SECTION A

[ 60 marks ]
Answer all questions
1

Diagram 1.1 shows some organelles extracted from cell by centrifugation.

Diagram 1.1
(a) (i) Name the organelles in diagram 1.1
(4 marks)
(ii) State the function of organelle A and C.
A : __________________________________________________________________
B : __________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
(b) Structure A is found abundantly in active cells. State two examples of these cells I human.
i) ___________________________

ii) _________________________
(2 marks)

(c) Diagram 1.2 shows a transverse section of a dicotyledonous leaf.

Diagram 1.2

(i)

State the name of the cell where organelle C can be found at high density in the leaves.
______________________________________________________________________________
(1 marks)

(ii)

Using letter G, label the type of cell you mentioned in 1(c)(i) in Diagram 1.2
(1 marks)

(d) (i) Name part labelled H.

__________________________________________________________________________________
(1 marks)
(ii) State the function of H.
__________________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
2

Diagram 2 shows the thinning of the ozone layer in the earths stratosphere.

Diagram 2
(a) State the function of the ozone layer.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
(b) The ozone layer is becoming thinner. Moreover, scientists have found holes in ozone layer in the Artic and
Antartica.
(i)

What is the main substance that causes the thinning of the ozone layer?
____________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)

(ii)

State two sources of the substance stated in (b)(i).

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)

(iii)

In the space below, write the questions for the steps in the destruction of the ozone layer by the
substance stated in (b)(i).

(3 marks)
(c) State the implications of the thinning of the ozone layer on human health.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
(d) State the steps that should be taken to overcome the problem of thinning of the ozone layer.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)

Diagram 3 shows changes of hormone in human menstrual cycle.

Diagram 3
(a) Based on Diagram 3, name hormone W and state its role.
Hormone W :
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Role :
_____________________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
(b) State the function of hormone X and Y.
Hormone X
____________________________________________
Hormone Y
____________________________________________
(2 marks)
c) Explain how an imbalance of hormones X and Y disrupts the ovulation processes?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
(3 marks)

d) Explain how the change in structure R is related to the levels of hormones Y and Z from the 16th day to
the 26th day.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
(3 marks)
e) Explain what will happen to the level of progesterone and oestrogen if fertilization occurs?
_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
Diagram 4(i) shows the number of students in class with different characteristic of earlobes. Attached
earlobes is controlled by a pair of recessive genes.
Characteristic

Number of students

Attached earlobe

Free earlobe
Diagram 4 (i)

(a) (i) What is the meaning of recessive genes?

_____________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
(b) (i) Draw a histogram of the number of students against the characteristic for earlobes on a graph
paper.
(c) Another example of the above variation is the fingerprints. An identity cad bears both the
fingerprint and the photograph of the individual.
Explain why the use of such identity card is more effective method than a card with only he
fingerprints or the photograph?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(3 marks)
Diagram 4(ii) shows the family pedigree for earlobes. Free earlobes (E) are dominant whereas
attached earlobes (e) are recessive.

Diagram 4 (ii)
(d) Based on Diagram 4(ii), state the genotype of T.
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)

(e) If S and T want to have a fourth child, draw a schematic diagram in the space provided below
to show the possible genotype for earlobes.

(2 marks)
5

The diagram 5 shows the profile of DNA fingerprinting of a family of a family. P, Q and R are taken
from men whom can be possible father.

Diagram 5
a) i) What is DNA fingerprinting?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
ii) What is the use of DNA fingerprinting?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)

iii) What are the differences between DNA fingerprinting and thumbprint?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
b) Why DNA fingerprinting be used to determine the identity of a erson?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
c) In the DNA profile above, can DNA profile of a children be similar to the mothers? Why?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
d) i) Based on the DNA profile above, which of the 3 men could be the father of child?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
ii) Give a reason for your answer in d (i)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
Section B
6. Diagram 6 (i) shows mechanisms in a respiratory system.

Diagram 6(i)

a) i) Name the mechanisms shows in Diagram 6(i).

(2 marks)
ii) Describe briefly the mechanisms named in (a)(i)
(8 marks)
(b)

Diagram 6(ii)
With the help of diagram 6 (ii), describe the gaseous exchange in process in human respiration system.
(10 marks)
7. Diagram 7 shows a type of body defense mechanisms in human.

Diagram 7
a) i) Name and describe the process shown in Diagram 7.
(4 marks)

ii) Graph 7shows the production of antibody after being exposed to a type of pathogen.

Graph 7
Referring to Graph 7, explain how immunity can be achieved after exposure of pathogen.
(6 marks)
b)
Living organisms require substances such as respiration gases and nutrients from the external
surrounding for cellular activity. These activities produce toxic waste that must be eliminated from
the body.
Based on the above statements, explain how does this change of substances occur in unicellular and
multicellular organ
(10 marks)
8 a) Diagram 8 shows the process of photosynthesis.

Diagram 8

Based on the Diagram 8, discuss how this process happened.

(12 marks)
b)
Photosynthesis helps in the balance of nature. However, photosynthesis may be affected by air pollution.
Discuss the above statement.
(8 marks)
9. Diagram 9 shows the structure of a nephron.

Diagram 9
a) Explain the structure of a nephron and the role it plays in the excretory system in human body.
(4 marks)
b) Describe the processes involved in urine formation.
(12 marks)
c) What are the consequences of kidney impairments and give two example of treatment available for patients
with impaired kidney function?
(4 marks)