Human Systems I. Native Issues A. 3 Main Groups 1. Inuit, First Nations, and Metis B. Natives by Location C. Problems D.

History of the Natives E. History of Treaties F. Government Impact

II.

Immigration A. Definitions 1. "Tossed Salad" A term often used to describe Canada's multiculturalism 2. "Melting Pot" A term often used to describe how the USA assimilates immigrants into their culture 3. PULL FACTORS: Factors which pull someone towards a country 4. PUSH FACTORS: Reasons for leaving your country 5. INTERVENING OBSTACLES: Factors that discourage someone from immigrating B. Canadian Immigration Patterns 1. Timeline a. 1840 Irish potato famine. facing starvation caused many to move to Canada and other countries. b. 1905 - 1914 Canadian government wanted settlers in the Prairies so they offered free land to citizens and immigrants. c. 1915 - 1919 Little immigration due to World War I and worldwide influenza epidemic. d. 1930 - 1945 Little immigration due to World War II and economic depression. e. 1945 - 1950 World War II devastated Italy, so as a result many Italians came to Canada for economic opportunities. f. 1956 Hungarians revolted against the Russians failed so they fled as refugees to Canada to avoid punishment. Fun Fact My Nagyapa (Grandpa in Hungarian) came to Canada as a refugee. g. 1980 - 1997 Britain no longer had power over Hong Kong, so those who lived in Hong Kong that liked the British rule moved to Canada and Britain instead of changing rulership.

III. Population Distribution and Density A. 3 Important Stages 1. Children (Ages 0 - 15) 2. Working Adults (Ages 16 - 64

3. Older Adults (Ages 65 and older) B. Dependency Load 1. A dependency load is the amount of population that is dependent on the working adults 2. The working adults provide a lot of essentials such as: a. Education b. Housing c. Health Care d. Old Age Homes C. Population Pyramid 1. A useful tool that demographers use to study population 2. It allows demographers to see population trends, along with dependency load 3. There are three main types of population pyramids a. Expansive (1) Rapid population. High birth and death rate. Short life expectancy. Large number of children. Few elderly. High dependency load. Typical of a developing country. b. Stable (1) Slow/no population growth. Low birth and death rate. Moderate number of children and elderly. Low dependency load. Typical of most developed countries. c. Constrictive (1) Negative growth. Low birth rate. Moderate death rate. Long life expectancy. Few children and a large number of elderly. High dependency load. Typical of developed countries. IV. Demography A. Definitions 1. Demography is the study of human population 2. Demography is very useful in helping to understand the geography of Canada and other countries B. Uses of Demography 1. You can compare birth, death, immigration, and emigration rates to other countries 2. You can find the birth, death, immigration, and emigration rate of a place using demography 3. You can combine the birth rate and death rate to find the natural increase rate 4. You can combine the immigration rate and emigration rate to find the net migration rate

5. You can combine the natural increase rate and the net migration rate to find the population growth rate C. History of Demography 1. First people were hunter-gathers, they were nomads 2. For 200,000 years the worlds' human population remained steady 3. Starting about 5 - 10 thousand years ago, human population began to rise 4. A couple hundred years ago the population began to increase rapidly D. Population Changes 1. Parasite singles in some countries greatly affect the population a. A Parasite single is someone who after university doesn't get married (though sometimes will) and does not have kids. 2. Countries with a decreasing population are industrial (developed) countries 3. Countries with a increasing population are developing countries V. Urban Studies A. Definitions 1. Urban: Built up city areas 2. Rural: Countryside 3. Hamlet: Less than 100 people in a town 4. Suburb: Between the urban area and rural area B. Interactions 1. People who live in urban areas tend to live in suburbs, cities, or metropolises 2. People who live in rural areas tend to live in neighbourhoods, villages, or towns 3. Urban Hierarchy Neighbourhood - Village - Town - Suburbs - Cities - Metropolis C. Urbanization 1. Urbanization is the movement of people up the urban hierarchy 2. Why did people leave the countryside to live in big cities? 1. Reduced farm labour due to farm modernization. 2. Improvements in mobility. 3. Consolidation of goods and services D. Counter-Ubranization 1. Counter-Urbanization is the movement of people down the urban hierarchy 2. There are 3 general terms for those living in rural areas 1. Newcomers - keep ties to the urban area, younger, well educated, well off,

managers/professionals. 2. Homecomers - young families returning to provide rural upbringing to children. 3. Ruralites - having never lived in an urban core. 3. Why are people leaving the cities to live in smaller towns and villages? 1. Health issues, security, "community." 2. "Back to nature" movement (desire to live in the country). 3. Increase in telecommunicating (less need to be at an office). 4. Cheaper land and house prices. E. Central Business District and Residential Land Use 1. Central Business District is also known as the CBD. This is where are the office buildings and skyscrapers are 2. Residential refers to where people live 3. Residential Land Uses 1. High Density Residential: High rise apartment buildings, condominiums, etc. 2. Medium Density Residential: Townhouses, roughhouses, etc. 3. Low Density Residential: Large suburban homes on lots.