Articulated bus Articulated buses are buses of a type with an increased passenger capacity.

Found almost exclusively in public transportation use, these buses are approximately 18 m (60 ft) long, while regular buses are 11 to 14 m (35-45 ft) long. This type of bus is also known as accordion bus, harmonica bus, jointed bus, or bendy bus, all because of the shape of the bellow and the fact that the design of the turntable joint allows for sharp turns. To make them nimble enough to safely navigate streets at their increased length, they are fitted with an extra axle (set of wheels) and a joint usually located slightly behind the midpoint of the bus, behind the second axle. Some models of articulated buses have a steering arrangement on the rearmost axle which turns slightly in opposition to the front steering axle, which allows the vehicle to negotiate turns in a somewhat crab-like fashion, an arrangement similar to that used on long hook-andladder fire trucks operating in city environments. Minibus body The method of building a minibus is for a second stage manufacturer to build a specific body for fitting to a semi-completed van product. These can produce a higher seating capacity than simple van conversions. Often the second stage manufacturer is a bus manufacturer. In a cutaway type minibus, a large passenger cabin body with a full height access door is fitted to a cutaway van chassis. In these designs, as with van conversions, the driver and front passenger cabin remains unchanged. In a van-derived minibus, a cabin body is applied to a van chassis encompassing the drivers area. These designs may retain some outward signs of the original van, such as the bonnet and grille. Other designs are visually a complete bus design, and it is merely the chassis underneath that is from the van design. The van derived approach can give the advantage of higher seating capacity or more room for passenger comfort, through a larger cabin area. There is also the advantage of being able to have the drivers seat positioned in a small cubicle, next to the main passenger entrance, allowing the driver to collect fares in a transit bus role. Some next generation minibus designs with their origins in the cutaway chassis body build method, or the van conversion method, have been extended whereby parts of the driver cabin and exterior panels are custom built for the minibus model, further altering the visual appearance of the original van bodywork.

Single decker bus body A single-decker bus or single-decker is a bus that has a single level. Normally the use of the term singledecker refers to a standard 2 axled rigid bus, in direct contrast to the use of the term double-decker bus, which is essentially a single decked bus with an extra deck and staircase. These types of single-deckers may feature one or more doors, and varying engine positions. Vehicle Aerodynamics

What is Aero dynamics? Aerodynamics is the study of the forces generated by the flow of air around a solid object

Aerodynamics impacts the automobile in many ways

Fuel Consumption (pollution) Styling Noise & Vibration Control and Handling

What is wind tunnel? A wind tunnel is a research tool used in aerodynamic research. It is used to study the effects of air moving past solid object Wind tunnel is

Used to study the aerodynamic properties of an object in a stationary manner Motion is simulated by moving air (fluid) around the object of interest Properties measure in wind tunnel include pressures, forces, velocities, and vibrations Wind tunnel studies are not 100% accurate Wind tunnel pictorials

Types of Wind Tunnels: A basic wind tunnel (open-circuit):

advantages :

Less expensive Subject to ambient conditions Require more power

General Motors wind tunnel (close-circuit):

Advantages:

Avoids loss of return airs momentum

Constant ambient conditions Expensive

A wind tunnel can not always simulate road conditions, e.g.,

Ground effect Tire rotation Reynolds number (scale corrections) Wall interference Natural variations in ambient conditions

Light commercial vehicles

Light Commercial Vehicle

Light commercial vehicles (LCVs) are usually referred to goods and carriage vehicles with a light capacity that varies from one region to another. In Europe the popular definition for a light commercial vehicle is one good vehicle with a maximum permissible capacity of 3.5 tones of mass. The importance of a light commercial vehicle is obvious especially in a newly industrialized economy with large regions to cater where such vehicles play a niche role in transporting goods from one place to another throughout the country.

Carbody details

imousine (or limo) is a luxury sedan or saloon car, especially one with a lengthened wheelbase or driven by a chauffeur. The chassis of a limousine may have been extended by the manufacturer or by an independent coach builder. These are referred to as "stretch" limousines and are traditionally black or white in color. Limousines are often driven by chauffeurs and until the mid-1990s were most often associated with the very rich. They are also used for special occasions such as weddings, parties and sight-seeing tours.

While some limousines are owned by individuals, many are owned by governments to transport senior politicians, by large companies to transport executives, or by broadcasters to transport guests[citation needed]. Most stretch limousines, however, operate as livery vehicles, providing upmarket competition to taxicabs. Most builders of stretch limousines are located in the United States and Europe and cater mainly to limousine companies. Few stretch limousines are sold new to private individuals. In addition to luxuries, security features such as armoring and bulletproof glass are available.

Types of car bodies

Types of bodies: shell forming the exterior of a car. Hatchback: two-door passenger compartment with a door at the back. Sports car: small, two-seated automobile. Four-door sedan: passenger compartment with four doors and four side windows. Limousine: large, six-seated passenger compartment. Convertible: car with a removable roof. Hardtop: two-door passenger compartment. Van: small vehicle used to carry baggage; a small van.

Pick-up truck: a small truck.