A Novel Detection Scheme to Mitigate the TD-LTE Interference

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b5lruCl--1n this article, a novel detection scheme will be
introduced into the LH system based on the Time
Duplex-Long Term Evolution (TD-LTE) scheme, in which
radar system is the primary user. If the LH nodes carry on
the on-line energy detection to the radar signal, it will be
subject to the interference originated from the TD-LTE
system's Base Station (BS) [1]. We propose a new detection
program employed only in the TD-LTE uplink timeslots. In
this program, the interference, which is coming from the
TD-LTE system's User Equipment (UE) [2], may be weaker
than it originated from BS. At the same time, the
performance will be enhanced by accumulating multiple
coherent detecting results. Through theoretical analysis and
simulation, the feasibility of the new program has been
verifed.
. INTRODUCTION

N the past few decades, many new services need a

growing number of spectrum resources with the rapid
development of wireless communication. But the limited
fequency spectrum resources become the bottleneck of
the development of wireless communication. How to
improve the utilization of the spectrum has become a hot
issue of the wireless communication research. Available
spectrum resources are usually managed and controlled
by the national unity. Various wireless communication
systems are awarded the different fequency band to
avoid disturbing. The massive researches of Federal
Communication Commission (FCC) indicate that some
fequency bands, such as the industry fequency, the
science fequency, the medical fequency and some bands
of land mobile communication around 20Hz [3], are too
crowded. But some other fequency bands actually are
fequently idle.
By making use of sub system opportunity-style primary
system [4] , Cognitive Radio (CR) technology can raise
the fequency spectrum utilization effectively. Cognitive
Radio system may detect various fequency bands
continuously. If primary user is using this fequency band,
secondary user will not be able to use the band; otherwise
the secondary user may use this band pass-along message.
In the course of secondar user, once discovered the
primary user have begun to use this band, it will take an
immediate end to the utilization of the band and switch to
other suitable fequency bands.
In many fequency bands of the radar system [5], the
spectrum utilization efciency is low. Therefore, the
introduction of cognitive technology has certain
feasibility. Choosing a good program and algorithm to
This work is sponsored by National Science and Technology Major
Project of China (2009ZX03007-004).
Jian FANG, Biao HUANG and Xingguo ZHOU ae with State Radio
Monitoring Center, Beijing, China fgian@srrc.org.cn,
huangbiao@srrc.org.cn, zhouxg@srrc.gov.cn
Xiaopei ZHU is with Beijing University of Science and Technology,
Beijing, China zhuxiaopei27@gmail.com
978-1-4244-8223-8/10/$26.00 20 1 0 III 59
detect the spectrum is the key which the CR system may
realize. Frequency spectrum sensation algorithm has been
conducted the massive researches [6]-[8]. Four kinds of
algorithm have introduced in a comprehensive article:
matched flter detection, energy detection, cyclostationary
detection and collaborative detection.
In this article, the TD-LTE system is the cognition user
system while considering the radar system as the primary
user system. In the detection process, the CR nodes have
the possibility to receive the interference fom the
TD-L TE signals. As traditional energy detection
algorithm is extremely sensitive to the noise and the
interference, the detection performance will be decreased
signifcantly especially in the serious condition. As we
know, the interference generated by UE in uplink
timeslots is smaller than it generated by BS in downlink
timeslots. In addition, there is a certain distance between
UE and the CR node. The interference power of the CR
node which receives in the upward timeslots is far less
than it in the downlink timeslots. Therefore, a novel
detection scheme which based on uplink timeslots of the
TD-L TE system is proposed.
To properly set the stage for the problem, we begin in
section 2 with a brief review of the system model of this
detection program. In section 3, the detection
performance of this program is verifed fom the
perspective of probability theory. Numerical results are
presented in section 4. Finally, conclusions are made in
section 5.
II. SYSTEM MODEL
The work scene of the CR system is shown in Figure 1 .
Before the CR system working, the CR node carries on
availability inspection to the channel. If surveying
available channels, the CR node access to the monitoring
mode. Afer coming on the monitoring mode, the CR
node similarly needs to carry on the online examination to
detect whether the primar user is transmitting signals. If
it is, the TD-L TE system, as the secondary user, should
withdraw fom the channel and detect others again.
o
1L-L1L
Hasc 5taton
_ CR^odc
Fig.l. System model
C Radar
In the initialization energy detection mode, infuence is
small the ordinary energy detection still can realize,
because the interference is the thermal noise of the CR
node. In the on-line energy detection mode, both the
thermal noise of the CR node and the interference fom
the TD-L TE system are effect on the performances of the
energy detection. In this article, the characteristic of TDD
duplex mode is used. In the duplex mode, each
transmission fame has an uplink timeslot and a downlink
timeslot. It's shown in Fig.2 [9). In the TD-LTE system,
the transmitting power of User Equipment (UE) is weaker
than it of Base Station (BS). Executing on the detection in
uplink timeslots in the on-line monitoring mode, it may
greatly avoid serious downlink interference and obtain
better detection performance. At the same time, in order
to enhance detection performance, many uplink timeslots
should be examined, and then carries on the coherent
accumulation to the detection results.
::::::xN''r.

I :::k|:i.'J|

:x
|glW ^"

Fig. 2. Frame Structure of one pair of switching points between

downlink and uplink trafc timeslot
In considering the case of interference, the spectrum
sensing based on energy detection can be seen as the
binary hypothesis [ 1 0). It can be calculated by:
'a
x(n) " men) len) n "1,2N
x(n) " s(n)+m(n)+l(n) n " 1,2N
where x(n) is the received signal;
men) is the thermal noise;
len) is the TD-LTE uplink interference signal;
, (1)
sen) is the signal of radar. It obeys complex Gaussian
distribution with 0 mean and variance 8,; .
a(n) = m(n) len) (2)
a(n) obeys complex Gaussian distribution with 0 mean
and vaiance 8,; .
III. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
A. Detectionfailure probabilit and False alarm
probabilit
Detection failure [II] refers that the CR node has not
detected the radar signal while the radar signal appearing.
Detection failure probability must be as low as possible
not to interfere with radars. A value of Detection failure
probability I % is set as a target. The probability of
detection varies with the power of the radar signal relative
60
to the detector threshold setting in the receiver - a higher
power level increases the detection probability and it will
bring about system effciency losses.
False alar refers that the CR node detects the
interference pulse as radar signals while the radar signals
is not present. False alar probability is as far as possible
low, so it will not reduce the efciency of the TD-LTE.
Consider the probability of false alarm, which has
relationship with the size of the noise and interference,
target of I %. When the signal to interference ratio (SIR)
is low, it is likely to produce false alar. Simultaneously
the threshold establishment also similarly affects its size.
If the detection threshold is enhanced as far as possible,
the probability of false alarm will be cut down, but it will
bring a great probability of detection failure.
In order to guarantee that the CR system correct and
effective operation, selecting the appropriate threshold is
particularly important.
D. Probabilit densit function
The CR system's examination performance can be
weighed by the received average power's probability
density fnction [1 2). Through the probability density
fnction and threshold settings can calculate the detection
probability and the false alarm probability.
The noise and interference
aJn)
,
a
,
(n)a
N
(n) are
complex Gaussian distribution.
a,(n) , a,(n)
,
GN(n)
,
isX2with'
(") (") ''' ()
.
o_ o_ o_
T mea
Deg _n "2*---
T
(3)
degrees of feedom, where _mea is the measurement
time ,and is the sampling time.
Inspection fnction is given by:
(a'(n) a:(n) ''' a'(n )
l = lOlg "
.,
n
(4)
So cumulative probability density fnction (CDF) is
given by:
F(v) = P(V <v)
n
U
=P(lOlg-<v)
H /
0
= P(U <-1010)
8
,
:

n
-
=F, (-10")

|"'
o

Probability density fnction is given by:

(6)
I"1n1

f(v)= F'(v)=
c
;
I

'fx'(b)C
c
n2
10
1O
)
(7)
D
When the radar signals are caught, the received
signals ]
|
(n), ]
,
(n) ]
\
(n) are complex Gaussian
distribution.

__

!s_ with:
c_ c_ c_
radar
1C_n " Z

(8)
degrees of feedom, where _
radar is the radar pulse
width.
Probability density fnction of radar is
n
U'JoJ
8: 8;
\11 ! \11 2 \
n
U'j
Z ''! t/

a
;
I
C. Performance Analysis
(9)
Base on the noise and the signal probability density
fnction in the single examination situation, the detection
performance as fellow:
Probability of detection failure can be calculated by:
1_df " P(Radar _l eve l * R_th)
" L:
_
th f(p )dp
( 1 0)
Probability of false alar can be calculated by:
P_fa P(Noise_level R_th)
S:
J
(v)dp
(1 1 )
where | is detection threshold.
Aoxc_
]
cvc]
and Iuur_
]cvc
]
are the values of the
corresponding level.
In order to improve the capability, cumulative
detection performance of several detects as fellow:
Probability of detection failure is given by:
_df _m "(P(Radar _level * R_th))'
"
_
f(
p
)d
p
Probability of false alarm is given by:
_fa_m " 1- (1- P(Noise _level> R_th)r
K /h
" 1- L- f(v)dp
where H is the number of detection.
IV. SIMULATION AND DISCUSSION
( 1 2)
, ( 1 3)
In order to appraise the performance of this plan, the
curve of detection failure probability and false alarm
probability are compared under different threshold [ 1 3).
In TABLE I, these values are used in the calculations.
Signal measurement time is equal to the width of pulse
radar. Sampling interval is less than 1 0MHz in the
TD-LET system. 0, _} is the received power of the CR
node. When the TD-LTE and radar system coexist,
o_ _ } is the marginal value of interference power.
-70dBm and -80dBm respectively are the power of the
CR node, when the TD-LTE is in the downlin and
uplink mode.
In Fig.3, it can be seen that the settings of threshold
may infuence the detection probability and the
probability of false alarm. If the distance between the two
61
curves farther, the CR system's signal to noise ratio (SNR)
is greater and the contollability of threshold is better.
TABLE I N^\h \h`Jl^l\^JL`h
Symbol
T mea
T radar
T
H
?
?/
0.7
Value
41s
41S
O.IIS
111 0
-85dBmI-70dBm
-77dBm
+ NOiSe
Rada|and nOiSe
0.6
____ ) ____ J ____ .___
0.6
0.4
L
C
O
0.3
0.2
0.1
-100

| |
| _;:: |
11

| |
| |
' '

| _ |
| |
H -1-

!`

_ 4 i-
:

| |
-0 -70
OeIeCIed pOwr
-60 -60 -40
Fig. 3. The power spectral density of detection power
,

Deeo e
Fig.
4
. Detection performance in the TD-L TE uplink timeslot
.s ., ss s, ss s,
PowerofthreSho|d
Fig. 5. Detection performance in the TD-L TE downlink times lots
If the values of the detection failure probability and the
false alarm probability are set to 1 % as targets, it can be
seen that in the uplink timeslots the existence of an
appropriate threshold and its adjustable range about 4 dB
in Fig.4. The downlink timeslots examination is unable to
satisf the targets of both the detection failure probability
and the false alarm probability simultaneously in Fig.5.
The curve is quite shar therefore it is quite sensitive to
the SNR. The curve rapidly intersects with the increase of
interference.
* 0!00!|0h M|lu|0
|8l80 8l80
Fig. 6. Detection performance on 5 occasions in the TD-LTE downlink
timeslots
Fig. 7. Detection performance on 10 occasions in the TD-LTE
downlink timeslots
In Fig.6 and Fig.7, we can see that the distance
between detection failure probability and false alar
probability is farther. When the detection failure
probability and false alarm probability are 1 %, there are
more than 5dB adjustable theshold. May occasions
detection performance is much better than the
performance of single detection. Compared with Fig.6
and Fig.7, the capability has not obtained a large
promotion. In considering of the computation load, it
should choose appropriate numbers of detection occasion.
62
V. SUMMARY OF SIMULATION RESULTS
Energy detection's perforance is highly susceptible to
uncertainty in estimation of the fuctuating noise power
and interference power, especially online detection in the
scenario stated in the paper. It is shown that the scheme,
utilizing detection in uncontinuous uplink timeslots of the
TD-LTE, obviously mitigates the interference and
enhances the perforance of accumulating multiple
detections. We demonstrate the improvements on
spectrum sensing performance in various parameters
through theoretical and simulation analysis.
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