into structure. Subsurface water: Once the water is in the structure, it cannot penetrate into the impervious bedrock. It will consequently flow to the sides of the structure where it can attack the laterite blocks, causing decay and causing hydraulic pressure on the side walls of the structure. Proposed mitigation: Based on those three elements, we came to the conclusion that the only way to mitigate this problem was to essentially isolate the water out of the Phnom Bakheng structure. After looking at some different options, talking to people in the area, as well as the World Monuments Fund team, we have decided that a preliminary option for waterproofing the structure is simply to replace the missing sandstone paving stones on the terrace levels and the platform levels. The gaps between the paving stones would be filled with a locally derived waterproof clay, deepen the cracks, possibly covering them with crushed stone or sand so that the clay does not appear to the surface and protects it from rainfall. Once again, based on our preliminary analysis the bedrock is very competent as well as being fairly impermeable. Because of the permeability of the structure, the rainfall either evaporates into the atmosphere or infiltrates into the structure. Once the rainwater is in the structure, it has no where to go in the mountain, so it has to attack the sides of the structure and decay the laterite blocks. Again, we hope to alleviate this problem by producing an impermeable surface. John STUBBS: [OrigE] I might add that when we are talking about replacing an impervious surface, we are talking about resetting the pavers that the French archaeologists put on the top platform of Phnom Bakheng. Its not a matter of new stone or anything of the sort. Its simply improving the waterproofing capacity of the existing plaza level at the highest platform, then at the lower level we will have a similar solution. So its a matter of improving the performance of an existing design. The next specialist that I would like to call on to speak is Stefan YARABEK who has taken up the good start made on the question of landscape architecture at Phnom Bakheng that was begun by two National Park Service experts in December and is continuing that work again in cooperation with APSARA and Ccile CALIFANO in particular. Stefan YARABEK: landscape architecture As WMF partners with APSARA to protect this spiritual place by closing key components for conservation, we hope to open the eyes of the visitor to the greater Khmer resources of the region, its biodiversity and its cultural landscape. Ill cover several points, which will be visitation, management and interpretation.
[OrigE]
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All of you are very familiar with the current conditions of congestion along the immediate approach to the site. What we propose is to begin a process of reclaiming the original historic path towards the river, perhaps by creating an alle and island in the center and approaching the staircase which hopefully can be reconstructed at the street level, which would lead you to the use of the demining road that was constructed along the mountain to make it safe and create an alle experience so that one might really truly appreciate this significant monument while the staircase is closed for access during conservation and other elements are under conservation. We will look to building a trail using the Green Trail that has been developed, and look at developing sustainable technologies, low-impact construction, things that do not detract from the historic sense of place, but make it safe and easy to replicate. When we talk about the vista management, the idea is to work with the studies that have been done to date, views that have been created. There is a concept called peek-a-boos, which means you prune the inner canopy of the trees. You do not top or denude the landscape for vistas, because first of all it becomes high management. Most importantly, it degrades the natural environment and something that can be appreciated at this site is the sense of the natural environment. We cant stress that enough. What really strikes me particularly at sunset are the birds and the other life that dwells here and that has dwelt here for centuries. So we look at this minimal intervention. We hope to leave our partners with design standards for future maintenance and improving the site. But the whole idea is to reclaim that sense of place, talk about the cultural landscape from these vista points that would be created and perhaps creating the vista points by compacting earth on the archaeological sites without disturbing them, so that we might foster a better sense of celebration at this very important site. John STUBBS: [OrigE] In conclusion, I would like to simply say, so far, so good, again with a lot of cooperation and hard work and good luck and good timing and skills and whatnot. Were going along as planned. A few things to think about with regard to approvals. We are seeking final agreement and approval for addressing emergency structural conditions, which we expect to have before long, timely review of a technical proposal to handle rainwater drainage, that Mike MARTIN mentioned. There is a need to even better coordinate with APSARA on certain matters that Im sure well have perfected before long, one example being in perfect harmony about the question of vegetation management. Theyve begun some work that we found out about a little bit well into the process and thats just learning to work together. Im sure that we can sort that out. The interpretative team needs APSARAs increased involvement with visitor studies to address site usage. We want to know as much as possible about the various users of the site, most especially locals. Were quite interested in the living heritage component of the project and we will be analyzing that. The landscape initiatives that Stefan YARABEK just outlined are some fairly big ideas that we will have to sort out before long. Theres talk of closing just part of the site. I thank you all for your cooperation and support. As always, the work of the World Monuments Fund is accessible to any and everyone for input and enrichment. We will be having a workshop before the next ICC meeting to look deeply into the history of the site, its significance, all as a basis for finalizing an interpretative plan for this most important site. Comment by Dominique DORDAIN: The Phnom Bakheng temple conservation problems appear in terms of sustainable development, especially in view of the large number of visitors it receives. It is one of the most popular temples and unfortunately, visitors come within a very specific time frame. That also implies the need for a multidisciplinary approach to the issue of its
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conservation. I would like to ask our standing secretariat if they have any comments on this project. Comment by Mounir BOUCHENAKI: Very briefly, I feel that the three presentations we heard illustrate clearly that the points that we have to take into consideration in our restoration projects are not limited to the monumental and architectural aspects alone, but really call for a comprehensive approach. This really must be noted, as you just stated, this major evolution of things, meaning that teams nowadays have to take into account not only architecture problems, site preservation problems on a monument site, but also take into account the overall natural environment of the site. From that standpoint, the multidisciplinary approach is now fully recognized. It is very important to note that in this type of project, we are not going to go all out on just one aspect of what an Angkor temple stands for. We will have an approach that is allencompassing, and I think that the committee has to take that into account. The Baphuon project presented by our French friends with the EFEO, as well as the proposal that the WMF just made for Phnom Bakheng, are examples that fully demonstrate a vision that integrates both the cultural aspect and the natural aspect. I think that the committee can truly be pleased to see today that the new notion of heritage is not limited just to the monument aspect. It also allows for its integration to the communities, because this heritage is not stand-alone. It belongs to the people, to a community; and this community must truly be its trustee; it must feel involved. If the people of Siem Reap, those living in the Angkor region, realize that we are interested in the full scope of cultural heritage and its natural environment, I feel that this community will be en an even better position to contribute and to see to its own safeguarding of this heritage. I would like to conclude by thanking again the representative from the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mr AMAMIYA Yuji. I repeat again what I said this morning. I realize that despite economic problems that are confronting some countries that we refer to as donor countries, we in UNESCO appreciate that this aspect of support or cooperation for heritage is being maintained. And that is something that our Cambodian friends who are the beneficiaries of it, as well as all of us around this table who are working for heritage preservation and safeguarding, we encourage you to continue and to convey once again our sincere congratulations and thanks to the various Ministries of Foreign Affairs, because it is not always easy. Andr CHASTEL, a great art history specialist, once said: Preservation of heritage is a sacrifice, but loss of heritage is also a sacrifice. So by lending your support, you people in Japan, in France and in all the other countries, you are helping us by making a financial sacrifice for heritage preservation. Thank you.
II-4.5 Proposal for Safeguarding Angkor Wat: New Project Using Italian Funds-in-Trust with UNESCO and I.Ge.S., by Valter Maria SANTORO, I.Ge.S
Thank you very much for this opportunity to present the new initiative made by the Italian government with its Funds-in-Trust with UNESCO for some projects relating to the Angkor Wat temple. The Italian government wants to push new initiatives on these outstanding sites in order to make visible its efforts to cooperate in the preservation of cultural heritage. There are three main situations on which the project is articulated. 1) One is related to the north embankment, the west steps of the north half of the west moat of Angkor Wat. After our experience carried out on the south half with the reconstruction of the collapsed embankment in 1997, we have proposed a series of studies, surveys and investigations. This involved an assessment of the real conditions of the embankment in order to provide a topographical survey of the staircase and back ground
[OrigE]
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table and its variation in time, to detect buried blocks of laterite and sandstone of the staircase and to investigate the mechanical properties of the soil. We had proposed a survey made with a 3-D laser scanning in order to have the exact geometry of the embankment and also a series of geophysical investigations in order to detect the characteristics of the soil and the composition of the embankment by a geoelectrical resistivity and conductivity investigation and a geophysical survey based on a seismic wave velocity detecting. We assessed the possible causes of various collapses that have affected different spans of the embankment, due to the hydraulic gradient uphill-downhill due to the low drainage effect, as we can show by a numerical analysis that we have carried out for the south steps. In the same case, we have shown also that the reinforcing inserted in the body of the embankment is of a very high safety standard compared with the regional situation. 2) Now we move to the second part of the project, which is the Angkor Wat West Gopura entrance or West Bakan Pavilion. This structure is affected by several patterns of damage, starting from the balustrades from which several parts are missing. The gopura is in an advanced state of deterioration. This requires an investigation on the retaining walls and on the mountain temple structure, reinforcing the retaining structures, strengthening the columns and vaults, refixing loose blocks, drainage through the massif of the staircase, drainage of ponding water and removal of propping that was placed outside three years ago. A number of repairs were made to the columns in the past, which have proved inadequate to provide a condition of safety. Also, the fronton of the Bakan is affected by several cracks due to the back toppling of the top stones. Also, the retaining structure has been affected by various forms of damage, including the topling of several big blocks of sandstone, due also to the backthrust of the water seeping within the massif. The same technology that we showed this morning for Pre Rup, where we observed this kind of original situation and then we adopted an approach using reinforcement measures to stabilize the structures. Drainage of ponding water is one of the collateral problems that we have to resolve. 3) The third component of our project involves the west half of the southern gallery of Angkor Wat, where we propose to follow up on a monitoring system already placed two years ago on site thanks to the support of APSARA. This will further involve a geotechnical investigation, performing foundation pit tests and carrying out an analysis leading to the formulation of proposals for urgent measures due to the advanced state of damage and deformation of the structures, including the vault, columns and arches. Based on the findings of the monitoring system, we find that there is a connection between environmental factors and the evolution of the damaged state due to temperature and also the water table. This is a cause for concern, because that means that a variation in the water table can also result in a very risky situation regarding the stability of the foundation of the columns. Thank you very much.
[OrigE]
Comment by Mr Gamini WISJESURIYA, representative of ICCROM: Thank you very much. I am here on behalf of ICCROM, together with greetings from Dr Nicholas STANLEY-PRICE, who is my director general. I am also here at the invitation of the World Monuments Fund. I have three points to make briefly from what I have heard so far.
As already mentioned by Mr BOUCHENAKI, on the matter of bringing the community aspect of life to monuments, I would like to congratulate the German team and also the WMF team for looking at monuments beyond stone and mortar. Particularly having worked in this part of the world for the last 20 years, I consider that these are not just stone and mortar, but part and parcel of the day-to-day lives of the people. They have been born with certain
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values, there are associated communities. Therefore we need to look beyond stone and mortar. We heard about training and again I would like to congratulate some of the international teams with which I have had the privilege of associating for the wonderful training programs that they are conducting. At the same time, I would like to know if the ICC would like to take stock of these training programs and relate them to APSARAs current and future needs and develop a strategy. We heard about the trees and the need to preserve them. Mr BOUCHENAKI is in a good position to provide assistance in this area. As for me, you know, world heritage requires that the state party, the Cambodian people, define the values of this place and prepare a statement of significance, which will then guide conservation and maintenance and all these other activities. Of course, it is acknowledged that the trees add value to the site, but the values of the site will be decided primarily by the Cambodian people and it is not for us to tell, but of course eventually they will communicate with the international community. Thank you very much.
II-5 RESEARCH
II-5.1 Reinforcement of the Phnom Penh National Museum Workshop and Museum Master Plan, by Messrs Dominique DORDAIN and Bertrand PORTE
Dominique DORDAIN: The conservation of Angkorian artifacts involves not only archaeological or monument sites, but finds its extension and esthetic expression at the National Museum in Phnom Penh. The new FSP Angkor Heritage and Sustainable Development also applies to the museological aspects, developing the National Museums collections and restoration workshop. This is in line with the recommendations of this committee on December 16, 2004, suggesting that an architectural and museographical program with a scientific and cultural content be presented. The National Museum of Phnom Penh doesnt really need a long introduction. It is obviously an extension of the Angkorian representation in the capital. It offers a unique image of the Angkorian art statuary and is the venue for restoration, documentary analysis and the study of Angkorian art. I will outline very briefly this Museum Master Plan Project, then give the floor to Mr Bertrand Porte, who will speak to us about the restoration workshops activities and prospects for the workshop opening up nationwide. A word about the urban and property context of the museum. The museum buildings and those of the Royal University of Fine Arts figure prominently in the syncretic architecture dating back to the early 20th century. This architectural ensemble is situated in a particularly good urban location, with a very high potential from the standpoint of architecture and history. The Royal Palace, the government buildings, etc., often date back to the time of the Protectorate. However, the collection arrangements themselves are relatively old-fashioned. Although that may be something that adds to the charm of the museum, we do have to wonder about the future of such a museographical concept, given the foreseeable growth in tourist numbers as well as the requirements of a modern national museum. The concept of museums has changed tremendously over the last few centuries. The offer has been expanded and now covers many different fields. This expansion of cultural fields should therefore be accompanied by an improvement in the services available to visitors as well as the internal skills and resources.
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The presentation of the collections and requirements of a modern museum involve both meeting the needs of the internal workings of the museum: inventory of the collections, restoration, moving the displays, archiving, library, museographical programs, signage and furnishings. Incidentally, this museum does not have a lecture room. And a museum has its public side: accessibility, ticketing, the museographical layout of the halls and, of course, services. A methodological approach is therefore proposed, which must obviously deal with the following issues: the museographical needs, defining the museographical and functional objectives, studies of the collections and their arrangement in the hall and the scenography. The current space of the museum and buildings to the west (notably those occupied by the Royal University of Fine Arts) will be studied specifically. But an analysis must also be made of the buildings, their condition and capacity. The green spaces need to be analyzed as one of the museums functions. The museums relationship to the growth of the RUFA and a possible relocation of some of its activities need to be looked at, as well as the relationship between the museum and the city and with the Royal Palace space. Without upsetting the museums place in its historical environment, this master plan will propose to the museums trustees some prospects for the evolution and optimizing of the space so that the National Museum becomes a world-class Angkorian statuary reference. Let me now give the floor to Mr Bertrand PORTE who will speak to us on the restoration workshop activities. Bertrand PORTE: I would like to take this opportunity to cover briefly what is taking place in the National Museum restoration workshop. It has been up and running for eight years now. It is a cooperation arrangement between the cole franaise dExtrme-Orient (EFEO) and the Ministry of Culture and located on the museum premises. We are now quite busy with some images originating from the southern part of Cambodia. These are some outstanding pre-Angkorian images that make up the core of the museums collection. They are sculptures from the Phnom Da site. You see here in a dismantled state, somewhat in the way Henri MAUGER found it in 1935, this colossal image, probably a representation of Vishnu, with the eight arms, being dismantled. It will soon be positioned in the south gallery as directed in this master plan being undertaken with French Cooperation and the National Museum directorate. Another outstanding piece that we are working on is this krisna govardanna holding up the mountain. The background story is rather interesting. Since 1940, this male torso has been conserved at the museum. Recently, the Cleveland Museum had the great idea of returning to us a number of fragments thought to belong to this piece. These fragments have been all over the place. They were found in fact shortly after the discovery of another krisna body that had been picked up by a major Belgian collector, Mr Adolphe STOCKLET. He had put this statue up in his home in Brussels. Some years later, he came across some other fragments that he thought belonged to his statue. He couldnt get them to fit, so ended up burying them in his yard. After Mr STOCKLET died, the Cleveland Museum curators got hold of this remarkable krisna statue, which in fact was one of the highlights of the Cleveland collection. They also went digging in Mr STOCKLETs yard. They found this headpiece and some fragments of body members. It was only last year that they finally attempted to fit them onto their piece, but it didnt work. They kept the feet, of course, but turned over to Phnom Penh these pieces that may fit onto this krisna body which is taking on meaning as we can much better understand the posture of the image. To illustrate now the jobs that have kept us busy last year and early this year, we have the positive identification and inventory of all the inscriptions at the Phnom Penh museum. This includes some 90 stone inscriptions, of absolutely crucial importance, fully representative of the iconography of ancient Cambodia. This program that is being
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conducted with the museum directorate and is seeking to achieve a major upgrade of the Phnom Penh museum exhibits in the next couple of years, is based on a program of the cole franaise dExtrme-Orient, the Corpus des inscriptions du Cambodge. Using rubbings and digital photographs and positive identification, it will complete the inventory work started by Georges COEDS several decades ago and continued by Mr Claude JACQUES, here present, and other scholars also present in this hall. Here are a few examples: an inscription in Arabic discovered at Phnom Bakheng. It tells the story of an areca palm plantation. Thats quite interesting, because at the same time that we were doing the rubbings and taking photographs, we were able to put the top and bottom elements together. They had been discovered at different times. With the help of my colleagues, this piece is now virtually complete. We might add here that my colleagues in Phnom Penh regularly go to work at the Museum of Cham Sculpture in Danang, central Vietnam. This museum is now seeking to provide organization, coaching and training in the techniques of conserving and restoring statuary to young Vietnamese. They are now fully experienced, and this cooperation arrangement has proven to be very successful. Here are some pictures of the Phnom Penh Museum in support of what Mr Dominique DORDAIN referred to a few minutes ago regarding the National Museum Master Plan. I would really like to insist on the outstanding quality of the Phnom Penh Museums collections, the quality of its displays. I feel that we must really move ahead very cautiously. I know that there is a strong temptation to put up extensions, to really expand this museum, but I feel that the priority right now is to streamline, to renovate the building and the way in which the present collection is showcased. Obviously, museography requires restructuring; the building is extremely fatigued and needs to be reinforced and developed. But we need to go about it very, very cautiously. I would like to conclude with these pictures that all of you will surely recognize. They are sketches done by RODIN when King SISOWATH visited Paris a century ago. On his way, RODIN encountered the Khmer ballet, the Ballet Royal. He was approaching the end of his life and was completely enthralled by these dancers. He produced an outstanding set of sketches, notably in watercolor. We are working on quite a fabulous project, to bring this collection of watercolors to the Phnom Penh Museum during the winter of 2006-2007. They will be exhibited in the renovated buildings, in a room that will be properly designed to conserve and present for a time these extremely fragile sketches. That will be the first time for such a big event to take place in Phnom Penh, especially since the collection is frequently on exhibit abroad at various international fairs that have been taking place for several years now and that are scheduled to run for another decade. Thank you. The French co-chairman went on to introduce the following presentation by Prof. Jacques GAUCHER of the EFEO, which will cover four years of archaeological research on the site visited the day before in the framework of the technical committee meeting.
II-5.2 Angkor Thom: An Archaeological Assessment of the Site After Four Years of Research, by Prof. Jacques GAUCHER, EFEO/FSP
It is a pleasure for me today to present the archaeological assessment of the Angkor Thom site, which is part of the master plan that the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs has just turned over to the APSARA Authority. This document is for the most part the fruitage of four years of work done in the framework of a cooperation agreement between the EFEO and APSARA, by the French Archaeological Mission to Angkor, under the FSP project that ran from 2000 to 2004. This master plan focuses on a site that is obviously central. Central in the geography of the archaeological park, central in the historical construction feature of the Angkorian empire, central as well in the present and future tourism landscape of Angkor.
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Although it was something frequently mentioned and wished for during the 75 years of the EFEOs presence at Angkor, a planned out study of the greater Angkor Thom site never became a reality. The research program that we have put together has the stated goal of gaining new insight on four key aspects of the site, supposed to be that of a city: Its shape, its lines, Its process of formation, Its workmanship, and How it functioned. To go about this, we structured a set of problems relating to urban archaeology, got a team together and, given the nature of the site both ancient and current (it likely consisted of many wooden structures and is now enshrouded in forest), its size (over 900 hectares) and the time frame (four years), a trial protocol was developed, tested and validated, involving: 1. A non-invasive approach; 2. Systematic application; and 3. A combination of several archaeological and geo-archaeological techniques. The master plan that resulted was never intended to be a land use project. Nor was it for scientific publication. It is a technical, descriptive and instructional document that was framed according to the four pillars that were developed one after the other: i) Survey of the archaeological features of the site; ii) Archaeological qualification of the site; iii) Assessment of any risks that could threaten the site, both in its identity and its materiality; iv) Recommendations to circumvent them. i) We will start with the survey of archaeological features. In just a few years, this research helped us to integrate the old data produced on the Angkor Thom site by the cole franaise dExtrme-Orient into a context that had now become meaningful, as well as to bring to light a tremendous amount of major unpublished information. We will not go into detail on all of the findings during this research phase, as they have been presented previously on several occasions both here and elsewhere. But here is an overview of the most salient points: the existence of two earthen fortification systems, an orthogonal network of over 90 kilometers of streets, canals and waterways, a fabric consisting of over 300 urban blocks marked off by the presence of nearly 3,000 water retaining devices of large dimensions. The site contains, in the current state, 200 remains in masonry materials (principal and secondary monuments, buildings for worship, fortification components and hydraulics works), 40 man-made elevations (platforms, hillocks, mounds, embankments). It is also a monumental royal hydraulics complex, with a surface of 900,000 m . An ancient riverbed was discovered in the central part of the city. Let us add that for institutional reasons this inventory was to run until December 1, 2004, although the potentialities of the site obviously extended beyond this list. However, we can now consider that the sum of the results obtained in the field and their level of completeness are sufficiently consequent to form a totally new level of insight. In other words, a documentary threshold has been reached. From the standpoint of cartography alone, a new vision of Angkor Thom and, along with it, of the Angkor site, is being put forward today. ii) On the basis of this new insight, how can we describe the site? First, the archaeological heritage of Angkor Thom is urban in makeup, very extensive and includes monuments. As for its urban makeup, Angkor Thom is neither an agricultural territory nor a series of village clusters within an enclosure. Nor is it a hit-and-miss layout of forms dictated by the topography. And it cannot be described as the space connected with a great sanctuary.
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The archaeological remains in Angkor Thom represent a cross-section of multiple functions (palaces, temples, monasteries, habitat, a square, moats, bulwark, avenues, streets, park, canals, etc.). They are intelligently organized, structuring the space in a way that is rational, regular and thought out. Furthermore, the texture of supposedly residential zones and the abundance of material uncovered through excavations made here and there, reveal an intensive occupation. Angkor Thom indeed is, as its name suggested, the big city. From a formal standpoint, this urban heritage can be characterized by: 1) The good state of preservation of its surface traces, which enables us today to produce a very complete picture of its last state; 2) Its very broad scope (the city occupied a very large surface and was not concentrated at its center, but reached into the four corners of the urban space); 3) Its monument content, which seems to show a historical, successive interlinking. In the context of the international history of urban forms, this monument dimension of large-scale productions should be viewed as one of the major spatial data of the archaeological site and of contemporary urban heritage. In the master plan, an analysis of the city layout shows a series of seven major site units in terms of urban, architectural and landscape features: The Bayon temple; The royal fortifications; The Royal Palace or royal residence; The partitioning of the four quadrants; The system of defense, of symbolical import, with a water periphery both inside and outside the city; The Royal Palace square and the architectural elements that line it; The five avenues. Each of these reflects the art of composition and is marked by monumentality, geometry, symbolism and the mastery of hydraulics. They provide major visual interplays that promote the idea of a field of visibility not only of buildings, but also of these compositions themselves, i.e. inter-building relationships. The second major point is the specific, tangible nature of the Angkor Thom archaeological heritage. It is a tangible, fragile heritage, one for which the ground now represents a principal archive. In the 20th century, the notion of heritage at Angkor Thom was mainly developed on the basis of studying the city of stones used for the temples, inscriptions and images of divinities. In view of the material selected, these were intentionally given an everlasting casting by their creators. These stone elements were profoundly significant of the great projects of the Khmer elite. Analyzed by EFEO scholars throughout the last century, restored or undergoing restoration, they have constituted and are constituting the value of the site due to their historic, symbolical and esthetic character. Through a different archaeological approach, complementary to the previous one, the results of this study reveal in concrete forms a landscape of sand, green spaces and water, a city that was intelligently designed, brilliantly constructed and home to masses of people, in this sense a reflection of the workmanship of its inhabitants on a local, day-to-day scale. In such a context, the notion of archaeological heritage in terms of monuments, as exceptional as they may be, can then be replaced by a notion in terms of site, this one being an urban space (an Asian form of the city), clearly delineated, diversified and complex, in which the future study of chronology, morphology and sediments, will uncover a fund of knowledge of ancient landscapes and their transformations, as a prelude to any later reproduction. Today, the city itself has become the new monument. At this stage, the archaeological significance of the Angkor Thom site no longer needs to be proven, but rather, clarified.
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For these archaeological elements have one point in common: they are fragile. A great deal of what makes up the city is found mainly in the form of traces, those of irregularities of the surface and micro-landforms, sometimes quite conspicuous, often blurred, sometimes almost effaced by the post-depositional process. The difficulty with which these traces can be identified is often inversely proportional to the value of the historical and spatial facts that they hide lower down: For example, sometimes a shallow local depression of only a few square meters has led to the discovery of a buried structure over a kilometer in length. We must come to a new awareness of the Angkor Thom site. The heritage to be protected and conserved is not just the heritage of sandstone, brick or laterite, but a heritage of fine sand, fragile by nature. Whether the traces of this city are visible on the surface of the ground throughout (as a macro-morphology) or invisible to the naked eye in the arrangement of sediment buried deep down (as a micro-morphology), the problem is identical. The 9 million m of soil in Angkor Thom must not be disturbed, at least without compelling reason and a stringent upstream study. And this takes us to the third feature: Angkor Thom is an outstanding, unique, complex scientific space. If concern for heritage only refers to the physical, archaeological, immediately visible reality of a site, that is not enough. It would be voiceless, like a silent film. I say would be because in fact that would allow for any fanciful, unfounded statement to be made about it. An effective heritage development policy cannot today be conceived without an in-depth knowledge to accompany it and, in a complex context, management of that knowledge. Heritage is an object to be protected and conserved, but it is also intellectual knowledge to be built upon and passed on. The Angkor Thom site is unique. We have no reason to doubt that it will find its place in the world history of urban planning. As an urban space, this archaeological site is complex. It represents at least seven centuries of successive transformations of a territory, carried out by different societies within one civilization. It is at the heart of the identity of Khmer civilization. What do we know at this point? From an urban standpoint, we really dont know very much at all. That knowledge will be forthcoming through archaeological research and must be designed, interpreted and managed as if it were a city per se. This management will be constructive, efficient, only if it is thought out overall: 1. As a quantitative and qualitative accumulation of data; 2. Linked to a specific documentation; 3. Collected methodically in a suitable documentary framework; and above all 4. Constantly problemized in terms of urban archaeology, i.e. of relationships between spaces and societies. Secondly, I would like to emphasize that the research, spectacular or not, is not a luxury, marginal activity, but a creative, central one, because it is nurturing a heritage that is not only tangible and exterior to each one of us, but intangible and interior, referring to the memory. We could stop at a certain cut where quite obviously over a thousand years of sediment interrogates us. Memory, which St. Augustine was first to call the presence of the past, is a capital asset. And to ensure that it functions properly, we must ensure that research functions properly. That research is at the roots of identity-related and historical specificities, of meanings, of artistic or symbolic values of an object, a building and, now, at Angkor Thom, for Khmer society, of a full-scale capital city. In this sense, research is a source of social, cultural and economic enrichment for a country. It assumes that we will provide it with some means to take place and it assumes also that we will protect its object and therefore have access to the information that the soil, like an archive up to the present, has conserved.
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But the Angkor Thom site is not just an archaeological site; it is also a green space and an ecological heritage. Today, the green cover, open woodland and brush, occupies 793 hectares of the 932.5 hectares of intra-mural city, or 85 percent of its surface. In its relationship to the archaeological site, the forest has proven and is proving to be a triple asset inasmuch as: It hinders access to the archaeological site. Although for a time keeping it in oblivion, it has, in this sense, by its very existence, been the keeper of it; It directly protects the soil from the elements. The canopy provides a barrier from direct exposure to the monsoon rains, thus being the best possible means of protecting the surface morphology; And it is part of the historic information of the site. It symbolizes a bygone occupation. In this sense, it provides perception of the archaeological elements with an outstanding dimension of presentation and, furthermore, from the human standpoint, of representation of the archaeological fact per se in its very nature. Furthermore, Angkor Thom is a site that has people living it in and is visited. Various population types are involved: Visitors: o National visitors mainly at the time of the major yearly celebrations; o Tourists from all around the world with their diverse cultural practices; o Pilgrims and monks during the Buddhist festivals and holidays. We also find people from the surrounding villages, as well as those from Siem Reap, for whom urban development can no longer be disassociated from the archaeological site; The staff on the restoration work sites caring for the large monuments; Sellers; Wood collectors. But Angkor Thom also has its permanent residents: The people on site watch duty; The monks and other people assigned to the pagodas. Re-use of the site for religious activities started back in 1980. There are now over 250 people living in Angkor Thom on a daily basis. The total surface occupied by monasteries in the ancient capital can be estimated to be about 11.2 hectares today. iii) Today, the Angkor Thom site is starting to come under considerable stress that is threatening its balance, integrity and grandeur in the long run. Without being properly thought out, the introduction of mass tourism could cause damage and malfunctioning that will be increasingly difficult to manage. In this sense, the goal of the master plan is to provide the APSARA Authority with a management tool, a tool for analysis and a tool for education. In the master plan, after the description, the first table lists the main archaeological features now known that make up the Angkor Thom site. They are categorized according to elements affected by types and levels of physical risks, both specific and common (erosion of slopes, alteration of the morphology, deterioration of masonry material remains, etc.). On the second table, these specific risks of alteration have been logically combined and three general risks have been added: trivialization of the site, loss of access to key archaeological information given the state of knowledge, and the improper integration of buildings into the archaeological and landscape nature of the site. On this second table, you can see from left to right the list of risks, the key causes of these risks, the objectives of protective measures, their translation in terms of general recommendations.
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Overall, the legend of the master plan layout provides a graphical summary of all of this information in the form of locations and zones wherein archaeological elements are found, the risks and appropriate recommendations. The boundaries of these zones have been established based on our current knowledge of the topography of the site. Thus, the proposed zoning does not purport to be final. It can be revamped in the light of findings made during certain operations. iv) This analytical study has yielded the following list of recommendations: R1. Educate the stakeholders, the visitors and local communities regarding the outstanding overall character of the site; R2. Carry out a study of the forest in relation to the archaeological reality of the site; R3. Protect and conserve after study the fragile or broken down buildings of masonry components; R4. Put in a system of service roads for public use, environmentally friendly and allowing only short-term parking; R5. Control and guide the structuring of the space and architecture of the monasteries; R6. Format knowledge of the site in terms of urban archaeology; R7. Prohibit any construction near buildings or inside urban perspectives and compositions; R8. Deconcentrate service areas, give priority to small units integrated into the site and on selected locations; R9. Protect and conserve the ancient urban functions and networks and demand stringent studies prior to any development work; R10. Design and construct small, non-invasive architectural modules, inspired by traditional forms and materials; R11. Prevent illegal excavations; R12. Prevent any artificial drop in the water table. In conclusion, I would like to stress that the international teams and the APSARA Authority in the framework of the ICC for Angkor now taking good care of monument and building conservation in Angkor Thom. The presence of the forest has thus far proven to be the best means of site conservation overall. Thus, the archaeological space should be protected by protecting the forest, understanding and maintaining it in tandem with the knowledge of the ancient remains. In a context in which the users of the site are growing daily in numbers and demands, the current challenges of the Angkor Thom site should now be envisioned in the interplay of the different spacesscientific, green, heritage, tourist and religiousin the understanding of their individual logics and the hierarchal management of their interdependences. However, in our view, the obvious vocation of the site to receive visitors assumes that it will be clearly delineated and have boundaries defined firstly by the archaeologist, the restorer and the forest manager. Thank you.
II-5.3 Report on the Greater Angkor Project at Bam Pen Reach in January-February 2005: Introduction by HE Ms Lisa FILIPETTO, Ambassador of Australia; presentation by Prof. Roland FLETCHER, University de Sydney/EFEO/APSARA
Lisa FILIPETTO: [OrigE] I am very pleased to have this opportunity to acknowledge the excellent work done by Roland FLETCHER and the Sydney University team, both volunteers and professionals on the Greater Angkor Project and the Living With Heritage Project. Of course, this success would not be possible without the cooperation of APSARA and the EFEO. The Australia government assists these projects through the Australian Research Grant. But really, I am very honored that Prof. FLETCHER has asked me to let you all know that in July 2006, under the patronage of UNESCO, the University of Sydney is proposing to
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host a conference on the past decade of work at Angkor. The aim of the conference is to bring together the results of the work of the Cambodian and international agencies at Angkor over the past decade and to simulate discussion of the new perspectives produced by that work. The conference will be entitled The World of Angkor and will have three main themes: environment and economy, city and daily live, monuments and art. The program will include specialist workshops. Next month, the organizers will issue a preliminary announcement and an invitation to the conference and will seek expressions of interest in topics for the specialist workshops. In November this year, the program for the conference will be formally announced under the auspices of UNESCO. All are welcome, of course. So now over to Prof. Roland FLETCHER. Thank you. Roland FLETCHER: [OrigE] My purpose today is just to briefly report to you a major new structure in the northern half of Angkor, about 15 kilometers north of the center, at the junction where the Siem Reap River takes off from the old Puok River. The reason for this report follows the site visit by HE ROS Borath, the head of the Department of Monuments and Archaeology (DMA), who requested that a report on this site be made publicly. I would first like to thank the director and staff of the DMA, including KHOUN Khun Neay and MAO Loa, for their assistance in the management of our work and specifically the members of the team from APSARA who worked with us in the field. In the context of this site of Bam Pen Reach, I would specifically like to thank KHIEU Chan who had to work on the site after the main team had left because of the emergency of checking one of the particular locations, and I would like to thank him particularly for his initiative in doing that. The Bam Pen Reach site is a laterite construction which we found in a channel constructed in the 1970s. It was first located by the EFEO team on the suggestion of Dr Christophe POTTIER and actually located by VAN Sry. The purpose of the exercise that we are engaged in is to look at the structure of the urban complex of Angkor over an area of about a thousand square kilometers from the lake up to the Kulen hills. Our specific target over the next five years in the second phase of the Greater Angkor Project is to look at the dynamics, the history and the demise of the water management system. The current complex is outlined in a plan. What we are looking at is a tripartite water management system of collectors and manager systems in the north, stabilizing and holding tanks in the central zone, which is where the major temples are located, and then a disperser and distributor system in the south between the temple zone and the lake. The Bam Pen Reach site is at the point where the Siem Reap River off-take comes off the old line of the Puok. The original river channel flowed from northeast to southwest. The system that now takes the Siem Reap River was originally an off-take, probably only taking monsoon season water down to the East Baray. But that is one of the issues that we still have to investigate. The Bam Pen Reach structure projects from the end of the major initial bend of the Siem Reap as it proceeds to the south. The landscape at this point is extremely complicated. To the west of the Siem Reap off-take, there is an enormous network of meandering river channels which take this flow, and Bam Pen Reach appears to be central to this complex of channels. What were actually seeing in the Bam Pen Reach site is a gulley which you can see running through the middle of this diagram, which was cut in the 1970s and exposed a series of massive laterite blocks in the bottom of the channel. The red marks that you see there are the exposed components of that structure, but what I want you to particularly notice is that along the side of the channel, there are laterite blocks exposed in the edges of the channel and there are laterite blocks exposed all the way down in the cliff that forms the edge of the Siem Reap. The really striking feature of this is that the blocks at the western side, in Trenches 1 and 2, are very deep. They are over two and a half meters below current ground surface. The further
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east you go, the nearer to the Siem Reap you go, the higher the blocks are, until they are almost at current ground level when you approach the river. The current Siem Reap during the dry season runs very low, in a gorge, at that channel has massive quantities of sand along the edge of it, which we will be seeking to investigate in January. The blocks that are nearest the Siem Reap are level with the top of that ground surface you see in the rear. When Christophe POTTIER and I first saw this structure, this is all we could see, buried in vegetation, a narrow and extremely wet channel. When it was further exposed this year in the second phase of the work on the Bam Pen Reach structure, it became apparent that what we were looking at was an extremely elaborate piece of engineering. These are the end blocks at the west of this structure. There is a steep face at the west and a shallow gradient running to the east. These major blocks are cut in such a fashion that they interlock on either side with the blocks that are next to them and they interlock with the blocks below them. The whole structure is five courses deep. As you move further west, it becomes apparent that more and more of this structure was extremely badly damaged. This is in fact the northern side of the structure, some 20 meters further to the east. At this point, the structure has completely disappeared and is replaced by layers of what appears to be redeposited laterite gravel. There are few isolated blocks that can be seen in the bottom that remain of the original structure. This turns out to be a mixed laterite and sandstone construction, but where the sandstone is located, we do not understand. If you look at the structure in view from the west, the blocks in the west are two and a half meters below ground level, and the further east you go, the higher the blocks are. Essentially what we are looking at is an enormous spillway, a masonry-constructed spillway coming off the old level of the Siem Reap River when it flowed at the old ground surface and not at its contemporary level, which is five to six meters below its old ground level. When Christophe POTTIER and I first saw this structure, we thought it was a feature about two and a half meters wide and that it was some kind of sluice gate. By the work last year, it became apparent that this was a feature at least 20 meters wide and probably 60 meters in length. The impression we now have which we wish to test with further research in the coming field season is that this is actually a very much larger structure. We now know that its northern edge is more than 20 meters further to the north than we though. This is a structure that is at least 90 meters wide and is either a 130 or 200 meters long. What we now have to do is to systematically test in the area to the south of the channel the extent, the nature and the damage to this structure. All of the dark terra cotta portion has been destroyed by erosion and we need to assess its character in that great section that you can see along the river. The implication is that this was a structure that was built in the early stages of the form of the Siem Reap River. The masonry, Christophe POTTIER tells me, is consistent with the late 9th early 10th century, which would make this a major component of the off-take that was used to bring water down to the East Baray. The implications are that what we have is a massive spillway for taking excess monsoon water off the Siem Reap off-take to prevent overload and damage to that channel. We appear to have here up in the north in the middle of nowhere, two and a half meters below the ground, a massive unique example of a new class of Angkorian architecture and engineering. Thank you.
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II-5.4 Contributions of Building Archaeology to the Study of the Bayon Style, by Dr Olivier CUNIN, CEK/INALCO
I will be presenting to you the initial findings of the research program From Ta Prohm to the Bayon. This program got underway in March 2000 and was suspended in 2004 while I was working on my doctoral thesis. It is now continuing for the year 2005-2006 with funding assistance from the CKS (Center for Khmer Studies) and INALCO (Institut national des langues et des civilisations orientales), and with the financial support of the Florence Gould Foundation. This funding will make it possible to develop the architectural study of Preah Khan of Angkor and will perhaps later provide a contribution in the form of an architectural study of Ta Prohm and, hopefully, Banteay Chmar as well. The issues that led to this study entailed doing another reading of the Bayon and its architectural history through an overall and local relative chronology of the monument group to which it belongs. The key work on the chronology of the Bayon style was done by Philippe STERN, which he published in 1965. It is based on a stylistic study from which only a summary relative chronology for each temple can be gleaned. Although we have been studying the Angkor monuments for over a century now, only a few monuments of the Bayon style had been given an in-depth architectural study, those being the Bayon, by Jacques DUMARAY, which was published in 1973, and more recently Banteay Kdei by Hisao ARAHI in 2003. In order to achieve our objectives, it was necessary on the one hand to update the relative chronology of the key monuments of the Bayon style, to develop a precise relative chronology of the group of monuments that embody that style and finally perform a comparative analysis of these monuments in the light of individual and comprehensive relative chronologies that have been updated. The methodology on which this study was based involved three parts, the first one being the basis for this work, an archaeological study of the actual building of each of the main Bayon style monuments, followed by a stylistic study. This set of data made it possible to come up with a chronology that was backed up by an archaeometrical study that enables both an understanding and partial validation of the results. The archaeological study of the building architecture of Bayon style monuments was based on a visual scrutiny of each of these temples, the purpose being to note the points of discontinuity in the fitting of the mineral framework of these monuments, holes found in the masonry components of the temples as well as any traces of wooden structures. To explain the procedure, I will take an example at Ta Prohm. We see a series of three structures, tower 54, building 44 and enclosure 38. If we look at the relation between tower 54 and the linking building 44, we note a clear discontinuity in the masonry components of these two buildings, namely that building 44 in fact leans upon tower tour 54. Similarly for the relation between building 44 and enclosure 38, where we see the same discontinuity in the masonry work, and furthermore we can see that decorating features on building 44 are partly hidden by the outside wall of gallery 38. If we look at the same building 44, from the inside, hence in the second enclosure of Ta Prohm, we see that there is a series of archaeological remains of a wooden structure that can be discerned in the form of postholes or framing. So in reality in this succession of buildings represent three different periods that we can summarize in the form of this stratigraphic diagram, that is, the earlier existence of tower 54, followed by building 44 that in turn was very quickly followed by a wooden lean-to (for which we do not yet know the precise layout). This building was purposely taken down to build the second enclosure of Ta Prohm. This type of study, in the case of Ta Prohm, yielded this set of stratigraphic diagrams for the whole temple. This enabled the drawing up
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of a schematic representation of the structural relationships of the mineral framing of the monument. Using this representation, it was possible to make diagrams of sequences of work done on the temple. Although we can come up with an initial chronology for some successions of structures, it is very difficult to determine what the temporal relationship is between each chronological sequence. It was therefore necessary to complement this study by stylistic analysis in order to link the work sequences and thus fit the isolated buildings into these chronologies. We know from Philippe STERNs work that many features common to all of the Jayavarman VII monuments show a very clear evolution. We therefore used his work as a basis, taking a number of criteria previously used by Philippe STERN and we rounded them out by other criteria, giving us 10 criteria for the stylistic study of the Jayavarman VII monuments that you can see very quickly here. This yielded a collection of layouts, inventories, for this set of criteria. Here are three examples for Ta Prohm: the distribution of different types of ridge coverings in the third enclosure of Ta Prohm, the devatas and false windows. The treatment of this data is based on the graphics matrix theory developed by Jacques BERTIN published in 1967. A set of data collected and the layout collection were brought together in synoptic tables. Then the ornamental and architectonic criteria were correlated. This made it possible to obtain a relative chronology for these criteria. It turns out that they also enable Philippe STERNs conclusions to be validated. Subsequently, these architectonic and ornamental criteria were put into matrices for each temple and compared with the structural relationships highlighted in the previously conducted analysis of the building. This enabled us to discern, by a diagonalization of the data, the stylistic groups that were used to achieve the partitioning of the Bayon site into different periods. The archaeometric analysis led to completing and partially validating the initial chronologies put forward, which we did in cooperation with the JSA and Waseda University petrologic team. It is based on the behavior of sandstone, its magnetic sensitivity in the Angkor monuments. For instance, the JSA team had pointed out that the sandstone used in the Jayavarman VII temples was very heterogeneous compared to the sandstone used to build Angkor Wat. It was first assumed that these sandstone variations were the result of using several sources of this material when the Jayavarman VII temples were being built. Measurements were limited to the Angkor region, with the known archaeological quarries being found at in the foothills of the Kulen plateau using portable magnetometers, a noninvasive approach. For each structure, we took some 50 different measurements based on the buildings identified in the previously established structural analysis. These 50 measurements were used to minimize the impact of any reuse of stone in the temples. Here in the Ta Prohm temple, for example, are the findings of the magnetic sensitivity study that were made. We see that the results are different for each structure. We have presented the same results in the form of magnetic plates, in order to highlight the different periods, the differences in materials that we were able to identify. This data combined with the first studies made it possible, using a similar procedure for sequencing the matrices, to highlight and obtain a relative chronology for these monuments. In order to represent this chronology more clearly, we based ourselves on previously existing vectorial layouts wherein each structure that had been identified in the archaeological study of the building corresponds to a tracing of these layouts. The temples could then be overlaid and reorganized based on the chronology that was found.
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Here is a very brief summary of the results of the relative chronology developed for Ta Prohm. Here are two results that we found in the framework of this study using an analysis of relative chronologies. We have two foundation steles that show a date (Ta Prohm and Preah Khan), but only the Preah Khan stele (1191) can be used as a pivot date for an absolute dating. This stele shows a distribution of the divinities of this monument at the presumed date when this stele was carved. From this description, it was possible to reconstruct the state of Preah Khan in relation to the inscription that had been made. This description corresponds to the third phase that we discovered on this monument. Since we now have a relative chronology for all of the temples and see that they are interrelated, for dating purposes, we know the state of the other monuments. Thus, in relationship to this date of 1191, we were able to determine what had been built as of that date and what was built afterward. A comparative analysis of the different chronologies enables us to highlight four categories of Jayavarman VII monuments that apply to all of his architectural program throughout present-day Cambodia and Thailand. It would seem furthermore that the genesis of this typology originated with Preah Khan of Kompong Svay and that Ta Prohm is the prototype of the main temples attributed to Jayavarman VII, those which are currently the most popular ones, Preah Khan, the Bayon and Banteay Chmar. There is still more work to be done on this program. The relative chronologies for wooden structures have yet to be worked in. We also have to do studies on a number of temples that have not yet been analyzed in this way. I will conclude very quickly with the result of this study in the framework of the Bayon, with its relative chronology depicted in these pictures. I would like to take this opportunity to pay tribute to Hisao ARAHI who left us recently. He was not just a colleague, but a friend who shared my passion for Khmer architecture. Thank you.
II-5.5 Findings from Archaeological Excavations at Trapeang Thlok: Introduction by HE Mr ROS Borath, Presentation by Mr Pierre BTY, INRAP/APSARA/SCA
ROS Borath: The first archaeological survey operation of major importance in Cambodia took place at Angkor. It was conducted in partnership with the Institut national de recherches archologiques prventives (National Archaeological Surveying Institute - INRAP) and the APSARA National Authority, with funding provided by the Socit concessionnaire de laroport (SCA, affiliate of the VINCI Group), in charge of developing the Siem Reap / Angkor Airport. The growth in tourism is bringing about major changes that require appropriate adaptation so as not to breach the integrity of the archaeological and architectural heritage. The airport was already up prior to the Angkor site being included on the World Heritage List in December 1992, and is actually located right in Zone 1, the monumental sites zone. Thus, any development in it must be done in compliance with the Law on Heritage Protection, thus in harmony with the eco-historical context of the site. This diagnostic operation took place from January to May 2004, covering a total area of 26 hectares. This exceptional operation enabled reconnaissance to be done on two major sites: Prasat Trapeang Ropou, which was put under protection, the affected land being frozen, as well as a preliminary study for presentation of the site, and Trapeang Thlok, a new site requiring a rescue excavation, the results of which will be presented forthwith.
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This intervention commissioned by the APSARA Authority was entrusted to representatives of INRAP in cooperation with Khmer archaeologists under the Department of Monuments and Archaeology. This experience helped them get exposure to the particular methods of extensive archaeological survey operations. The success of this initial operation is evidence that conservation, under the Heritage Protection Law of January 26, 1996, is not necessarily an impediment to developmentrelated structuring work. Enforcement of this law is not an obstacle, and I feel that the example of the airport initiated by the APSARA National Authority, the SCA and INRAP, should be the benchmark, in varying degrees, for all operations of public or private interest throughout the whole country. I thank you and now turn the floor over to Mr Pierre BTY, the archaeologist with INRAP who is the main contractor for this operation. Pierre BTY: I am going to outline the preliminary results of the operation that was conducted last year on the Siem Reap / Angkor Airport space. The institutional context was described by Mr ROS Borath, but I would like to add that INRAP is a public scientific establishment under the Ministries of Culture and Research, thus in charge of archaeological surveying and protection on French national territory. This archaeological operation was the first one in Cambodia to have had available so-called large-scale means of archaeological surveying, which are used for research done in France and Europe. The objective was to reconcile the territorial management required for public interest with enrichment of knowledge and safeguarding the Angkor archaeological heritage. It enabled APSARAs archaeologists to become familiar with the use of heavy mechanical resources and an excavation strategy appropriate to large land areas, as well as to put the unearthed sites back into their agrarian, land and environmental spaces. Using a multidisciplinary team right from the excavation phase, made up of Cambodian and French researchers, major results were obtained with regard to such things as pedogenesis, ceramography and archaeozoology. The results that I will present to you are the fruitage of this teamwork. All of the original excavation archives were turned over to the APSARA Authority at the conclusion of the study phase. The Siem Reap / Angkor Airport finds itself in a zone that is particularly rich in archaeological remains: The Western Baray just to the north, the dike to the west of Goloupura and a rather large number of structures located within this agrarian space. This 1954 aerial photograph clearly shows the three sites that were the focus of this archaeological operation. First you can see the perimeter of Prasat Trapeang Ropou (sanctuary and habitat) dating from the 10th to 12th centuries. Then there is Trapeang Thlok, also dating from the 11th century, and finally a rural occupation superposed on the dikes of the 11th century land plot division. A very dense land plot network characterizes the zone. Land plots: The structuring feature that characterizes this sector of Angkor is highlighted by the dikes that divide up the land. This system of rice fields and dikes is irrigated with water from the Baray. There is agreement that at least part of this system is contemporaneous with the Baray in the first half of the 11th century. We also know that part of this land division predates the double dike of Goloupura, which is a major morphological obstacle that is superposed on the ancient land parceling. In Zone 1, we made cuts in 30 dikes along an approximate north-south, east-west axis, the orientation varying by a few degrees. This gap becomes evident in a fanning out of the plots of land. This is a distinctive organization when compared to the orthogonality seen in the overall layout; it may be due to the fact that Zone 1 was located at the boundary of several land spaces. The layout of the known sanctuaries in this sector supports such a conclusion.
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There is agrarian land superposed on the dikes of the land plots that contain very little in the way of archaeological material. Only a few badly worn mundane pottery shards and a few bits of Angkorian sandstone were found there. A small occupation superposed on a land plot dike had some Angkor pottery dating from the 11th century. It is giving us an initial element for concretely dating the surrounding agrarian space. Prasat Trapeang Ropou is a sanctuary that can be assigned to the second half of the 10th century based on the style and epigraphy. This site, now in a very deteriorated state, was cleared off by Henri Marchal in 1931. The site occupies about a 30-hectare surface. It includes a three-tower sanctuary, a library and a terrace surrounded by an enclosure wall and moats. A causeway links it to a large trapeang, 320 m x 180 m, to the east. Four mounds of habitat had been identified around the moats, and the archaeological diagnosis found eight more, to the south and west of the temple. These mounds were studied by means of systematic test pits. They contain archaeological material such as ceramics dating from the 11th and 12th centuries. These dates were confirmed by radiometric analysis. One mound at least is superposed upon even older ditchwork structures, contemporaneous with the building of the temple. The distribution of these mounds indicates an expansion of the habitat to the west of the temple during the 11th century. North of Zone 6, hence north of Trapeang Ropou, we also found a pond in which the fill had some ceramic pieces dating from the 11th century. It cuts across two older ditch structures that have an organic fill. It contained some water-logged wood fragments. Some of them had traces of cutting. The radiometric analysis of samples taken from here confirm that the fill in this structure dates from the second half of the 10th century. We also did a survey of the western Ropou moat in order to collect some archaeological material from the fill. It is dated 11th century. An end tile was picked up that cannot be older than the 11th century, which was confirmed by a radiometric analysis. You can see in the picture a Kulen-type sandstone cover that is characteristic of this period. Let us now move on to Trapeang Thlok and its dependent structures. This layout shows the central position occupied by the moats. They are lined on the south by a habitat mound, a series of lined-up ponds and a large pond to the east that had been completely destroyed by operations in connection with airport extension work in the 1960s. The Trapeang Thlok site is a complex that includes a small temple, a habitat, ponds and a large trapeang. Until very recently, it had been damaged by earthwork done at the time the airport was extended. Although viewed as having been destroyed, it yields some unpublished structures in a good state of preservation. This opportunity to make an exhaustive excavation of a habitat site and its associated sanctuary led the APSARA Authority to ask for an extensive archaeological excavation covering more than two hectares. The moats outline a quadrangular space of about 65 m on each side. They are 10 m wide on the average and 1 m deep. They bound off a square surface of 45 m per side in the middle of which the temple was constructed. They are filled with alternating clay-silt organic layers that become more sandy the deeper one goes down. All of the archaeological material was discovered against the inner embankments on the temple side. This fact, as well as the absence of structures along the periphery of the moats, points to the existence of a buffer space between the moats and the habitat 40 m further to the south. The inside of the space circumscribed by the moats includes the remains of the temple foundation crib and an annex building. The temple crib is about 18 m by 8 m, its fill made up of washed-out sand and small blocks of rhyolite, to a height of about 6 percent. The walls of the crib are sloped and have two rows of steps. The backfill of the mound has disappeared, so we do not know the initial depth of this trench work. The total absence of stones, even fragmentary, on the site leads us to conclude that the small rural sanctuary of Trapeang Thlok was a wooden structure. There is evidence of the
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existence of such buildings. They are usually considered to be temporary structures intended to be replaced by a temple of more permanent stone material. But it could also have been that such wooden buildings were put up without any initial judgment as to how long the foundations were intended to last. There are ponds located to the south of the temple. We did some excavation work in five of them and through photo-interpretation we found a number of irregularities in the pictures that might mean that there was another series of ponds extending out from them. They were put in along an east-west axis, except for one small one that is found along the causeway. The ponds measure from 15 to 18 m per side and are 1 to 1.75 m in depth. The fill in them is made up of layers of silty clay, with some sand content. We found some ceramic ware in them similar to that found in the habitat and temple. One of the ponds had a pit in it, and the fill contained debris of vegetable matter and ceramics. A radiometric analysis was done and confirms the 11th-century dating. The embankment of the large sacred pond was identified. It is tiered, measuring about 180 m by 90 and had a depth of approximately 1.15 m before being destroyed. In the 11th century, on a piece of land heretofore unoccupied, a habitat was established 40 m south of the sanctuary. The mound has a fill 80 cm deep, making a platform 50 m by 30, or 1 500 m. The volume of the embankment fill is exactly the same as the volume of the ponds, which undoubtedly means that the digging provided the material needed to make the mound. The site has an organized space and the habitat structures are concentrated on the mound. A system of ditches and a dividing fence between the ponds mark the northern boundary of the habitat, with a ditch on the western edge. The southern and eastern boundaries do not seem to be marked off by any structures (fence or ditch), but the occupation does not go beyond the mound. It was an open habitat for which an actual boundary in relation to the sanctuary space can be seen. The precise location of the houses is very difficult to establish because the only clues (postholes, blocks of laterite used for blocking, etc.) all belong to a recent phase of reoccupation of the mound. The distribution of material is essentially what gives evidence of the occupied zones. A very interesting zone is seen clearly at the top part of the mound, bounded to the south by a small ditch. The ceramic ware, mostly imported (Chinese) come from this 22 m by 14 platform, as well as quite a bit of Khmer ceramics and metal materials. We also found tiles on this platform, which gives evidence of a certain architectural quality. On the rest of the mound, it is not easy to determine where the houses once stood, although the ditches and concentrations of ceramics on the ground provide good clues. They were distributed over the northern two thirds of the mound, except for a small group of structures clustered to the southwest around a ditch in which some remains of cattle were found, perhaps used in sacrifices. The amount of ceramics found in the ditch to the west of the mound leads to the conclusion that there indeed were houses there, made of perishable materials, perhaps lined up along the ditch, to the west of the platform home to the most dense habitat on the upper mound. Archaeological material is basically represented by the ceramics. Some 20,000 shards come from the Trapeang Thlok habitat. The ceramic ware was studied by Armand DESBAT (CNRS) and Sandrine MARQUI. It gives for the first time an idea of all the crockery or china from the grouping of a consumption site and temple. A non-selective typology of the sandstone pieces, imported ceramics and common ceramics was established. An analysis of the glazing is being done at the Leuven University by Dominique LADURON. The ceramics material has been categorized into four major technical families: Common ceramics (90%),
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Glazed sandstone, Kulen type (2.4%), Sandstone (7.3%), Chinese imported (0.3%).
It is noteworthy that the quantity of sandstone is inversely proportional on the temple and on the habitat site. It is also important to point out that the ceramics are the same, of the same production, same pastes and same glazing, which shows the contemporaneity of the two groupings. The study of the imported ceramics seems to confirm a 10th-century date, perhaps early 11th century. There are very few of them, whereas there seems to have been relatively major imports of Chinese ceramic ware during the late 11th and especially 12th centuries. The types found are all early forms. The archaeological material is also represented by ironware, including several knives that even had their leather sheaths. The dating was also confirmed by radiometric analysis. Thank you.
II-5.6 Preliminary Results of Excavations in March 2005 at Roluos and Prehistoric Burial Site Excavations on the Western Baray in June 2005, by Christophe POTTIER, EFEO/French Ministry of Foreign Affairs
My presentation today will cover first the excavation operations done at Roluos and the Western Baray in 2004 and 2005 in the framework of the French-Cambodian Mission to Study the Structuring of the Angkor Territory, a cooperation arrangement that has been going on since 2000 between APSARA and the EFEO, with funding from the Archaeological Commission of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. I had written up some material for the 10 minutes allotted for my contribution, but I will cut some of it out so that I will have time to present the results of the excavations that we have just completed on a prehistoric burial site in the middle of the Western Baray. Actually, our work at Roluos is a follow-up to three years of excavating in the Western Baray area, on sites that go back to the dawn of the Angkorian period, what we usually call the pre-Angkorian period, around AK YUM, VAT KHNAT, PREI KHMENG. Since 2004, we have been digging on the Roluos site, focusing on the Bakong. As we all know, Roluos is the ancient Hariharlaya mentioned in epigraphy, and it was home to the first Angkorian capital, that of Indravarman I, dated 877 AD. It is centered on the Bakong. This capital has been used for 50 years now and is still being used as a model to grasp and explain the subsequent capitals. It was also at Roluos that various pre-Angkorian remains have been identified since the 1930s, including Prasat Trapeang Phong, which might have been Jayavarman IIIs capital and thus, according to Bernard-Philippe Groslier, constituting the archetype of settlements just prior to the urban organization of Angkor, characterized by tiered trapeangs. Actually, both the Bakong and Trapeang Phong sites are distinct sites, although perfectly complementary and corresponding well to the period we are attempting to highlight. I stress that on both sites, our intervention especially targeted the temples environment rather than the relatively well-known temple itself. As for Trapeang Phong, we were mainly interested in the structure and occupation around the sanctuaries. The site is characterized by a sanctuary on a mound, with two huge trapeangs linked to earth-filled structures in the eastern part and about twenty such structures in the western part. This site is an exceptionally large one, covering over 250 m with these twenty or so earthfilled structures (or hummocks) in the western part. We therefore wanted to understand
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what took place on this site as a whole. In 2004, we undertook eight test pits in the immediate temple environs, both on the earth-filled structure in the center and those alongside the trapeangs, which were considered to be the main feature of this site. We opened eight test pits that revealed rich concentrations of traces of inhabitation. These pits initiated a core-sampling campaign on all of the hummocks to see if these occupations would also be found on those to the west. A test pit was also opened to the west to test the stratigraphic strength of the numerous rectangular hummocks concentrated to the west of the temple, which we felt were more typical of pre-Angkorian installations. It showed a heavy succession of layers of habitat from the first pre-Angkorian installations up into the Angkorian periods. Then a series of fifty or so core samples were taken on all of the neighboring hummocks, enabling us to gather the first information to assess the overall organization around the early temple. In 2005, we had to expand our investigations to the whole site. With that in mind and given the size of the location, we decided to open many small test pits on as many hummocks as possible: 14 test pits measuring 2 m by 2 were done in a months time. Very briefly, the results arealthough the studies are still underwaywe discovered first that the eastern parts, characteristic of these occupations according to Groslier, are actually very late, probably after the 11th century, and therefore are not part of this pre-Angkorian settlement. But the pre-Angkorian settlement was concentrated to a great extent on the western part, and much smaller than it is now, which suggests a gradual expansion of this site on which we find a very rich succession of habitat layers and the materials associated therewith. The second site investigated was the Bakong temple, which we have been working on for ten years now. The chronology seems to be in partial contradiction with our current knowledge based on epigraphy. Our work focused on the architectural study of the temple itself, but also a detailed, systematic survey of the whole region, from Preah Ko to the overall Bakong site, including the outer moat that measures some 900 meters on each side. In 2004, we started our first archaeological surveys in order to understand this temples environment, what might have taken place in its outer enclosure. We decided to begin in the southwestern corner where there was a small, possibly earlier sanctuary. We set up four test pits located between this small sanctuary and the larger features of the layout, such as the outer moat. This enabled us to test out this potential contemporaneity as well as to assess the stratigraphic scope and type of occupation that was on this area, in particular close to a small pond, one of these ponds laid out in a regular pattern within this enclosure. We collected our first observations, in particular on the stratigraphic amplitude, and we had quite some difficulty determining where the natural soil was found because of the size of the embankments. It was also quite hard to distinguish the natural soil itself in this area. In 2005, we carried on with these initial interventions, endeavoring to extend them to the whole site and especially into the second enclosure. We looked at a continuous section from the wall of the second enclosure, outside the temple moat, up to the outer moat, going by one of the 20 satellite towers that very regularly punctuate this double enclosure, as well cutting through one of the southwest ponds, which was also part of a regular pattern. Of course, we did this cut in such a way as to minimize the impact it could have on the village and cultural activities that are carried on in the second enclosure of the Bakong. Among the few things we found and that I can relate today, in a preliminary way, we were able to determine the contemporaneity of the different elements that structure the overall layout of the Bakong, notably the temples enclosure wall. We were able to survey the base of tower 4, a satellite tower that had been previously cleared by Glaize. The stratigraphy resulting from this operation shows very clearly not only
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the procedure used to put it up, with its foundation crib, but also the associated levels of occupation and later phases, including a cannibalization and a term destruction of the platform on which the temple was built. Among the results that we can share, it seems that first of all we can confirm a chronology for the settlement and setting up of an overall plan for the Bakong in the late 8th century, based on the few carbon-14 datings that we have been able to make. Second, the occupation period of this second enclosure seems to have been very short in comparison to the Angkor scale. That is fully backed up by the results of a core sample that was made last year in the Greater Angkor Project. The value of these operations is that they highlight, in a very specific stratigraphic context, the appearance of an evolution in the tangible culture of Angkor. In particular, we are in a period where sandstone ceramics, imported Chinese ceramics are coming on the scene, along with new procedures for tile making, hence an evolution is in full swing between the Angkorian period and the pre-Angkorian period. To sum up the operations on Roluos, they enabled us to read the first lines of a text that tells about the space connected to the sanctuaries, both in Bakong and Trapeang Phong. This enabled us to grasp the diversity and distribution of the occupations, indeed the hierarchal arrangement of these settlements. I would now like to relate very briefly the work we are now wrapping up on the Western Baray. As you know, last year, there was a rather severe drought and a large area inside the baray actually dried up. Since the 1930s it has been known that this site is home to about a dozen pre-Angkorian sites going back to somewhere around the 8th century. They were completely destroyed, leveled off, in the 11th century when the baray was built. In fact, we recall that it was in this baray where what is thought to be the earliest Angkor region inscription was found, dating back to 713. Last year these ruins were no longer under water, and our explorations enabled us to find or relocate these different sites marked by heaps of shards, fragments of brick and architectural debris that are evidence of these pre-Angkorian sanctuaries that were completed leveled and destroyed in the 11th century. The KOH TA MEAS site is covered with very special fragments. They do not have any resemblance to the usual pre-Angkorian fragments. We can only compare them to the few known prehistoric sites in Cambodia, such as SAN RONG SEN and MLU PREI. This site is located about 1,300 meters west of the Western Mebon out in the middle of the baray. Last year, given that we had this unique opportunity, we obtained permission from APSARA to do a very quick study operation, starting in late May and lasting only a week altogether. It was broken into two phases, the first one on the surface, including a precise topographical survey, enabling us to develop a conceptual field model so we could go on to locate specific sites for some systematic surface artifact collecting. This enabled us to size up the zones with concentrations of fragments and other zones with concentrations of architectural material testifying to the destruction of a pre-Angkorian temple. These operations were also rounded out by a series of core samples over a length of 400 m, for the purpose of assessing the stratigraphic scale and depth. That same week and with APSARAs approval, we made three small test pits, the first on the top of the mound. The mound is only a slight rise, no more than 50 cm high. The second was done on the slopes where there was a heavy concentration of fragments, and the third at the base. Of the three test pits, one led to the discovery of a first grave, shown here, with associated ceramics and various organic deposits, including a pigs head located at the feet of the dead person. This initial discovery confirmed the presence of a prehistoric occupation and suggested the existence of a burial site.
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The site shown here in a synthesized manner was studied through three stratigraphic operations. It was covered in water a few weeks later and we never thought it would be above water again this year. It is usually under a meter or so of water, so it was a rare opportunity to have access to it and actually work on it. This year, after the Khmer New Year, the baray dried up again so we went to various agencies and donors to ask for their generous help. I would like to thank them, including the French embassy, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, UNESCO, the cole franaise dExtrme-Orient and Ms Batrix LATHAM, who all contributed funds for this unanticipated excavation operation. With approval from APSARA, we began excavating for the almost exclusive purpose of studying the burial site. We opened a section about 100 m2, including the test pit made last year where the grave was discovered. We started work on May 11 and I am pleased to announce that we concluded as of noon today, except for a small amount of filling in work that will be finished by tomorrow evening. We made up a team of six archaeologists, three French and three Cambodian, five anthropologists from the Muse de lhomme and Collge de France, and 30 workers who have been working with us for five years now and who are experienced in this type of work. After all, were working on an Iron Age burial site, that of PREI KHMENG. One of the features of this burial site, although not yet conclusive, since the work has just been completed, is its heavy concentration of graves staked over each other. And as you can see here, the graves are just a few centimeters from the surface. This stacking of graves is evidence of a complex chronology and probably covering a rather long period of settlement. Different directions are shown here. We have one person with the head placed to the southwest. A second one is nearly submerged, and we see it here, a few days later, completely uncovered. A third one is perpendicular, placed over the head of a fourth person whose feet straddle a fifth, and so on. The complexity of the operation was due to the fact that it was basically a race against time, or at least a race against the rising waters and rain. Also, the excavation had to be carried out very meticulously due to the very fragile nature of the bones and ceramic fragments. Here we see the work of clearing off and wrapping up the artifacts, mainly ceramics, the human skeletons as well as the skeletons of animals that were also put in the graves. We came across many deposits of pigs heads and other fragments in the graves. The fieldwork has just been completed. The lab work has just started: cleaning, positive identification studies of bones, cleaning, restoring and positive identification of the ceramic ware, to take place in the months to come, also sorting, recording the statistical analyses on all of the pieces collected, as well as dating. We also have the dating from a sample taken from the grave last year, and the age is 3000 years, or about 1000 AD. I will conclude with a few pictures of another rather special aspect of the excavation. When we started it, the local mediathe national television, radio and newspaperspicked up on this operation, which gave rise to some rather fanciful rumors, some claiming that the skeletons were 3.5 m long and that about a thousand of them were visible on the surface, etc. At any rate, this proved to be a real drawing card, and we had some 15 to 20 thousand visitors in one week out on this very inaccessible site, with no protection from the blazing sun. That very clearly shows the interest that the national community has in its history and the value of this site for the archaeology of the country. Another aspect of this flow of visitors was the protective measures that were needed for the site and the archaeological operations. But APSARA and the Heritage Police Unit were there
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and the operations continued, and visitors could be accommodated. We had to put day and night surveillance on the protected zone and strictly limit vehicle access. The discovery was also accompanied by many religious events. At the top, you can see the religious ceremony that we held when we started our work. But there were also many spontaneous events organized by visitors who brought offerings and incense sticks. Just last Saturday, numerous provincial officials and APSARA directors headed by HE Minister MEN Sam An honored the memory of these early inhabitants of the Angkor region 3,000 years ago. Thank you very much. Comments by Mounir BOUCHENAKI: First of all, I would like to highlight the value and quality of the information that we just received, as I am sure all of the participants notedmuseological research, archaeological exploration, hydro-geological and environmental research, conventional archaeological research, archaeological surveying and comparative chronology studiesto increase our understanding of Angkorian architecture. I feel that this second part of the afternoon was really a climax in the presentation of outstanding results. The last presentation was only the last bouquet of all the presentations made during this second session. These presentations will provide substantial enrichment to the historical and archaeological knowledge of the overall Angkor site. I feel that the committee should congratulate all of the scholars who shared this information with us, some of which was a premire, even before the scientific publication of these most valuable findings. The secretariat feels therefore that APSARA will have an additional responsibility to absorb all of this information, take into consideration the information provided, notably in the framework of the master plan proposed by Prof. GAUCHER, in order to protect the archaeological heritage in the city of Angkor Thom. There again, I feel that we are at a crucial time in the evolution of knowledge. I think that I can say that for the first time, we have an identification of an Asian city of the first millennium of the Christian era, with an orthogonal layout and which basically reminds one of the layout of the ideal city, and that may take us back to even more ancient times when architect Hippodamos de Milet drew up plans for the city of Rhodes in geometric districts, although the one here is a hydraulic city. We are very happy to note the importance of this discovery and the need for it to be taken into account for the preservation of what I would call an archaeological reserve, because this site and this forest of Angkor Thom certainly provide for Cambodia a unique feature of an Asian city. Yesterday, Mr GAUCHER, during the very instructive site visit that he conducted, showed us that there are not many similar examples where the forest in the final analysis is a preserver of this urban archaeological complex. The work that you have done, Honorable Co-chairman, with Mr Bertrand PORTE on the National Museum of Phnom Penh is totally in keeping with the directions that UNESCO and ICOM, the International Council of Museums, are now giving to a revitalization of the museum function and of the importance of the museum not only as a repository of archaeological objects, but more importantly as a venue of education, teaching and research. I feel that the museum in Phnom Penh, with the richness of its collections, can really play the role of a flagship museum for people in Phnom Penh as well as for visitors who come from all over the world to admire the Angkorian collections. Unfortunately time does not allow a more detailed discussion, but I would like to say how much I appreciated, both in my capacity as a member of the secretariat and also because I had the opportunity to attend a seminar in Algiers just three months ago with Jean-Paul DEMOULE, general director of INRAP. And in the brochure that you were given about the survey excavations on the Siem Reap / Angkor airport land, it is stated that this is one of the first interventions. In Magreb, they are still at the seminar stage, but at Angkor work has already been done. So that is also a very noteworthy development.
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Those in archaeological circles used to consider archaeological surveying as somewhat of a luxury, something that developed countries could do when they put in such things as expressways or bridges, with funding from the companies themselves. Now, with the work being done at the Siem Reap / Angkor Airport, with APSARA and with the assistance of the Socit concessionnaire de laroport (SCA), we have a concrete example of archaeological surveying in a developing country. I think that that is something noteworthy. And it is an important thing that the International Coordinating Committee can bring to the attention of the international community and it will be an example to build upon, to be extended elsewhere, both in Cambodia and abroad. We should also note here that for the second time today, we see financial contributions from private entities. This morning we heard about the contribution from the ACCOR Group, involved in tourism, and this afternoon we heard about funding from the SCA, an affiliate of the VINCI Group. While talking about the matter of funding, we cannot just count on government funding, but we also need to work to attract private corporations. An exploratory mission was being donewhich is expensive (you saw in each of the presentations the number persons that are needed, the very sophisticated equipment that is sometimes required), in addition to the heavy investments, the major investments that governments are making in order to safeguard the Angkor siteand there is also input from private corporations. That, I feel, is something to be noted and encouraged. There you have, Honorable Co-chairman, some remarks that I wanted to make and I would like to conclude by saying that I felt that our program today showed a high degree of development in the research work and a level of scientific approach that are most exemplary and that will certainly serve as a model for other regions of the world. Thank you. Following these remarks, the co-chairman for France closed the proceedings of the first day of the meeting. Conclusion of the proceedings of the second session.
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III. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

III-1 URBAN DEVELOPMENT
III-1.1 Report on Ongoing APSARA Authority and Siem Reap Province Projects, by HE Mr UK Someth, DDG, APSARA
The Department of Urban Planning and Development is honored to share with you its vision of the future and to provide a summary of its action program. Given the need for development, we are attempting to design it based on our two fundamental assets: our rich culture, inherited from our ancestors, and our natural resources, the gift of nature. One of our first concerns is revitalization of downtown Siem Reap. We are working on both preventive measures and new initiatives. The city has grown at an excessive rate and therefore it has sustained a loss from the standpoint of architecture and urbanistic quality. This has led APSARA to start putting things in order and prioritize some emergency projects in cooperation with the town of Siem Reap. In this way we will get on top of the problems that have manifested themselves these last few years. * Project Number 1 is developing a two-kilometer stretch of road on the way to the international airport. Why? This area is undergoing rapid urbanization that is increasingly difficult to control. All of the water holding ponds that were built long ago are being filled in to make building lots that are not in compliance with even the most basic rules of urban planning. We therefore took the initiative of conserving the unfilled ponds along this twokilometer stretch and developing them to facilitate traffic between the town and the airport while at the same time putting a more human face on things. The plan calls for separating different types of traffic. The main lane will be for car and truck traffic, and a side lane will be used by motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. The ponds will be conserved so that they can fulfill their originally intended function of drainage. Surface water will be collected in these ponds on either side of the road. This project is being carried out in cooperation with the town of Siem Reap which is now getting the funds together for it. * We also have a pilot development project for the Psar Chas quarter. There is a tremendous amount of traffic going in all directions. We feel that this quarter should be returned to its original fabric and modeled along these lines. We are attempting to give priority to pedestrians. A test was done on two streets in Psar Chas involving a length of about 60 meters. We closed these streets to vehicular traffic for part of the day, from 7 a.m. to 11 p.m., allowing pedestrians to walk around this quarter and this has livened it up. * Another program focuses on Siwatha Street, along which we would like to plant trees and do some landscaping so that it also contributes to giving the town a more human face. What we have now are tall buildings going up, sometimes in violation of the rules of urban planning and sometimes in violation of the most basic rules of construction. This is part of a plan to upgrade downtown Siem Reap: restore its former urban fabric and revitalize the space, putting in pedestrian walkways, allowing goods to be put out on display and even having a night market, turning it into an asset for Siem Reap town. All of that is being designed in tandem with tourism. Tourists who spend the day out visiting the temples usually end up having little to do in the evening. We would like to offer tourists the opportunity of enjoying the traditions and life of the people during the evening and thereby give the town a human face through this downtown area urban planning effort.
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This project also needs to focus on the Siem Reap River. We have already started the stung project but there have been some difficulties that we are now trying to overcome. Nevertheless, we have cleaned things up and planting has been done along the stretch between the three bridges. The next thing, the most important one, is removing the illegal buildings. Once we get that done, we can work on the river all the way down to Psar Chas. We have a project in mind involving sequences from the source of the stung all the way to where it flows into the Tonle Sap. However, we need to be patient, because there has to be community involvement in this project. The people have to understand that these are priority projects not just for the town but for those who live in it. Some other projects involving Siem Reap will be carried out in cooperation with the town authorities, such as cleanup and tree planting operations along streets where the trees were cut down or that are being redesigned. The work the department has on its roster is not limited to the projects that I just mentioned. Obviously, we want to make the setting attractive for tourists and give it an atmosphere that reflects the traditions of the country and in keeping with the climate of the region. We also have a number of projects that have to do with areas outside of the town, such as the Angkor Park by-pass road project. Two projects are planned to lighten traffic, to get it out of the park. Two roads are planned, one to the east and the other to the west, meaning that all of the space inside these belt roads can be used exclusively for tourism activities. Details about other projects that come under the APSARA Authority will be provided in another presentation later on this morning. I thank you for your attention.
III-1.2 Presentation of an Urban Development Project in Siem Reap, by Mr Yves TERRACOL, Director of the Phnom Penh Office of the Agence franaise de dveloppement (AFD)
I will outline an infrastructure upgrading and expansion project for the town of Siem Reap. It is currently in the evaluation phase, so I will not go into a lot of detail about some matters that have not yet been completely decided. Before starting, and since last week was the Sustainable Development Week, in harmony with the theme for this session, let me briefly review this concept. Not so long ago we thought of development only in terms of economics, that is to say based on productive capacities, access to financial capital, and in terms of ongoing economic growth. But the social and environmental circles quickly became involved in the debate, so to speak, because it became evident that they could not be left out. So it can be said that development that is in keeping with both the economic balance and social balance can be described as equitable. Development that is in keeping with the economic and environmental balances can be described as viable, and development that is in keeping with social and environmental balances can be described as livable. What is sustainable development? It is development that is in keeping with all three of these balances and is therefore equitable, viable and livable. With that in mind, I will now outline briefly the context of the project. The town of Siem Reap is undergoing extremely fast-paced growth. It had a population of 10,000 in 1970 and has grown to over 100,000 now. It is subject to major physical constraints to development: blocked off to the north by the Angkor protected zone, to the south by the Tonle Sap and the agricultural zone. Its development is furthermore restricted by a complex hydrological
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system. The topography of the area is extremely flat, thus not very conducive to rainwater runoff that comes violently and abundantly during the rainy season. The Siem Reap River follows a manmade course out of the Angkor site and its bed is not at all stable. The Tonle Sap surface expands tremendously during the rainy season. It is also a major biodiversity feature for Cambodia. A lack of town planning has compounded the difficulties. The drainage system of the old town is inadequate. Just walk outside after a heavy rain and there is a lot of water just stagnating. National Road 6 and the urbanization taking place along it have resulted in a lot of water barriers. The road runs east east-west, while the water flow is east north-south. So this road and various buildings are impeding a lot of water flow, and the town infrastructures are not keeping up with the building growth taking place. We can say that the rapid growth of the town is not in keeping with sustainable development, not even viable development, because the minimum levels of ecological balance are not being adhered to. Add to this the increasing obstruction of outlets, problems regarding the future clean water supply, and in particular, the uncertain level of direct water table tapping by hotels and other entities, the lack of wastewater treatment and generally speaking, environmental degradation. Before going on to present the project, I would like to outline the previous AFD interventions in the Siem Reap / Angkor zone: 1994: funding of two studies (tourism and urban planning) which yielded the Reference Urban Plan (but which was not applied); 1995: support to the Royal Government of Cambodia for the establishment and structuring of APSARA; 2000: reallocation of a 1995 funding package for the construction of two access roads for the Angkor site. The project under consideration purports to contribute to the setting up of conditions for sustainable development in the Siem Reap / Angkor zone in a context of rapidly increasing tourist numbers and the physical and demographic growth of the town. In other words, and in reference to the plan that I outlined at the outset, the project should make it possible to address, at least in part, problems arising in the environmental sphere and to a lesser extent those in the social sphere. The project has three specific objectives: 1. Respond to an urgent utility need in a natural expansion zone of the city; 2. Develop capacities in the district in terms of managing and planning out urban utilities; 3. Continue providing support for the structuring of APSARA. As for the content of the project, Component 1, the most important one, involves infrastructure work in the eastern section of the town, hence a primary, secondary and tertiary street network with the drainage that goes along with it, and putting in a wastewater collection system with lagooning. Component 2 involves providing support to the district departments (planning and designing urban operations). As for Component 3, it involves giving institutional and technical support to APSARA. Regarding the intervention approach, infrastructure will be put in for the capacity building of the entities in charge of Siem Reap / Angkor development, notably the district of Siem Reap and the APSARA Authority who are the project owners. There are no plans to establish a project cell. In terms of donor coordination, many projects are being carried out in the sector. So we are not putting in something to run in parallel, but rather making good use of the same people
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on the project steering committees, notably the JICA project on the master plan and the Asian Development Banks project for drainage in the western section of the town. Support to the district will be provided in close coordination with projects to support decentralization, since, as you know, the district of Siem Reap is a pilot district for implementation of the decentralization process. As for the amount and time frame, the funding package envisioned for the project is in the neighborhood of 4.5 million euros, or USD 5.6 million. The project is being reviewed and is anticipated to start in the second half of 2006, after approval by the Supervisory Board of the AFD. Then the calls for bids and so forth will take place. In conclusion, this project is complementary to that funded by the ADB on the western section of the city with regard to drainage. This project is intended to resolve some crucial problems and therefore to facilitate implementation of the master plan being funded by the JICA. This will make it possible to step back a bit and come up with decisions based more on the mid-term. The project will also contribute to strengthening the local government and decentralization processes. Thank you.
III-1.3 Report on the Siem Reap/Angkor Sustainable Development Master Plan Study, by Mr Itsu ADACHI, JICA Group Leader
[OrigE]
On behalf of the Japan International Cooperation Agency, I would like to express my sincere gratitude for this opportunity to summarize the Study on the Integrated Master Plan for the Sustainable Development of the Siem Reap / Angkor Region, undertaken by JICA and the Royal Government of Cambodia through bilateral ODA provided by the Japanese government.
This master plan study is aiming at formulating a comprehensive action plan covering all aspects, including development, environment and economics in Siem Reap town, keeping a proper balance between tourism promotion and environmental preservation and the local economy, so that the local inhabitants may receive maximum benefits through involvement in development and business activities in the context of poverty alleviation. This is a big challenge, as it involves working with the Siem Reap authorities and the APSARA Authority. At the present time, we are organizing a one-week workshop with the district authorities, who are important actors in local urban development. It is very important for all stakeholders, including the people living in Siem Reap, to recognize the importance of preserving the heritage sites and the environment of the Siem Reap / Angkor region through reaping the fruitage of tourism development by means of the close linkage between tourism development and the local economy and to take necessary action in collaboration with the public administration, the private sector and the communities. We are greatly concerned about seeing benefits flow to the people living in Siem Reap. The study covers the major areas of water supply facilities, taking into account the future change from using groundwater to surface water, all other alternatives, expansion of the capacity of the energy supply following Japans grant aid project for the construction of new power plants that have recently been turned over to the local government. It also deals with the drainage and sewerage system in close collaboration with the ADB and AFD project, waste management, and transportation in order to provide access for local population in and around Siem Reap town, for tourists and transport using the Asian Highway between Vietnam and Thailand. Another important objective is to strengthen the human resources and institutional capacities of the public administration for infrastructure maintenance and improvement, supported by international partners, and to activate the necessary measures to maintain the environment situation on a consistent basis. We are now in the process of proposing a strategic vision for sustainable management of Siem Reap town as a basis for the formulation of the comprehensive master plan for the
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development of this town. This is based on a careful analysis of the present situation and future prospects. We are now collecting all the basic data, including the volume of usage by the private sector and the volume of generated power by the private sector. We are now compiling the basic maps covering all of the area of Siem Reap town. I would here like to emphasize several points regarding the sustainable development of this town. A strong commitment and necessary supportive action on the part of the Royal Government of Cambodia are required. Strong effort must be put forth to achieve a consensus among all stakeholders, including international partners, the relevant ministries and all authorities with regard to the direction and management of the town. The strengthening of human resources and capacities in terms of management of each infrastructure facility and system, land management and promotion of the local economy is a pillar of the master plan. Strengthening the institutional capacity for management of Siem Reap town should be supported by each national partner in the long term. When we look at the present situation, we see positive endeavors on the part of the Royal Government of Cambodia to delegate responsibilities for making the overall development master plan for Siem Reap / Angkor to several authorities such as the provincial and district administrations, as well as the APSARA Authority. In order to achieve and maintain strong initiative for taking the necessary action to ensure the sustainable management of this town, administrative unification of all authorities would be advisable. This would entail establishing a special administrative body with the necessary financial resources and clear responsibilities for management of Siem Reap / Angkor town, applying several alternatives such as the creation of a new administrative entity or a special board or commission to govern this town. In conclusion, I would like to express my great appreciation to the Royal Government of Cambodia and the APSARA Authority for taking on an important role for the improved management of conservation and restoration of the Siem Reap / Angkor heritage site. What follows is a short summary of the program by my colleague, Mr Koji YAMADA. Thank you very much. Mr Koji YAMADA: We have firstly made projections of the water demand and power demand between 2004 and 2020, the fifteen years covered by the master plan study. We foresee a three-fold increase in the water and power demand based on policy intervention. Without policy intervention, there would be a five-fold increase, something that would definitely prove unmanageable. In short, we are faced with four challenges: URBAN PLANNING, ECONOMY and TOURISM, WATER and CAPACITY BUILDING. We have here a scene near the monuments showing cleaning operations. As we move into the downtown area, a great deal of solid waste is generated. A street clean-up crew has been formed, but this is limited only to the six major streets. A trip to the dumpsite shows that it is already beyond capacity. We are also confronted with a problem of water quality. We have done a study of the coliform organism count. Our graph here shows the degree of water contamination, and the red line at the bottom is the WHO accepted standard. We see that levels of water contamination in the Siem Reap River are far above what is accepted. The causes are a lack of drainage and sewerage. We have here a scene illustrating various problems with drainage. On the left-hand side is a well, to the right a toilet. The distance between the two is only two or three meters. As for future city planning, we realize that the city will become compact, as it is surrounded on four sides by barriers. To the south is a platform area, on the north the protected zone.
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The city has very limited space in which to expand. We have to think of appropriate land management and landscape regulations. Traffic volume is concentrated on single arterial line, National Road No. 6, with congestion by mixed traffic becoming a serious problem. This peaks at 6 p.m. every day with heavy traffic flows from east to west and north to south. This is a mixture of long-haul traffic and tourists. There is a great necessity to put in a by-pass for this bridge as well as for Route 6. On the subject of power demand, we have projected domestic use and hotel and guest house use for 2020. The present level of power supplied by lectricit du Cambodge is this level. The balance required is made up for by generators. At present, this much is generated power. In the future, the shortfall will have to be met with generators, otherwise, people will be affected by blackouts. We therefore have to think of additional sources of power through electricity generation or transmission. In March 2006, the new water supply project will be up and running, which will increase the capacity of the public utility. Nevertheless, the capacity is still limited, as we see on the graph. There is a large shortfall to be covered. We are relying on ground water, so it is imperative to explore additional sources of water, including the Western Baray and other potential reservoirs. As for the economy, there is a diversity of tourism products, but there is not a particularly good link to the tourists. We must endeavor to improve the linkage between local products and tourism. This would involve diversification of the destination, the development of a regional routing and seasonal diversification with off-season products being developed. Work on the master plan will continue until February 2006. We have been pleased to report to you on the progress made thus far. Thank you very much. Comments by tienne CLMENT: The secretariat would like to make a few comments on the different presentations that we just heard, as well as some proposals for the recommendations that the ICC will be called upon to adopt this afternoon. In making up the agenda, the ICC wanted to highlight sustainable development, and I believe we have just listened to three extremely meaningful and enlightening presentations. I think that it is also important for us to collectively make a number of comments in support of, and where applicable, by way of guiding the different suggestions that were made. The first observation that I have is a reminder of the framework in which we are working. We heard presentations on urban development outside the protection zone that had to be established when the site was put on the World Heritage List. This involves the town of Siem Reap. We also heard presentations on region-wide structuring and infrastructure operations that have direct impacts on the site, such as those outlined in the presentations dealing with water management and conservation. We must keep this framework in mind. When speaking about Siem Reap, this town is neither in Zone 1 nor in Zone 2. But obviously, and this ICC has repeatedly pointed it out, any major development decision made for the town of Siem Reap has a direct impact on the integrity of the site in Zone 1 and Zone 2. That is the first comment, on the framework in which we are working. Secondly, world heritage sites come under the World Heritage Convention, but there are also a number of directives (or guidelines) regarding implementation. These enable national governments and their partners to make appropriate decisions and avoid being taken to task by the World Heritage Committee. Such directives are therefore valuable tools, and it would be good to refer to them. Last night we had quite a discussion over the agenda, and we would like to propose recommendations from the ICC along the following lines: It is important to stress that the three projects outlined refer to sustainable development. We therefore want to thank the
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participants and contributors who made these presentations. It is also important to point out an aspect mentioned by Mr TERRACOL, firstly the matter of ownership, the national authority being the games master in these matters and secondly, donor coordination. Mr TERRACOL specifically referred to the measures taken by the AFD to coordinate closely with the ADB and JICA the proposals that these partners of the government are making to the Royal Government. This coordination, this consultation of donors is a crucial factor that merits the support of this ICC. The third aspect of this recommendation would be that, as mentioned in the opening statements yesterday, we have acknowledged that the Advisory Group on Sustainable Development has not yet been established. Yesterday, we noted how important it was to have the opinion of the ad hoc experts on all matters involving conservation, and I think this is a good opportunity for the ICC to recommend the speedy appointment of this advisory group. That means that the three proposals that have been made could be very quickly verified, for the next ICC meeting or even before, to see if they are in keeping with the directives for a world heritage site. This opinion would then be forwarded to the Royal Government, to the APSARA Authority. In this way, the ICC will for the first time in this area of sustainable development have made a contribution in a technical way, but also with as much documentation as possible, so that the most appropriate decisions are made, especially regarding Siem Reap. As we have seen, any decision affecting Siem Reap also affects the site and its protection zones. That is the proposal that we wanted to make, but which is of course subject to the advice of the ICC members. Thank you.
III-2 WATER AND THE ENVIRONMENT

III-2.1 Present Situation, Summary of Issues and Progress, by HE Mr UK Someth, APSARA
[OrigE]
I would like to review the problems we are facing, some facts, not yet the solution, but what is now happening in Siem Reap. We all know that no development of any kind can be achieved without water. Management of water has become the key problem. This has been mentioned by the JICA project, by Mr TERRACOL, by all of the experts who have come to Siem Reap.
Please note the graph displayed here. Green shows the actual demand for clean water. Yellow is the volume of the current water supply. We can see the proportion or ratio between the supply and the demand. If this demand and supply cannot be made consistent over the next four or five years, what will happen to sustainable development? This is the tentative projection of the water supply and demand for the year 2008. I do not feel that we need to project beyond three years because the gap now existing is so wide that there is no use in projecting it further. Why did we pick 2008 as a basis for the projection? It hinges on the JICA water supply project. The optimum supply provided by JICA will be 8,000 m a day by 2008. Between 2005 and 2008 there is an inflection point in 2007 due to the fact that the JICA project will be completed and it will be possible to provide the population with 6,000 m per day. This will solve just a small part of the water problem. From there on, up to 2008, there will be a population increase. The trend of the growth is based on the assumption of an economic spiral. A greater number of tourists will be attracted. This will be accompanied by a greater influx of people from rural areas. We have another graph showing the projected supply of clean water from wells. Currently, all of the water being supplied is from ground water. There is no supply of surface water in the Siem Reap area. In many of our previous sessions, we have presented the risks of pumping water from underground. There are three great risks. The first and most important
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one is the stability of the structure of the monuments. When the water table drops, the structures can be destabilized and collapse. When there is a drop in rainwater, the situation becomes more difficult, as the water table is not replenished. This will also mean that this current source of clean water will be inadequate. Also, there is no sewage treatment plant. All sewage flows on the surface, allowing polluted water to contaminate surface water and from there contaminate the underground water. As we can see, we do not have a solution, but we are making you aware of the facts. I express the wish that the experts here will in their wisdom provide us with recommendations so that sustainable development can indeed be achieved in the years to come. Thank you very much.
III-2.2 Western Baray Irrigation Project, by Mr A.D. MOHILE, WAPCOS

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WAPCOS has been involved in the Siem Reap / Angkor region for some years now. We have prepared deep research documents for APSARA. Later on we assisted the Archaeological Survey of India in its hydrological studies of Ta Prohm. We went on to prepare the project report for the rehabilitation of the Western Baray. I will be presenting the Western Baray rehabilitation project details here.
The first two tables we are showing you here suggest some priority actions in regard to water and locate the gaps so that we can work to improve the situation. The Western Baray is a very old construction, perhaps built so that food could be grown for the work force or laborers engaged in the construction of the Angkor complex. It is also a tourist attraction. It has a role in maintaining the hydraulic system in the area, and it provides even today food and vegetables for the area. This is a schematic illustrating the old and new watercourse. Long ago, the Siem Reap River was diverted to flow through what has become the town of Siem Reap and to feed the Western Baray. You can see the irrigation areas from the Western Baray. The Baray itself was founded on Amarendrapura, an old town that no longer exists. As for the present condition of the Western Baray, some structures are in good shape, others in bad shape. As for our goals and strategies, we are focusing on strengthening rural economy and reducing urban-rural disparity, alleviating poverty and promoting tourism. At the same time, we want to preserve culture. We are addressing all of these concerns. We are proposing an increase to the baray dike in a few places and providing a small spillway, thus increasing the storage capacity of the baray for more extensive irrigation. We have planned to adopt the principle of integrated water resource development, increasing the irrigation area, increasing the intensity, land drainage to be brought in, conjunctive use of ground water. The plan envisions the provision of 9 million m of water per year of surface water for urban and rural water supply. We have given thought to the preservation of the scenic beauty, recreation and possible pisciculture. Consideration has been given to the preservation of artifacts and we are also planning things in such a way that there will be no disturbance of the minimum flow of the Siem Reap River. The total existing irrigation area is 8,000 hectares. We propose to increase this by an additional 2,000 hectares. The social and cultural aspects will be considered. The lake must not be allowed to shrink. For the survival of fish life, there should be at least some deep water in the basin at all times. We have looked into various alternatives and have advised that there be an increase in the minimum level of the baray so that a larger lake at 15 meters and a larger deep-water area exist.
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The Western Baray reservoir contains the remains of the old Mebon temple, the gate of which is shown here. The Mebon used to be submerged. With a drop in the level of the lake, it is partly visible. We propose to increase the level in such a way that the temple does not become fully submerged. The baray contains a large number of sites with archaeological ruins, artifacts and burial sites. We have therefore avoided any proposal that would result in disturbance of the baray bed. We have avoided any proposals that would involve excavations in the area and we are seeking to achieve the barays original capacity only by raising the water level. A small cut may be required, which will be done in a careful way. Similarly, we have avoided making any deep cuts in the baray embankment. The project planning involved hydrological studies, simulation studies for looking into alternatives and design of the water distribution network and structures. Time does not permit at this point to give you details on these engineering studies. After completing all of the studies, we made an economic analysis of the project and a sensitivity analysis that gives consideration to various situations that may arise. Our findings show the initiative to be quite attractive. We prepared an estimate of costs. The project report contains an estimate for all components including conjunctive use, installation of tube wells, and so forth, with the grand total coming to 8.5 million dollars. The work is being started with 5 million dollars available from Indian assistance and counterpart funding. In conclusion, the project, as planned, encourages integrated water resources management in the region. It envisages the use of water for agriculture and domestic supplies. It addresses the environmental concerns, tourism and recreation related concerns, as well the need for preserving the cultural artifacts. The results of the economic analysis indicate that the investment in the project would be sound and attractive. The benefits are robust and the project would continue to be viable under the normally envisaged adverse circumstances. Thank you.
III-2.3 Water and Forestry Issues in Angkor Park and at Phnom Kulen, by Mr HANG Poeu, APSARA Department Director
I would like to discuss a problem now affecting Siem Reap / Angkor and Phnom Kulen. The map here shows the watershed and how it feeds the barays and moats of Angkor Thom, Angkor Wat, etc. The second watershed is that of Roluos and it also feeds a small reservoir. i) Here you see the boundaries of the Siem Reap River watershed. It is quite exceptional. On the bottom, as we approach Siem Reap, this watershed has a number of outlets. I would now like to show you a problem on the Siem Reap River. People are quarrying sand from the riverbed, as you can see in the picture here. The sand is collected in baskets and transferred to these large heaps. The riverbank is caving in and nearby trees are falling into the river. We also have to study the groundwater situation, because, as you see, once you start digging like that, the riverbed is lowered. And when the river water level drops during the dry season, water is drawn out of the water table and into the river. Some practical measures were taken near Frenchmens Dam and at other locations such as the Takeo bridge. These statistics enable us to make simulations regarding the river flow. Last year, Sras Srang dried up during the dry season. This year, with the establishment of the Department of Water and Forestry, we started looking for ways to keep Sras Srang and the moats of Angkor well supplied with water. We first considered taking water from the Siem Reap River, using the Khmer Rouge Canal that was built during the 1970s, but you
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can see that there is a difference of about 4 m between the current level and the bed of the canal. So we have to find a way to raise the water level by 4 m. It would be good to repair about 4 km of canals that have not been used for a long time. Yesterday the problem of flooding at Prasat Ta Prohm was mentioned. This canal is partly responsible. If this canal was repaired, we wouldnt have a problem with flooding any more, or at least it would be greatly lessened at Ta Prohm. At Krang Kroch Bridge, the difference in level is so great that we may have to put in a pumping station. But a little further away is the Taneav reservoir, controlled by the commune of Pradak. I had this section dredged out and this other section dug down somewhat to bring water to Sras Srang. These pictures show the work that was done, so that this year the pond will permanently have water. When we were doing that excavation work, we encountered some problems with the local communities. As soon as they saw water, they wanted to plant rice. It is hard to tell these people to stop, that this water is needed for Sras Srang. They need water too to grow rice and feed their families. Given the number and seriousness of the water problems (drying out of the Western Baray, Angkor Wat moats, etc.), we looked at the matter of water management at the Frenchmens Dam to see just when the baray should be filled and when the water should be allowed to flow on to fill the Angkor moats. The second solution proposed involves putting the Northern Baray and Southeast Baray back into use, while ensuring proper management of the Taneav reservoir, so as to partially meet our needs. I would also like to brief you regarding the problem of fires. Some areas are burned off, as you can see in these pictures. ii) Let us now take a brief look at the Kulen plateau. The forest is being cut down and wooded areas are being burned off. A comparison of satellite pictures taken at different times is very revealing. We ask for your comments and ideas regarding these current problems on the site. I just learned from the executive secretary of the Cambodian National Commission for UNESCO that a program to contribute to the assessment of natural resources to make a map of the resources in the Phnom Kulen National Park area received a grant of USD 20,000. The executing agency for these activities in the framework of this program is the Ministry of the Environment. It will therefore be a necessary complement to the work of our department. Thank you.
III-2.4 Report on the Prek Toal Station, Phnom Kulen Botanical Garden and Other Projects in Angkor Park, by Mr NEOU Bonheur
First of all I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the ICC for allowing me to make a short presentation on the conservation and management of the Tonle Sap Lake and Phnom Kulen National Park. My presentation will focus on three topics, the ongoing conservation of the natural resources of the Tonle Sap Lake, especially the water birds, and our idea for the conservation of the Kulen National Park, as well as some other project activities within the Angkor complex. 1) The Tonle Sap Lake is a priceless natural heritage of Cambodia. It is the heart of the country, the economy and the environment. The lake has a unique ecology that supports and maintains a rich biodiversity of fish, water birds and wildlife. There is an interaction of the water and forest, fish, birds and wildlife.
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The unique and pristine natural habitat of the lake is characterized by the flooded forest, which is the most extensive and intact example of flooded forest in Southeast Asia. It features an exceptional plant association, with many near-endemic species and is of high global importance for wildlife conservation, particularly for water birds (16 species) and reptiles (six species). It is the last stronghold for eight globally threatened water birds and has significant populations of threatened reptiles. It is a critical site for the survival of endangered fish and mammals. A top priority of Cambodia is to protect and preserve these wetlands of national and international significance. We will take a quick look at the Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve established in 2001 under the impetus of the Royal Government of Cambodia. There are three designated core areas of biodiversity on and around the lake. The first area is Prek Toal, a crucial nesting area for many bird species. The second is the Boeng Chhma feeding site for water birds. Stung Sen is home to the pristine forest habitat. The Prek Toal area is about 40 kilometers from Chong Kneas. It is a very important water bird breeding site. Observation platforms have been set up to study the birds and prevent poaching. It is an area rich in small and large fish, a major source of income. The two most important fish species in the lake are the giant barb and the giant catfish. It has a high potential for ecotourism. In 2002, we had about 360 visitors, which has now increased to over 800 visitors. Income has increased from about USD 3,000 to over USD 13,000. An overview of the conservation program: In 1993, a royal decree designated the whole Tonle Sap as a Multiple-Use Protected Area. In 1997 we received support from UNESCO to have the Tonle Sap lake designated as a biosphere reserve. Due to that designation, a lot of effort is being put into conserving the natural resource and at the same time promoting community participation through community fisheries organizations. In the Prek Toal area, we have been able to protect the water bird colonies, conduct bird population monitoring and gather baseline data. We will later develop a management plan for the Prek Toal area. Here is part of the conservation team, made up of people who used to gather eggs and catch birds for local consumption. To the right, you see the observation platform for the ranger to observe and count the water birds. With regard to our activities, poachers collecting water bird eggs are arrested. We also promote environmental education, especially among young people and schoolchildren. We also provide training to our rangers in terms of ecotourism management. We also support some community development in terms of fish raising, micro-credit and financial support to poor families. This has resulted in very effective water bird protection and there is an increase in the number of birds gathering in the Prek Toal area. New species have also started to come. Our work has led to a better understanding of breeding biology and conservation needs. We employ 27 local villagers, including 12 former collectors. We work with a very low budget but the program is highly effective. We encourage income generation through ecotourism for the funding of long-term conservation activity. An example of a globally important conservation success is that of the Oriental Darter (Anhinga melanogaster). It experienced a dramatic population increase. Ongoing project activities are slated until 2011, co-funded by the ADB and the Global Environmental Facility. Aims of the project include strengthening the TSBR secretariat for management of the TSBR through development of a common policy and strategy for the Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve and establishment of an environmental Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve database. It furthermore intends to provide capacity building for management of the three core areas, capacity building for biodiversity monitoring, environmental education, as well
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as an outreach program. I am sure that you agree that the Tonle Sap Lake is very important for Cambodia but also for the world. The conservation is ongoing and successful. 2) I would now like to touch upon the Botanical Garden in Phnom Kulen. The question is, why a botanical garden? Because Phnom Kulen is an important source of water feeding the river system flowing across the Angkor complex and the town of Siem Reap. Kulen Park has a historical linkage with Angkor. The forest of Kulen Park will protect the water source for Siem Reap and maintain foundation stability of the monuments in the Angkor complex. Deforestation and land encroachment are taking place. Harmonization of environmental preservation of the Tonle Sap Lake and Phnom Kulen along with the cultural protection of Angkor would ensure resources sustainability and economic growth throughout the entire country. A look at the land use map shows clearly the river system flowing from the the Kulen forest down through the Angkor complex, the barays, the Roluos group and Siem Reap town, finally reaching the Tonle Sap Lake. Kulen is a place of cultural and natural significance, but we have to give this long-term consideration, along with protection of the Angkor world heritage site. HANG Peou and I have the same observation. Forest fires are widespread. There is continuing deforestation. All of this will affect the water supply to Siem Reap town if decisive action is not taken. We must undertake a natural and cultural resources assessment in Kulen National Park, make an inventory of the flora and fauna, the water resources and cultural sites. We have to identify human threats and degraded areas for restoration. The most important thing from this is the need to create a botanical garden, the first of its kind in Cambodia. Cambodia is home to over 2,000 plants. Such a garden would improve our image in the international community. A suitable site has to be identified for the botanical garden. In the medium term, plans for development of the botanical garden include infrastructure, visitor areas, recreational areas, natural regrowth areas, a sports complex and research facilities. At least USD 10 million will be required for the initial phase, which covers a 5-year period of development. An appeal is hereby made to the ICC for consideration with possible contributions from other donor countries. The garden will be gradually developed during the second step of its development using revenue from the sale of entrance tickets, a contribution from the APSARA Authority and other sources of funding. Thank you. Comments by Mounir BOUCHENAKI: I think that this mornings session, starting with the presentations on urban development and followed by the one on water and environment problems, has taken us right to the heart of the issue of the relationship between the preservation of a site on the World Heritage List and the management of its environment. This mornings presentations were most enriching and I would like first of all to thank the experts who made the presentations, namely HE Mr UK Someth, as well as Messrs A.D. MOHILE, HANG Poeu and NEOU Bonheur. You know that the United Nations has tagged the issue of water management as a priority in its worldwide action.
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Water management is now becoming a priority in the world. So the contributions this morning were absolutely in line with the concerns which are felt in different parts of the world. Its a bit contradictory that we are in a tropical region, in a region where this is a lot of rainfall, but at the same time, as was very clearly shown, there are major problems regarding the management of water and problems for the resources in terms of supply, both for the population and for visitors and tourists. Therefore, I think that this committee should really look carefully at this problem and try to address some of the main issues that have been presented to us this morning.
I would like just to make some proposals for the consideration of this honorable gathering. First of all, the report of this committee has pointed out the sources of waterprecipitation,
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hydrological resources and the water table. WAPCOS, the APSARA Authority and other entities have made very important studies and analyses. One first proposal for recommendation, a practical one, is to make sure that there is proper coordination and integration towards a more comprehensive plan concerning water management and water distribution. The second important element that has been shown to us is that water resources and water management are also dependent on the area north of the Siem Reap / Angkor temple, the mountain or plateau that has been shown to us. Here, I think all of us were struck by the fact that the matter of forest management must also be properly tackled. We have among us eminent specialists in forest studies and forest management, engineers. The French call them water and forestry engineers, because of this very important connection between water sources and the existence of the forest. I think that the second very important recommendation that this committee should make is to make sure there is an action planand I am happy that we have with us HE the Deputy Prime Ministeran action plan that the Cambodian authorities will take into hand and in which there is a real, systematic treatment of the forest. We talked about this during our coffee break. Some say, a harvestable forest is a harvested forest, but we dont want to go to the point that our friend Mr HANG Poeu illustrated, uncontrolled harvesting, because this can have dramatic consequences on both biodiversity and water resources. We were talking about this a short time ago with the German ambassador. Clearly, in a location where uncontrolled deforestation is taking place, rains can become more devastating. There is nothing to retain the rainfall. It runs off, causing floods, and this leads to a completely irrational, uncontrolled water cycle. So the second recommendation would be to come up with an action plan that includes water and the forests, enabling the setting up of a monitoring structure for the forest and structured forestry management. The third important point is the Tonle Sap. I think we all listened carefully to this presentation that highlighted the richness, value and unique character of this body of water, this reservoir zone, one which is also a major feature of the biosphere. The area has been recognized since 2002 by UNESCO as a biosphere reserve. I noted in the presentation made by our colleague that three major zones have already been identified in it. What he is proposing to us is setting up a botanical garden. That is certainly an option to be studied, analyzed, but I remember first in 1995 we had an international symposium in Siem Reap on Angkor and water. Back then already, hence ten years ago, this idea was raised of getting recognition, not for the whole Tonle Sap, but for some representative elements of the lake as natural world heritage. That could have been a counterpart with the presence of a cultural site, the Angkor site, and with the existence of the Tonle Sap, we would also have had recognition by the international community of its ecological importance, for water drainage. It has often been shown that this river and lake are something quite unique in the world, where we have the water flow change directions during the year. And that has had an impact on the species that live in the waters of the Tonle Sap. I think that once again, the presentation that was made is most illustrative of the quality of animal and plant species that are common to the Tonle Sap. So the third recommendation that we could make, picking up on what our colleague presented, namely to preserve as much as possible this richness unique to Cambodia and unique in the world, is to develop a proposal to have these three sites clearly identified by the Cambodian experts listed as natural world heritage. I might add that about a year ago, a seminar was held by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee with the UNESCO office in Phnom Penh, during which this possibility was mentioned. Those are some remarks that the secretariat would like to make concerning the presentations made this morning, which were in our view, we repeat, crucially important. We are at the heart of the development problem, at the heart of the issue that an
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archaeological site, as important as it may be, is not treated independently of its environment. Thank you.
III-2.5 Report on the Angkor Center for Conservation of Biodiversity (ACCB), by Ms Isabel STICH, Deputy Director of the ACCB
Some of you may remember the proposal for the Angkor Center for Conservation of Biodiversity, or ACCB, made in 2001 for the site of Spean Angkor. Since Spean Angkor is in protected zone 1 of Angkor Park, we moved the project to another location, the foot of mount Kbal Spean, 45 kilometers north of Siem Reap. On this slide you can see part of the site assigned to us by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. The ACCB aims to preserve the natural biodiversity in Cambodia and especially in the Angkor area. To achieve this, we follow different approaches. The first and most obvious is that the ACCB works as a wildlife rescue center. How does this work? We take in animals from confiscations or donations. Let me stress here that we do not buy animals so as not to motivate people to catch more. The animals are then quarantined and if necessary and possible, nursed back to health. After that, they may be released in a safe environment with suitable habitats, or in the case of very rare species, they will be bred to increase world population numbers and the offspring will be trained to be reintroduced to nature. Our second point is raising awareness through environmental education. To this end, we have environmental education for children and adults. Almost daily, free English classes with environmental contents are given. We plan seminars for university students, rangers and forestry officials. And we want to build a public park for the ACCB containing big animal enclosures interspersed with information points providing education about nature conservation. Our third approach is to find alternatives to poaching for the rural people so that they do not have to go into the forest to hunt animals anymore. To achieve this, we initiated a beekeeping project in 2004. I have to confess that we sometimes worry that we might have taken on a bite bigger than we can chew. Is all of this necessary? According to the Red List of globally endangered species published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), there are in Cambodia 38 species of mammals that are threatened, 35 species of birds and 16 species of reptiles. Unfortunately, the numbers of most of these animals continue to drop, mostly due to illegal trade, for example to China, poaching for food and traditional medicine, habit destruction and, most tragically, the trade in endangered species to provide animal lovers with pets and so-called zoos with new inmates. Let me show you what we have done so far. In 2003, we built a quarantine building, two cages, housing for staff and management and we fenced 14 ha of our assigned area, leaving the food stalls, police station and building for the APSARA Authority outside the fence where they were before. In 2004, we received our first confiscated animals: 23 juvenile turtles from the Old Market in Siem Reap, followed by a 2.3-m long water monitor on the Khmer New Year, and a baby gibbon named Zarbush in September. Zarbush had to be hand-raised and is still busy wrecking our house. In October, we received our first animal delivery, a dozen turtles and three reticulated pythons confiscated on the way from Anlong Veng to Siem Reap. The pythons were released in the forest at Kbal Spean after eight weeks of quarantine. The turtles stayed at the center. In 2004, we also built an enclosure for pangolins, a block of cages for short-term residents and, most importantly, the education building sponsored by the GTZ.
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In January 2005, we found a teacher for environmental issues and from February onwards the ACCB more or less turned into a kindergarten. Not only did we have our school classes; there were also all of a sudden a lot of baby animals coming in. A total of 24 baby parakeets, three juvenile common civets and three juvenile leopard cats found a new home in the ACCB, which will be temporary for most of them. Some individuals, though, will have to stay permanently because the damage done by their previous treatment left them unfit for reintroduction. The beekeeping project was initiated in 2004 in the village of Pradak in Angkor Park. Although there are at least three species of honeybee and several species of stingless bees in Cambodia, beekeeping has been up to now virtually unknown. All the honey you can buy in the market or in the town is harvested unsustainably by destroying wild bee colonies. Still, the villagers are very interested in learning about keeping indigenous bees and selling the honey to hotels and tourists. There are now about 20 beehives in the village of Pradak. The problem that we face here is that the local bees tend to abscond, leaving the hives and taking all of their honey with them. So we have to work on this. What are our next steps? We want to start with making available a daily guided tour through the Angkor Center for the Conservation of Biodiversity for international tourists and Cambodians alike. We want to set up an interactive educational trail within the center, with information spots educating about environmental problems, and we want to spread out with the beekeeping project to more villages within Angkor Park as well as populated areas leading to the Tonle Sap. In the long run, once we have the necessary funding, we want to create the aforementioned ACCB public park and we have to find safe reintroduction sites for our animals. At this point, let me introduce to you a dream of mine and give you some food for thought. What do you think about restocking the forest of Angkor Thom with non-threatening wildlife, such as green peafowl, leaf monkeys or small predators? Finally, I want to gratefully acknowledge the donors and supporters of ACCB: Dr Stefan GOETZ, GTZ, ZSCSP, the Stiftung Artenshutz and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Thank you for your attention. Comment by Mr TAN Boun Suy, director of APSARAs Department of Population and Development: The problems affecting the environment of Phnom Kulen and the Tonle Sap are many and major. Let me add another one, no less important, as far as biodiversity is concerned. Over the last 10 years or so, a plant has invaded Cambodia, everywhere, and particularly around the Tonle Sap, the mimosa pigra plant that Cambodians call banla yeak. This plant is scaring the farmers. It is overrunning land bordering on the Tonle Sap and wherever it gets a foothold, it becomes a monospecific forest. In other words, no other plants can compete with it. It is now covering huge areas and this is having an effect on aquatic life. Because of the thorns that grow out everywhere on this plant, fish avoid areas invaded by it. And birds that normally prey upon pests such as rats cannot nest in these areas because of the thorns. Two or three years ago, I heard about a rat infestation in Kompong Thom, which might have something to do with this plant. I just wanted to let you know about this mimosa pigra invasion in the Tonle Sap. Thank you very much.
III-2.6 The Archaeological Quarry Site of O Thmor Dap, Source of Supplies of Restoration Materials, by HE Mr SEUNG Kong, DGD, APSARA
The place known as O Thmor Dap is an ancient quarry where the Khmers of the Angkor period came to extract the sandstone they needed for building monuments in the Siem Reap / Angkor region. The name given to this site has to do with the stream-like crevasses caused by quarrying the sandstone. Some locations have pits that fill up with water during the rainy season. The site is located to the extreme northeast of Phnom Kulen, not far from Prasat Beng Mealea, in Svay Leu district, Siem Reap province,
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about 70 km from Angkor Wat. The site is forest covered and is also part of the protected areas that are home to rare species of fauna threatened with extinction. In 2004, a local private contractor doing quarry work came to extract sandstone from O Thmor Dap to supply another contractor who builds hotels in Siem Reap. According to a report from the provincial authority, the order for sandstone required for the hotel construction came to some 800 m3. When the APSARA Authority learned of the destruction of the O Thmor Dap site, it dispatched the crime intervention unit for Angkor Archaeological Park to immediately stop these activities. At that time, we did an inventory of the pieces of stone that had been cut out and were still left on the site. Of the cut pieces, 17 were left along the road near the O Thmor Dap bridge, another 110 pieces are still in situ where they were cut out and detached, and 190 pieces had not yet been detached from where they were cut. The APSARA Authority plans to gather up these pieces and put them in a place away from malefactors who may come and try to steal them. Other steps are to be taken. The Siem Reap governor also assigned a task force including several of the provincial departments concerned, including the APSARA Authority, headed by a deputy governor, to make a report on the extent of damage caused by quarrying sandstone at O Thmor Dap and prepare files so that legal action can be taken. The investigation revealed that a company known as LATH SAN was responsible for the illegal quarrying of sandstone at O Thmor Dap. This company has a license to quarry sandstone and laterite at another location outside of the region. The task force asked the governor to take the following action: 1. Stop completely any quarrying of sandstone at O Thmor Dap except for that needed for monument restoration. The amounts needed for specific needs must be clearly justified and approved in advance by the APSARA Authority. The local authority must also be informed. 2. The provincial authority is preparing the necessary files for a complaint to be made against the guilty party. Thank you for your attention.
III-2.7 Prospects for a Contribution from New Zealand to the Development of Angkor, by Mr Steve DOWALL, NZAID
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It is my pleasure to be able to participate today and provide an introduction to some of the ongoing interests that NZAID has had over the last few years with Angkor and its plans for the future. I will start with a few slides that provide an introduction to this agency, as I realize a number of you are not perhaps very familiar with who we are and what our activities in Cambodia are.
NZAID is New Zealands agency for overseas development, established just three years ago. We are small in this region, providing a contribution of just 0.3 percent to the total ODA in Southeast Asia. We have just completed a new NZAID Asia strategy, which focuses aid on six core bilateral countries in Southeast Asia, of which Cambodia is one. The central theme is sustainable rural livelihoods. We see this as being the nexus between rural development, poverty reduction and protection and management of the environment. We are now developing new strategies for Cambodia and Laos. These contain a core focus on pro-poor sustainable tourism, along with access to and management of natural resources. Siem Reap will be one of the focus areas of geographic significance, so our interest in Angkor shape up very nicely with that. We see our ODA to Cambodia doubling over the next three years. Our policy engagement will be informed by lessons learned at the grassroots level. We can thus make an effective contribution to national policy and regulatory frameworks. The
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grassroots input will be informed by lessons and experience gained in national, regional and international fora. With regard to NZAID and Angkor, our early association with this region in terms of provision of support started with a project in 1998 called the Angkor Forest Rehabilitation and Landscape Enhancement project (AFRLEP). This project was looking in particular at the urgent forestry needs facing the Angkor region, including the need for integrated forest management, agro-forestry and participatory rural development initiatives. It also included a component for the landscape enhancement of Siem Reap and its river. This led to a number of recommendations, some of which have been taken up in subsequent development of the park in terms of management activities undertaken by the APSARA Authority, but many have not. Ill come to the significance of that later. In the years following, we have had some volunteer assistance through New Zealands agency for volunteer service abroad. Over the last two years, we have taken a particular interest along with the APSARA Authority in the need for a much more strategic approach of the Angkor heritage park. This has led to establishing a proposed initiative that will involve support for management planning and community development. From our perspective, given the interest areas in sustainable rural livelihoods that I have outlined, we see a core challenge for Angkor being how to protect the culture and surrounding environmental assets. How is opportunity to be fostered for locals to participate in economic development? We see a rampant increase in tourism, but we dont see the local communities being able to effectively access the opportunity that tourism presents. We therefore have a situation where tourism for the local communities is not an opportunity. The development of Angkor, rather than being an opportunity, is actually a threat. We see the marginalization of the poor, who are being excluded from the benefits of increasing tourism and economic development. We see increasing land and resource exploitation by people both within and without the heritage park. We see increasing environmental and cultural degradation. Much of what has been said this morning is picking up on some of the problems resulting from that degradation. Tourism also poses the threat of spreading HIV/AIDS and human trafficking, among other things. The conservation of the Angkor monuments themselves is posing a threat. We see the exclusion of local communities from planning and managing the conservation of Angkor and this is leading, we believe, to local indifference on the part of the local communities to the conservation effort. We see social costs from the marginalization of these communities and increasing poverty. We see a degradation of the environment, of course degradation by people coming in and looking to take advantage of the rich resources of the Angkor heritage park and surrounding areas, but also degradation by the local communities. We see increasing encroachment on the heritage park by outsiders, people from other parts of the country looking to take advantage of the opportunities that they perceive within the park. This encroachment jeopardizes the integrity of a number of Angkors communities, many of which are of ancient significance. We see benefits for the visitors and investors at the expense of local population. Unfortunately, the conservation effort itself poses a threat. As for the prospects, we see considerable prospects for inclusion of local communities in conservation initiatives. This will build local understanding and support for the conservation of the park. This will help build local ownership and responsibility. It will help achieve economic benefits for the poor if they are a part of the conservation effort. If they have a stake in it, then the opportunities for them to access the benefits are likely to be greater. We see prospects for achieving co-management agendas. This is not new in the conservation world, as I understand. We have some interesting examples just across the border in Thailand, some of which hit the media just last weekend. Im referring to the Joint Management of Protected Areas initiative. We therefore have some concrete examples to
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draw on in considering how to bring the local population into a co-management agenda with Angkor. In our discussions with APSARA in more recent times, it has started using the phrase AngkorA Living Museum. We certainly buy into this because the reality is that the significance of Angkor in terms of its special characteristics and the fact that it is indeed one of the Seven Wonders of the World is not only its history, but also its culture, religion and environment. That means that the local communities are a special part of that experience. When tourists come to Angkor, they dont just come to see the stones. They come for a culture experience. I was here in Siem Reap at the Greater Mekong Sub-region tourism meeting at the end of March and heard one of my colleagues, from the French Ministry of Tourism, saying that increasingly people are returning, saying that they saw fantastic monuments, lots of stones, but they were left wondering about their significance. They missed out on the cultural aspect of the experience. Its only the local population that can provide that. So we see that the Angkor communities are an asset to protect. Healthy and engaged communities will enhance the tourist experience. This brings me to NZAID and its plans. We are now considering a five-year project that we have helped APSARA develop over the last 18 months or so. This is building on this living museum concept, establishing a comprehensive people-centered management plan to help introduce these co-management ideas, lead to empowerment and livelihood opportunities for local communities, especially the poor, facilitate local commitment and responsibility to conservation in the park. The idea is to change this tourism threat into an opportunity. Of course, this builds on the ICCs Paris Declaration of 2003. The ICC itself has made a commitment to fight poverty with sustainable ethical tourism in the Siem Reap / Angkor region, local community participation. It is therefore important that we really try and get some rungs on the board, in other words, that we get some tangible initiatives in place that are going to make this objective of the ICC a reality. We hope that what we are looking at with this new proposal might be one step in that direction. It is now under consideration by NZAID, and if it comes through, we would expect over the next two to three months to be in a position where some action would be taken. Thank you for your attention.
III-2.8 Progress Report on the Environmental Management System, by Mr UN Moninita and Ms SENG Sothira, APSARA
[OrigE]
Today I have the opportunity to present the progress of the environmental management system to the ICC meeting. This project was established in May 2003 with the strong support of the Royal Government of Cambodia and was presented to the ICC twice in the past two years.
The APSARA Authority created the Environmental Management System (EMS) in line with ISO 14001, which is based on the P-D-A-C cycle (Plan Do Act Check), in order to promote the continual improvement of the system. Until now, we have completed the plan and put some programs into operation. We have been working toward full implementation of the P-D-A-C cycle at least once each year in order to facilitate the effectiveness of environmental management as a prelude to receiving ISO 14001 certification by the end of this year. The activities for establishment of EMS require an environmental policy on the part of the APSARA Authority, a structure and delegation of responsibilities, establishment of environmental objectives and targets, EMS documentation, competence training and awareness, developing components of the EMS for each department, as well as publicity and document communication.
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To operate the system more smoothly and effectively, the APSARA Authority has set up the EMS structure in accordance with the ISO 14001 guidelines. It entails top management, an executive director, HE Mr TAN Sanboun, who provides resources and appoints environmental representatives. The system is reviewed regularly. Each department has an environment promotion leader, who supports the activities in the respective departments. An environmental committee including top management officers and all department directors controls and validates the process. A secretariat team, the EMS-Angkor Unit, supports, facilitates and pushes the system. The APSARA Authority announced its environmental policy to interested parties at the kickoff ceremony in February 2004. The key pillars of its policy are as follows: 1. Promote environmental conservation measures; 2. Promote environmental conservation activities with the participation of all stakeholders; 3. Provide local residents with environmental education; 4. Comply with relevant environmental legislation and other requirements; 5. Promote continual improvement; 6. Keep staff members well informed about this policy and announce it to the public. APSARAs environmental objectives are first of all spelled out, with specific objectives and responsibilities assigned to each department, for example, Improve awareness of environmental policy for vendors in the historical park of Angkor. This is assigned to the Department of Monuments and Archaeology 1. It focuses on tourist guides and agencies, local and international tourists, local residents, schoolchildren and monks, heritage police and tourism police officers, APSARA staff and temple guards. After awareness raising has been completed, the second area is the concrete action necessary for waste management in Angkor Archeological Park, on a temple-by-temple basis. A system for separating waste has been put in place. A third concern is preservation of natural resources, which involves the prevention of illegal logging and quarrying and unauthorized house construction in zones 1 and 2. This includes the following: protecting and preserving the forests and water resources, including the underground water; improving the quality of agricultural soils; beautifying the natural landscape of the Siem Reap River, the town of Siem Reap, the moats, barays and other water reservoirs; enforcing guidelines for house construction for environmental preservation in zones 1 and 2; and eliminating unauthorized advertising posters in the park. The EMS is also focusing on improvement of the sewage system by installing sewage drainage from the tourist facilities. Another area is the elimination of bad odors from bat droppings in the temples, the preservation of air quality. To achieve all of the above objectives, each department sets its targets and establishes a program and procedure, as well as makes a commitment to invest in implementation. We are now working on EMS documentation. These documents involve three levels: Level 1, models made by our teams; Level 2, common procedures and rules made by the secretariat; and Level 3, operational procedures established by each department. The following are activities concerning environmental performance conducted by each department: 1. Department of Administration: This department is making billboards for environmental performance as well as posters and cards to publicize the environment policy for the training of APSARA staff. 2. Department of Monuments and Archaeology 1: The drainage system installed half way around the Angkor Wat moats, the drainage line taking into account the actual location of the trees. Vegetation clearing activities are conducted in the moat of Angkor Wat and Sras Srang pond. The department is in charge of keeping the temples neat and tidy, including sweeping accumulations away from termite locations and bat shelters in the temples. It also sees to maintenance of the water
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level in ponds and moats. More importantly, the department develops procedures and teaching materials for all vendors around the temples in order to elicit their participation and improve awareness of the environment. Department of Monuments and Archaeology 2: This department is developing guidelines for house construction in zones 1 and 2. The thrust is to promote environmental preservation by defining such things as the physical attributes, size, shape, color and appearance of buildings. Additionally, the department directly controls building locations and the construction process. Department of Urban Planning and Development: Its focus is the maintenance of riverbanks, enhancing the natural landscape by planting grass and putting in gardens and watering these. Moreover, the department manages the green spaces of Siem Reap town be replanting young selected trees in the town along main streets and along new streets in the eastern section of Siem Reap town. Department of Angkor Tourism Development: With good communication, this department makes an effort to provide education to local high schools and private universities in Siem Reap. It also makes announcements regarding environmental protection and waste management through the mass media and by posting notices on the occasion of main events. Department of Population and Development: To maintain the quality of agricultural soils, the department has carried out a series of experiments on natural fertilizer in order to introduce it to local farmers. With regard to environmental education for children, two primary schools were selected in order to teach the children about environmental management based on the P-D-A-C plan in their local school, homes and communities. The education program contained three steps: children operate the EMS in their school, children operate the EMS with vendors near the monuments, and the children operate EMS in their families and in the villages where they live. Department of Water and Forestry: To protect the water, this department has studied and restored the irrigation system to provide an adequate supply of water. It has also started a tree nursery for replanting in designated areas. Tree labeling has also been undertaken.
The APSARA Authority is grateful for the participation of all in EMS in order to preserve the environment of the Angkor World Heritage Site. Thank you for your attention.
[OrigE]
Comments by tienne CLMENT: I would briefly like to state that it is important for the secretariat to propose to you some conclusions from the very significant presentations that we have just heard. We remember that the ICC expressed the wish to give more attention to involving the local communities in development of the site. At the beginning of our meeting yesterday, the Deputy Prime Minister pointed out the importance of having the local inhabitants understand the challenge of protecting Angkor and being fully involved in this objective.
I would suggest therefore that based on the very important presentations of this morning, a strong vote of support be included in our recommendations. Several members of the ICC are now not only giving their moral support, but also investing in this issue of supporting the involvement of the local communities in the development and safeguarding of the site. That is true of New Zealand as a newcomer. Of course, the EMS has been supported by Japan, but it is important that this new input be supported. May I also remind the meeting that UNESCO has been promoting the involvement of local communities as defenders of cultural heritage in several projects in the world, in Phnom Chisor, Cambodia, as well as in a number of countries in Asia. Thus, if you agree, the cochairs and the members of the ICC, the secretariat will put forward a recommendation that such an initiative be supported, especially when it comes from a donor to support financially this involvement of the communities, along with the APSARA Authority. Thank you.
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Comment by Mr Pius FISCHER, German ambassador: I would like to give my support to the recommendation made this morning by the UNESCO deputy director general to put an action plan in place. The presentations given this morning were most impressive. We saw that safeguarding the Angkor monuments cannot be addressed without taking into account the tremendous economic growth taking place in the region and the damage being caused to the environment. After this analysis, immediate action should be taken, and I would like to add that in his speech yesterday morning the Deputy Prime Minister stressed that safeguarding the environment is at the very heart of sustainable development. I feel that this shows the political will of the Royal Government of Cambodia to deal with this problem. I trust that in his capacity as chairman of the Council of Ministers, the Deputy Prime Minister will succeed in getting this message through to the various ministries of the government, because interministerial cooperation on this matter needs to be improved. Thank you.
[OrigE]
Comment by Mr Gamini WISJESURIYA, ICCROM: I particularly wish to congratulate the New Zealand delegation for this proposal and strongly support this initiative. Angkor is a world heritage site. A comprehensive management plan is a requirement, an essential tool. So far, I have seen many elements of this, but I have not yet seen an actual comprehensive management plan. So it is very important that this proposal goes through. Additionally, ICCROM as an international organization involved in teaching and research on heritage management and conservation, has recently started a program called Living Heritage in which we strongly recommend that communities be engaged in defining heritage values as well as managing heritage. So in that context too, this proposal will give a very good opportunity for us to engage, and ICCROM will be very happy to be a partner to that and give its full cooperation. Overall, I dont think any of us want to see conservation as a threat to communities. If there is any way in which we can combat that situation, we should be supporting that. I strongly recommend that we support this proposal made by the UNESCO representative. Thank you.
Comment by Mr VANN Molyvann: I would like to make the following proposal to the Royal Government of Cambodia: that the carrying out of this new phase of sustainable development of the Angkor site benefit directly from the entrance receipts from tourists who visit Angkor Park. Thank you very much.
III-3 INFRASTRUCTURE III-3.1 Progress Report on Construction of the APSARA Authoritys Headquarters and the Cultural and Tourist City, by HE Mr UK Someth, APSARA
[OrigE]
This will be the last presentation by the Department of Urban Planning and Development, but this time under the theme of infrastructures. We are referring to the land allotment of approximately 1,007 hectares in area. What is the purpose of this development plan? We have three targets.
The first one is to create a buffer zone between the protection area surrounding the Angkor temple complex and the urban development of Siem Reap town, which has not yet been put under control. In the last five or six years, the town has expanded very quickly, and now is the time to put in that buffer zone adjacent to the park itself. The second target is to make this area an investment capital for APSARA. APSARA cannot live off the national treasury anymore. It must become self-sustaining, that is generate its own resources. This development program will enable APSARA to attract offshore capital, meaning foreign direct investment (FDI). With a good policy and with good planning, we can attract FDI. This foreign investment will be modulated to build up or develop this area that are referring to as the Cultural and Tourism City.
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The third target is to achieve a balance among the three main components of our thrust: society and culture, environment and economic growth. We should achieve this balance, so the resources that will be generated will be re-allocated to the local communities, allowing them to benefit from this growth and thus reducing the poverty gap. More details of this project will be provided by other contributors. The first phase of the project is already operational, with negotiations now underway with foreign investors. We have a core area that will be a vector of development, as it will generate various activities around this nucleus. The APSARA headquarters building is scheduled to start going up by the end of the year 2005. Just adjacent to the APSARA headquarters, plans call for the construction of a Buddha museum, with funding coming from some Japanese organizations. At the roundabout, immediately to the east, the International Information and Tourist Intake Center will go up. This will play a key role, as it will be the focal point for tourists and enable flows to be channeled in a proper way. More details will be given on this later on this afternoon. Other museums are in the process of construction, one of which is the textile museum being funded by the government of India. We are happy to inform you that the initial steps of development are now underway and we hope that by formulating and adhering to a proper investment policy and by facilitation of offshore capital, this could generate financial momentum and make the project sustainable, generating resources to achieve what we referred to at the November 2003 conference in Paris: Preserving to develop and developing to preserve. This is a synergy that must be promoted in a systematic way. Thank you very much.
III-3.2 Update on Angkor Visitor Center, by Mr Mounir BOUCHENAKI, Deputy Director General for Culture, UNESCO, and Mr Bchir SOUID, Architectural Programmer
Mounir BOUCHENAKI: In the opening session of our technical committee meeting, HE Mr SOK An expressed his satisfaction with the good progress being made on the visitor center project. We thank him very much for his very kind comments about UNESCO and the secretariat, and it is with pleasure that I in turn add with emphasis that it was at the impetus of the Deputy Prime Minister that this major project was conceived and developed. Indeed, the idea of this center was first expressed in June 2001, when a cultural tourism seminar was held in Siem Reap / Angkor, organized by UNESCO and the APSARA National Authority. This seminar and think-thank session was chaired by HE Mr SOK An in the presence of the ministers of Culture, Tourism and the Environment. Two years later, in October 2004, another seminar was held which highlighted the need for the world heritage site to have a center to improve visitor information, provide a transition between the modern city and the historic city, contribute to streamlining management of the archaeological park and even regulate tourist flows. In the meantime, that is between 2001 and 2004, analysis and study of the matter moved ahead. Your secretariat, supported by the UNESCO office in Phnom Penh and the Culture Sector at the UNESCO head office in Paris, conducted consultations, gathered much information and prepared the basic files. The APSARA National Authority worked on designing individual intake units in the approach areas of the major temples and did further analysis work and drew conclusions from the public observatory. All of this preparatory work was marked by an outstanding climate of close cooperation and friendship, within APSARA as well as between APSARA and the secretariat. These operations
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led to the holding of a meeting of experts in January this year, and the conclusions were kindly accepted by the chairman of the Authority, HE Mr SOK An. On this basis, the work moved along well, and I am truly indebted to the secretariat for its unfailing commitment, more specifically Ms Tamara TENEISHIVILI, Mr Teruo JINNAI and Ms Dominique BALL-CALIX, working under my friend tienne CLMENT, the office director, and in Paris, our colleague seated behind us here, Ms Nao HAYASHI, who has been working tirelessly in the background on behalf of this Angkor world heritage project. I must also, on behalf of UNESCO, express our gratitude to the SCA, Socit concessionnaire de laroport, who contributed funding for these studies. Honorable Co-chairmen, I wanted to go over the background of this project so that we could pay due tribute to all those who have contributed to this idea becoming a program file and for this program file now at the stage where the idea will become a reality. I also thank you for giving the opportunity to our expert, Mr Bchir SOUID to take the floor. He is from the architectural programming firm PRO DEVELOPMENT. As an architect and urban planner, Mr SOUID was commissioned for this project in his capacity as architectural programmer. But he also contributed his broad experience in landscaping to this file. He was able to work in favorable conditions and enjoy a very cordial atmosphere with the APSARA Authoritys technical officials. The information that he will share with you is, in fact, a summary of the views and joint proposals of APSARA and the secretariat. Thank you. Bchir SOUID, architect programmer: I have 20 minutes to outline the initial results of the programming or design study. I will start by a quick overview of the overall mission framework and go on to some of the intrinsic features of the site that are fundamental, before concluding with our understanding of the current operation of the site as a basis for defining the design parameters. 1) A forward-looking vision is necessary to anticipate how the site will evolve and thereby formulate the initial design proposals for the visitor center, its concept and orientations in terms of operation. As for the mission framework, it involved three phases: The first one was to get a feel of the site, and I had very fruitful meetings with various officials who I would like to thank, notably those with the APSARA Authority. The second was a phase of putting things together and making proposals, and the third was the finalization phase, where we are at right now. From the outset, we wanted to work on this mission from at least two interactive scales. The first scale was the overall scale, the Angkor site as a whole. The second one was the visitor center itself. We felt that it was very important to fit the visitor center into an overall understanding and vision of the park. This way, we could take many and varied crucial parameters into account. 2) Let us review quickly now what we have called the intrinsic features of the site that you are very familiar with, including: i) its scope, actually a territory, you might say; ii) its makeup both at the scale of the overall site, but also at the scale of the individual temples themselves; iii) an offer that is abundant, both concentrated and yet spread out. iv) the vast size of the site, v) being a world heritage site, but also vi) a site that is lived in by a large local population, which is a deciding factor when it comes to design programming. Thus, a grasp of the current function of the site seems to be the first step in designing things. The design program needs to be drawn up based on the objectives and terms of
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reference for this visitor center, which have been defined by the project owner, the APSARA Authority and the Royal Government of Cambodia, as well as on a fine-tuned understanding of the current function, the ingredients that will determine the parameters of the architectural design. Thus we took as a basis both observation and assessment in the field. We were unfortunately short on some data despite the great amount of work that the APSARA Authority has done, notably with the public observatory, that we would like to thank here. We used the statistical data from the public observatory and other data from different missions and sources (such as Living With Heritage by the Sydney University and the EFEO, the master plan study by JICA), as well as data collected in the course of this mission. Our analysis is based both on an understanding of the use by visitors and visitor practice within the site and then the idea of this juxtaposition, this matching of visitors with the archaeological park itself. * First, in quantitative terms, tourist numbers are on a steady rise. For 2005, we can predict a number of around 1.2 million visitors, including Khmer visitors. That is a fundamental piece of data for us, because we consider them as really being an integral part of the visitor mass. In the mid-term, there will be 1.6 million visitors, with 2.5 to 3 million in the offing. When this type of figure is advanced, I refer to an earlier presentation wherein it was stated that visitors, tourists, come for a cultural experience. With so many people, you start wondering how you could have a cultural experience on the Angkor site. * Looking at the spread among foreign visitors, we note the large number of Asian visitors. Japanese and Korean visitors make up nearly 50 percent of the tourist cohort. * A strong seasonal variation is noted. About 40 percent of all visitors recorded for the year come during the three months of November, December and January. That is something really important, because the visitor center needs design parameters based on these months of the high season, namely 40 percent of visitors coming in a three-month span. In other words, the remaining months are not a problem. * A clear predominance of organized groups is noted, broadly speaking, about 65 to 70 percent, which is something peculiar to the site. These days, groups are quite small, averaging something like 15 people per group, as well as the strong proportion of new visitors in these groups, about 85 percent, who come to Angkor for the first time. * As for the Khmer public, as I mentioned, this is a crucial component for the design. We do have a few statistics, currently something like 400,000 to 450,000 Khmer visitors. A distinction is made between Khmer visitors, those who come to tour the temples and those who routinely come on the site for a picnic or to stroll around on it. Thus, Khmers-who come to-visit-the-temples number about 450,000. And they come in large numbers during particular months (such as April, which accounts for some 25 percent of the yearly figure). Thus, there are three types of behavior on site for Khmer people: those who come to the site for an outing, those who come to visit the temples similar to the way foreigners do and those who come at the time of major holidays. * As for the time people come onto the site, there are four major waves. This is very important information. The first wave is early in the morning for the sunrise over Angkor Wat. The second is a massive arrival on the site between 8:30 and 9:00 a.m. After that, as large numbers of people go back to town for lunch, a siesta, the site is almost vacated. About 20 to 25 percent of the visitors stay on the site. Then there is the third wave as people come back after lunch and the siesta, heading mainly for Angkor Wat, and finally a fourth wave late in the day, mainly for the sunset on Phnom Bakheng. The previous curve was the vehicle traffic curve. It has a pattern similar to the potential visitor curve.
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* We then worked on estimating vehicle traffic and types. Not surprisingly, the major means of transport for potential visitors is the minibus / bus, given the quantitative number of visitors who come in groups. We note a gap in the number of vehicles and the number of potential visitors. * We then studied the time sequence of people touring certain temples. Why certain temples? Because of the fact that there are five temples on the site referred to as the most popular ones: Angkor Wat, the Bayon, Banteay Srei, Ta Prohm and Phnom Bakheng. A very specific visitor pattern is noted for these temples. Angkor Wat has a relatively consistent visitor flow for most of the day, with a major hike around 3:30 or 4:00 p.m. Ta Prohm is also relatively consistent, with two waves, the larger one about 11:00 a.m. As for the Bayon, the big wave is in the morning. People prefer to visit Banteay Srei in the morning, and we will see later that these are usually second-day visitors. And Phnom Bakheng with its unique set of problems, is basically empty all day, but with a very big surge around 5:30 or 6:00 p.m. In this way we made a cross analysis of all the quantitative data and combined on a chart the distribution of visitors in order to understand their patterns, the times they enter and leave the site. The chart however does not show the dynamics of the visit. So we wanted to come up with a dynamics map to explain the function of the site. We will give more information on the factors giving rise to this curve in a minute. Then, as 6:00 or 6:15 p.m. approaches, its the big move off of the site, the mad dash out, we might say. The pattern is quite clear. This data is crucially important for the visitor center. * What is the forward-looking vision or evolution seen for this site? This chart gives an immediate picture of the parameters, which are very, very important and indicative of the constant increase in numbers in terms of human presence, but which must yet be controlled. The visitors are coming essentially in pre-arranged groups, most of them firsttime visitors. The average visitor stay is noted to be getting shorter all the time. There is an over-concentration of visitors in the most popular temples, both in space and time. The size of the site means that people have to use motor vehicles. Some temples already seem to be suffering strain due to the overcrowding, for instance Banteay Srei and Phnom Bakheng. With more and more people coming, the visitor safety parameter will be increasingly put to the test, such as at Angkor Wat. This has led to the definition of three criteria or parameters that are decisive, as we see it, and that we are putting on the visitor curve something like cursors: 1) Preservation of the site and preventive conservation of the temples; 2) Visitor safety; and 3) Enjoyment of the visit by the visitors (physical and intellectual). This summary table of current flows lets us visualize this thrombosis-like phenomenon. Here we have the five most popular temples and then the other temples. Here we have the visitor flow pattern across site. We have a preferred flow, with which we are working in our programming of the visitor center, aiming for a better distribution of visitors on the site. We have to set the visitor center within the framework of an overall plan, within the framework of a general study of planning out the site visit, working in the temple approach areas as satellite units, complementary to the visitor center, enabling a better introduction and better visit, an improved distribution of visitors over the site. Compared to the first schematic that you were shown a few minutes ago, the preferred schematic would be like this: break up this flow into several small flows that are channeled all over the site. In this way, we eliminate those red spots that represent visitor concentrations on the temples.
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Why do we need a visitor center as we think things out in this way? The visitor center will give us several levers to get a handle on a situation that is going to get more and more complex as visitor numbers grow. These levers are many and varied: - Dynamic management of the site; - Entrance fee policy; - Greater clarification; - Improved visitor orientation on the site; - Proper tour guide training; - A more enjoyable visitor experience. So you see here all of these levers, and these levers can be further broken down. We have the visitor center that is affected by all of these levers, which emphasizes its strategic importance. The temple approach areas are a complementary mechanism, and a number of the levers would apply to them. All of that has to fit into an overall plan, one that we call site management. * In terms of the objectives seen for the center, a visitor center is needed to provide a better introduction to the tour. The center must be geared, and we emphasize this point, to 100 percent of the visiting public. We want to have an intake function that will emanate from the visitor center and reach out all over the site. The temple approach areas are therefore crucial, with a role of proposition, promotion and coordination of actions. In the site master plan, the visitor center plays the role of an introduction and is complemented by meshing the site together by means of the temple approach areas. * The basic concept of the visitor center, soon to become a reality, is a superposition, an interrelationship of two types of function: 1) A functional, practical introductory venue for entrance tickets, visitor comfort and monitoring, and 2) A qualitative venue to provide background information regarding the presentation and comprehension of the site. This interrelationship is a crossroads of practical management both for flows as well as for introducing visitors to the site. * Functional plan: The functions or activities are broken down as follows: The center itself houses the functions of ticketing, visitor intake, introduction and presentation, with ancillary public services such as restaurants and boutiques. On either side are complementary logistics functions, for the building itself, the site as well as vehicle parking. * In terms of the space need, a certain number of square meters are needed for the inside area, the roofed over area and the open-air area. In other words, the center will be comprehensive in scope, wherein there are different functionsinside, under cover and outsidethat are complementary to one another. The master plan for the site and visitor center provides for a drive-through, with a vehicle entrance to the site, including a passenger drop-off area and parking. Provision is also made for shuttle transportation. We wont go into detail on that, but it is being taken into account. Intake will be on a drivethrough basis, including a morning entrance sequence, an afternoon departure sequence, as well as for the noon departure. The centerpiece will be the place where visitor flows both converge and disperse. On either side will be the ticketing function, on the left, and on the right the function of introduction and presentation. Of course, we emphasize that this in no way substitutes for the site visit itself. The main keys to reading the site, the archaeological park are given, a sort of appetizer, you might say. Its an introduction so that visitors can undertake their tour with at least the essential keys to understanding. This presentation will include a large-scale model of the site in order to give visitors an idea of the extent of the territory at a glance, a birds eye view of it. If you are just walking or driving around the site, you dont grasp its vastness.
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For your information, we have provided a detailed breakdown of the functions. We now have a detailed activity/surface design program that will be turned over to a contractor, an architect. So you have been able to see today that we have been working on a preparatory phase that will lead to a set of specifications and then be turned over to a contractor who will actually build the visitor center. Thank you very much.
III-3.3 Update on Temple Approach Area Structuring Project, by HE Mr ROS Borath, APSARA
As Mr SOUID has just pointed out, the temple approach areas are an essential link in the functioning of the visitor center. As things stand with regard to our studies and progress, out of the 28 temple approach areas identified and zoned, only two of them, Angkor Wat and Neak Poan, have moved well along as far as roadwork and engineering studies are concerned. For the remaining ones, we are experiencing some land expropriation difficulties. That is all I can say by way of an update. Thank you.
III-3.4 Progress Report on the National Road 67 Project and Confirmation of the Right-of-way, by Mr KEM Borey, Deputy Director, Ministry of Public Works and Transport
I am very pleased to present the progress of the National Road 67 project to the ICC session today. As a background, National Road No. 67 (RN 67) extends from RN 6 at Siem Reap town to Sa Ngam Pass, the border with Thailand via Anlong Veng town, the last stronghold of Khmer Rouge in the civil war time. The total length is approximately 135 kilometers. The section from Siem Reap town to Banteay Srey is covered with a macadam surface. The rest of the road has a laterite surface. The existing road alignment, especially the section close to Siem Reap town, enters the temple complex zone both at Angkor and Banteay Srei. RN 67 is seriously damaged due to the war and lack of maintenance. The road plays a very important role in connecting the northern part of the country with Phnom Penh via Siem Reap town. It facilitates cross-border trade within country and with Thailand. It stimulates tourism by providing transportation route to the historic sites of Angkor, as well as to Anlong Veng. The road creates opportunities for ecotourism, with the vistas of the natural environment, including waterfalls, wild animals and forest. Because of the importance of the national and regional linkage provided by RN 67, the Royal Government of Cambodia considers RN 67 as one of the greatest priorities for road reconstruction. In response to the request from Cambodia and for enhancement of road transport, trade, investment and tourism between the two countries, Thailand agreed to provide grant and loan assistance for the improvement of RN 67. An MoU between the Royal Government of Cambodia and the Thai Royal Government was signed on March 31, 2003. With regard to the first new alignment, we refer to the APSARA Authority recommendation to have the road bypass the temple complex zone. A re-alignment of RN 67 was designed from Pradak to Svay Thom and submitted for approval. The original alignment had already been surveyed and demined. The bypass road proposed by the APSARA Authority involves a total length of 11 kilometers. However, in accordance with a letter from the Council of Ministers dated March 31, 2004, the suggestion was made that the bypass road from Banteay Srei to RN 6 via Phnom Bok and Bakong district would be better and have less impact on the temple zone. The road was further redesigned following that recommendation. Afterward, the above proposed bypass was seen to still seriously impact the temple complex zone. Based on the interministerial meeting held on August 9, 2004, the MPWT was requested to study the new alignment so as to circumvent the temple complex zone.
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In addition to the above request, a letter from the APSARA Authority dated August 13, 2004 was forwarded with the recommended map. The MPWT then undertook the study for the third new alignment. However, the recommended alignment still had the risk of having a negative impact on the temple complex zone. The MPWT tried to move the road alignment out of the zone in order to minimize the impact. Finally, on October 21, 2004, the MPWT and APSARA Authority agreed in principle on the new alignment of the RN 67 bypass that would have a minimum impact on the zone. This final alignment runs from Banteay Srei to RN6 at Kork Trach via Run Ta Aek and Ballang. However, in complying with the design standard and engineering study, the new bypass is slightly modified from the originally agreed option in the area outside of the temple complex zone. The latest road alignment has been agreed upon among concerned authorities such as the MPWT, the provincial authorities and the Thai design team. Agreement was reached on the RN 67 road alignment from Bantey Srey to RN 6 and those sections that entered APSARA's zones at Bantey Srey and Angkor zones. The newly agreed bypass enters the temple complex zone at certain points. I would now like to report on the progress of work on the finally agreed bypass road. Mine clearing has been done along the designed road alignment. Marking out and clearing work has been done for the new alignment. Surveying was completed at the end of April 2005. A detailed engineering design is in the process. The improvement of RN 67 can be divided into three categories: Road construction from Sa Ngam Pass to Anlong Veng over a total length of 18 kilometers; putting down of pavement using a double bituminous treatment; emergency maintenance from Anlong Veng to Banteay Srei over a total length of 104 kilometers, with a laterite surface. This is made possible through grant aid from the Kingdom of Thailand, pending the official signing of an MoU between the two governments. A feasibility study and detailed engineering layout designs for the whole road section from Sa Ngam Pass to Siem Reap have been completed. The detailed engineering design is expected to be completed within a few months. The loan from Thailand for the section of road from Siem Reap to Anlong Veng is proceeding under the loan procedure of the two countries. The eight kilometers of contour roads from Banteay Srei past the Angkor temple complex are included in the loan. Thank you for your attention.
III-3.5 Buddha Statue Museum Project Funded by the AEON Group, by Mr Yasuyuki FURUYAMA, Sophia University
Prof. ENDO: [OrigE] First I want to introduce Mr FURUYAMA. We, Sophia University, have a center in Siem Reap. In the center we have the 274 Buddha images excavated from Banteay Kdei during 2001 and 2002. In late 2003, Aeon, a Japanese private company granted to the APSARA Authority 100 million yen for these Buddha images, and now FURUYAMA, the coordinator and planner, assisted by Jos PINAULT, a French design architect, will outline our planning. Thank you. Yasuyuki FURUYAMA: [OrigE] I will now introduce our museum. I would like to provide some background information to begin with. In March 1991, Prof. ISHIZAWA held discussions with the Cambodian government and we selected Banteay Kdei temple for the purpose of research
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and training of Khmer students from the Royal University of Fine Arts and staff from the Angkor Conservation Office. Why was Banteay Kdei selected? It is a Buddhist temple that includes a variety of structures to be studied. The size is appropriate for the Sophia Mission team. Also, the temple is surrounded by three villages. This means that we can easily invite villagers to work with us. Not only would they increase their understanding as a result of this experience, but they would develop cultural pride. Nine years went by and in August 2000, the 30th Sophia mission excavated Banteay Kdei temple for the certification of two small structures, an edifice to the north and another to the south, located on the eastern part of Banteay Kdei. Members of the archaeological research time dug a small trench from north to south. A Buddha image was found by chance on the western side of the trench wall. It was around one meter below the surface of the ground. In April 2001, the Sophia Mission resumed its archaeological activities. At the time, some other Buddhist images were excavated. The original research schedule was therefore revised so as to focus research on the Buddha images rather than on the two structures. Three excavation missions turned up 274 Buddha images altogether, 272 of sandstone and two of bronze. On all of these pieces, the head is intact. It is thought that the persons who handled these Buddha images at the time took great care in collecting them, transporting them and burying them in the temple compound. In December 2002, the Sophia Mission published a report in Japanese entitled Inventory of the Discovery of a Stone Pillar Displaying A Thousand Seated Buddhas and 274 Discarded Buddha Statues at Banteay Kdei. The English version is now being prepared and should be ready by August 2005. In March 2002, in cooperation with the APSARA Authority, the Sophia Mission and Aeon 1% Club, a branch of Aeon Corporation, one of the largest merchandise and supermarket chains in Japan, came up with the idea of establishing a museum. The Aeon Corporation has been working in Cambodia since 2001 in volunteer activities such as tree planting and school building. The museum is expected to open in 2007 and will become the home of all of the Buddhist statues. The museum will be called the Sihanouk AEON Museum. It will be located along the new road running from Psar Leu market in Siem Reap town to the Angkor complex, just outside of Zone 2. The lot will have a total surface area measuring 180 meters by 180 meters (3.24 ha). The museum building will be two stories high. The ground floor will include an exhibition hall, an information center, a museum shop, a storage area, a workshop, administration rooms and restrooms. The first floor will feature exhibition halls, a laboratory and a conference room. The museum has been designed to reflect to some extent the symbolic essence of the Angkor monuments, including balustrade windows, a moat around the building and five towers on top. Considering the fact that there is no museum in the town of Siem Reap accessible to the local public and visitors where they can seen on exhibit artifacts excavated from the Angkor complex, the planned museum will be of interest to students, local residents and tourists as a cultural center of Angkor. Furthermore, the Sophia Mission will make 3D digitalized images of the excavated objects and keep the data in this museum, making it an Angkor digital museum. In the future, the Aeon Corporation and Sophia Mission plan tree-planting activities in the space surrounding the museum. This will serve to highlight environmental protection of the
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Angkor area and create appropriate cultural landscapes adjacent to the Angkor world heritage site. Thank you for your attention.
III-3.6 Presentation of Cambodian Land Mine Museum Project, by Mr Richard FITOUSSI, Director of the Cambodian Land Mine Museum Relief Fund Project; Introduction by Mr Steven RHEAULT-KIHARA, Canadian charg daffaires
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Mr Steven RHEAULT-KIHARA: I am the Canadian charg and I would like to add a couple of words before we begin. A question many of you have asked me is why is the Canadian government interested in this project? I would answer that those who asked are probably not that familiar with Aki Ra who is behind this project and behind the Cambodia Land Mine Museum Relief Fund. When the relief fund came in contact with the embassy, they were already far advanced in their plans. We were very impressed with their activities and we found that they were only encountering some minor bureaucratic difficulties. We made our perspective clear to them on this, which is that ultimately whatever information may or may not have been given in the past, we view the APSARA Authority as the ultimate and definite authority on these questions. It would only be with the permission of APSARA and the Royal Government of Cambodia that any construction could take place, all of which would have to be in complete adherence with the guidelines and all the rules and regulations that had been passed in that regard. To that end, we are delighted to have the opportunity to make a presentation to this august committee so that we could present the bona fides of the project in the context of our respect for the guidelines as they have been laid out.
We mentioned to Aki Ra that we would attempt to get confirmation of our support for this project from the government of Canada. No sooner had we said that and he unleashed his formidable network of subject matter experts and high-profile supporters from all over the world. Our Prime Ministers office was inundated with letters of support from people that seem to have
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Let me say in French that the remarkable thing with the support letters was the extent to which they emphasized that the project was fully in line with the priorities set by the government of Cambodia, including the involvement of local communities. But beyond that, the project is in complete harmony with all the priorities of the government of Canada and our international human safety policy. It was an impressive effort. What it underlined for us was that Aki Ra gets results. And we would like to take this opportunity to say that Aki Ra, a self-confessed maverick with often a larger-than-life reputation, enjoys the full support of the Canadian government with regard to this project.
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One quick word in terms of government support, I did want to make it clear that both the relief fund and the government of Canada have been very happy with the amount of interaction that we have had with the government here, for the most part cooperative and indeed even proactive at times. With the support and endorsement of this body, we think that all stakeholders can resolve what remaining difficulties there in a timely, forwardlooking fashion. I might again emphasize Canadas compliance with the process. Its position is that regardless of the solution finally decided, it must be in accordance with all international obligations, all of the technical directives and all of the priorities of the Royal Government of Cambodia which were clearly expressed and explained yesterday by the Deputy Prime Minister. Thank you.
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Richard FITOUSSI: [OrigE] Since becoming a photojournalist six years ago, I have had the opportunity to see firsthand the effects of war on civilian populations. My experience as a war photographer in Afghanistan, and similarly my days as a documentary photographer in Cambodia have opened my eyes to the reality of land-mine related tragedy on normal, everyday people. When I arrived in Cambodia in April of 2000, my goal was to develop a photographic vision commemorating 25 years of Cambodias recent past, including a land-mine crisis of epidemic proportion. While capturing this photographic reportage, I came across Aki Ra, curator of the Cambodia Land Mine Museum. The land mine museum was a particularly fascinating venue from a humanitarian point of view, as its curator was a former child conscript of the Khmer Rouge turned mine clearer. The museum has a collection of decommissioned mines, bombs and other UXOs. Aki Ra, trained as a licensed deminer with UNTAC in the early 1990s, has since helped reduce landmine related deaths and accidents among his fellow countrymen. During my four-week assignment in Cambodia, I worked alongside Aki Ra and documented the clearance of hundreds of mines. I soon realized that I was not the first journalist to do work alongside him. The land mine museum has been featured in countless documentaries and in journals, including the CNN, the BBC, The Washington Post, The Globe and Mail and Time magazine. Just one week ago, I was at a film festival in Colorado promoting our project and I was surprised to discover that there was another film about Aki Ra on the roster at that festival, which was a great delight. Before ending my documentary in 2000, I asked Aki Ra two questions. The first was why was he doing this dangerous work? He answered: To make my country safe for my people. I then asked him what his dream was for the future. Again he answered: I want a real museum to help educate tourists coming to Siem Reap about the history of Cambodias land mine problem. I also want to help children who have been affected by mines, as well as help orphans, as I too was orphaned at a very young age. Our capability as an NGO has been quite successful in its preliminary roots. We formed an NGO with a proposed Khmer staff so that when we are finished implementing the project at a facility that we plan to construct, it will be transferable to the Khmer people. Our facility was designed by the good people at Texas A&M Universitys College of Architecture, under the leadership of Dr Julie ROGERS, who is here today. These students were amazing. They spent a year on this project and were careful to adhere to Khmer cultural elements especially in the design esthetic of the structure. With regard to our humanitarian efforts, we plan to include in this new facility a rehabilitation center with assistance in the form of prosthetic devices. Dr Nina COLE, from Rotary Club International in Toronto, has already raised the funds and we only need to get the facility built so that we can start operating the center and provide locals and people without fitted limbs that need outreach programs for limbs. We also plan to enlist two Khmer teachers and provide staff so that we can run a school for the 20 or so children that are now living with Aki Ra at his museum. These children are from the countryside, rescued off the streets of Phnom Penh. Some of them were drug and solvent abusers, and if you go to the museum now and see what he is doing with little or no resources, you will find that he has an incredible success rate. The children are going to school and being cared for. Most importantly, they are being allowed to grow and be nurtured. The motivation behind the project is the museum itself and the story of Aki Ras life as a conscript soldier. As I already said, as a young child, he was conscripted to lay mines for the Khmer Rouge, the Vietnamese and the Cambodian national armies. He later worked as a mine clearer for the United Nations. In 1999, Aki Ra established his museum and his goal at that museum at its roots was to make his country safe for his people.
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On display at the museum now are land mines and unexploded ordinances that have been decommissioned. They are one hundred- percent safe. HALO Trust made a report in 2001 or 2002 certifying that there was no explosive ordinance there, that it was safe. The small museum has been very successful in attracting tourists of all sorts from several countries. The new facility, which will include a museum space, the rehabilitation center, education facilities and a dormitory for the residents and the curator, was designed by Texas A&M University, and we took into consideration the Khmer aesthetic. In addition to designing this facility, the students of Texas A&M took it upon themselves to form a relief effort and raised USD 10,000 to help pay for construction. As for the time line of our effort, we have raised the necessary seed capital, found a site for construction, formed an NGO and were informed by our board of directors in Cambodia that we would have to adhere to four basic principles of design. Those principles are that construction must be of wood, the maximum height is nine meters, the design must reflect the Khmer esthetic and a site plan and architectural plan must be submitted. Legal incorporation has taken place. The site that we have purchased has been developed for construction. Our designs were submitted to the chief of Pouk district and a local permit has been granted. Application for a building permit was submitted to APSARA, bids were tendered and a contract secured with a builder. Some of our supporters are just amazing and they come from all scopes across the planet: Tom SHADYAC, from Los Angeles, the director of many of the Jim Carey films, donated USD 85,000 to the project and he is a firm supporter of what we are doing. The Paul and Linda McCARTNEY Foundation has endorsed us, as well as James GAGNON, director of the Office of Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam Affairs, United States Department of State, and Senator Patrick LEAHY. The new Cambodia Land Mine Museum, Prevention and Rehabilitation Center will respect traditions of Khmer culture and architecture; allow for sustainable development; provide educational and training opportunities for child survivors of land mine accidents; encourage international partnerships for global development opportunities; augment the economic base of Siem Reap; and develop outreach services to the people of Cambodia. At every step in this project, we have made it a point to reflect in our own objectives the priorities and commitments undertaken by the Cambodian government as it strives to preserve its cultural heritage. For example, by integrating and educating local youth into this program, it attempts to preserve local lifestyles and promote Khmer culture. There are obvious benefits for local tourism as it promotes sustainable social programs and harbors international partnerships for responsible global development opportunities. Please help us and let this project come to fruition. Thank you very much. Comment by Mr Claude JACQUES, ad hoc expert: I would like to congratulate this NGO for this project, but I heard no mention of Handicap International which has been working in Cambodia and has done a wonderful job in Siem Reap nor of our friend Colonel Jean-Pierre BILLAULT, the former director of CMAC, who spent over 10 years helping demine virtually all of the Angkor site. So I trust that the museum will include mention of them. Thank you. Comment by Ros Borath: I have a small request with reference to the National Road 67 presentation. I would ask to clarify with our colleague from the Ministry of Public Works and Transport that the right-ofway going south of Chau Srei Vibol is close to the commune of Ballang. Thank you.
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Comment by Mounir BOUCHENAKI: Given that we are running behind time, I would like very briefly to express the thanks and appreciation of the secretariat for the different presentations that were made on the general theme of infrastructure work, as well as the last two projects presented, namely the Buddha Statue Museum, funded by the AEON Group, and the Cambodia Land Mine Museum presented by the representative of the Canadian government and Mr Richard FITOUSSI. Obviously, these projects will prove to be enriching as far as setting up cultural institutions is concerned. The presence of a museum always assumes that there will be active involvement on the part of the local community. Museums provide a very strong structuring element for community and foreign visitor education and access to information. Of course, this committee is here to express an opinion on the various proposals that are presented to it, and I am sure that the secretariat will align itself with the viewpoint expressed by the committee, that is, the wish that initiatives such as these two initiatives be supported. The problem that I would like to raise is the following: UNESCO received a letter from the Prime Minister of Canada about this project, inasmuch as we are workingand that is the reason why there are so many experts gathered here in support of the Cambodian Authoritieswe have been working for years now to see to it that this Angkor site, the protected zone, continues to benefit from both the legal protection and the institutional protection of the Cambodian authorities in the framework of compliance with the 1972 World Heritage Convention. As you know, one of the obligations of this conventionand I know that our Canadian friends are very familiar with it because among the experts that we consult regularly is the Director of National Parks Canada, Ms Christina CAMERONis that we ask that countries submit to the World Heritage Committee any project or setup, any infrastructure work slated to be done within the protected area of a site that is on the World Heritage List. That is an obligation to be pointed out by the UNESCO secretariat. When this project will come up before the World Heritage Committee for further advice, obviously we, as the secretariat, have to point out the 1972 convention obligations incumbent upon member states. UNESCO as an international cultural and education institution is 100 percent in favor of setting up a museum as a witness to the horrors of war, a witness to what Mr FITOUSSI eloquently described, this work done by NGOs, by those who suffered, by those who seek to provide enlightenment about it, this thing that must never happen again, namely these antipersonnel mines. To the extent that we are in agreement in principle, with the concept, to the same extent I would like to state here before the International Coordinating Committee a reservation with regard to the location slated for implementation. It was explained to us that this project would go up in what is referred to as Zone 2, namely the zone that normally is protected and non aedificandi (construction prohibited) for anything not related to security. So in the presence of HE Mr SOK An, I would like to propose that the project be accepted, of course, but that the Government of Cambodia try to make an alternative piece of land available, inasmuch as there are, fortunately, still many sites available where this museum could be set up and still benefit from the visibility and convenience that none of us here deny it. Thank you.
III-3.7 Update on the Museum of Traditional Asian Textiles, by Mr SHARMA, First Secretary of the Embassy of India
The Museum of Traditional Asian Textiles was announced by our Prime Minister during his visit here in April 2002. It is a collaborative effort of six countriesCambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and India. The APSARA Authority is coordinating things from the Cambodian side and they have already allotted a piece of land in a prime tourist development zone in Siem Reap. The meetings of experts have taken place and the
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architect has also been selected by the APSARA Authority. Two designs have been submitted for the construction, which are being looked at by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations. Briefly, the museum is likely to have the following components: A permanent exhibition to show the variety and richness of the traditional Asian textiles, their weaving, dyeing, warp and webs. There will be a souvenir shop and training area so that textile crafts can be taught by master craftsmen from various countries, a design center which will work with design institutes in LDC countries in order to use these textiles in current styles, a multifunction auditorium and an open space for cultural performances, research and collection, education, special activities for children and conservation of textiles. The proposal is to have a thematic permanent exhibition to include the following themes: to show the diversity of the material, tools used in the production of textiles, techniques employed, diversity of range of structures of textiles, design, dyes and usage. The government of India and the Royal Government of Cambodia are working together closely to make this museum a reality. Thank you.
III-4 TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

III-4.1 Presentation of Projects for New Tourist Itineraries, by Ms CHAU SUN Krya, Director, DDTA - APSARA
In July 2004, the Angkor Tourism Development Department under the APSARA Authority drew up a technical list of new itineraries. This was in order to make routes available in addition to the existing Petit Circuit and Grand Circuit. The goal is to encourage tourists to stay longer by offering them more things to see, as well as to improve the management of tourist flows and implement routes to relieve congestion at peak times. Two proposals have been finalized and another twenty or so are on the drawing board. I would like to present the two that have been finalized: 1) The first one is Kampong Phluk, a village on stilts, located on the edge of Tonle Sap Lake, about 20 km out of Siem Reap. It is a location that highlights the exceptional natural environment of the flooded forest that was mentioned this morning. Tonle Sap Lake, the largest freshwater lake in Southeast Asia, includes a recognized biosphere reserve. Linked to the Mekong by the river bearing the same name, Tonle Sap Lake is surrounded by six provinces. The lake increases and shrinks in size according to the season, with a fourfold enlargement of its surface from 2,700 km2 during the dry season to over 12,000 km2 during the rainy season. Its flooded forest is one of a kind, providing a habitable area and a crucially important food supply source. The Tonle Sap accounts for 60 percent of the national fish production. Three million people, one quarter of the population of Cambodia, live on the lake or its flooded plains. The Great Lake forms a harmonious but also sensitive balance for the fish and bird life as well as the human settlement in the form of many floating villages or villages on stilts along its shores. The tourism potential of the Tonle Sap is currently under-exploited in the province de Siem Reap. There are four main access points to the Great Lake: The floating village of Chong Kneas, Siem Reap district; Kompong Phluk, Prasat Bakong district, Kompong Kleang, Sony Kom district, Pok, P district. Today, I would like to speak to you today about Kompong Phluk. The Kompong Phluk village on stilts is 25 km south of Siem Reap, in Bakong district. The houses on stilts are erected along one of the dikes that structure an ancient canal leading to the Great Lake. There is water in the village year round, although the level varies with the season. However, this
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year, the water has completely receded. Kompong Phluk village changes faces depending on the season. It is empty during the dry season, as many of the people leave the village and take up temporary residence along the retreating shoreline. Currently, few tourists visit Kompong Phluk. It is not given much mention in tourist guidebooks. Only a few travel agencies offer it as a place to go, so there is not much in the way of tourist commodities. There is no place to stay or to eat at Kompong Phluk. We would like to emphasize right now in the presence of the APSARA Authority and the international community that it is important to take precautions to ensure a controlled development of tourism in this area. We made a quick diagnosis of the strengths and weaknesses of the location. It is on the shores of the Great Lake, a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, and near Siem Reap. It boasts a tremendously rich natural environment (flora and fauna), quality landscapes, charm and authenticity. The people work at making fishing gear. There are not a lot of tourists visiting the place. Overall, it is an ideal site for ecotourism. However, if many tourists start coming and there is no control, development could become anarchistic. Infrastructure and amenities are basically nonexistent. Tourism could upset local livelihoods and negatively impact the ecosystem. If we want to use the site for tourism, this has to be done in the context of sustainable development, keeping it friendly for both the environment and the village community. We therefore studied a natural and cultural heritage approach (highlighting the flooded forest, fishing and traditional activities connected with the lake). In order to preserve the site, a number of measures have to be taken, including setting visitor quotas, cutting down on the use of motorboats and promoting the use of traditional boats. This is a good itinerary for the rainy season because of the green of the rice fields, higher water level and accessibility. This would be useful in the context of lessening the impact of seasonal variation. Also, a visit to Kompong Phluk could be combined with other sites: Trip 1: Kampong Phluk Roluos temples; Trip 2: Kampong Phluk Pradek village sunset at Sras Srang (to take pressure off of Phnom Bakheng and Angkor Wat); Trip 3: Chau Srei Vibol Kampong Phluk; Trip 4: Roluos temple Kampong Phluk shores of the Tonle Sap and its flooded forest sunset at Phnom Krom; Trip 5: Kampong Phluk and other villages on the lake near Siem Reap. 2) I would now like to describe very briefly a botanical tour of the Angkor Thom forest, which we have almost finalized with the Department of Water and Forestry under the APSARA Authority. The idea is to tour the temples from a completely different standpoint, namely a walk through the Angkor Thom forest with its greenery, its birds and the humming of cicadas. There are a number of small boeungs that can be visited, as well as a number of minor temples. The routing is as follows: Location: Angkor Thom forest Access: existing trail Type: sightseeing tour Theme: flora and fauna discovery hike Distance: about 3 km from east to west Time: 1 to 1.5 hours nonstop or 2 to 3 hours with stops (bird watching at Boeung Thom). Among the itineraries that are still on the drawing board, we are giving priority to soft means of conveyance to tour the temples and their surroundings, such as elephant rides. We are giving special attention to routes that can be traveled using a battery-run bicycle, by elephant or on foot. Some of the routes we are studying are theme-based, such as chronology or architecture. The emphasis is on the Angkor civilization rather than the monuments alone. For example,
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the apsara sculptures can be viewed from an approach of their evolution from one temple to another. There are also discovery routes for the villages of Angkor, urban and peri-urban routes, along with combination routes to remote sites. Let me add in conclusion that these routes have been tested by our team. We are looking into the necessary amenities, such as in Angkor Thom, with the Department of Water and Forestry. We will then try them out with travel agencies before moving into an advertising campaign and travel brochure distribution for the public. Thank you for your attention.
III-4.2 Updates on New Tourism Projects, by HE Mr TEP Henn, DGA APSARA, Assisted by Ms ANG Sokun and Messrs TES Sothy and NGETH Sothy, APSARA
TEP Henn: I have the pleasure of taking the floor after my colleague to present our tourism projects to you, which include: Implementing the mandatory arrangement for monument visitors to wear plastic shoes; Contracts for electric shuttles, The battery-run bicycle project; The project for a lookout point on Phnom Bakheng; and The new entrance fee structure that will include the book Cambodia Guide for Tourism and Investment. 1) With regard to the plastic shoes that visitors will be required to wear, a contract has been signed. We are now waiting for the technical project from the firm. We have asked for a trial period in order to check on the quality of the product and tourist satisfaction. After the trial period, we will see if the contract will be confirmed or renegotiated. 2) Concerning the contract for electric shuttles, a contract had been drawn up but was forwarded in full with all its clauses and conditions to a new firm. If new clauses have to be added, both parties will get together to discuss them. I now give the floor to my colleagues, Ms ANG Sokun, who will talk about the battery-run bicycles, Mr TES Sothy for the setting of a telescope viewpoint on Phnom Bakheng and Mr NGETH Sothy on the new ticket price, which will include the book Cambodia Guide for Tourism and Investment. ANG Sokun: [OrigE] Tourism development in Cambodia is increasing considerably from year to year. In 2004, Angkor received more than 560,000 visitors, which accounts for a 53.16 percent share of the Cambodian market. The level of tourist numbers is expected to continue increasing. Several projects have been implemented and are linked with other stakeholders in order to facilitate better access to the monuments for visitors and sustain the world heritage site of Angkor. Due to the rapid growth of tourism, to meet the tourist demand, various modes of transportation have been used in Angkor Archeological Park. Those modes of transportation have a number of drawbacks that can harm the tourist experience, such as smoke, odor, noise, crowding, etc. This is a source of harm for both the temples and the environment. In order to address the above problems, the use of electric bicycles is being promoted to minimize the negative environmental impacts caused by tourism. Firstly, electric bikes do not produce smoke, odors or noise. They are small in size, which results in an economy of space and much less crowding. Secondly, electric bicycles offer a very simple means of transportation. They are easy to ride, slower, safer and cheaper than other vehicles. Moreover, they are also small enough to allow tourists to visit many areas that are not accessible to larger vehicles. With electric bicycles, tourists can get closer to nature and the
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authentic culture of the local park inhabitants. Thirdly, Cambodia is developing cultural and nature tourism, and the electric bicycle project is well suited to the potentiality of Angkor, as the focus is on conservation of the temples as well as preservation of the environment. Let me point out the main characteristics of the electric bicycles. Each bike weighs 38 kg and has a standard speed of 20 km per hour. It can handle a load of 150 km. However, it will take 2 to 8 hours to charge the battery, which can last for a distance of 45 km. The electric bicycle service will be available from August 2005. To get the service, both international and domestic tourists pay only USD 3.50 each for one day of use. They can also contact the head office, which is located close to the checkpoint near the Red Cross Garden. Moreover, 14 stations will be situated at different temples on the grand circuit and petit circuit so that tourists can get a battery change or simply park the bicycles there while making a temple visit. Finally, I would like to make a small remark. Preserving the environment is everyone's duty. Using the electric bike in Angkor Archeological Park enables tourists to contribute to conservation of the environment and the temples. Thank you for your attention. TES Sothy: [OrigE] Thank you for the opportunity to present the creation of a lookout point for tourists at Phnom Bakheng. The Department of Angkor Tourism Development and the Department of Monuments and Archaeology 1 have been working together to monitor each temple in Angkor Park in order to take conservation and preservation measures. As a result, we found that Phnom Bakheng is confronted with a dangerous situation, with 2,500 visitors at sunset time, thus overwhelming the carrying capacity of the site. The basement and tiers of the pyramid have been damaged and further crumbling threatens. In order to address this problem, the APSARA Authority plans to preserve the temple in cooperation with the World Monuments Fund. Furthermore, the Department of Angkor Tourism Development and the Department of Monuments and Archaeology 1 suggested a solution to facilitate tourist visitation at Phnom Bakheng. This includes opening parts of the temple daily from morning until 4 p.m. The pyramid of the temple would be closed at 4 p.m. but tourists would be allowed to rest at terrace at the top hill without climbing to the temple in order to prevent more damage on the site. The APSARA Authority has been pruning selected trees and vegetation in order to provide a view from north trail. It is planned to set up telescopes for tourists at Phnom Bakheng to allow them to enjoy the beautiful landscapes of the whole Angkor area. According to our research on Phnom Bakheng, 80 percent of visitors focus on the sunset and the rest on the temple. In order to avoid overcrowding at this temple, especially at sunset time, other sites are being promoted, such as Phnom Krom, the Western Baray, Pre Rup, Sras Srang and Bakong, which sites also offer very scenic panoramas. Thank you. NGETH Sothy: I have the honor of informing the ICC about the new entrance ticket rate, which includes a book about Cambodia entitled Cambodia Guide for Tourism and Investment, prepared jointly by the Council of Ministers and the APSARA Authority. As we all know, the increase in the price of gasoline is having an economic impact on almost all countries in the world, including Cambodia. Today we are outlining the new entrance ticket prices for Angkor Archaeological Park, to be increased as follows: - from USD 20 to USD 23 for one day, - from USD 40 to USD 43 for three days, - from USD 60 to USD 63 for one week. The public was informed of the change in entrance ticket prices to Angkor Archaeological Park in the local newspapers Raksmei Kampuchea, Koh Santepheap and Kampuchea Thmei in early May 2005.
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As a souvenir, we have prepared a 150-page illustrated full-color book, with helpful information about the various tourist zones including Phnom Penh and its surroundings, the coastal zone, ecotourism in northwestern Cambodia and the Siem Reap / Angkor region which is the center of cultural and nature tourism as well as the heartland of Cambodian art and the Khmer civilization. The book was reviewed by the Royal Academy of Cambodia and the Committee for the Development of Cambodia. It includes reference documents from the ministries concerned. It will be published in three other languages: Japanese, Korean and Chinese. The purpose behind publishing this book is to enable foreign tourists to become more familiar not only with the tourism potential throughout Cambodia, as well as to make available to foreign investors information about the investment law and procedures in the Kingdom of Cambodia. Additionally, the book outlines the history of Cambodia, the very ancient Khmer culture and civilization in Southeast Asia. It also outlines the achievements of the Royal Government over the last ten years. This information package about Cambodia was designed with both the tourist public and foreign investors in mind. We trust that it provides a positive, attractive image of Cambodia as it takes a very broad look at its potential as well as the work done by the Royal Government over the last ten years to promote economic development and poverty alleviation. We also hope that the private sector with its varying degrees of interest in this book can give us input to improve its quality and effectiveness. Thank you for your attention. Comments by Claude JACQUES: If I understood correctly, work is soon to start on Phnom Bakheng. Is it a good idea right now to increase the number of tourists on this temple? Would it be possible to delay the project for a while? Thats a suggestion. Now, with regard to the increase in the ticket price to visit the Angkor group, I have nothing to say if the Royal Government feels that the price should go up. That is its privilege. But I did not see how the increase in the price of gasoline relates to the increase in the entrance ticket price. There must surely be other reasons, it doesnt matter, but it seems a pity to me to include the Cambodia Guide, which could be distributed in some other way, with no doubt greater benefits. If you have a family of five and they end up with five copies of this guide, thats quite a few. Perhaps they can be more effectively distributed in another way, at the hotels, or something like that, Thank you. Comment by John SANDAY: John SUNDAY expressed his surprise at hearing about APSARA setting up the lookout point. The WMF had not been informed about it, although the treatment of the monument had recently been entrusted to the WMF, including plans for tourists to be able to enjoy the panoramas from Phnom Bakheng. He found the project regrettable and asked that it be postponed and for the WMF and APSARA to work together on it. He felt it was very important for more open communication to take place upstream between the WMF and APSARA. Update by HE Ms OUM Somanine, Under-secretary of State in Charge of ASEM (Asia-Europe Meeting) I would like to brief the gathering on a matter in line with the presentation of tourism development projects that was given by the Angkor Tourism Development Department. A sustainable development project will soon be submitted in the framework of the Asian European Meeting or ASEM. I would first of all like to introduce briefly the ASEM so that this gathering can properly understand the process for submitting this project for consensual approval.
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The ASEM or Asia-Europe Meeting came into being as a forum for dialogue at the joint initiative of France and Singapore in 1994. The declared purpose was to strengthen a new partnership between these two regions. The ASEM was expanded for the first time at the Hanoi Summit in October 2004. The ten new members of the European Union and three Asian countries (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar) joined the ASEM, which now has 25 European countries, the 10 members of ASEAN plus three (Japan, Korea, China) and the European Commission. The ASEM is primarily an informal, intergovernmental, consensual forum and does not have own-source funds. It is a broad dialogue based on three pillars: the major global and regional challenges confronting international society; economic and financial issues; other areas of cooperation or the social, cultural and intellectual pillar. Cambodia as a new member of the ASEM decided to present an initiative project in partnership with France. We identified a sustainable development project relating to ecotourism and culture, with help from APSARA. It involves the lake village of Kompong Phluk, The Flooded Forest, located in the area of the Angkor site, cultural heritage of mankind, and the Tonle Sap world biosphere reserve. This project fulfills all of the selection criteria contained in the Hanoi Declaration on Dialogue among Cultures and Civilizations, at the 5th ASEM of heads of state and government in October 2004, which highlights the importance of concerted actions for dialogue among cultures and civilizations and contains the decision to continue cooperation in ASEM by putting priority on such things as promoting sustainable, responsible cultural tourism: - Promoting the preservation and rational use of natural and cultural heritage, - Exchanging experiences on the sustainable and responsible development of cultural tourism, - Promoting and sustaining cooperation in human resources development, in order to increase the sustainability of responsible cultural tourism as a tool for poverty alleviation. Each initiative project of the ASEM must have the prior consensus of the 39 members. It would therefore be advantageous for us to obtain the broadest possible support of countries who could act as cosponsors.
III-5 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

III-5.1 Results of the Population Census in Angkor Archaeological Park, by Mr TAN Boun Suy, APSARA
I invite you to consult the discussion paper that was passed out to all in attendance. My presentation is in three parts, first the objective, then the methodology used and finally a word about the interpretation of the results. Angkor Archaeological Park is made up of three sections, the Banteay Srei complex to the north, the central Angkor complex and the Roluos group in the south. As you know, there are to protected areas, Zone 1 and Zone 2, in which the population level is to be kept at an acceptable level. My department was assigned to take stock of the population status in Zones 1 and 2. We felt it would be good to repeat the data collected previously, in 1993, 2003 and 2004, for purposes of comparison. Regarding the methodology, in 1994, we have the UNTAC results from a census it took. In 2003, the Department of Culture collected data from the territorial authorities. The bottom
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line was the location of the villages administrative center. If it was located within the protected zone, all households were counted, even though some of them were outside, which is the case of villages that straddle the boundary. Of course, the opposite situation sometimes prevailed. During August and September 2004, the Department of Population and Development followed basically the same method used in 2003. Most village chiefs do not make a distinction between households inside or outside of the protected area. From October 2004 to May 2005, the Department of Population and Development conducted a census and I now invite Miss NEOU Chariya to tell you something about the results. NEOU Chariya: [OrigE] Our goal was to take a complete census of families in Zones 1 and 2, in close cooperation with the local authorities, such as the district, commune and village officials. We made preliminary contacts with them so that they could assist us by informing the villagers about our activity and encouraging them to cooperate with us. We asked heads of households to complete a questionnaire and we took photographs of each family head. The family registration book was used as the basic document. The family composition was recorded, including the age, sex and relationship of the members, the type of house, the size of the land on which it was constructed. The information was put in a database for quick reference. TAN Boun Suy: [TR] Below is a table showing the results of our census. 1993 Number of districts Number of communes Number of villages Number of families Total population 2003 5 19 102 17,936 100,907 Aug. to Sept. 2004 5 21 112 17,117 98,049 Oct. 2004 to May 2005 5 21 112 19,601 99,108
20,000
The work done by UNTAC in 1993 shows only 20,000 people in Zones 1 and 2. Ten years later, in 2003, for 17,936 families, there was a population of 100,907. One year later in 2004 when my team came on the scene, we found a lower number of families and people. And a little over one year after that, when we took our census, the number of families had increased, while the population figure remained under 100,000 inhabitants. What do we find? From 1993 to 2003, there was a fivefold population increase. Between 2003 and 2005, it is hard to say because the methods used were different. But some trends can be noted. From 1993 to 2003, there was a fivefold jump in the population figure, whereas from 2003 to 2005, it seems to have stabilized. Thank you for your attention.
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III-5.2 Briefing on Artisans dAngkor and the Chantiers-coles de formation professionnelle, by HE Mr TAN Sambon, APSARA Deputy Director General and AA Chairman, and Mr PRIM Phloeun, AA Business Manager
Today I am pleased to introduce Artisans dAngkor. It is a mixed enterprise private corporation, with a minority public partnership. This mixed private-public structure means that Artisans dAngkor is an innovation. One of its terms of reference is to provide skills development to young people with a poor education so that they can practice high value added trades in their home villages. This gives them the opportunity to express their talents and skills and thereby revive and transfer knowledge while enhancing Khmer cultural identity, which is a vital component of Cambodias intangible heritage. I would like to begin by giving you some brief background information about Artisans dAngkor. It stated in 1992, with the establishment of the Chantiers-coles de formation professionnelle (On-the-Job Vocational Training Schools). This was a Cambodian public institution as well as a vocational school established to meet the need for accelerated training and school-to-work transition for young people in rural communities. Subsequent to the establishment of these schools, in 1998, the European Union provided funding for the REPLIC project over a three-year period in order to establish a legal framework to perpetuate the work done by Artisans dAngkor and replicate this model countrywide. In 2003, under the impetus of HE Mr SOK An, the semipublic company Artisans dAngkor was formed. Currently, Artisans dAngkor is considered to be an economic development model for Cambodia. In 2005, Artisans dAngkor is providing a livelihood directly or indirectly to 5,000 people in Siem Reap province. Artisans dAngkors purpose is to develop the craft industry sustainably and equitably in the Siem Reap / Angkor region. The trades include woodcarving, stone sculpture, silk weaving, stone patina and lacquering, polychrome on wood and painting on silk. In 2000, Artisans dAngkor had a staff base of about 400 people. In 2004, it had almost doubled in size, with 730 people, of which 555 are craftsmen. By late 2005, plans call for a further increase to 900. Currently, the craftsmen are deployed in the stone workshop (106), the rural wood workshop (111), three rural lacquer workshops (89) and eight silk workshops (245). As for the training and job transition, craftsmen who work for the company receive initial training free of charge. It is provided over a period of six to eight months by the Chantiers-coles de formation professionnelle and Artisans dAngkor. This is followed by an apprenticeship period of three to six months on the premises of Artisans dAngkor, where they are assigned to one of the 13 local workshops or to production on the Artisans dAngkor sites. In tandem with this training, there are also refresher courses given by Artisans dAngkor to help the craftsmen progress in their trade. A word about the social benefits offered by Artisans dAngkor. For the sustainable and equitable development of the craft industry, Artisans dAngkor has implemented equitable work conditions. It also provides the craftsmen with a high compensation and salary range, as well as social and medical insurance. It also endeavors to set up the work centers near the craftsmen. And it promotes a capital sharing arrangement for the Khmer craftsmen. They currently hold 20 percent of the companys capital. Artisans dAngkor has 13 rural workshops in Siem Reap province. These rural workshops contribute to stemming the rural exodus, creating village economic zones and thereby transferring knowledge right in the villages of Siem Reap.
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Now, over 140,000 visitors a year come to visit Artisans dAngkor. In Siem Reap, we have had 120,000 people visit so far in 2005. Over 20,000 visitors have gone to see the National Silk Center in 2005. Artisans dAngkor is a showcase of traditional Cambodian expertise, the fundamental values of which are authenticity, quality and strong Khmer cultural identity. The design team does in-depth research on the philosophical, symbolical and conceptual roots of traditional Cambodian culture. Artisans dAngkor is also a tourism development stakeholder in Cambodia. In this capacity, Artisans dAngkor contributed to decorating the Pansea Hotel, the international airports of Siem Reap and Phnom Penh, as well as the Amansara and Victoria Hotels in Siem Reap. 2005 promises to be a particularly busy year for Artisans dAngkor. It is sharing in decoration and promotion in the Cambodia Pavilion at the World Fair in Aichi, Japan. In October, it will do the interior decorating of a castle in Dordogne, France. In November, Artisans dAngkor has been invited to design and produce exclusive items for the Jayavarman VII Gallery in Paris VIe. Thank you for your attention. Comment from the co-chairman for France: This presentation ensures us that this development model will indeed be sustainable. We were impressed by the skills developed by Artisans dAngkor for the conservation and reproduction of the traditional techniques of woodworking and stone work as well as the transfer of knowledge regarding traditional arts and crafts, something essential for all of the work sites monitored and that are used by restoration teams in Angkor Park.
III-5.3 Awareness-raising Activities and Support for Communities in Angkor Park, by Mr KHUON Khun Ney, DMA2 Director, APSARA
My presentation will focus on awareness-raising activities and support for communities in Angkor Park. These were not activities exclusively performed by the Department of Monuments and Archaeology 2, which is under my direction, but it is the result of teamwork on the part of all management-level staff in the various APSARA Authority departments: Angkor Tourism Development, Central Administration, Water and Forestry, Population and Development, the joint intervention group, as well as DMA 1. I would first like to refer to the protection zoning plan that you saw earlier to emphasize the fact that this protected area plan was determined by Royal Decree No. 001 NS in 1994, based on the ZEMP (Zoning and Environmental Management Plan) recommendations. Zones 1 and 2 apply to the Banteay Srei temple, the Angkor complex and Roluos group, totaling 400 km2. As Mr TAN Boun Suy just indicated, there has been a tremendous population jump from 22,000 people in 1992 to something like 100,000 today. That translates into a density of 250 people/km. Considering the size of that figure, the government could no longer just let the population keep on growing, so it issued a number of directives, notably Directive No. 70 of November 2004 that attempts to stop further buildings from going up in the protected areas. On the other hand, Directive No. 70 allows the people to enjoy the use of their respective properties, the land that they have occupied for such a long time, to upgrade their housing and leave them to their heirs. As far as the protected areas are concerned, the first thing we did was put in boundary marker posts. These red-topped posts mark off Protected Zone 1, the blue-topped ones Protected Zone 2, so that everyone, the local authorities and communities alike, can identify where these zones start and end.
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We also put up information signs for those concerned, so that they would know what their rights are as people living in the zone. The APSARA Authority also prepared some legal briefing books and information folders for distribution to the people. Initiatives to invite input from the people were taken. Letter boxes were set up, 11 altogether in the five districts. Letters are collected once a week. Two free telephone lines were put in for the people, in order to get feedback on the APSARA Authoritys policies for protection of the cultural zones. The mass mediaradio, television and the print media were also used. The APSARA Authority alone cannot care for all of this work. Trainers were trained, firstly the staff of the APSARA Authority, who were given all the information needed so that they could go out into the villages and brief the people. The cultural police unit was also given training. The provincial police were likewise trained so that they would be in a position to provide proper information to the people. We are undertaking another activity as well, that is awareness raising among the communities, notably students, some of whom are attending universities in Siem Reap, others going to high school, so they can take the message back to their families. Given the connection between the Angkor heritage site and the Buddhist religion, as well as the fact that it is a living site, the protected area is home to at least ten pagodas. Monks need awareness raising with regard to protecting the cultural site. Of course, we also go right to the villagers themselves and conduct information and education sessions. We take advantage of various dealings with other stakeholders such as NGOs in order to make sure proper information is conveyed to the villagers. With regard to support for the communities, our first area of concern is habitat in the park. We have a department for consultation, one for architecture and another for monitoring. The habitat consultation departments job is to advocate preservation of the Khmer character. People are allowed to repair or renovate their houses, but in keeping with the Khmer style. We have some guidelines regarding the color and height. Additional information is given on sanitation. Each time a building permit is issued, we explain the matter of sanitation and encourage the parties concerned to put a toilet in their house or at least in their back yard. Another problem we have to deal with is fuel wood. The law forbids cutting down trees, but that is not enough. People need fuel wood to cook their daily meals. So we have to give them an alternative. Wood used to be very abundant, but times have changed. Wood is becoming rare and the trees must be preserved. So we have to teach the people how to plant trees, such as hedges around their houses. We have identified some local trees traditionally used for that. The Department of Water and Forestry and the Department of Population and Development have even gotten nurseries underway where young trees are grown for distribution to the people who can plant live hedges from which they can harvest firewood. As for the architecture department, it offers advice. When a family wants to build a house, this department shows them the types of houses that are allowed in harmony with the size of the family, etc. If the family agrees, the architectural plans are drafted. The monitoring department makes sure that the proposed plans are complied with. We are thinking about setting up an interpretation center on traditional Khmer habitat. We are looking for an appropriate piece of land. We will put up a model house as a reference. The population is given support in a number of other ways. Last year, for instance, the region suffered from a long drought. The Department of Water and Forestry under the APSARA Authority went to the villages to help pump water from ponds and rivers to irrigate the rice fields. Their work also involved irrigation network maintenance. Some of the structures exist since the Angkor period and are used to channel water for agriculture. In the interests of public relations, we sometimes make small gifts to the people, such as kramas, T-shirts or rice.
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What we have done up until now is just the beginning. We have to develop a long-term program of community education and awareness-raising in the protected areas. Actually, it would be good to set up a specific unit within the APSARA Authority to look after these matters on a long-term basis. Thank you.
III-6 HUMAN RESOURCES

III-6.1 New Phase in FSP Institutional Support to the APSARA Authority and Heritage School Project, by Mr Michel VERROT, FSP
A discussion paper providing details about the FSP project was handed out to the participants at this meeting, so I will be brief. Yesterday, two components of the upcoming FSP project Angkor Heritage and Sustainable Development, were reported on, that being RESTORATION OF THE BAPHUON and the NATIONAL MUSEUM. Today we will develop INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING and TRAINING. The upcoming FSP project will continue the work already done over the past four years with the APSARA Authoritys technical teams, but now broadening out the capacity-building operation with a three-pronged approach. The first one is at the university level and involves the Royal University of Fine Arts; the second, at the vocational level, remains with the APSARA Authority, and includes the EFEO international teams on the site and a new heritage mission to be established with the Ministry of Culture. Thirdly, there is the level of specialization, the Heritage School. In the previous FSP at the Royal University of Fine Arts, in its Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, we tested what was called an Introduction to Heritage course. It was a two-year course and coincided with the last two years of the curriculum. In this future project, we are proposing to continue this course that proved to be quite successful. International teams, the Japanese and Swiss in particular, have hired a number of students that graduated with this training. A number of them are now taking further training in France. The purpose of this project is to extend the same process to the Faculty of Archaeology but setting up a course called operational archaeology. This university level will be organized with the assistance of French schools of architecture, such as the cole de Paris-Belleville, the cole de Bordeaux, the cole de Toulouse, as well as IPRAUS (Institut parisien de la recherche : Architecture, Urbanistique, Socit). Let us now move to the professional level. The last two days we have heard a lot about technical operational units for skills transfer. We are going to extend skills transfer to the intermediate technical levels of the APSARA Authority to include those in charge of sites and monuments, site managers and team leaders, focusing especially on staff who have already been trained under the previous FSP and on actual work sites, as well as on furtherance of international expertise. The first area of intervention, i.e. skills enhancement, has the advantage of being based on a tested and proven system and approach. However, the second one is based on APSARAs ability, in the near future, to ensure the continuity of the technical and professional skills already acquired. The specialists who were trained under the previous FSP need to become permanent fixtures in their jobs and start becoming trainers of the new generation. I will now quickly brief you on the heritage school. A number of international teams were surveyed in previous years, during the early stages of developing this heritage school. It will basically be built on the model of what was done in Zagreb as well as in the Near East, on what has come to be called the cole de Chaillot.
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The instruction to be given in this center will be offered primarily to the three countries of the sub-region, i.e. Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. The key focus of Cambodia obviously will be young students in the big Angkor family, if I can put it this way. In Laos, they have also already been identified on sites, young people working on the Wat Phu site, which is also has world heritage status, as well as on the Luang Prabang site. The issue of training is essentially one of familiarity with, inventory and technical analysis of urban architectural and landscape heritage, its protection and upkeep, in a word, anything that involves management. The training is based on learning approaches and not, of course, on cut-and-dried formulas. It is therefore of interest to specialists, those who already have their diplomas and who are out working professionally. There will be a ceiling of about 25 students. The training will alternate academic instruction, comparison of experiments linked to laboratory work and hands-on work. The lectures and papers will be presented by international specialists, some of whom will be from Europe, others from ASEAN. The training will be divided into ten one-week sessions spread out over a full year. The proposed process for the faculty involves three levels of skills for the teachers, with the lectures and key teaching classes handled by conservation authorities from Europe or Asia, while experiment comparisons would give priority to Southeast Asia, Angkor in particular. That will be an opportunity for all of our friends here present, the EFEO, GACP, JSA and others. There will be a support team for the hands-on training under the direction of practicum instructors, one for urban heritage and the other for monuments and their environment. The purpose is right from the start of each session to have this training linked to identifying a project for each student to work on throughout the duration of the course. We have also proposed that this training go along with the establishment of a scientific board to provide support for the directorate, with a representative appointed for each Ministry of Culture in the three countries involved, but also experts representing the key restoration institutions in their region: ICOMOS, SPAFA, ICCROM, UNESCO, etc. Over the last two years, initial contacts were made by the mission sent out by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Culture, but we have not followed up on the discussions and contacts made with those persons. However, as soon as the project gets up and running, we will get back to them on a more specific basis. The table on screen shows in red what has already been done and in black what remains to be done. Thank you.
III-6.2 Capacity-building Project at the Royal University of Fine Art Faculties of Archaeology and Architecture, Funded through Japanese Funds-in-Trust, by Mr tienne CLMENT
[OrigE]
We make a report on this project at every session of the ICC, so most of you are already very familiar with it. This project started in 1993, so it has a relatively long record now. It was undertaken by the Royal Government of Cambodia, in particular the Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts, Japanese Funds-in-Trust with UNESCO and UNESCO. This year, we are now finishing the second year of the latest phase of the project, its third phase, which is characterized by the following elements:
The project is now being implemented by the Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts and in particular by the rectorate of the Royal University of Fine Arts, with the support of UNESCO. In the previous phases, implementation was done by UNESCO, which entered into contracts directly with scholars and professors. In this new phase, the UNESCO office is entering into various forms of contracts with the University of Fine Arts and we are also working with the rectorate for a smooth implementation. UNESCOs support also takes place under the advice of a project coordinator, an international staff member, Ms Valrie JULIEN, who was recruited a few months ago. She is based in the faculties at the University of Fine Arts in a facility offered by the government, and I would like to thank the government, the Ministry of Fine Arts in particular, for providing excellent office facilities for the project.
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In the UNESCO office in Phnom Penh, my colleague, Mr Teruo JINNAI, and in UNESCO Paris, my colleague Ms Nao HAYASHI, are also providing support for this project. The project also covers a part of support to financial and administrative management, which is new. We realize, of course, that after now some ten years, the support may not go on forever, so it is important that appropriate know-how be transferred to the university in terms of financial and administrative management. Two other important aspects are that the project involved the creation of two committees, one being the Pedagogical Committee, which experienced some initial difficulty in getting started, but which will be a further support. The idea is to promote harmonization of the curricula of the two faculties. The second committee within the university is called the External Relations Committee. Its name will be changed to the External Relations and Fundraising Committee. Its purpose is gradually to train the administrator of the university to negotiate financial and technical support from other institutions, either public or private, also with a view that one day the project may have to enter into a phasing out procedure. This is a way of helping the university administrator himself care for the fund-raising aspect. There are two other innovations. One of them is that there is now a masters degree program. For the time being, this program is arranged jointly with the Royal Academy of Cambodia. It is also noteworthy that in this new phase all of the professors are Khmer, from Cambodia, as well as some professors who have been teaching abroad, some of them for many years, in various parts of the world, but who are all of Khmer origin. The teaching is now delivered entirely in Khmer, which is also something really worth mentioning as far as the UNESCO support is concerned. The last point is that the evaluation of this phase of the project will start tomorrow. There is a yearly evaluation. After each evaluation, there is then a discussion between the Royal Government of Cambodia, Japan and UNESCO to see whether the project will be extended further. Thank you very much. Comment by the French co-chairman: We are obviously interested in building synergies between the future heritage school and the (FSP) and the RUFA project that has just been presented, in other words encouraging interchange between the on-site training, the training provided on the APSARA teams and the academic training given at the RUFA.
III-6.3 Center for Khmer Studies: Training Activities, by Mr Philippe PEYCAM, CEK
On behalf of the Center for Khmer Studies and its president, Ms Lois De MENIL, I would like to express my appreciation to the co-chairmen for giving our organization another opportunity to present its activities in the area of sustainable development, notably with regard to promoting Cambodian scholars in the humanities and social sciences and helping them find a fulfilling career path in the international scientific community. I would also like to thank the organizers for enabling a CKS postgraduate student, Mr Olivier CUNIN, to present his work before this gathering, and thus demonstrate, as Mr BOUCHENAKI pointed out yesterday, how research, although not having an immediate application, helps to open up new ways that lead to a qualitative enhancement of the development and preservation effort at Siem Reap / Angkor. I will continue my presentation in English: [OrigE] CKS, as an academic organization and consortium, is committed to make use of its domestic and international network of individual scholars and institutions to build human capacities within Cambodia. I would like to highlight three capacity-building activities currently undertaken by CKS in accordance with the institutions mission: Fellowship Program Higher Education Support Program
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Information and Publishing Program
As for CKSs Fellowship Program, CKS offers fellowships to Cambodian and international scholars. We believe that one way to increase the visibility and exposure of international scholarship among Cambodians is to encourage research in Cambodia by scholars from overseas. Currently, thanks to grants provided respectively by the Bureau of Cultural and Education Affairs under the United States Department of State and the Florence Gould Foundation, we operate two major senior individual fellowship programs aimed at American and French senior scholars. Today, 11 individual doctoral and post-doctoral fellows are doing research in Cambodia. Three of them are currently working in the region of Siem Reap / Angkor: Dr Anna GADE, from Oberlin College in the US (comparative Islamic studies), Dr Olivier CUNIN, from Nancy Architecture School (archaeology and architecture), and Ms Fabienne LUCO from Paris VII University (social anthropology). These scholars are often asked to participate directly in events such as conferences, workshops and training projects that I will describe later. The CKS fellowship program also targets Cambodian scholars. It uses its international institutional connections to identify opportunities for selected Cambodians to take MA or even PhD degrees overseas. Currently, four individuals are taking full MA programs: two in Chulalongkorn University (SENG Sary and TAN Sodany, in the social sciences) thanks to a grant from the Sainsbury Trusts in the UK, two in India, at Maghad University (AN Rasmey and CHHONG Kunthea, in classical studies). I take here the opportunity to thank the Indian Embassy for their collaboration with CKS in providing the needed funding for these two promising scholars. In the future, we hope to continue working in partnership with embassies, funding agencies and universities to secure more positions for Cambodian scholars, providing that they meet the selection requirements of these institutions. In fact, these universities, some among the most prestigious in Southeast Asia, still have difficulties to identify Cambodian candidates. They often need a structure like CKS to help in the tasks of information and pre-selection. Negotiations are underway with some universities to receive Cambodian postgraduate students: Chiang Mai University, the National University of Singapore, the University of the Philippines, the International Institute of Asian Studies (Leiden), and Kyoto University. I would also like to highlight the unique success of our summer fellowship program that takes place, every summer, here in Siem Reap / Angkor. Through this program, we wish to encourage potential talents from the United States and France to learn more and perhaps choose to specialize on Cambodia, while we want Cambodians who are preparing themselves to study overseas to interact and work alongside foreign counterparts and take intensive language courses. With funding from the Henry Luce and Florence Gould Foundations, five young American undergraduates, five French and five Cambodian, will spend two full months this summer to learn Khmer language (or English or French for the Cambodians), develop individual research projects, go on field trips, and take regular lectures about Cambodia under the academic oversight of a visiting professor. This year, Dr Peter HAMMER from Michigan University has been selected. He will lecture on critical theory of economic development, with Cambodia as his case study. I should note that as of last year, four of the 10 American and French fellows are of Cambodian origin. This formula has gained tremendous popularity in both the United States and France, and we are encouraged to reinforce it in the coming years as a full fledged, study abroad program. We would also like to include students from countries other than just France and America. Here I would like to thank the APSARA Authority for helping our students to access the historical park of Angkor. It is a unique opportunity that, for many of them, is one of a
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lifetime. The results of their research projects will be forwarded to the APSARA Documentation Center, as was done last year. Another important component of CKSs capacity building activity is its Higher Education Support Program. Entitled Building Institutional Capacity in Higher Education, this threeyear program, with funding from the Rockefeller Foundation and additional support from the Toyota Foundation, aims at reinforcing the curricula of Cambodian universities in the social sciences and at investing in the key human resources of these institutions, the professors. The program that is operating in Phnom Penh consists of a series of six-month training sessions where young Cambodian faculty, after having been selected by an independent academic committee, participate in weekly seminars, field trips overseas, and develop their own individual research projects, under the guidance of a visiting professor. The program focuses on contemporary Southeast Asia within which Cambodia is integrated through a comparative approach. At the end of the three-year program, a diversified curriculum in the social sciences will be made available, with printed materials in English and Khmer made available to the universities. Today, as I am talking, the group of 11 participants, coming from six different Phnom Penh universities, public and private, is going to Ho Chi Minh City on a field trip. They will travel to Thailand later this month, under the supervision of Prof. Duncan McCARGO from the University of Leeds. The program receives institutional oversight from Cambodian university leaders themselves. It does so through an ad hoc advisory council made up of university representatives, under the chairmanship of HE Mr SON Soubert. Their Excellencies KOL Peng, minister of Education, Youth and Sports, and PIT Chamnan, secretary of state for Higher Education, are actively supporting this pilot, inclusive and integrated approach. The program will lead to numerous activities, including a three-day international workshop to be held next year in Siem Reap entitled: Rethinking Mainland Southeast Asia: Comparing Social and Cultural Challenges (February 25-27, 2006). I will complete this description of CKSs human capacity building activities by saying a few words about our Information and Publishing programs. Besides targeting academic individuals and institutions, CKS also wishes to help disseminate quality knowledge in the areas of the arts, social sciences and humanities across the Cambodian community. We are doing so through our specialized public library at Wat Damnak, our website, our public conferences and our publishing and translation projects. I want here to say a few words about our library and publishing activity, because in both case, our efforts are geared towards providing essential intellectual tools that are still lacking in Cambodia. The library collection in Siem Reap continues its development. In the past year, it has added another 400 titles to its list. Our catalogue is fully accessible online. We continue to purchase materials in Cambodia and overseas in the areas of studies related to Cambodia and Southeast Asia. Under the supervision of CKS board member, Dr THONEVATH Pou, our two librarians, OUM Daraneth and MAM Vanary, have been working on making this multidisciplinary collection as user-friendly as possible, as well as a unique depository of information. For scholars in this assembly, I would like to point out that we now have available a large section of PhD and MA theses on various topics related to Cambodia and Southeast Asia. The library is open to all from Monday to Saturday inclusive. Readers will find documents that do not always directly relate to the Angkor temples, but which should enable them to better appreciate the human, social and regional environment within which they lie.
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Finally, CKS is now concentrating its efforts towards building capacities in the activities of publishing and translation of academic reference materials in the Khmer language, at accessible costs. Under the editorial direction of CKS board member, Dr Michel RETHY ANTELME from INALCO, Siksacakr, our annual trilingual journal, is now a peer-reviewed academic periodical that is accepting articles in Khmer, English and French, with all articles being translated into Khmer. Its price remains at a modest $2.5 per issue. I am also pleased to inform you that we have just completed the translation into Khmer of David CHANDLERs famous History of Cambodia. This project, which took over two years to complete, was made possible thanks to funding from the United States Embassy and the Van Waveren Foundation in New York. The books cost is only $3.50 per copy. Before its formal launch, planned next August, we are already experiencing a strong demand. Currently, we are working on the development of a three-year program in academic publishing, which aims at developing capacities in translation and publishing of essential reference materials into Khmer. The program should receive support from the Open Society Institute and the Japan Foundation, with additional funding from the book support unit of the French Embassy. In collaboration with the Royal University of Phnom Penh, the program aims at translating and producing a series of basic reference texts in the social sciences in Khmer, with attached thematic glossaries in the three languages of study. I would like to conclude my presentation by underscoring that CKS remains very committed to link international standard scholarship with the need to build capacities in Cambodia, by training and exposing Cambodian scholars and experts. In echo to what was discussed yesterday, I would like to point out that in addition to state and private corporate sources of funding, the private, non-profit and the NGO sector can also play a significant part in promoting sustainable, human resources development, including the sectors of research, education and culture. Thank you very much for your attention. Comment by HE Mr CHEA Sophorn: Mr CHEA Sophorn highlighted the magnitude of the international effort in terms of monetary and time investment to save the temples. He also underscored the extreme poverty of the Cambodian people and highlighted the poverty alleviation efforts of the Royal Government of Cambodia as it helped people become aware of its heritage and thus make up for this historic memory lapse. Comment by Mounir BOUCHENAKI: To me, this session was, as stated by the preceding contributor, of crucial importance. I truly feel that training is and will remain the major challenge in any operation of this scope. That point was well understood right from the start. The Cambodian authorities asked UNESCO to work with them in an attempt to get training operations up and running. That was all the more meaningful in Cambodia where, as you know, we have a country traumatized by a period in which a significant number of its senior management personnel were eliminated. This genocide was one of the reasons why Cambodia, at the time when peace and stability were restored, found itself without a sound human resources base to enable it to take immediate control of and manage the rich heritage that we have been talking about for two days now. I would like therefore to express my appreciation for all the contributions this afternoon that covered not only the aspect of training, but also, let me stress, the aspects of awareness raising and support to the communities. We feel that they, the Cambodian people themselves, are the real owners and thus are a necessary foundation in whom to build appreciation for their heritage. Then there are the various levels of expertise that are required. The contribution made by Mr Philippe PEYCAM is most reassuring in this regard, as a great many foundations and institutionsthat we take the opportunity here to thankare providing support, are making
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scholarships available to help Cambodian students and scholars. At the same time, I feel that that is an important element in this training strategy, to enrich and promote interchange among Cambodian scholars and scholars in other countries who are specializing in Khmer civilization. Furthermore, and it is a matter of concern for UNESCO in the field of education, that we have knowledge transfer, but there is also this knowledge transfer at various levels of training. We are very often taken up with the need for architects, specialists in art history, curators, etc., but from my own experience I can testify that we have sometimes forgotten that to successfully carry out a heritage safeguarding and presentation operation, we also need all the intermediate trades that sometimes need to be developed, and this has been true in Cambodia. Cambodia, as is true of many countries that have experienced conflicts, lost these intermediate capabilities and skills, the technical skills of the stone mason, the sculptor or the people assigned to glue pieces of pottery back together, people capable of doing a proper excavation, working on an excavation site. There are all these trades that have to be learned and that nowadays would come under the purview of a heritage school. Just today I had a discussion with a representative from the Getty Foundation. I told him about this very important work that is intended to make available to senior staff members in the APSARA Authority all the technical staff they need to develop and implement a genuine conservation policy. So those, I feel, are the things we can learn from these presentations. Of course, we note with much satisfaction that between 1993 and 2005, many Cambodian graduates from the Faculties of Archaeology and Architecture of the Royal University of Fine Arts are now out working in the field. Some of them are now doing research work. So first, we express our deep satisfaction with the results obtained; second, we express our appreciation to all the institutions and countries who are contributing to the training effort: Japan, France and all the institutions mentioned here: ICCROM, the Getty Foundation, and so on. As for the training work that is being done in the field, let me say personally that I was very impressed when we visited various work sites a couple of days ago. Every time without fail the site manager, be it India, Japan or France, would invite a Cambodian colleague, a partner, to make a presentation. That couldnt be done ten years ago. So we are witnessing a most positive transformation, fully in line with UNESCOs policy for education and training, that is, that the countries should be able to be self-sufficient, with their own resources and their own skills, and at that point even be in a position to help others. A couple of years ago when I was involved in the disaster that took place in Iraq, the looting of the museum and illegal digging on archaeological sites, I mentioned the Heritage Police Unit and quoted Cambodia as an example. I hope that one day some Cambodian experts will go to Iraq and show them how it works. Thank you. The French co-chairmen thanked Mr Mounir BOUCHENAKI for his encouraging remarks highlighting the handing over of the relay, the handing over of knowledge to these new generations that are starting to be seen everywhere, as well as on teams around this table. He then announced the conclusion of the fourth and final session.
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IV CLOSING SESSION
IV.1 Statement by the Japanese Co-chairman, Mr INOUE
I would first of all like to extend my deep thanks to all the participants for attending this 14th meeting of the Technical Committee which took place in a very open and constructive atmosphere. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to HE Mr SOK An, Deputy Prime Minister and chairman of the APSARA National Authority for taking his very valuable time to attend this meeting. I also thank Mr BOUCHENAKI, deputy director general for the UNESCO Culture Sector, for making the long trip from Paris to Cambodia. I was most impressed by his succinct, meaningful and encouraging contributions. My gratitude is also expressed to the ICC secretariat for its fine preparation of this technical committee meeting and arranging for us to have this splendid conference hall in which the meeting could be held in ideal conditions. Yesterdays sessions dealt with the themes of safeguarding, conservation and research involving the cultural heritage of Angkor. I was very impressed with the variety and richness of the presentations made by the many international and Cambodian delegations on their ongoing conservation and restoration operations as well as proposals for new projects. This diversity underscores clearly the intensification and enlargement of the international communitys interest in safeguarding the historic site of Angkor, a site of inexhaustible cultural value. I express my heartfelt satisfaction for this. In todays sessions, our discussions focused more on the issue of sustainable development in the areas of urban planning, water and the environment, infrastructure work, rising tourist numbers and involvement of the local communities. We are faced with a knotty problemachieving harmony between the crucial need to save the Angkor sites and that of sustained socio-economic development, as was solemnly pointed out in the Paris Declaration in 2003. The complexity of the issue is such that certainly no fast-track solution can be found. At any rate, it is not simply a matter of choosing between safeguarding the Angkor sites and development. As Mr BOUCHENAKI stated at our informal dinner yesterday, a historic monument is not something buried in the past, but it belongs to the present and even the future. In a word, it is living. I apologize in advance for any misinterpretation or arbitrary parallel, but when thinking about the relationship between man and the historic monuments, I am reminded of the lines of a French poet that I studied in university quite some time ago. It was a poem by Francis Ponge called Parti pris des choses (The Bias of Things), in other words, the overall appearance seen from the angle of things. It his world where, from the viewpoint of this outstanding French poet endowed with a fertile imagination, a stone or a grain of sand is not a dead thing. Rather, they are very much alive, they talk, talk with one another, and even talk to us without our realizing it. Each piece of sandstone at Angkor could tell us its history, reveal its secret. But we have to listen carefully, strain our ears, in order to catch these silent whisperings. I also remember a remark made by a contributor yesterday when we were talking about restoring Ta Prohm. He pointed out the role of the forest in protecting the stone. It would be interesting for me to imagine what Francis Ponge would have said if he were alive and visited Prasat Ta Prohm. I can imagine him saying that the trees and stones communicate with one another, that they are far more talkative and eloquent than men. Maybe he would be right. Historic monuments are living and they still have a long life ahead of them.
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So they must not be killed or left to die. They must be allowed to speak, to speak about themselves, to speak of everything they know. They harbor an inexhaustible source of human wisdom. If they became silent, we would realize that we had lost a truly important, irreplaceable thing. Today, our discussions focused on the problem of the environment. As for me, this is a crucial matter for the safeguarding of historical monuments. One of the ways defined in the Paris Declaration is to achieve a balance between safeguarding activities on the Angkor site and the harmonious, sustainable development of the Siem Reap / Angkor region. In other words, we have to find a peaceful and harmonious way, one that promotes the cohabitation between man, the cultural monuments and nature. Ladies and gentlemen, in my opening speech yesterday, I highlighted the importance of the role played by the APSARA Authority in safeguarding the Angkor heritage. In this context, I am most enthused to note the initiative displayed by this authority in building its capacities to face a new challenge. Words fail me to express just how enjoyable it was to work yesterday and today as co-chairman of this technical committee with my French counterpart, Mr DORDAIN. I am convinced that todays presentations, briefings and discussions will bear fruit in the months to come in the form of a more balanced cohabitation between man, the Angkor site and nature. Many thanks to all the participants for their contributions and cooperation that helped so much in the smooth unfolding of this technical committee meeting. Thank you for your attention.
IV.2 Statement by the Co-chairman for France, Mr DORDAIN

Excellency, the Deputy Prime Minister, in your opening remarks, you outlined four guidelines that provided a framework for our proceedings: 1. You confirmed the competence of the ICC and its secretariat for the collegial review of all projects, regardless of their nature, at the level of the ICC in a multidisciplinary vision. You also reemphasized the need to comply with a structured management of natural resources, starting with water resources. We are fully aware of the role of water as a fundamental element in the development of Angkorian society. Water will remain a crucial factor in the sustainable development of the region. This was unmistakably confirmed by presentations such as those made by the APSARA Authority and JICA experts. In any case, the co-chairmen are actively supporting your request for assistance from UNESCO to prepare development plans for Zone 2. We know that by having available UNESCOs experience and the advice provided by Mr BOUCHENAKI, in the analysis of the great world heritage sites confronted with urban problems such as Carthage in Tunisia, we will be able to find the solutions that you anticipate. There again, the advice of the ad hoc experts on the archaeological aspects will be needed. I take this opportunity to thank again Professors CROCI and Claude JACQUES for their voluntary and enlightened input. You also pointed out that getting the visitor center up and running is a key element for the presentation of the site and promotion of cultural tourism with the dual purpose of firstly being operational and secondly being qualitative and cultural. With the content of this programming approved, we will be able to move into the next step, preparing a list of specifications and then selecting a contractor.
2.
3.
4.
Once again, this meeting of the Technical Committee was able to bring together the highest level of scientific, technical and cultural experts involved in the conservation and presentation of the Angkor region. I note the following highlights of these few days together:
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The very high scientific quality of the presentations made, notably in the archaeological field. They show that heritage is not a finite or frozen notion, but one that is enriched by the research efforts that shape and extend the memory that we have of this glorious past. In support of this, let me mention the master plan for Angkor Thom that is providing an exemplary application of the direct relationship between scientific research and problems linked to management of a site.
These discoveries are only possible to the extent that fragments of the past remain accessible to scholars for observation. The risks of weathering, destruction or obscuring of historical materials must be dealt with, which entails the need to undertake emergency archaeological actions or archaeological surveys. Without these precautionary measures, the discoveries made by the Sydney University team or the APSARA Authority, INRAP and SCA partnership on the airport site would not have been possible.
The complexity of the topics discussed, in which the challenges of monument conservation or safeguarding lead us to consult more frequently our standing secretariat supported by its group of ad hoc experts to whom we once again pay tribute. Also to be noted is the fine spirit of coordination and cooperation now evident on all the international teams working in the field. In his opening statement, the Deputy Prime Minister pointed out the relevance of this international support mechanism to APSARA, the project owner. The French co-chairmanship confirms the renewal of its support to the ICC standing secretariat that is now combining teams from UNESCO and the APSARA Authority.
Emphasis was also placed on developing the human resources of the APSARA Authority in the framework of its personnel policy. In order to take on new terms of reference, the APSARA Authority will have to define new functions and recruit new experts, ensuring them of a future and a suitable compensation package. The needs expressed by HE Mr ROS Borath are very significant, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Naturally, all ICC partners should strengthen national expertise in all fields and contribute to training programs for the junior management-level staff of APSARA.
At this time when the Royal Government of Cambodia will be meeting in a few days with the donor community to review ways of increasing the effectiveness of external aid and improve partner coordination, the ICC asserts itself as a model of coordinated, harmonized management in a major sustainable development sector. This model is completely in line with the millennium development goals espoused by the Cambodian authorities. In conclusion, I would like to convey my heartfelt thanks and congratulations to the APSARA officials, to the ICC standing secretariat and joint teams of UNESCO for the quality of the organization and presentation of the 43 papers that were delivered over the last two days. I think that that is a record both in number and in quality. I also noted that we adopted a record number of recommendations, 17 in all, which is something outstanding and testifies to the energy of this committee. I also praise the arrangements to accommodate 56 delegations and the several hundred participants. My thanks also go to the administrative staff of APSARA and to the interpreters who contributed to the outstanding success of our proceedings. I now give the floor to HE Mr SOK An, Deputy Prime Minister and Chairman of the APSARA National Authority, for his concluding statement.
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IV.3 Statement by the Representative of the Royal Government of Cambodia, HE Mr SOK An

Honorable Co-chairmen, Your Excellencies the Ambassadors, Honorable Deputy Director General for the UNESCO Culture Sector, Honorable Representative of UNESCO, Dear Colleagues, Members of the Royal Government of Cambodia, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen: As we conclude the proceedings of the ICC Technical Committee Meeting that have spanned two days and were broken down into four sessions, I would firstly like to thank the co-chairmen, Messrs Dominique DORDAIN and Susumu INOUE, for the capable way in which they moderated our discussions. Their insightful chairmanship led to our adopting 17 important recommendations that the onus is now upon us to implement without delay. I fully support what Mr Mounir BOUCHENAKI said when reminding us of the conditions that allowed for Angkor to be put on the World Heritage List and can assure you the Royal Government will pursue its policy of respect for the protected areas. With regard to Zone 2 in particular, the buffer zone, I will be reporting to Prime Minister Samdech HUN Sen so that all the necessary action is taken to guarantee the integrity of this zone. I know that on this point I can also count on the support of UNESCO and the members of the ICC, so as to have the necessary expertise available to come up as quickly as possible with a detailed land use plan consistent with the world heritage status of this site, consistent with the principles of sustainable conservation and development. Now with regard to the APSARA Authority of which I am the chairman, I would like to inform you that I am very appreciative of the tokens of confidence voiced by all the teams who have partnered up with APSARA in their operations and in some cases transferring implementation to our experts when the international team projects concluded. I totally agree with the first points mentioned in the recommendations outlined by Mr BOUCHENAKI concerning capacity building in APSARA and the transfer of skills from the seasoned experts to our junior engineers, archaeologists, architects and urban planners, who will be in a position to take on this gigantic task at hand in the future. I have often been involved in reviewing and assessing institutional capacity building projects and I can say very frankly that up till now, these projects have been successful. Capacity building is a very sensitive issue, and many other projects have not met with the success that we have achieved here. We dealt with new phases of cooperation between the international teams, between APSARAs main partners and within APSARA itself. We were able to move from one phase to the next and in each one of these successive phases, we have experienced a strengthening of APSARAs capacities. We are seeing ever more young architects learning to work on a team and take in experience and knowledge from their partners. Lately we have noted a growing number of young Cambodians representing APSARA in presentations made before this committee, explaining what they have done and giving the rationale behind the results of their work. I would like to take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude to the international teams who have given of their energy, their know-how and their hearts to train this new generation of Cambodian specialists and to thank the Japanese government for its continued assistance along with UNESCO in providing academic training in architecture and archaeology to these young Khmer hopefuls.
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I am proud of what the young Cambodian experts are doing and I shall be sure to ask the director general of APSARA to look into this issue of career path, so that Cambodian expertise is strengthened in all of the safeguarding operations. I have duly noted the need to move into the implementation stage on projects that have already been approved, such as the structuring of temple approach areas. I give you my word that is a priority matter. While on the subject of projects, I am very happy with the favorable response to the proposal for a visitor information and intake center that my departments are now working on with UNESCO and the private sector. It is destined to become the nerve center of visitor traffic on the site, showing them the different itineraries available and offering them a variety of modes of transportation. All of the points raised during the four sessions held these last two days can be listed under two headings: conservation and sustainable development. At this meeting, we could sense the application of the spirit of the 2003 Paris Conference. We spoke of the transition from the safeguarding phase to the new phase that we are calling preservation and sustainable development. There was a lot of talk about this at other ICC meetings, but this time, I got the feeling that there was truly something of the spirit inspired by the 2003 Paris Conference. We are putting increasing emphasis on sustainable development. Previously, we broached the subject, but now we are really delving into it in a more thorough manner, which leads me to believe that it is becoming a reality in the Siem Reap / Angkor region. The issue of sustainable development therefore received the full focus of our attention. Whether it involves development in the town of Siem Reap, water management or protection of the environment and forests, coordination between the Cambodian authorities and development partners is vital. Today we heard presentations on water and forests, and as I have often stated, we are putting forth every effort to strengthen APSARAs new department that is concentrating on these crucial problems with an immediate impact on heritage. The APSARA Authority that has this as its key mission will be working to fully play its role in this regard and will ask for assistance from UNESCO in the area of water management. For us Cambodians, water is our most valuable asset and the local communities would be in a real quandary if their needs for clean water and water for irrigation failed to be met. Siem Reap is called upon to become a tourist hub. We need to have a tourist link based on Siem Reap and Phnom Penh, Siem Reap and the northwest, Siem Reap and the Kompong Som sea resort area, as well as a link with the freshwater dolphins in Kratie. I have often asserted in my discussions that tourism can play the role of economic driver for Cambodia, that culture is the economy. Culture makes it possible to develop tourism and gives Cambodia a tremendous potential. Up till now I have often taken as an example the revenue generated by tourism. But the fly in the ointment is that a high percentage of this revenue ends up abroad. In other words, revenue from tourism is estimated at USD 77 million, but a very large amount, as much as 45 percent, is lost to other countries. In other countries, the repatriation of profits is only 10 or 15 percent. In Cambodia, the loss is much greater. Why? Because here everything has to be brought in. The big hotels import all their goods from abroad, such as foodstuffsfruit, vegetables, flowers, milk, and the likeand this translates into a tremendous flight of capital, of our revenue. So we need to put a green built around Siem Reap, and that makes ultimate sense to me. Its right in line with sustainable development. I appreciate very much the studies being conducted by our Japanese and French friends on a master plan for sustainable development in the region. In the near future, we will be able to hold a type of workshop that will bring together the concerned stakeholders to discuss more concretely this integrated master plan for the Siem Reap / Angkor region in order to truly guarantee development sustainability. It is a very far-reaching plan that involves
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numerous players, both in Cambodia and internationally. Cambodia needs help in order to develop its potentialtourism based on our fascinating culture. In conclusion, let me, on behalf of the Royal Government of Cambodia, express my sincerest thanks to the members of the ICC: France and Japan, our co-chairs, for having continued their support through the various programs that were outlined both yesterday and today; Germany, Australia, Canada, India, Italy, Indonesia, China, Switzerland, New Zealand and all the technical teams, for the continuity and expansion of their support; A special mention to our friend, HE Mr Charles RAY, ambassador of the United States, who will soon be leaving us and whose presence marked the resumption of his countrys contribution to our work. I would like to warmly thank him. The United States was indeed present in Siem Reap for irrigation, but that was 40 years ago.
I cannot conclude without thanking once more the standing secretariat under the direction of Mr Mounir BOUCHENAKI, deputy director general of the UNESCO Culture Sector, to whom I am indebted for his prudent advice and the wisdom of his recommendations. And of course Mr tienne CLMENT and the members of the UNESCO team both at the Phnom Penh and Paris offices. I have a special thought for Mr Azedine BESCHAOUCH who was not able to present for the committee meeting this time. Last but not least, all of you please be assured of my gratitude and my desire to meet you again at the plenary session of this committee next November. Thank you for your attention.
IV-4 Statement by the Representative of the UNESCO Director General

Mounir BOUCHENAKI: Mr CLMENT is not anxious to have the final word after that powerful speech by Deputy Prime Minister, Mr SOK An, and after the two very moving speeches by our two co-chairs. As for me, I do not have a prepared speech, but I would like to say here before all those present at this meeting that I have attended many meetings in my career and can say that there are few meetings like this one where the political authorities stay right to the end. I think that is something we can particularly note here. It shows the political will and interest that the Cambodian authorities have towards Angkor, its heritage and the development of the Siem Reap region. I would like to point out three things that impressed me over these last two days: First, the very high quality of the scientific and technical content of all the contributions. This is an essential ingredient for the success of what is being done at Angkor and for the work being carried on by all the teams here present, who I would like to thank and congratulate. I will not mention them by name; you can see the nameplates here and the participants are around this table. I would also like to note this point, that the Deputy Prime Minister referred to, and that is the excellent participation of national experts alongside the international experts. I think that that is also one of the features of this meeting, and I also think that it is wonderful that our Cambodian colleagues are, as I mentioned earlier, taking over the relay, taking on responsibilities in the various technical and scientific fields for knowledge and safeguarding their heritage, but with whom we are associated. That is what makes this presence rich. The third point is really like I said yesterday during dinner, that increasingly these meetings of the international coordinating committee and particularly this meeting, are now showing the gradual development of a concept, that of an integrated approach to heritage management. It was not taken for granted, I can assure you. Look at documents from
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ICOMOS, ICCROM, ICOM and the UICN. They all had a very partial, partialized vision, only taking in account one aspect of the specialty they were working with. Nowadays and thanks to this experience that has been going on for over 10 years, it can be said that the heritage approach for Angkor is an innovative approach and an integrated approach, and it can be used as a model, I assure you, not with any intent to flatter. It can be used as a model for other projects, for other situations where heritage needs to be taken into account, preserved and presented. I would like to conclude by expressing my thanks to the Cambodian authorities, or rather my Cambodian friends, for their hospitality and kindness, for the spirit in which this meeting took place, a very open spirit of dialogue and interchange. I would like to add that those are qualities that my friend Mr Azedine BESCHAOUCH has always impressed upon me, telling me that this international coordinating committee for Angkor is genuinely a meeting ground, a place of interchange. I think that you can all see that I did not come just as an official to listen, take notes and then report back to the director general on how things went. Of course, I will be doing that, but I think you can see that my presence here was marked by my love for Angkor. Thank you. tienne CLMENT: I too as representative of the director general in Cambodia, would like to express to you, Honorable Co-chairs, our gratitude for the confidence that you have once again placed in the standing secretariat and team that organized this technical committee meeting. We also express our gratitude to the Deputy Prime Minister for this renewed expression of confidence in the secretariat on matters that are both technical and complex, as the Deputy Prime Minister mentioned, such as the water issue, the environment issue and the issue of human resources management. Once again, Honorable Co-chairs, Honorable Deputy Prime Minister, I would like to assure you of the availability of our team, Mr Teruo JINNAI, head of our culture unit, and that of our ICC, the team led by Ms Tamara TENEISHVILI who cares for routine liaising, year round, with all the teams and who was in charge of organizing this meeting. All the team members are available to you at any time. We have furthermore had the assistance of my colleagues in UNESCO Paris, as well as Ms CHAU SUN Krya from the APSARA Authority who worked along with us in organizing this session. And we also thank our friends the interpreters. I would like to inform the Deputy Prime Minister of the results of our consultation regarding the date of the upcoming ICC. The co-chairs mentioned the date of November 28 and 29. We are submitting this date to the Royal Government of Cambodia and we will get back to you to confirm this date. I can nevertheless assure the Royal Government that the two cochairs have already conferred with one another on this date. Thank you.
** Conclusion of the proceedings of the 14th Technical Committee meeting **
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
Department of Monuments and Archaeology 1 and 2 = DMA 1 and DMA2; Department of Tourism = DDTA; Department of Water and Forestry = DWF Department of Population and Demography = DDD, Department of Urbanism and Developpement of the Siem Reap region = DUD Department of Administration, Personnel, Finance and Public Relations = DAPF; Joint Intervention Unit = MIU; Environment Management System = EMS
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
NAME ABE Chie ADACHI Itsu AING Sochenda AKAZAWA Yasushi AMAMIYA Yuji AN Sopheap ANG Sokun BALL-CALIX Dominique BTY Pierre BORNAZIAN Glen BOUCHENAKI Mounir BUN Narith BUN Summaroath CALIFANO Ccile CHAN Sophal CHARETTE Sean CHAU Sun Krya CHEA Eav Meng CHEA Phanith CHEA Sanith CHEAM Pross CHEVANCE JeanBaptiste CHHIEU Nam CHHOEUY Roeun CHIN Dimanche CHIN Sok Meng CHOI Young Chul CHOU Choun CHOURN Bunnath CLARK CHERMAYEFF Jane CLMENT Etienne CODY Jeff CROCI Giorgio CUNIN Olivier DENG Sambath DIM Kosal DORDAIN Dominique DOWALL Steve DUCH Sonn
TITLE Researcher Group Director Staff, DDD Architect Archeologist, DMA Staff, DDTA ICC Secretariat Archeologist Technical Director Assistant Director General Directeur General Staff, DWF Landscape Architect, DMA1 Deputy Governor Conservator Department Director, DDTA Representative TVK Journalist Staff Architect Archaeologist, DMA 1 Deputy Director, DDD Deputy General Secretary Staff, DDD Staff, DMA APSARA Volunteer General, MIU Staff, DMA1 Consultant Head of Office Educator Ad Hoc Expert PhD in Architectural Science Staff, DAPF DDTA Counselor for Cooperation and Cultural Action, ICC Co-chairman NZAID Representative Deputy Director General
ORGANIZATION Sophia University Mission JICA APSARA Authority JSA

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan
APSARA Authority APSARA Authority UNESCO Phnom Penh INRAP WMF UNESCO APSARA Authority APSARA Authority APSARA Authority Siem Reap Province National Museum, Cambodia APSARA Authority MEF TVK BSCP JSA APSARA Authority APSARA Authority Council of Ministers APSARA Authority APSARA Authority KOICA APSARA Authority APSARA Authority WMF UNESCO Phnom Penh Getty Conservation Institute Rome University Centre for Khmer Studies APSARA Authority APSARA Authority Embassy of France NZAID MOE
141/145 Borobodur Conservation Institute APSARA Authority BSCP JSA WMF Sophia University Mission Embassy of Australia Embassy of Germany Cambodian Land Mine Museum Relief Fund University of Sydney, EFEO WMF GCI Getty Conservation Institute Sophia University Mission JICA Study Team TV Embassy of United States EFEO JICA Study Team OSMOSE ASI SCA APSARA Authority APSARA Authority UNESCO Phnom Penh APSARA Authority UNESCO Paris APSARA Authority APSARA/JSA APSARA Authority Council of Ministers JICA Study team APSARA Authority APSARA Authority APSARA Authority APSARA Authority MATUC Siem Reap ASI APSARA Authority APSARA Authority Embassy of Japan UNESCO Paris GACP CSA UNESCO Phnom Penh ASI APSARA Authority APSARA Authority APSARA Authority JSA
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
DUKUT Santoso EA Darith EA Tal EGUCHI Chinami ELLIS Michael ENDO Nobuo FILIPETTO Lisa FISCHER Pius FITOUSSI Richard FLETCHER Roland FLORY David FOLKE Kecia FOX Kecia FURUYAMA Yasuyuki FUTOSHI Mitsuhuta FY Narim GAINER David GAUCHER Jacques GO Kimura GOES Nathalie Nivot GOPAL Lal GOUEDARD JeanFranois GRAPPE Julie HANG Poeu HARTERY Lynn HAY Kialyanny HAYASHI Nao HENG Jeudi HENG Khamsan HIM Nearyrath HING Thoraxy HIROSHI Yoshima HONG Kolap HONG Sothea HOR Ritheanou HOU Nolamony HOU Siep IN Phally IN Sokha IN Tith INOUE Susumu JACQUES Claude JAROSLAV Poncar JIANG Huaiying JINNAI Teruo KANADE M.M. KANG Chamnan KANG Kadeth KANG Sarath KATH Sotharith KAWASE Katsuhiko
Director Archeologist, DMA Staff City Planner Architect Research Fellow Ambassador Ambassador CEO Professor Conservation Architect Project Specialist Project Specialist Architect Consultant Journalist Public Affairs Officer Archaeologist Consultant Project Coordinator
Director General Archeologist, DMA1 Technical Director, DWF ICC Secretariat Consultant Program Specialist Architect, DMA1 Architect Chief Accountant Advisor to DPM Consultant Administration, DMA Staff, DWF Archeologist, DAPF Archaeologist, DMA Office Chief Staff, MIU Staff, DAPF Minister-Counsellor, ICC Cochairman Ad Hoc Expert Director Program Specialist Superintending Archaeological Engineer Staff, DUD Staff, DDTA Civil Engineer
142/145 Architect Department Director Architect, DMA Deputy Director Staff, DMA Director Advisor to DPM Engineer, DMA Admin, DAPF Archeologist Researcher Dep. Director General Consultant Architect, local project chief Archaeologist Manager Staff, DDD Staff President Professor, Director Second Secretary Department Deputy Director Staff, DMA Staff, DMA 1 Deputy Director, DMA 2 Deputy Director Staff, DAPF Site Manager Staff, DDTA Anthropologist Forester, DWF Deputy Governor Department Director, DMA1 Architect Secretary DPM Secretary DPM Staff, DAPF Deputy Director Director of Statistics Architect Senior Advisor DDTA Staff, DUD Social Action DDD Archeologist, Independent Researcher Team Leader Director General Conservator, DMA 1 EFEO Ministry of Public Works and Transport APSARA Authority MOT CCK Corporation APSARA Authority APSARA Authority Conseil des Ministres APSARA Authority APSARA Authority EFEO Embassy of Japan MOE JICA I. Ge. S. EFEO ACCB APSARA Authority Nara Institute Phahee Travel GACP Embassy of Indonesia APSARA Authority APSARA Authority APSARA Authority APSARA Authority CCK Corporation Yeeher Co. APSARA Authority GACP APSARA Authority EFEO, CKS APSARA Authority Siem Reap APSARA Authority Sophia University Mission Council of Ministers Council of Ministers APSARA Authority USNP Forestry Administration UNESCO National Centre MOT Sophia University Mission WAPCOS APSARA Authority APSARA Authority Province Social Affairs APSARA Authority
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144
KEAV Bunthoeun KEM Borey KEO Mony KEO Phuong KHENG Dyna KHIEU Chan KHOUN Khun-Neay KHOY Kim Tour KIM Chay KIM Samnang KIM Sothin KISHI Yayoi KOCH Savath KOIDE Yoko KONG Kanty KONG Vireak KRUGER Kai-Olaf LAM Boramy LAM Sopheak LEE Pil Seung LEISEN Hans LELY Meiliani LIM Eng LIM Hak LIM Kanara LIM Ourk LIM Pharin LIN Zhinong LONG Kosal LONG Nary LOUK Sok Leng LUCO Fabienne LY Bora LY Bun Thoeun LY You MAO Lo MAO Sokny MAO Sovath MAO Sovuk MAO Vibol MARTIN Michael MEAS Sophon MEDAL French MEY Marady MIWA Satoru MOHILE A. D. MOK Kunthy MOUL Sothira MUONG Thy MUTH Risour NAHO Shimisu NAIR P.K. Vasudevan NAKAGAWA Takeshi NAY Sophea
ASI JSA APSARA Authority
143/145 International Unit Ministry of Environment APSARA Authority APSARA Authority Council of Ministers APSARA Authority APSARA Authority YEEHER APSARA Authority MEF MEF APSARA Authority Embassy of Indonesia Council of Ministers Council of Ministers JSA JICA, Cambodia JICA Study Team Council of Ministers Ministry of Foreign Affairs Council of Ministers CCK Corporation Khmer Heritage Centre for Khmer Studies APSARA Authority APSARA Authority APSARA Authority Sophia University Mission APSARA Authority APSARA Authority EFEO EFEO Artisans d'Angkor APSARA Authority MATUC ASI APSARA Embassy of the United States Embassy of Canada APSARA Authority Embassy of France CLMMRF APSARA Authority APSARA Authority APSARA Authority Artisans d'Angkor UNESCO ASI EFEO GACP MOT APSARA Authority APSARA Authority
145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198
NEANG Nivan NEOU Bonheur NEOU Chariya NET Simon NGAN Dany NGET Chhayly NGETH Sothy NGOV Pichara NGUON Peou Pong NGY Tayi NIN Savann NORNG Boravy OERIP Nurrachman OEUR Channa OM San They ONO Kunihiko ONO Tomohiro OSHIMA Nobuhiro OUM Sam Ang OUM Somanine PAL Chandara PARK Kwang Bok PEARL Geoffrey PEYCAM Philippe PHAT Salin PHOEUNG Dara PHOK Sochea PHOU Sochea PHUONG Sopheak POM Viraknora PORTE Bertrand POTTIER Christophe PRIM Phloeun PROM San Ean PROM Sidhra RAJEEV C. Babu RANG Sarath RAY Charles A. RHEAULT-KIHARA Steven RICART Cline RO d'ALBERT Yves ROGERS, Julie ROS Borath ROS Lisa ROS Sokhom ROS Try ROSSIGNOL France ROVEDA Vittorio ROY A.C. ROYRE Pascal RUNKEL Susanne RUOS Ren SAIKI Takashi SAK Noreak
Department Director Staff, DDD Archaeologist, DMA1 Assistant Secretary DPM Accountant, DAPF Deputy Director, DDTA Head of Admin Dept Administration, DAPF Under-Secretary of State Office Chief Archaeologist Ambassador Assistant DPM Advisor to DPM Public Relations Asistant Consultant Assistant Secretary to DPM Under-Secretary of State Legal Advisor of DPM Advisor Director Accountant, DAPF Archaeologist Staff, DDTA Architect Staff DDTA Staff DDTA Conservator Architect, Siem Reap Center Director Commercial Director Accountant, DAPF Under-Secretary of state Director General Staff, MIU Ambassador Charg d'affaires Architect, DMA Ambassador Texas A&M University Deputy Director General, DMA Architect Webmaster, DAPF Staff, DDTA Landscape Architect Consultant Conservator Architect GACP Student Secretary of State GIS, DAPF Staff, DDD
144/145 Head of Project Architect Architect ICC Secretariat Director Director Advisor Forester, DWF Archaeologist, DMA1 Archaeologist, DMA1 Ambassador Archaeologist, DMA1 Staff, EMS Staff, DWF Deputy Director General, DAPF First Secretary Archaeologist Archaeologist, DMA1 Archaeologist Governor Architect Deputy Prime Minister, Chairman of the APSARA Authority Archaeologist Trainee Staff, DUD Reporter Architect, DMA1 CEO Rural Credit Bank, Advisor Architectural Programmer Under-Secretary of State Staff, DMA1 Deputy Director Vice-President Assistant to DPM Assistant to Minister Deputy Secretary General Archaeologist, DMA1 Under-Secretary of State Engineer, DMA1 Ambassador Volunteer DUD Department Director, DDD Staff, EMS Deputy Director General, DWF and DDD Archaelogist, DMA1 Consultant Staff, DDD Program Specialist Deputy Director General, DDTA Department Director, DDD Director BSCP WMF Sophia University Mission UNESCO Phnom Penh WMF I.Ge.S. APSARA Authority APSARA Authority ASI APSARA Authority MEF APSARA Authority Embassy of India APSARA Authority APSARA Authority APSARA Authority APSARA Authority Embassy of India CSA APSARA Authority BSCP Sieam Reap JSA Royal Government of Cambodia Sophia University Mission JSA APSARA Authority TV3 APSARA Authority Council of Ministers PRO-Development MEF APSARA Authority ACCB WMF Council of Ministers Council of Ministers CANTA APSARA Authority Council of Ministers APSARA Authority Embassy of Japan APSARA Authority APSARA Authority APSARA Authority APSARA Authority APSARA Authority JICA Study Team APSARA Authority UNESCO Phnom Penh APSARA Authority APSARA Authority AFD, Cambodia
199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251
SALZMANN Ueli SAM Kimheng SAM Peou SAM Rithy SANDAY John SANTORO Valtar Maria SAR Buorn SAR Makara SARAGHONAN V SARAY Kim Houl SAUNG Menekea SAY Sophearin SEN Aloke SENG Christelle SENG Sothira SENG Voeurt SEUNG Kong SHARMA V.K. SO Chheng SO Peang SO Pot SOEM Son SOEUR Sothy SOK An SOK Kimsan SOK Vannisay SOM Buth Reaksmey SOM Chamtho SOM Sopharath SON Koun Thor SOUID Bchir SOUNG Meng Tea SRUN Tech STICH Isabel STUBBS John SUON Sorann SUON Sovoun SUOS Yara SVAY Pisith SVAY Sitha SY Basith TAKAHASHI Fumuiaki TAKASHIMA Suiyoki TAN Boun Suy TAN Rachana TAN Sambon TANN Sophal TEDDY M TEM Ton TENEISHVILI Tamara TEP Henn TEP Vattho TERRACOL Yves
145/145 Staff, DDTA Staff, DAPF Director Administration, DUD Engineer, DAPF Staff, DMA2 Deputy Director General, DUD Architect, DMA1 Staff, EMS Deputy Governor Staff, DUD Privy Advisor to King Staff, DDD Archaeologist, DMA1 FSP Project Director Engineer, DMA1 Staff, DWF Engineer Conservator Assistant Archaeologist Representative Consultant Architect Landscape Architect Staff, DDD Advisor to RGC and Director of OBSES Administration, DDTA Staff Geotechnical Engineer APSARA Authority APSARA Authority APSARA Authority APSARA Authority APSARA Authority JSA APSARA Authority APSARA Authority APSARA Authority Siem Reap APSARA Authority Royal Palace, Phnom Penh APSARA Authority APSARA Authority Embassy of France APSARA Authority APSARA Authority CSA GACP BSCP WMF ICCROM CCK Corporation JICA Study Team JSA WMF APSARA Authority Council of Ministers APSARA Authority APSARA Authority JSA
252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283
TES Sothy THAY Roaksmy THOM Sophea TITH Bopha TITH Sopha TOUS Somaneath TSUCHIYA Takeshi UK Someth UK Top Botra UN Moninita UNG Eun UNG Tong Eang VAN Molyvann VATH Panha VEN Sophorn VERROT Michel VONG Dara VORNG Sreymom WANG Lei WARRACK Simon WEBER WEERWARDAVE Prasanna WISJESURIYA Gamini WOO Hyun Duk YAMADA Koji YAN Khun Socheat YARABEK Stefan YATH Yoeuy YIM Nolla YIT Chandaroat YITH Sopha YOSHI Iwasaki

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Original: KH/CLT/2005/RP/16 Phnom Penh, July 2008

14th Technical Committee / 14mee Comit technique

38 Samdech Sothearos Blvd. P.O. Box 29 Phnom Penh Cambodia

(855) (23) 426 163 / 217 022

cicangkor@unesco.org t.teneishvili@unesco.org d.balle-calix@unesco.org apsara.ddta@online.com.kh

Mr Azedine BESCHAOUCH Scientific Advisor, Culture Sector

Comit international de coordination pour la sauvegarde et le dveloppement du site historique dAngkor

14th Technical Committee / 14mee Comit technique

II. SAFEGUARDING, CONSERVATION, RESEARCH16

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III. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT83

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RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE ICC

SAFEGUARDING, CONSERVATION AND RESEARCH Sessions 1 and 2 (June 7, 2005)

14th Technical Committee / 14mee Comit technique

Sessions 3 and 4 (June 8, 2005)

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RECORD OF THE DISCUSSIONS

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II. SAFEGUARDING, CONSERVATION, RESEARCH

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II-3 TEAM REPORTS ON SITE ACTIVITIES

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II-3.3 Restoration of Pre Rup Temple, by Mr Valter Maria SANTORO, I.Ge.S.