CVEN90024 DESIGN OF HIGH-RISE

STRUCTURES
MENGMENG DONG 324294
5/24/2011

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

Mengmeng DONG 324292

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2

PART B-CORE SYSTEM AND LATERAL LOAD DISTRIBUTION ............................................................................................................................................ 3

PART C-WIND LOAD AND SEISMIC LOAD ............................................................................................................................................................ 12

THE LATERAL ALONG-WIND LOAD............................................................................................................................................................................ 12
THE LATERAL NORTH SOUTH DESIGN EARTHQUAKE LOAD ...................................................................................................................................... 23

PART D-SPACEGASS MODEL AND ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................................................................. 27

CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 32

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

Mengmeng DONG 324292

Introduction
Project 1 is about design a high-rise office building by analysis the core and floor system, lateral load distribution, wind and seismic load to determine how the
tall building behaviors under each cases.(e.g. the deflection of typical members, the force carried out by six different cells, the overturning bending moment
under wind and seismic load)

The perimeter of the building is as defined by floor system developed for Part A of this project. The floors crossing section of the tall building is 42*42m which
has a 19*19m core areas and has 42 floors in total. Project B is only consider one load condition being the wind from the south and the wind load for each of the
orthogonal directions can be based on the project area of building on to a surface perpendicular to the wind direction. For this load case determine manually the
percentage of wind load resisted by each of six core cells by hand calibration.

Part C is determine the lateral along-wind loads for the north south direction only up to the height of the building by using dynamic method and finds the baseoverturning moment. In addition, also determine the lateral north south design earthquake load up the height of building and compare which of the two loads is
dictates.

Part D is about developing a simple SpaceGass model using a column element for the two conditions. Carry out a lateral load analysis for the north south
direction with the appropriate eccentricity by applying the derived along-wind case from the Part C. First model will have just six column elements going up the
height of the building. The second model will have six columns linked by header beams. By using SpaceGass to analysis how the building behaviors under two
different models e.g. deflection at the top of the building and the forces at the base of the building.

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

Mengmeng DONG 324292

Part B-Core System and Lateral Load Distribution

Step 1: Find the Centroid of cells 1-6 and the second moment of area Ixx and Iyy about the centroidal axis
The core layout is given below in Figure 1

Figure 1: Core layout

The centroid of cell 1 is calculated in following steps

The cell 1 is divided into 4 segments as shown in Figure 2

Taking the data from Figure 2, the calculations are tabulated as follows:

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

Mengmeng DONG 324292

Figure 2: Cell 1 configuration

A(m2)
3.200
1.040
2.400
0.780

7.420
Note: xi and yi is the center of each segment
Segment
1
2
3
4

b(m)
0.400
2.600
0.300
2.600

d(m)
8.000
0.400
8.000
0.300

xi(m)
0.200
1.700
3.150
1.700

Thus, the centroid of cell 1 in x-direction

The centroid of cell 1 in y-direction

xiA(m3)
0.640
1.768
7.560
1.326

11.294

yiA(m3)
12.800
8.164
9.600
0.156

30.720

-xi is the x-axis distance between centroid of cell 1 and center point of the segment 1
While -yi is the y-axis distance between centroid of cell 1 and center point of the segment 1
Second moment of area Ixx and Iyy are calculated using formulas below:
Ixx =

Iyy =

E.g. For Segment 1, Ixx =

Iyy =

yi(m)
4.000
7.850
4.000
0.200

Hence

-xi(m)
1.322
-0.178
-1.628
-0.178

-yi(m) Ixx(m4)
0.140
-3.710
0.140
3.940

Iyy(m4)
17.130
14.327
12.847
12.115

5.636
0.619
6.378
0.464

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

Mengmeng DONG 324292

m4

Similar to cell 1 calculation, the centroid and Ixx and Iyy about the centroidal axis of cell 2 to cell 6s calculation is showing below.

Figure 3: Cell 2 configuration

Segment
1
2
3
4
5

b(m)
0.300
6.200
0.300
6.200
0.150

d(m)
8.000
0.400
8.000
0.300
7.300

A(m2)
2.400
2.480
2.400
1.860
1.095

10.235

xi(m)
6.250
9.500
12.750
9.500
9.500

the centroid of cell 2 in x-direction

The centroid of cell 2 in y-direction

m4

m4

yi(m)
4.000
7.850
4.000
0.200
4.050

xiA(m3)
15.000
23.560
30.600
17.670
10.403

97.233

yiA(m3)
9.600
19.468
9.600
0.372
4.435

43.475

-xi(m)
-3.250
0.000
3.250
0.000
0.000

-yi(m) Ixx(m4)
Iyy(m4)
-0.248
12.800
25.368
3.602
32.216
7.944
-0.248
12.800
25.368
-4.048
30.487
5.958
-0.198
4.863
0.002

93.166
64.641

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

Mengmeng DONG 324292

Figure 4: Cell 3 configuration

Segment
1
2
3
4

b(m)
0.300
2.600
0.400
2.600

d(m)
8.000
0.300
8.000
0.400

A(m2)
2.400
0.780
3.200
1.040

7.420

xi(m)
15.850
17.300
18.800
17.300

The centroid of cell 3 in x-direction

The centroid of cell 3 in y-direction

yi(m)
4.000
7.850
4.000
0.200

xiA(m3)
38.040
13.494
60.160
17.992

129.686

56.344m4
13.097m4

yiA(m3)
9.600
6.123
12.800
0.208

28.731

-xi(m)
-1.628
-0.178
1.322
-0.178

-yi(m) Ixx(m4)
Iyy(m4)
0.128
12.839
6.378
3.978
12.348
0.464
0.128
17.119
5.636
-3.672
14.038
0.619

56.344
13.097

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

Mengmeng DONG 324292

Figure 5: Cell 4 configuration

Segment
1
2
3
4

b(m)
0.400
2.600
0.300
2.600

d(m)
8.000
0.400
8.000
0.300

A(m2)
3.200
1.040
2.400
0.780

7.420

xi(m)
0.200
1.700
3.150
1.700

the centroid of cell 4 in x-direction

The centroid of cell 4 in y-direction

56.344m4

13.097m4

yi(m)
15.000
18.800
15.000
11.150

xiA(m3)
0.640
1.768
7.560
1.326

11.294

yiA(m3)
48.000
19.552
36.000
8.697

112.249

-xi(m)
1.322
-0.178
-1.628
-0.178

-yi(m)
Ixx(m4)
0.128
-3.672
0.128
3.978

Iyy(m4)
17.119
14.038
12.839
12.348
56.344

5.636
0.619
6.378
0.464
13.097

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

Mengmeng DONG 324292

Figure 6: Cell 5 configuration

Segment
1
2
3
4
5

b(m)
0.300
6.200
0.300
6.200
0.150

d(m)
8.000
0.400
8.000
0.300
7.300

A(m2)
2.400
2.480
2.400
1.860
1.095

10.235

xi(m)
6.250
9.500
12.750
9.500
9.500

The centroid of cell 5 in x-direction

The centroid of cell 5 in y-direction

93.116m4

64.641m4

yi(m)
15.000
18.800
15.000
11.150
14.950

xiA(m3)
15.000
23.560
30.600
17.670
10.403

97.233

yiA(m3)
36.000
46.624
36.000
20.739
16.370

155.733

-xi(m)
3.250
0.000
-3.250
0.000
0.000

-yi(m) Ixx(m4)
Iyy(m4)
0.216
12.800
25.368
-3.584
31.893
7.944
0.216
12.800
25.368
4.066
30.760
5.958
0.266
4.863
0.002

93.116
64.641

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

Mengmeng DONG 324292

Figure 7: Cell 6 configuration

Segment
1
2
3
4

b(m)
0.300
2.600
0.400
2.600

d(m)
8.000
0.300
8.000
0.400

A(m2)
2.400
0.780
3.200
1.040

7.420

xi(m)
15.850
17.300
18.800
17.300

The centroid of cell 6 in x-direction

The centroid of cell 6 in y-direction

yi(m)
15.000
18.800
15.000
11.150

xiA(m3)
38.040
13.494
60.160
17.992

129.686

yiA(m3)
36.000
14.664
48.000
11.596

110.260

56.419m4
13.097m4

-xi(m)
1.628
0.178
-1.322
0.178

-yi(m) Ixx(m4)
Iyy(m4)
-0.140
12.847
-3.940
12.115
-0.140
17.130
3.710
14.327

56.419

6.378
0.464
5.636
0.619
13.097

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

Mengmeng DONG 324292

Step 2: find the center of stiffness of the core

The center stiffness of the core is found using:

Note: 1.Element stiffness is proportional to the second moment of area if the elements that is found the first step:
, where E is the modulus of elasticity and H, which represents the height of the building are constant for all elements.
2. Kxxj and Kyyj is the lateral stiffness of each core in the x and y direction respectively. Ixxi and Iyyj can be used as K is proportional to I.
Hence,

9.5m

Look at Figure 1 that given core and arrangement and sizing of cells, all dimensions and sizes are symmetrical about two axes. Consequently, the center of
stiffness of the core will be around the geometrical center of the core. The center stiffness of the core calculated above (9.5, 9.665) is really close to the
geometrical center of the core (9.5, 9.5).

10

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

Mengmeng DONG 324292

Step 3: find the center of area of the wall perpendicular to the N-S wind.
For this project consider the load wind from the south only. The point of application of the load shall be offset from the centroid of the projected surface by 5%. This refers to the
projected surface which designed in Part A.

Part A the width of the projected surface is 41.5m

Hence, the wind force is applied 41.5*0.05=2.075m toward the east from the center of the core

Step 4: find the element forces in the north direction by using the equation

Kxxj and Kyyj is the lateral stiffness of ach core in the x and y direction which can be taken as Ixxj and Iyyj
eccentricity ex is the distance from the center of stiffness to the load applied which equal 2.075m
xj and yj are the distance in the x and y direction, respectively, from the center of stiffness and the centroid of each core
In this case, Vy can be assumed to be 1, given that the proportion of the load distributed by each is element is to be calculated
The first term of the equation represents the translational force and the second term is the rotational force due to the eccentricity of the load

Table below sum up all the values need to calculate the Fyj
Cell
1
2
3
4
5
6

Centroid X
(m)
1.522
9.500
17.478
1.522
9.500
17.478

E.g. the 1 cell Fyi =

Centroid Y
(m)
4.140
4.248
3.872
15.128
15.216
14.860

xj=
(m)
7.978
0.000
-7.978
7.978
0.000
-7.978

yj=
(m)
5.525
5.417
5.793
-5.463
-5.551
-5.195

Ixxj=Kxxj
(m4)
56.419
93.166
56.344
56.344
93.116
56.419

411.809

Iyyj=Kyyj
(m4)
13.097
64.641
13.097
13.097
64.641
13.097

181.669

11

Kxxj*xj2

Kyyj*yj2

Fyj(%)

3590.905
0.000
3586.128
3586.128
0.000
3590.905

399.758
1896.967
439.491
390.876
1991.712
353.458

18.4
22.6
9.00
18.4
22.6
9.00

14354.067

5472.263

100

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

Mengmeng DONG 324292

Part C Wind load and seismic load

Design wind loads for a tall building in Melbourne area (AS1170.2)

Relevant information follows:

Location and Terrain: Terrain category 3 zone with no shielding in Melbourne (Region A5)
Topography: assume ground to be flat
Dimensions: Average roof height 168m (Number of floors=42 and height of each floor is 4m)
Horizontal directions: 42m*42m square section
Building orientation: Major axis North-South

In order to calculate the wind load, calculate the wind pressure according to AS1170.2, Cl.2.4.1 as follows:
2.4.1 Design wind pressure

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CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

Mengmeng DONG 324292

Step 1: Calculate the design wind speed

Note: The orientation of the building major axis is specified for this project:
North-South Direction

Next, determine Vsit, according to Cl. 2.2:

13

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

Next, each of VR, Md, Mz,cat , Ms and Mt are defined from the relevant sections as pointed.
Region wind speed (VR)

Mengmeng DONG 324292

Cl. 3.2

According to the Building Code of Australia (BCA), the structure should be treated as Level 3. Hence take average recurrence interval, R, for loading and overall
structural response equal to 1000 years.
Note: -V1000 is a common return period for buildings
-1000 year return period: 1/1000 probabilities that the wind speed is exceeded
From Table 3.1 in AS/NZS1170.2, V1000 = 46 m/s (Region A)
Wind direction multiplier (Md)

Cl. 3.3

Md = 1 for Region A5 with direction of wind is N (Table 3.2)

Terrain/Height Multiplier (Mz, cat)

Cl. 4.2

Terrain category is Category 3; this corresponds to Cl. 4.2.1(c). This actual value of Mz,cat is obtained from Table 4.1(A):

Mz, cat =1.22

Note: Mz, cat value is for the top floor and needs to be obtained by interpolation at other levels where Vsit, B is being calculated.
Shielding multiplier (Ms)

Cl. 4.3

Shielding may be provided by upwind buildings or other surrounding structures. In this exercise, there are no other buildings of greater height in any direction
therefore, the shielding multiplier is taken as 1.
Ms = 1.0
Topography multiplier (Mt)

Cl. 4.4 (b)

14

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

Elsewhere (i.e., Australia), the larger value of the following:

Mengmeng DONG 324292

(i) Mt= Mh-defined by Cl. 4.4.1

(ii) Mt= Mlee-defined by Cl. 4.4.2
Hill shape multiplier (Mh)
The hill shape multiplier (Mh) is to be assessed for each cardinal direction. This takes into account the most adverse topographic cross-section that occurs within
the range of directions within 22.5on either side of the cardinal direction. The value is determined by the Cl. 4.4.2(a):
(a) For H/ (2Lu) < 0.05, Mh = 1.0

Cl. 4.4.4 (a)

Where
H= height of the hill, ridge or escarpment
Lu= horizontal distance upwind from the crest of the hill, ridge or escarpment to a level half the height below the crest
Ground is flat, hence H/ (2Lu) =0
Mh =1.0
Topography multiplier (Mlee)
The lee (effect) multiplier (Mlee) shall be evaluated for New Zealand sites in the lee zones. For all other sites, the lee multiplier shall be 1.0.
Mlee =1.0
Hence, Mt =1.0

Step 2: Calculate the Aerodynamic shape factor, Cfig

Values of Cfig are used in determining the pressures applied to each surface. For calculating pressures, the sign of Cfig indicates the direction of the pressure on
the surface or element, positive values indicating pressure acting towards the surface and negative values indicating pressure acting away from the surface (less
than ambient pressure, i.e. suction).
15

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

The aerodynamic shape factor (Cfig) is to be determined for specific surfaces or parts of surfaces as follows:
Cfig, i= Cp, i Kc, i, for internal pressures

Cl. 5.2(1)

Cfig,e = Cp,eKaKc,eKlKp, for external pressures

Cl. 5.2(2)

Cfig = Frictional drag forces, ignored since d/h < 4.read,

Cl. 5.5

Where:
Cp, e= external pressure coefficient
Cp, i= internal pressure coefficient
Ka= area reduction factor
Kc, e= combination factor applied to external pressures
Kc, i= combination factor applied to internal pressures
Kl= local pressure factor
Kp= porous cladding reduction factor

Aerodynamic shape factor for internal pressure (Cp, i)

Table. 5.1(A)

Assume the building is sealed:

16

Mengmeng DONG 324292

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

Mengmeng DONG 324292

Note: When calculating the base overturning moments Cp,i will cancel out as the above Figure points out. Cp,i is a useful parameter when estimating the external
pressure on the surfaces.
Combination factor applied to external and internal pressure (Kc,e and Kc,i)

Kc,e = 0.9
Kc,i = 1.0
Cfig,i= Cp,iKc,i=0*1 = 0 OR Cfig,i= -0.2*1 = -0.2
Aerodynamic shape factors for external pressure (Cfig,e )

Table. 5.(A)

Cfig,e = Cp,eKaKc,eKlKp, for external pressures

17

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

Mengmeng DONG 324292

Cp,e=0.8

Cp, e =-0.5

Cp, e =-0.65
Note: when calculating the along wind base overturning moment, the forces on the side walls are not included.

18

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

Mengmeng DONG 324292

Cp, e =-1.3
Note: When calculating the along wind base overturning moment, the forces on the roofs are not included.
Area reduction factor for roofs and side walls (Ka)

Cl. 5.4.2

Ka = 0.8
Local pressure factor for cladding (Kl)

Cl. 5.4.4

The local pressure factor (Kl) shall be taken as 1.0 in all cases except when determining the wind forces applied to cladding, their fixings, the members that
directly support the cladding, and the immediate fixings of these members.
Kl = 1.0
19

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

Permeable cladding reduction factor (Kp)

Mengmeng DONG 324292

Cl. 5.4.5

The permeable cladding reduction factor (Kp) shall be taken as 1.0 except that where an external surface consists of permeable cladding
Kp = 1.0
Windward wall Cfig,e = 0.8*0.8*0.9*1.0*1.0 = 0.576
Leeward wall Cfig,e = -0.5*0.8*0.9*1.0*1.0 = -0.36
Note: Cfig,e and Cfig,e are parameters used to calculate the pressure at different levels on the Windward and the leeward walls

Step 3: Calculation for Dynamic response factor (Cdyn)

Cl. 6.2.2
Turbulence intensity z=h, Ih = 0.1134 (Table 6.1 by interpolation)
Background factor,

(Equation 6.2(2))

For b=42m, s=0 (for base bending moment),

Cl. 6.2.2

Hs =1.0
na = 46 / H =46/168 =0.27
20

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

Size reduction factor,

Mengmeng DONG 324292

][

For b=42m
[

][

][

Reduced frequency,

(ration of structural damping to critical): take as 0.03 for concrete structures

Cl. 6.2.2
For b=42m

Step 4Calcualtion of base moment

Calculations were carried out by spreadsheet. Summaries of the results are given in the following tables.
Height of sector(m)

Mz,cat 3

Vdes,(m/s)

Windward Leeward
qz*Cfig(kPa) qh*cfig (kPa)
21

Windward
Leedward
Moment
qz*Cfig*Cdyn*A(kN) qz*Cfig*Cdyn*A(kN) Contribution (MNm)

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

166
1.220
162
1.217
158
1.215
154
1.212
150
1.210
146
1.206
142
1.202
138
1.198
134
1.194
130
1.190
126
1.186
122
1.182
118
1.178
114
1.174
110
1.170
106
1.166
102
1.162
98
1.157
94
1.150
90
1.144
86
1.138
82
1.131
78
1.125
74
1.078
70
1.078
66
1.102
62
1.094
58
1.086
54
1.078
50
1.070
46
1.058
42
1.046

56.102
55.991
55.881
55.770
55.660
55.476
55.292
55.108
54.924
54.740
54.556
54.372
54.188
54.004
53.820
53.636
53.452
53.213
52.918
52.624
52.330
52.035
51.741
49.588
49.588
50.692
50.324
49.956
49.588
49.220
48.668
48.116

1.071
1.067
1.062
1.058
1.054
1.047
1.040
1.033
1.026
1.019
1.013
1.006
0.999
0.992
0.985
0.979
0.972
0.963
0.953
0.942
0.932
0.921
0.911
0.837
0.837
0.874
0.862
0.849
0.837
0.824
0.806
0.788

-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
22

172.869
172.189
171.511
170.834
170.158
169.035
167.916
166.800
165.688
164.580
163.475
162.374
161.277
160.184
159.094
158.008
156.926
155.525
153.809
152.102
150.405
148.717
147.039
135.058
135.058
141.139
139.097
137.070
135.058
133.061
130.093
127.159

-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758

Mengmeng DONG 324292

46.916
45.676
44.441
43.211
41.987
40.704
39.430
38.165
36.910
35.664
34.427
33.200
31.982
30.773
29.574
28.383
27.202
25.998
24.775
23.567
22.374
21.195
20.030
18.116
17.137
16.559
15.429
14.316
13.220
12.141
11.033
9.951

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

38
1.032
34
1.016
30
1.000
26
0.976
22
0.952
18
0.920
14
0.878
10
0.830
6
0.830
2
0.830

47.472
46.736
46.000
44.896
43.792
42.320
40.388
38.180
38.180
38.180

0.767
0.743
0.720
0.686
0.652
0.609
0.555
0.496
0.496
0.496

-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680
-0.680

Note:

qz=0.6* Vdes,2
A = 42 * 4 = 168m2

Totoal along-wind base bending moment = 938.370 MNm for a 168m tall building

Design the earthquake load for a tall building in Melbourne area (AS1170.4)
Find Base shear

Design for 500 years return period

The annual probability of exceedance factor Kp = 1.0

C = 0.88ZS/T2.94Z

Table 3.1

For T1.5 sec

23

123.778
119.969
116.220
110.709
105.331
98.369
89.593
80.064
80.064
80.064

-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758
-109.758

Mengmeng DONG 324292

8.874
7.811
6.779
5.732
4.732
3.746
2.791
1.898
1.139
0.380

938.370

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

C = 1.32ZS/T2
For T1.5 sec

T(sec) = 1.25(0.05)H0.75 for other structures (ultimate)

H=168m
T(sec) =1.25(0.05)1680.75 = 2.916 secs
Hazard factor (Z) = 0.08 for Melbourne
S = 1 for rock sites Class Be

C = 1.32ZS/T2

Mengmeng DONG 324292

Table 3.2

as T>1.5 sec

=1.32*0.08*1.0/2.9162
=0.0124

Density of building = 0.35 tonne/m3

W = *A*H*g
=0.25*42*42*168*9.81
=726800kN
Rf = 2.6 assume limited ductile shear wall

Vertival distribution of VB
the building will be divided into 42 nodes according to the number of floors auusing uniform distribution of mass

for T>2.5 sec

24

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

Mengmeng DONG 324292

Calculationd were carried out by spreadsheet. Summaries of the results are given in the table following tables.
Stastic Analysis
Nodes
mi(kg)
0
1618.349
1
2157.798
2
2157.798
3
2157.798
4
2157.798
5
2157.798
6
2157.798
7
2157.798
8
2157.798
9
2157.798
10
2157.798
11
2157.798
12
2157.798
13
2157.798
14
2157.798
15
3056.881
16
2157.798
17
2157.798
18
2157.798
19
2157.798
20
2157.798
21
2157.798
22
2157.798
23
2157.798
24
2157.798
25
2157.798

hi(m)
168
164
160
156
152
148
144
140
136
132
128
124
120
116
112
108
104
100
96
92
88
84
80
76
72
68

mihi2(kgm2)
45676271.560
58036139.450
55239633.028
52512176.147
49853768.807
47264411.009
44744102.752
42292844.037
39910634.862
37597475.229
35353365.138
33178304.587
31072293.578
29035332.110
27067420.183
35655456.881
23338744.954
21577981.651
19886267.890
18263603.670
16709988.991
15225423.853
13809908.257
12463442.202
11186025.688
9977658.716

Fi (kN)
179.758
228.400
217.394
206.660
196.198
186.008
176.089
166.442
157.067
147.964
139.132
130.572
122.284
114.268
106.523
140.321
91.849
84.920
78.262
71.876
65.762
59.919
54.349
49.050
44.022
39.267
25

Bending moment(MNm)
30.199
37.458
34.783
32.239
29.822
27.529
25.357
23.302
21.361
19.531
17.809
16.191
14.674
13.255
11.931
15.155
9.552
8.492
7.513
6.613
5.787
5.033
4.348
3.728
3.170
2.670

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

26
2157.798
27
2157.798
28
2157.798
29
2157.798
30
3056.881
31
2157.798
32
2157.798
33
2157.798
34
2157.798
35
2157.798
36
2157.798
37
2157.798
38
2157.798
39
2157.798
40
3056.881
41
2157.798
42
2157.798

Mengmeng DONG 324292

64
60
56
52
48
44
40
36
32
28
24
20
16
12
8
4
0

8838341.284
7768073.394
6766855.046
5834686.239
7043053.211
4177497.248
3452477.064
2796506.422
2209585.321
1691713.761
1242891.743
863119.266
552396.330
310722.936
195640.367
34524.771
0.000

880706759.633

34.783
30.571
26.631
22.962
27.718
16.440
13.587
11.006
8.696
6.658
4.891
3.397
2.174
1.223
0.770
0.136
0.000

2.226
1.834
1.491
1.194
1.330
0.723
0.543
0.396
0.278
0.186
0.117
0.068
0.035
0.015
0.006
0.001
0.000

437.947

Note:

A=42*42=1764.000m2(the cross sectional area of the floor plan)

VB=3466.000kN
G+Q(typical floors)=12.000kPa
G+Q(Plant-room levels)=17.000kPa
G+Q(top floor)=9.000kPa

The total base overturning moment for earthquke load =437.947 MNm for a 168m tall building.
Note:
The total base overturning moment for earthquke load =437.947 MNm while the totoal along-wind base bending moment = 938.370MNm for a 168m tall
building. The along-wind base bending moment is obviously two times larger than the overturning moment. Hence the along-wind loads is dicates.
26

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

Mengmeng DONG 324292

Part D- SpaceGass Model and Analysis

The 3-D Models output from SpassGass are showing in Figure 8 and 9

Figure 9: 3-D view of Model B-with header beams

Figure 8: 3-D view of Model A-without header beams

27

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

Mengmeng DONG 324292

Result

Deflection at the top of the building for Model A and Model B

The deflection at the top of the building is 850mm and 300mm respectively to Model A and Model B. Its obviously that Model B gives a much smaller deflection
compare to Model A. Model A just thin slab acting between walls and due to the slim nature of the slab, there will be a low flexural stiffness, the extend of
coupling action is limiting. However in Model B by introducing beams between the cantilever elements this flexural stiffness can be greatly enhanced hence
increasing the coupling action and hence improving the overall lateral resistance. Figure 10 graphically explain the above reason behind the header beam
function.
Note: the deflection at the top of the building is hand calculated by using the formulas below:

Where W is the force action on the top of the building, l is the height of the building, E is Youngs Modulus of the concrete.

Figure 10: Schematic of a coupled core system

28

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

Force at the base of the building for Model A and Model B
The moments for X and Y direction in Model A for each of the six columns are tabulate in the Table below.

Mengmeng DONG 324292

Model A

Compare to Part B Force

Percentage (%)

XAxis
Force

Y-Axis
Force

(kN)

(kN)

Z-Axis
Force

X-Axis
Moment

Y-Axis
Moment

Z-Axis
Moment

Total base Moment

Percentage (%)

Column
2
3
4
5
6
7
Load
Total Reaction

117.2
556.0
128.1
-117.2
-556.0
-128.1
0.0
0.0

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

(kN)
(kNm)
(kNm)
(kNm)
1133.9
171879.6
-22.6
-7625.9
3015.3
212736.2
-23.3
-39330.5
2495.5
85000.6
-22.6
-8604.5
1133.9
171879.6
-22.6
7625.9
3015.3
212736.2
-23.3
39330.5
2495.5
85000.6
-22.6
8604.5
-13289.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
13289.4
939232.7
-137.1
0.0

18.3
22.65
9.05
18.3
22.65
9.05

18.4
22.6
9
18.4
22.6
9

100

100

Note:

All the numbers are taking from the SpaceGass report.

The sum of overturning base moment in Model A is 939.2327MNm while the sum of overturning base moment finds in Part C is equal to
938.370MNm. Those two values are quite similar (almost the same).

For the total base moment action on each column the percentages are also close to the Force percentages which find in Part B of the
Project.
From above statement, its can see the Model A is analysis is quite successful.

The moments for X and Y direction in Model B for each of the six columns are tabulate in the Table below.

29

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

Model B
XAxis
Y-Axis
Z-Axis
X-Axis
Y-Axis
Z-Axis
Force
Force
Force
Moment
Moment
Moment
Column
(kN)
(kN)
(kN)
(kNm)
(kNm)
(kNm)
2
93.8
17398.9
1187.7
75021.101
-7.269
-2415.5
3
558.3
12199.1
2945.6
92853.985
-7.499
-13139.0
4
162.4
17802.8
2541.4
37100.599
-7.269
-3031.8
5
-93.8 -17398.9
1187.7
75021.101
-7.269
2415.5
6
-559.3 -12199.1
2945.6
92853.985
-7.499
13139.0
7
-164.2 -17802.8
2541.4
37100.599
-7.269
3031.8
Load
0.0
0.0 -13289.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
Total Reaction
0.0
0.0
13289.4
409951.370
-44.10
0.0

Coupling
forces
Moment
(kNm)
97917.05
119882.2
47899.96
97917.05
119882.2
47899.96
0.0
529281.330

Mengmeng DONG 324292

Total core
Coupling
Moment
forces
Percentage
Percentage
(%)
(%)
10.31
7.99
12.76
9.89
5.10
3.95
10.31
7.99
12.76
9.89
5.10
3.95
56.34

43.66

Note:

Due to header beams at Model B, the coupling effect will decrease the overturning moment at the base but activate the push and
pull action on the cores.
So in the Table above seeing decreasing values of overall moment compare to Model A, but there are values in forces in y-direction
compare to Model A.
The base moment and coupling forces percentages are all in term the total overturning moment. The core moment takes
approximately 43.66% of the overturning moment while the coupling forces takes about 56.34% of the overturning moment.
By add the sum of overturning moment to the moment due to these coupling forces, get the sum of overturning moment that is
equal 937.370MNm which is approximately equal to the overturning moment in part C (938.370MNm)
In additional, depends entirely on the number of header beams that chose, the more header beams, the greater the coupling action.
Because for Model B assumes that every floor has header beams, therefore, the percentages of the core moment are smaller than
the percentages of the coupling forces.

30

CVEN90024 Design of High-rise Structures

Mengmeng DONG 324292

Conclusion

Finding in Part B:
The percentages of wind load resisted by six core cells in Part B is respectively to 18.4, 22.6, 9, 18.4, 22.6, and 9
Findng in Part C:
The total base overturning moment for earthquke load =437.947 MNm while the totoal along-wind base bending moment = 938.370MNm for a
168m tall building. The along-wind loads is the one that dictates.
Find in Part D:
For SpaceGass Model A, the overturning moment at base is all taking by the core cell and the values is 939.370MNm which is nearly the same
compare to Part C value. The deflection at the top of the building is 850mm.
For SpaceGass Model B, the overturning moment at base is combining from the moment caused by core cell and coupling forces. The core cell
and the coupling forces take approximately 43.66% and 56.34% respectively of the total overturning base moment. The deflection at the top of
the building is 300mm.
The header beams in the Model B is increasing the coupling action and hence improving the overall lateral resistance. Therefore the

Model B is a better model to be used.

31