Bài Gi NG Bao Bì Thuy San

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm
BI GING BAO GI THUY SAN

CHNG I: GII THIU V BAO B THC PHM 1.1. MI QUAN H GIA BAO B V CHT LNG THC PHM: 1.1.1. Khi nim thc phm: Thc phm c a vo c th ngi qua con ng tiu ha nhm mc ch gip cho c th pht trin v to nng lng cho cc hot ng. i khi cng c nhng loi thc phm ch nhm p ng s thch n ung ca mt s ngi m khng c tc dng b dng. Thc phm rt phong ph, a dng v ngun nguyn liu, phng php x l ch bin v mu m. Do , mi loi thc phm c mt c tnh ring v lun lun c th hin bi cc mt sau: Dinh dng Bao gm cc thnh phn : nc, protin, axit amin, tinh bt, ng kh, khong, xelulose, Ty theo ngun nguyn liu, phng php ch bin m thc phm cha nhng thnh phn dinh dng ch yu khc nhau. V d: thc phm t rau qu s c thnh phn gluxit nh tinh bt, ng kh, khong, xelulose v cc vitamin cao hn thc phm t ngun ng vt c hm lng protin v cc axit amin cao, v c th hm lng lipit cng rt cao, cung cp nhng axit bo cao khng no rt cn thit cho nhng hot ng ca c th con ngi. Cc thnh phn khong trong thc phm nh Ca,Na, K, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, rt cn thit i vi c th. Thc phm dinh dng l thc phm c cha phn ln cc thnh phn mang tnh dinh dng t ngun nguyn liu, v cc phnh phn ny khng b bin i c tnh hoc ch bin i mt phn. An ton v sinh Tnh an ton v sinh ca thc phm bao hm ngha: thc phm khng gy c hi cp tnh cng nh mn tnh cho ngi s dng. Cc c t c ngun gc ha hc hoc vi sinh t ngun nguyn liu ban u, hay c to ra trong qu trnh ch bin phi c
loi tr n mc thp hn gii hn cho php tng ng vi tng loi thc phm. Trong qu trnh bo qun phn phi sn phm cng phi m bo tnh an ton v sinh. Cm quan Tnh cm quan bao gm cu trc, trng thi, mu sc, mi v sn phm, cng chnh l cc c tnh to nn mt dng v m quan cho thc phm, to nn khu v c trng thch hp cho i tng tiu dng. 1.1.2 Khi nim bao b thc phm: nh ngha: Bao b l vt cha ng, bao bc thc phm thnh n v bn. Bao b c th bao gm nhiu lp bao bc, c th ph kn hon ton hay ch bao bc mt phn sn phm. Bao b phi m bo cht lng cho sn phm, c th phn phi, lu kho, kim tra, v thng mi, mt cch thun li. C th ni rng bao b thc phm c yu cu mt cch nghim khc v cu to v cht lng thng tin. Bao b kn: Bao b kn cha ng sn phm lm nhim v ngn cch khng gian chung quanh vt phm thnh hai mi trng. Mi trng bn trong bao b: l khong khng gian tip xc trc tip vi thc phm Mi trng bn ngoi bao b: la khng gian bn ngoi bao b, s hon ton khng tip xc vi thc phm trong trng hp bao b kn Bao b kn ngn cch mi trng ngoi khng th xm nhp vo mi trng bn trong cha thc phm nhm m bo cht lng thc phm khng b bin i trong sut thi hn bo qun. Loi bao b kn hon ton c dng bao bc nhng loi Thc phm ch bin cng nghip, m bo cht lng sn phm sau qu trnh sn xut v trong sut thi gian lu hnh trn th trng, cho n tay ngi tiu dng. Bao b bao gi trc tip thc phm l loi bao b kn mt lp s tin li, t hiu qu knh t cao trong cng on ng gi bao b. Nhng thng thng mt lp bao b ch cu to bng mt loi vt liu th khng
2
m bo kn hon ton do mi loi vt liu u c khuyt im. Do , bao b mt lp thng c cu to dng ghp ca nhiu loi vt liu khc phc khuyt im ca tng loi vt liu ring l. Bao b h: bao b h gm hai loi: - Bao b h bao gi trc tip loi rau qu hoc hng ha ti sng, cc loi thc phm khng bo qun lu, hoc ch bin n ngay. Cc loi rau, u, hoa, ti sau thu hoch, cha ch bin th vn cn h hp v cn c duy tr qu trnh h hp hiu kh mt cch thch hp, c th ko di thi gian bo qun sn phm trong qu trnh chuyn ch ti ni s dng, th bao b bao gi rau qu ti c lm bng vt liu c kh nng thm c hi nc, oxi, CO2. Ngi ta c th c l trn bao b thot kh CO2, hi nc v cung cp oxi, mc cn thit cho rau qu ti, duy tr qu trnh h hp hiu kh, trnh khng xy ra qu trnh h hp ym kh gy h hng rau qu ti. - Bao b h cn c th l lp bc bn ngoi lp bao b cha ng trc tip thc phm, c nhim v quan trng l to s xp khi sn phm thun tin, an ton trong vn chuyn phn phi, kim tra, lu kho. V d: cc loi bao b vn chuyn, dng thng khi ch nht, bng ba cng gn sng, cc kt bng plastic, ng chai nc gii kht, bia. i vi cc loi thc phm khng c ch bin theo qui m cng nghip, hoc nhng thc n thc ung c bao gi sn ch c th dng trong 24h, th bao b ca chng khng thuc phm vi qui nh trong nh ngha bao b trn y. Tnh cht bao b kn hay h c quyt nh bi vt liu lm bao b, v phng php ng sn phm vo bao b, cch ghp kn cc m ca bao b. Vt liu ca bao b kn phi p ng tnh chng thm tt c cc yu t t mi trng bn ngoi cng nh bn trong bao b: S xm nhp ca khng kh, oxi, CO2, hi nc, nc, cc loi kh hi, mi hng, cht bo, 1.1.3. Mi quan h gia bao b v cht lng thc phm: Cht lng ton phn ca mt sn phm ch bin c quyt nh t s la chn nguyn liu, ph liu, tng giai on x l ch bin v ng bao b.
3
Qua tng cng on x l, ch bin ca qui trnh sn xut, bn thnh phm c th c cha ng trong nhng vt cha ng ch cng on ch bin tip theo lng cha ng khng cn o lng chnh xc. Nhng vt cha ng ny chnh l nhng bn cha, thau, r, st, khay, mm, c np che y hoc khng, ty theo yu cu k thut chng khng phi l bao b. Ti cng on ng bao b, thnh phm c th c qua thit b nh lng v ng vo tng bao b vi khi lng nht nh ng du nhau v chnh xc cho tng sn phm hon tt. Cng on ny nhm mc ch dng bao b bo qun thnh phm, m bo cht lng thnh phm sau khi ra khi qui trnh ch bin sn xut. Vt liu, cu trc bao b v phng php ng gi bao b c mi lin h cht ch nhau. ng thi s trang tr nhng thng tin ca bao b cng a n gi tr cm quan thu ht cao ca sn phm. Vic ng gi bao b ngoi nhm mc ch sp xp th lp sn phm thnh tng khi, kin c khi lng, s lng ln thun tin lu kho, d dng tong kim tra s lng chng loi v chuyn ch phn phi n cc i l, siu th, ca hng. Bn cnh , bao b ngoi cn c mc ch bo qun sn phm, cng nh bao b ca tng sn phm, khng b rch v do va chm c hc trong lc chuyn ch bc d hng.N Nhim v ca ngnh cng ngh thc phm l nghin cu ch bin, to nn sn phm thc phm t cht lng. Thc phm t cht lng l sn phm thc phm t c cc mc tiu chun v dinh dng, an ton v sinh v cm quan. Thc phm t tiu chun dinh dng c ngha l t mt s ch tiu dinh dng ng vi chng loi thc phm cng b hoc qui nh ca b Y t, v d: sn phm sa bt dinh dng cho tr em v ngi bnh thng phi t hm lng protin 20-40% trng lng sa, cacbonhydrat 40-50%, lipit 14 25%, canxi 700mg/10g bt sa. Nu nhng thnh phn chnh ca sa bt khng t trong gii hn cc ch tiu ca loi sa qui nh nu th xem nh sn phm khng t cht lng v dinh dng. t tiu chun an ton v sinh sn phm sa bt phi c hm m khong 3,5 5% trnh h hng cht bo, v trnh s xm nhp ca oxi cng nh hi nc vo sa
4
s gy nn s oxi ha cht bo, trnh nhim vi sinh vt t bn ngoi hoc vi sinh vt tim n trong sa sinh c t trong sn phm, c th gy bnh. Sn phn thc phm c th b h hng, gim cht lng mt i s an ton i vi ngi tiu dng do nhiu nguyn nhn: - Vi sinh vt nhim vo thc phm trong qu trnh ch bin, ng bao b, t bao b nhim vo thc phm hoc t mi trng thng qua bao b i vo sn phm. - Tc nhn vi sinh vt s tng sinh khi trn mi trng thc phm, s dng v lm bin i cc cht dinh dng c trong Thc phm, ng thi sinh ra c t gy mt gi tr cm quan, gim nhanh thnh phn dinh dng v to ra cc c t c th gy bnh cp tnh hoc mn tnh cho ngi s dng. Cc kim loi nng nh As, Hg, Sb t bao b, vt liu polyme, cht mu tng hp hu c hay v c nhum mu v in ln bao b, t bao b kim loi b n mn, hoc t cc monomer hu c, cc cht ph gia trong qu trnh ch to plastic, nhim vo thc phm u c th gy ng c mn tnh cho ngi s dng thc phm . 1.2. LCH S HNH THNH V PHT TRIN CA NGNH BAO B Lch s pht trin vt liu bao b: Lch s bao b thc phm ni ln s tin b ca cng ngh thc phm cng vi cng ngh vt liu lm bao b, ng thi phn nh s pht trin ca x hi loi ngi qua cc thi k. Thc phm m chng ta ang s dng hng ngy c ngun nguyn liu xut x t nhiu vng t, nhiu quc gia trn th gii v c x l ch bin theo s kt hp phong thi ca nhiu nn vn ha khc nhau v bin i theo s pht trin ca x hi. Bao b thc phm c mt trong cc chc nng quan trng l cha ng v bo qun cha thc phm, nn gn lin vi nhu cu sinh hot n ung ca con ngi theo tng thi k. T thi k , vt cha ng thc n thc ung chnh l nhng khc g rng, nhng qu bu b kh, v s, c. Sau , con ngi bit dng mt s b phn ca th rng lm vt cha ng nh: da, xng, sng,. Bn cnh , h cng bit dt lng th hoc cnh nho, c lc thnh tm v to thnh ti cha ng.
5
n thi k mi, loi ngi bit ch to vi cha bng kim loi c hnh dng nh chic sng v pht hin ra t st ch to gm. Hn 4000 nm trc, ngi Moenjo-Daro bit dng da th bt kn cc l bnh bng gm gi m cho la m, la mch c cha ng trong . Khong 530 nm trc cng nguyn, ngi dn Ba T bit dng bnh gm s ng ru vang v nc. Bn cnh , thy tinh cng c con ngi pht hin rt sm. Khong 1500 nm trc cng nguyn, con ngi dng l thy tinh cha nhng cht lng. Nm 79 trc cng nguyn, ngi La m s dng bnh l thy tinh lm vt cha ng ng thi vi gm s. Trong thi k ny, hng ha nh ru vang xut khu cng c ng trong bnh to bng t st nung. Cc loi vt liu bao gi: Giy : c pht minh ra nhm mc ch thay th cho , g, v s, c, da th m loi ngi dng vit ln trc . Ngi Trung Quc pht minh ra giy vit u tin vo nm 105, giy c lm t si lanh. K t nm 751, k thut sn xut giy c truyn sang min Ty , sau ph bin cc nc chu u v Chu M. Vo th k th 16 ngi Trung Quc pht minh ra giy ba cng. K thut lm giy c pht trin khng ngng, n nm 1867, cng ngh sn xut git t bt g xut hin v n gia nm 1800 giy ba gn sng c pht minh, m ra mt k nguyn mi cho ngnh bao b. Giy ba gn sng c s dng lm bao b ngoi cho a s cc loi sn phm, v n c tnh bn c rt cao, c th bo v sn phm cha ng bn trong, chng li cc tc ng c hc. Bn cnh , c tnh nh ca bao b gn sng rt hiu dng khi vn chuyn, bc d hng ha. Ngoi ra, bao b gn sng cn c th ti sn xut, tit kim nguyn liu, t gy nhim mi trng. Thy tinh: Nm 1550 trc cng nguyn, vt liu thy tinh c pht minh v nhng chai l thy tinh mu c ch to. n nm 1200 sau cng nguyn, ngi ta cn dng thy tinh lm cht men ph ln cc sn phm gm s. Nm 1200 sau cng nguyn con ngi khc v trn khun c to ra vt dng bng thy tinh c hnh nh.
Cng ngh sn xut thy tinh qua nhiu th k t n trnh cao, nhng gi thnh sn phm vn cn t. T th k 18 bc sang th k 19, nn khoa hc k thut th gii tin b v ph bin nhanh nn gi thnh sn phm thy tinh h xung thp. gm: gm tr thnh gia dng cha ng thc phm, dng lm chn a n ung t lu i v ph bin khp th gii. Trc khi tn ti cng ngh ng bao b chn khng v thit b lnh vo th k 19, nhng dng bng gm mu xm hoc nu, c trang tr bng cc oxyt kim loi mu, thng dng cha mi th t b v tht mui n ru qu. Cc thng nhn cng dng cc bnh bng gm cha ng nha thng, axit v cc loi cht lng cng nghip khc. gm xut hin ln u tin vo th k 15. Nc c ni ting bi nhng loi men s lm t cc loi mui v c, chnh men s lm cho bnh gm cng hn v an ton hn nhng bnh gm c lp men cha ch. Ngnh gm t nh cao vo th k 18 19, sau n nhng ch cho cc loi vt liu v bao b khc. St trng thic: Khong nm 1200, nhng ngi th th cng Bohemina pht hin ra phng php m thic ln nhng tm st mng. Thi k st mang li nhng nguyn liu v my mc mi cho vic cun thp tm v trng thic. S kin thp thay th st v nhng hp kim cng khc, to iu kin sn xut cc c tm hay l kim loi rt mng. T pht trin v tn ti cng ngh ch to lon, hp bng thp tm, nhm, hp kim ca nhm v i n hon ho nh hin nay. Nhm: Vo nm 1825, nh nghin cu Oersted sn xut ra c nhng ht nhm u tin. Vic tinh luyn nhm rt kh khn, nn vo nm 1825, gi nhm l 545USD/Lb. Nm 1854, Deville v Bunsen ci thin phng php tinh luyn nhm, do vo nm 1885, gi nhm gim xung 11,33USD/Lb, tuy vn cn kh cao. Nm 1886, Heroult v Hall pht hin phng php in phn hin i hn, d tch nhm t oxyt nhm. Nm 1888, Bayer tm ra phng php r tin hn tch nhm t qung boxit. Nm 1982, gi nhm gim xung cn 0,5USD/Lb, nm 1942, gim xung cn 0,14USD/Lb. Khi gi c
7
mc hp l, nhm c s dng cho nhiu mc ch. c tnh mm do ca n cho php ch to l nhm mt cch d dng. L nhm u tin c sn xut vo nm 1910 v nm 1920, k thut cun v in trn nhm c hon thin. Cht do: Vic nhin cu thay th nguyn liu cho cc qu banh billard bng ng dn n vic tm ra xellulose nitrat vo nm 1845. Vo nm 1862, nhng ht nh u tin c trng by ti cuc trin lm ln Lun n. Vo nm 1870, nh nghin cu Hyatt, to ra celluloid, y l hn hp gia cellulose v campor. y l mt thnh cng u tin ca cht do nhn to. Do celluloid v nhng sn phm ca cellulose nitrat d chy, nn cc nh nghin cu tip tc tm kim nhng hp cht kh chy hn nh cellulose acetat c th ha tan aceton. Mng acsein c gii thiu vo nm 1899, cc loi nt v kha bng casen formaldehyde c dng rng ri trong sut nhng nm 1920. Styren c chng ct ln u tin t nha cy balsam vo nm 1831 v t qu trnh polyme ha styren c ch . Vo nm 1866, styren c sn xut t bezen, c chng ct . T thnh cng ny styren c s dng rng ri nhng do tnh dn, c th d v gy nguy him trong trng hp lm chi cho tr em, hay bnh ng thc phm. Do a n hp cht mi tt hn so vi polystyren v cao su tng hp. Vo nm 1950, xp polystyren (EPS) c gii thiu v sau c dng lm tm cch nhit v vt liu m. Qu trnh nghin cu cao su thin nhin dn n vic pht minh ra cc lp ph bng cao su ln cc vt liu xy dng. S pht trin ca cc loi hnh bao b: Cc loi thng cha, hp g, bnh s, ti da, bao vi u c t rt lu. Di y l nhng bc tin quan trng trong s pht trin ca cc loi hnh bao b ph bin hin nay. Hp bng kim loi: T s pht trin ra thp trng thic vo nm 1200, ngi ta c th to ra cc loi hp kim loi. Nhng mi cho ti nm 1764 mi xut hin Lun n cc loi hp nh
8
bng kim loi ng thuc l. u nhng nm 1830, dim v bnh bch quy u c cha ng trong cc hp thp trng thic. Khong gia nm 1850 1900, k thut in trn kim loi c pht trin. Nhng chic hp ban u c thit k vi 8-9 mu so vi ngy nay l 4-5 mu. Ngy nay, cc loi hp khng c in nhiu hn nm mu do ch ph cao. Lon kim loi: Cc loi hp hnh tr c thit k bi Peter Durand vo nm 1810. Nhng chic hp u tin c hn bng tay c cha mt l ng knh khong 3-4cm trn nh hp. Sau khi thc phm c a qua l, l c ng li bng cch hn mt ming thp. C nhng trng hp, mt ci l nh c khoan thot kh trong qu trnh nu v sau hn li. Vo nm 1868, cc loi vecni c ch to ph bn trong lon st, chng li s n mn lon bi thc phm c cha ng v s h hng ca nhiu thc phm do nhim kim loi t bao b. Nhng chic lon u tin c m bng cch dng c v ba. Chic kha m hp u tin c sng ch nm 1866, da trn nguyn tc n by. Ngy nay, cc loi hp ng gi chn khng c loi np ny thng c lm t plastic cho php hn kn v m d dng. Chai l thy tinh: c im ca chai l th k 17v 18 l c cu to c trng phn bit nh sn xut v cc sn phm cha bn trong. Chic my c chai t ng u tin bng phng php ly tm c sn xut ln u tin nm 1889. Di thi n hong Victoria, cc chai ng dc phm c c tnh cao c thit k c bit. Nhng chai l ny c ch to ngi s dng c th nhn bit nhng bt thng bng s cm nhn bi gic quan. Np chai cng tin mt bc di t dng np g chut nhn v cc loi nt bn c dng t nm 1000 trc cng nguyn. ng n hn, np chai c ph sp hoc hc n. Vo gia thp nin 1930, c nhiu th nghim dn n vic s dng np bng cao su v nha PE bt u t nm 1945. Lai mi nht c lm bng nhm, v c thit k c th x c vng xon pha di, khi phn ny b ri khi np cho thy l chai c m, thng c s dng trong vic khng cc loi chai ru hay nc gii kht.
9
Ngy nay, a s cc loi chai ming rng c np bng thp vn ren, v c bc lp plastic dng mng co nhm khng sn phm. Hp bng g v ba cng: T nhng nm 1630 cho n th k 19, cc loi hp c ch to th cng bng cc tm g mng hoc giy ba cng (carton), cc loi nhn hiu c dn bn ngoi thng, hp d qung co, phn bit. Ngy nay vic sn xut hp v thng cha bng giy tr thnh mt ngnh thng mi quan trng. Vic sn xut hp c th bt u Anh vo nm 1817, v M bt u sm hn vo nm 1810. Cc loi hp sn xut thi im u thng c dng trn v kh to gc cnh bng phng php th cng. Ngnh lm thng hp carton bng c gii bt u vo nm 1855, dng ng thuc v ko. Cc hp v thng giy gip tit kim c khng gian rt nhiu trong vic lu tr hng ha trong kho hay ca hng. Vo nm 1870, Robert Gair, ngi thnh cng trc trong vic sn xut ti giy, pht minh ra my ct v gp np t ng. Vo u nm 1900, cc loi ng cc, bnh bch quy c bao gi bng cc thng carton c trng sp, in nhn hiu v cc mu qung co. Giy gi v nhn hiu: Cch bao gi bng l cy c dng t rt xa xa ngn nga t, nc v cc tc nhn h hi i vi thc phm. Khong nm 1550, cc loi giy gi c in tn ca ngi sn xut. Thuc v thuc l c bn trong cc bao bng giy vo nm 1660. Vi s xut hin ca giy lm bng my v thut in , cc nhn hiu c in v p dng cho hp, chai, l, lon cha ng cc loi sn phm. L kim loi c dng bc cc loi chocolate t u nhng nm 1840 n nay. Ban u l kim loi c lm bng ch, sau dng l thp bao bc mt s thc phm nhng vo na sau th k 19 phn ln l kim loi c thay th bng giy trng sp chng thm v c dn nhn hiu. Giy sp ra i t tng ca mt ngi th lm nn, ng khng mun mang con c mi cu c v nh c bc bng giy bo thm t nc. Vo nm 1877, ng thnh lp mt cng ty sn xut giy sp. n nm 1894, giy ph parafin c lt bn
10
trong thng carton ng bnh quy chng thm cht bo ra thng giy v chng ht m vo bnh. Sau vo nm 1900 giy ph parafin uc dng gi ko, bnh m v mt s thc n kh mt cch ph bin. Giy sp xut hin lm thnh mt loi vt liu cch m tt trc khi c s xut hin ca cellophane v nhm vo nm 1912. Chng bao lu sau , giy sp v cc l kim loi c kt hp sn xut ra mt loi bao b tt hn. Cui nhng nm 1950 xut hin cc loi mng cht do c th hn bng nhit v co dn c nh polyvinychlorine, polyvinylidene chlorine, polypropylene. Ti: Vic sn xut cc loi ti c bt u vo nhng nm 1618 1648. C s sn xut ti u tin Anh thnh lp vo nm 1844. thi k ny, vic in n trn ti giy c thc hin bng cc my in chy bng hi nc. Vo nm 1870, nhng bao b giy c kch thc ln c xp, dn keo c thay th bi cc bao bng bng vi ng cc khi lng ln nh ng cc, lng thc, cc loi bt. Nm 1905, cc loi ti giy c in nhn c sn xut theo dy chuyn t ng v tip theo l ti bng plastic ra i, rt thng dng so vi ti giy. 1.3. TNH HNH S DNG BAO B TRN TH GII V TI VIT NAM S pht trin ca x hi cng nghip ha ng thi vi s pht trin ca th, v cng nghip ha nng nghip dn n hin tng tp trung dn trong khu vc thnh th, s gia tng s lng ph n i lm v vic thay i t cc i gia nh nng thn thnh cc gia nh nh. Nh th, cn thit phi c s ci thin hiu qu trong phn phi hng ha, thc phm c th cung cp hp l cho ngi tiu dng. y l khi im ca thi k bao b tiu th l cc boa b bao gi tng n v nh thay th cho vic bn tng khi ln hng ha trc kia. Bn cnh , theo s pht trin ca x hi, nng cao mc sng ca ngi dn gia tng mc tiu dng, v to nn s thay i yu cu v hng ha, thc phm. Tt c nhng iu ny c th hin bng s gia tng cc hot ng vui chi, gii tr, du lch v cng vin l s gia tng s lng ba n ngoi tri, Ngoi ra ngi s dng cn i hi thc phm phi c s thay i v mu m, kiu dng sao cho thun li ph hp vi
11
tng trng hp khc nhau v t cht lng an ton v sinh thc phm (v d nh tr nh n trng em theo sa hp tit trng th thun li v v sinh hn). ng thi nh sn xut cng quan tm thu ht s ch ca khch hng bng vic tip th thng qua bao b. V vy, ngy nay bao b c s dng nh l mt cng c ca qu trnh marketing t c gi tr gia tng cho sn phm. iu ny gii thch ti sao trong x hi hin nay, chi ph cho bao b thc phm trong tng chi ph chung ca ngnh sn xut bao b l cao nht. V i vi ring ngnh cng nghip thc phm th t l chi ph cho bao b ngy cng cao so vi tng chi ph sn xut thc phm. T a n s cnh tranh cao nhm gim gi thnh sn phm v yu cu vt liu bao b t tnh nng cao. Nhng yu cu ny c tha mn bi s to ra cc vt liu bao b v h thng ng gi mi, c bit. Cc loi bao b a dng v cu trc, cch trang tr, thng tin, nh, dy rt nh v em li nhiu thun li trong qu trnh bo qun, s dng, phn phi, kim tra sn phm. Hu ht nhu cu hng ngy v thc phm ca cc gia nh, c p ng thng qua h tng siu th. S tng trng nhanh chng phng thc phn phi t phc v l nh vo bao b hin i. iu ny khng ch gip gim chi ph phn phi, m cn bo qun thc phm trnh uc s h hng, a n hiu qu sn xut tng cao, h tr cho vic cnh tranh v gi cho cc sn phm cui cng. Ch ring trong lnh vc sn xut thc phm, t l h hng ca sn phm ti cc quc gia cng nghip hng u v cc quc gia ang pht trin l 5% v 50%, nu t l ny cng h thp th cng to nhiu c hi cho vic ci thin mc sng, gim gi thnh sn phm cui cng. Vi phng hng chin lc pht trin bao b ngnh thc phm, sn xut thc phm ca t nc chc chn s c bc pht trin nhy vt v qui m sn xut, v ngnh ngh, trnh ch bin, v sn lng v t sut hng ha y mnh sn xut v xut khu thc phm ch bin a dng. s pht trin ny s ko theo s pht trin tt yu v qui m v trnh phn phi trong th trng ni a cng nh th trng quc t. Nc ta trong nhng nm gn y, kinh t pht trin nhu cu tiu dng ngy cng c nng cao, trong nhu cu v thc phm ch bin t cht lng cao tiu dng v xut khu tng ln mnh m, t thc y s pht trin qui m cng ngh bao b a dng v t cht lng cao.
12
S chuyn bin c tnh chin lc ca cng ngh thc phm yu cu ngnh bao b pht trin mnh m v lng cng nh cht vi mng ngun liu plastic n, mng phc hp hoc lon thp trng thic, chai l thy tinh, nha, nhng thng cha bng ba cng gn sng v ba cng cc loi,. Xu hng hin nay ca th gii i vi bao b thc phm. Ring i vi vt liu lm bao b bng plastic, mc sn xut v tiu dng trung bnh tnh trn u ngi tng cc nc pht trin v cng tng cao nhng nc ang pht trin. Vit Nam l mt trong nhng nc c t l s dng vt liu plastic tng cao. Sau y l mc sn xut, tiu dng v mc tiu dng /ngi/nm i vi vt liu bao b plastic mt s quc gia trn th gii c trnh by bng sau: Quc gia Sn (tn/nm) Nm c B Bolivina Brazin Canada Colombia Phn lan Php c Hungary Islrael Nht Hn quc Malaysia Rumani Slovikia Slovenia Nam phi Ty ban nha Th nh k 2000 1099 5116 0 3782 4263 0 585 6500 15500 1006 499 3875 14736 12100 1300 311 464 197 650 3639 723 2001 1146 5200 0 3680 4244 0 587 6561 15800 1035 496 3875 13881 11897 1530 293 427 203 835 3626 850 xut T (%) 4,2 1,6 0,0 -2,7 -0,4 NA 0,3 0,9 1,9 2,9 -0,6 0,0 -5,8 -0,9 17,7 -5,8 -8,0 3,3 28,0 -0,4 17,5 2000 2001 1541 1601 1840 1767 47 50 4330 4217 5303 3998 526 532 471 475 5201 5298 12800 12800 680 697 750 796 6810 6925 11609 11018 4714 5032 1200 1214 244 260 159 193 206 213 900 910 3797 4134 2158 1915 l Mc tiu dng T (%) 3,9 -4,0 6,4 -2,6 14,1 1,1 0,8 1,9 0,0 2,5 6,1 1,7 -5,1 6,7 1,2 6,6 21,4 3,7 1,1 6,2 -11,3 l Mc ngi 2000 2001 80 83 180 172 6 6 25 22 114 118 12 13 91 91 87 87 154 160 68 68 117 124 118 104 92 87 9 9 52 51 11 12 29 36 103 107 18 18 99 102 30 28 tiu T l thay u i/u ngi (%) 3,9 -4,4 2,4 -12,1 3,7 3,0 0,0 0,0 4,1 0,6 6,0 -11,9 -5,4 2,0 -1,9 12,1 21,4 3,5 1,1 2,5 -4,9 thay i (tn/nm) thay i dng/
13
Anh M Vit nam
2661 2656 -0,2 43822 41719 -4,8 938 1125 19,9
4713 4724 44509 42817 950 1102
0,2 -3,8 116,0
79 159 12
79 155 14
0,0 -2,8 16,7
Ghi ch: (-)ch s gim so vi mc ca nm 2000 Mc tiu dng cao hn mc sn xut trong mt nm ca mt quc gia do bao b t hng ha thc phm nht khu. Xu hng hin nay ca ngnh bao b: Sn lng plastic nhit do ngy cng tng cao K thut sn xut mng plastic, bao b bng vt liu plastic ghp ngy cng pht trin mnh Bao b phi p ng c 3 chc nng chnh l bo v hng ha thc phm bn trong, thng tin v thun tin trong qun l, tiu dng; hn ch c s nhim mi trng bi bao b ph thi. Do bao b cn c cu to bi vt liu: + C kh nng ti sinh + c sn xut tun theo cc lut v bo v mi trng nh bao b c ghi tn loi plastic cu to di y tin phn loi sau khi thu hi v ti sinh + m bo cho vic ti sinh , cn ghp hai trong nhiu loi nguyn lu c thnh phn ging nhau, trnh ti a vic pha trn cc loi nguyn liu plastic vo nhau. + Cu trc mng ph bin nht l mng ba lp Tri qua cc thi k, cch trnh by bao b c th hp dn ngi tiu th lun rt c coi trng, nh s dng bao b trong sut khch hng c th nhn thy sn phm bn trong. Nm 1990 Php s dng cc loi acid nh (nh acid amin) chy t con c thm qua pha di mm c l gp mt ti nh ng cabonat canxi hay cacbonat natri, phn ng sinh ra nhiu kh CO2 bo v sn phm chng xy ha. Nht s dng cht hp th xy ng trong ti nh, cho vo bao b cha cc lt c kh trc khi hn ming, bao nh ny s hp th ht kh xy v s lm gim s h hng, ko di thi gian bo qun. Mt s loi thc phm nh rau xa lch n lin cn c ng bao b c bm kh,
14
vi bao b lm bng vt liu plastic OPP. Rau qu ti sng vn cn h hp, do trong bao b cha ng rau qu cn phi c lng oxi va duy tr v ko di s sng ca rau qu. 1.4. NH HNG CA BAO B N MI TRNG: Theo Trung tm K thut Cht do TP.HCM, trong sn xut vt dng bng nha, ngoi nha nguyn sinh, cc nh sn xut cn a vo cc cht ph gia nh cht gia cng, cht chu thi tit, cht chng tia t ngoi, bt mu..., nht l cc ph gia khng c php dng trong sn phm nha ng thc phm, lm cho sn phm c nhiu c t gy hi cho ngi s dng Mt s ti nilon c lm t cht do polyvinyl c kh nng gy ung th. y l cha k n cc loi ti nilon ny u c kh nng b nhim vi sinh vt do khng qua kh trng v bo qun khoa hc. V vy, khng tu tin dng cht do tng hp gi thc phm. Mt hng chn, a, t, ly lm t nha melamine c nhiu ngi a chung do cu trc cng, nh, c thm m cao. Tuy nhin, nhng c s lm n gian di li s dng nguyn liu tng t melamine nh nha polystirene sn xut nhm c gi r. Loi nha ny khng chu c ha cht, du, dung mi hu c. Khi s dng cha thc n c nhiu du, m, chua, mn s gy hi cho sc khe ngi s dng, nht l khi nhit vt qu 60oC. Trong nha PVC sn xut chi tr em c cha cht c DOB. Khi tr a nghch cho chi vo ming, cht c ny s d dng xm nhp vo c th. Cc loi chi bng nha do thng c cht phthalates. Cht ny rt c hi v n s thm thu trong nc, thc phm xm nhp vo c th ngi, nht l i vi tr em. sn phm chi c mu sc sc s, cc nh sn xut cn s dng c mu cng nghip vn c thnh phm kim loi nng rt cao. Khi b thi nhim cc cht s xm nhp vo c th gy ung th. T s gia tng sn lng bao b cha ng thc phm cng vi k thut vt liu ghp t tnh nng bo qun cao do tnh chng thm kh, hi cc cao, th s lng bao b
15
ph thi ra mi trng thm trm trng. V vy, bin php ti sinh vt liu bao b t bao b ph thi ngy cng c cc ngnh k thut quan tm. Thng nhn khng nn lm dng gi thnh qu thp ca bao b plastic m s dng mt cch tha thi nhng bao b plastic ph tr bn ngoi cha ng sn phm. mt s quc gia h phi tnh ton hp l v s dng ng cch loi ti xch plastic, ti bc ngoi sn phm, khuyn co khch hng phi tn thm chi ph khi c yu cu s dng v khuyn dng bao, ti xch plastic c khng tn chi ph mt cch v ch. Ngi dn phi t phn loi rc thi v phn thnh rc tiu hy c v rc khng tiu hy c, trong bao b thc phm ph thi c chia thnh cc loi: kim loi, plastic, v giy ngay t lc c s dng xong. Mt khi c thnh ph, c nc u thc hin vic t phn rc th vic thu gom rc ca cng ty v sinh s nh nhng hn v vic ti sinh vt liu bao b t bao b ph thi thc hin mt cch d dng v kh trit .T
CHNG II: CHC NNG CA BAO B THC PHM PHN LOI BAO B THC PHM 2.1. CHC NNG CA BAO B THC PHM: c tnh ca bao b thc phm th hin qua ba chc nng quan trng sau: m bo s lng v cht lng thc phm Thng tin, gii thiu sn phm, thu ht ngi tiu dng Thun tin trong phn phi, lu kho, qun l v tiu dng 2.1.1. Chc nng m bo s lng v cht lng thc phm: Bao b lm nhim v cha ng mt s lng nht nh v bo qun thc phm t sau qu trnh ch bin cho n khi c tiu th bi ngi tiu dng. Chc nng u tin ca bao b l m bo nguyn vn v s lng, trng thi, cu trc, mu, mi, v, thnh phn dinh dng cho thc phm c cha ng bn trong bao b.
16
Bao b m bo thc phm c cha ng bn trong khng thay i v
khi lng hay th tch
Cht lng ca sn phm thc phm, gm c mt dinh dng, an ton v sinh,
cm quan, phi lun c m bo trong sut thi hn s dng ca sn phm. Do , m cng ngh ch bin, phng php ng bao b v vt liu bao b phi ph hp c th duy tr v n nh cht lng sn phm. Thc phm sau khi c x l ch bin phi c ng bao b kn nhm trnh hay ngn cn hon ton tc ng ca mi trng bn ngoi n thc phm trong sut thi hn s dng. Tc nhn t mi trng ngoi c th xm nhp vo bn trong bao b gy h hng thc phm gm: nc, hi nc, khng kh, vi sinh vt, t ct bi, cn trng v tc ng ca lc c hc, nh sng bao gm nh sng thy c v tia cc tm, s chiu x, nhit . Vi sinh vt c th xm nhp vo thc phm thng qua s xm nhp ca nc, hi nc, khng kh; t ct c a vo thc phm cng vi khi cn trng xm nhp. nh sng l tc nhn xc tc cho mt s phn ng oxy ha kh, cc phn ng sinh ha to ra gc t do c th gy c cho c th, cc gc t do to phn ng dy chuyn v phn ct cc mch polyme gy bin i thnh phn dinh dng v cc cht dinh dng v cc cht mu, mi. Nhit c p dng bo qun sn phm, ty theo quy trnh cng ngh x l ch bin v thnh phn ca sn phm m p dng nhit bo qun khc nhau. Cn quan tm n bao b ca nhng sn phm lnh ng nh hi sn, kem n. Thy sn cp ng phi c bo qun -180C, vt liu bao b phi khng thay i c tnh mi trng lnh ng -35 -400C v mi trng bo qun -180C. Ngoi iu kin nhit c bit nh trn, cc nhit bo qun thc phm khc u khng tc hi, bin i c tnh ca cc loi vt liu bao b. -Nc, hi nc s lm tng hm lng m ca nhng thc phm kh, nhng loi c hm lng m thp. S tng hm lng m ca thc phm l nguyn nhn gy h hng thc phm, v to iu kin cho vi sinh vt pht trin. Vi sinh vt gy h hng thc phm s lm bin i cc thnh phn dinh dng ca thc phm v tit c t vo thc phm. Bn cnh , nhng vi khun gy bnh c th to mt sinh khi vt hn mc qui
17
nh. Nhng hin tng ny d dng gy bnh cp tnh ng tiu ha, hoc bnh mn tnh, i vi ngi n phi thc phm ny. S tng hm m ca thc phm nh hng nghim trng n cht lng cm quan: thc phm dng bt mn b mt dng kh xp, m tr nn vn cc. Hm m cao cn to s thun li cho s thy phn cht bo, t c th to nn nhng gc t do khi u cho qu trnh oxi ha cht bo, sinh ra nhng thnh phn c hi cho c th. S xm nhp ca khng kh, trong c oxi to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh oxi ha cht bo khng no, cht mu, cht mi, vitamin v cc hot cht sinh hc khc. Chnh s xm nhp ca oxi v s xc tc ca nh sng gy tn tht vitamin, bin i cc ct mu lm gim gi tr cm quan ca sn phm. Kh oxi cng to iu kin cho vi sinh vt hiu kh pht trin gy h hng thc phm v gy bnh. Ch ni ring cc loi cn trng nh kin, dn xm nhp vo thc phm cng l ngun em nhim ca cc tc nhn vi sinh vt, t ct, bi khin thc phm b gim s lng v b h hng hon ton.
-
Tc ng ca lc c hc, chnh l do va chm trong qu trnh vn chuyn, bc d hoc b ri, thng khin cho thc phm kh b v vn, mt gi tr thc phm cng nh cm quan nhng cng chnh tc ng c hc c th gy h hng bao b, lm cho bao b khng cn m bo kn hoc b try sc b mt gy mt cm quan v gi tr thng phm. Nh vy bao b kn cha ng thc phm, thc hin nhim v phng chng tt c cc tc ng t mi trng ngoi. S phng chng ny ph thuc vo vt liu lm bao b, phng php ng gi bao b v mi hn ghp m, hoc mi ghp gia cc b phn nh thn v np, bn vng ca bao b ngoi.
i vi trng hp thc phm c ng bao b hay cha ng trong nhiu lp bao b c th ch cn mt lp bao b trong cng kn, lp ngoi lm nhim v chng tc ng va chm gy try sc mt ngoi ca lp bao b kn. Sn phm sau khi ng vo bao b plastic, hn ghp m th c cho vo hp giy ba cng trnh va chm c th lm nhu hoc gy mt plastic hoc thng bao plastic. Phng php bao gi hai lp nh vy to nn thun li trong sp xp, c th xp khi d
18
dng trong khi chuyn ch, phn phi, lu kho v cn m bo an ton cho bao b kn ng sn phm. Ngoi t thc phm ti sng nh rau, qu th cc loi thc phm qua x l, ch bin phi c ng bao b kn. Bao b kn c loi c th ti ng, ti m, nhng trc khi n tay ngi tiu dng th sn phm khg c m bao b, l trch nhim ca nh sn xut, h phi tao nn nhng cch nim phong t sau khi ng bao b. ng thi ngi mua hng hay ngi tiu dng phi nhn thc c iu ny v khng m bao b sn phm trc khi mua hng. Do , m ngi mua hng khng th s, nm, ngi, thc phm trong bao b ang by bn m ch nhn thc cht lng s tin cy ca sn phm qua bao b th hin bi cu to v thng tin ca bao b. Vic nh gi cm quan sn phm khng th p dng lc mua chn la hng ang by bn m nh gi bng nhn thc thng qua bao b th hin hai chc nng k tip : -
Thng tin, gii thiu sn phm, thu ht ngi tiu dng Thun li trong phn phi, lu kho, qun l v tiu dng
2.1.2. Chc nng thng tin, gii thiu sn phm, thu ht ngi tiu dng: Bao b cha ng thc phm cng thc hin nhim v truyn ti thng tin ca nh sn xut n ngi tiu dng, ni ln gi tr ca sn phm c cha ng bn trong nh: c tnh ca sn phm v dinh dng, trng thi, cu trc, mi, v, ngun nguyn liu, nh sn xut, a ch quc gia ch bin ra sn phn. ng thi bao b cng l li mi, ca nh sn xut i vi khch hng. Sn phm thc phm t thng tin, gii thiu thu ht khch hng thng qua nhn hiu, hnh thc bao b, v kt cu bao b. Nhn hiu bao b c qui nh cht ch theo cc qui nh ca nh nc phi th hin c c tnh thc phm, nh sn xut , quc gia sn xut, s m bo cht lng thc phm cha ng bn trong. Cch trnh by hnh nh, mu sc, thng hiu, tn sn phm, chnh l s thu ht ca sn phm i vi ngi tiu dng. Bao b lun lun c trang tr trnh by vi hnh thc p, ni bt, nhm mc ch thu ht ngi tiu dng ch , thm d, tm hiu v dng th; do chnh cht lng ca thc phm cha ng bn trong s to lng tin i vi
19
khch hng. Sn phm hng ha c v p ni bt th d thu ht ngi tiu dng hn nhng hng ha khng c trang tr hi ha, thch hp th hiu ngi tiu dng. Ngi ta khng dng mu sc mang tnh m m, bun b trang tr bao b, tnh cht ca mu sc c th ph thuc tng a phng, dn tc. Thng bao b c trang tr mu sc sao cho th hin c s trong sng vui ti, may mn, hoc thng li. Vi hng ha xut khu, vic trnh by, ghi nhn hiu, trang tr, mu sc cn c quan tm sao cho ph hp vi ngi tiu dng ni sn phm c xut n. C th tm hiu ngha mu sc ca mt s quc gia: Ti Php, cc mu , mu en, vng ch sn phm mang cht lng cao, mu xanh da tri c s ti mt, mu xanh l cy biu hin cm gic ngh ngi. Mu trng di vi Trung Quc th hin s bun b tang thng, nhng i vi Php th c ngha tinh khit, sch s. Mu en trnh khng nn dng i Loan, nhng li l mu nghim trang Nht Bn, ngi Nht c tp qun mc phc mu en tham d cc bui l quan trng, l ci. Mu ta (tm ng ) i vi Nht l mu tng trng cho chc sc trong tn gio, cng l mu ca Hong tc hay dng
-
Mu l mu c a chung, mu biu tng cho s thnh cng, i vi x hi Vit Nam, Trung Quc, Singapore, hng kng, i Loan. Mu vng t thng nn trnh dng mt s quc gia nh Nht, M Lai, Singapore, v l mu trong y phc Hong tc, tn gio Vit Nam thng khng dng hai hoc ba mu: tm, trng, en i cng nhau. Vit Nam khng a chung mu en
Bn cnh mt s quc gia dng cc biu tng: Hoa cc l mt trong nhng biu tng cao qu Nht Hoa phong lan c a chung Thi Lan Voi l biu tng quc gia cho Thi v tng trng cho sc mnh i Loan Rng, tng trng cho vua, cha, hong tc, sc mnh i vi Trung Quc
20
B l mt trong nhng biu tng cao qu trong tn ngng n , M Lai, Singapore, do trnh dng cc hnh nh ny. Chng ta khng nn lm dng nhng mu sc hoc nhng biu tng ca cc quc
gia khc, cng nh khng dng hnh nh mu sc c n tng xu gy nh hng tm l ngi tiu dng ni hng ha phn phi, xut khu. Kt cu ca bao b cho bit trng thi, cu trc, mu sc ca sn phm nh trng hp bao b c mt phn hoc hon ton trong sut cho php nhn thy thc phm bn trong, u nhm p ng yu cu, khch hng gip h c s la chn d dng. Trng hp tht ti sng c bao gi trong sut nhn thy th tht, thnh phn m nc, mu sc ca tht. i vi trng hp thc phm cn trnh nh sng, th bao b c cu to che chn mt phn hay ton b nh sng: bao b c th dng tong sut, nhng c mu ti ngn cn bt cng nh sng nh i vi tng hp chai bia, do bia l sn phm nc ung cn thit ng chai trong sut c th nhn xuyn thu, nhm to nim tin v an ton i vi ngi tiu dng V d: sn phm sa bt cha hm lng cht bo v vitamin cao, c cha ng trong bao b trnh nh sng hon ton s tt hn l dng bao b trong sut cho nh sng xuyn qua. Trng hp sn phm du n dng lng trong sut c mu vng nht, cn chng oxi ha do tc nhn nh sng gy ra, theo l thuyt nh th th bao b du n phi c thnh c khng th nhn xuyn thu s tt hn l dng chai l trong sut. Thc t, du n c sn xut cng nghip c tinh luyn loi b hon ton tc nhn gy thy phn, oxi ha trong du v c ph gia mt lng cht chng oxi ha; do du tinh luyn c ng trong chai l trong sut vn c kh nng chng oxi ha tt. iu ny rt ph hp vi th hiu ca ngi tiu dng, v h nhn thy c trng thi ca du lng bn trong: trong sut Cn ( nu c) Mu vng nht hay m S tch lp c khuynh hng ng rn ca cht bo m quyt nh la chn sn phm
21
Nh vy, t bao b gii thiu c cht lng cm quan ca du, th hin c cht lng chung ca du n. Trong trng hp bao b cha ng thc phm m bo s lng v cht lng sn phm v cu to thun tin trong phn phi, tiu th, c nhn hiu ghi y thng tin v sn phm v nh sn xut, nhng nu c cch trang tr, mu sc khng hi ha, khng p ng tm l s thch ngi tiu dng th cng khng th c chp nhn trn th trng. C th thy Vit Nam hay cc quc gia khc, vo dp l tt nhng sn phm thc phm c by bn trong nhng bao b c trang tr km theo nhng cu chc tng, biu tng cho s may mn thnh cng th c ngi dn a chung, v nh th p ng c ng tm l ca ngi mua qu biu tng v ngi mua qu s dng. Do vy, thng tin, gii thiu sn phm, thu ht ngi tiu dng l chc nng quan trng khng th thiu ca bao b thc phm. 2.1.3. Chc nng thun li trong phn phi, lu kho, qun l v tiu dng: Bao b phi c thit k thun tin, tit kim cho s bo qun sn phm, phn phi, lu kho, qun l, v tiu dng. Do lp bao b ngoi vic cha ng trc tip sn phm, th cn phi chn vt liu, cu trc, th tch theo khu phn, theo tnh nng ca thc phm c cha ng; bn cnh cn thit lp bao b ngoi kn hoc h thc hin c chc nng th ba ca bao b thc phm. Bao b ngoi c chn v thit k theo cc nguyn tc: Bn vng, chc chn Dng khi ch nht cha mt s lng ln v nht nh i vi mt hoc nhiu chng loi thc phm Cha ng nhiu chng loi thc phm D dng phn phi vn chuyn th bao b c cu trc hnh khi ch nht d xp khi, ng thnh kin, c kch thc nh nhau, tin xp vo kho, cht chng ln cao trnh c s tn mt bng kho, v cng to s d dng nhanh chng trong khi bc d, vn chuyn bng bng ti, bng xe v kim sot s lng. Do , nhng loi bao b tc tip bao bc thc phm, c dng hnh tr y trn hoc y tam gic, c dng ti hay mt dng bt k lun lun cn c lp bao b ph, dng bao b h hoc kn bao bc bn
22
ngoi bo v cho lp bao b ny, to thnh nhng khi ch nht nh, t nhng khi ch nht ny li c xp vo mt bao b dng khi ch nht ln hn. l mt nguyn tc c bn trong thit k bao b sn phm. Bn cnh s thun li trong vn chuyn, cch bao b nhiu lp to hnh khi cng gip sn phm trnh hoc gim nhng nh hng ca va chm c hc, c th gy ra v h hng cu trc trng thi sn phm thc phm. S to thnh khi, thnh kin cha ng mt s lng sn phm nht nh nh trn cng to iu kin qun l hng ha mt cch d dng hiu qu cao. bn cao ca bao b ngoi bo v sn phm c chng cht cao trong kho; trong trng hp rau qu th s sp xp ny vn bo qun c rau qu trong mi trng lnh c m cao v thch hp cho vn chuyn ng xa. Bao b c tnh nng n nh tng kin, tng khi khi xp thnh cc kin cao trong kho, h thng bao b ngoi ny c th thu hi ti s dng v sau c th ti sinh. Bao b ngoi c th ti s dng, ti sinh d dng trong trng hp bng vt liu giy ba cng. Cc loi bao b khi ch nht cha ng mt s lng nht nh thng c cu to bng giy ba cng c trng ph mt lp plastic trnh thm nc, trnh gy h hng bao b giy, ng thi lp plastic ph cn to trt tng i cho cc thng c th tho ri chng mt cch d dng t khi hng ha ang cht chng. Bn cnh , tng bao b cha ng thc phm theo khu phn nh lng s dng mt ln/ ngi c ghp thnh mt khi nh, ri tng khi nh li xp vo trong mt thng ln. Bao b chic rt thc phm theo khu phn nh sa ti tit trng, cc bao b cha ng thc phm va cho mt ngi s dng mt ln hoc nhng bao b cha ng thc phm vi s lng ln nhiu ngi cng s dng, lng thc phm ng vo bao b p ng theo tng trng hp ca ngi tiu dng em li tin ch cho mt x hi cng nghip ha. Nhiu chng loi c sp xp chung trong mt bao b. Chng c sp xp theo tng loi, tng v tr to v m quan, thu ht ngi s dng.
23
Thun tin trong vic s dng: Cc loi thc phm nh bnh ko, sn phm n lin c ng trong bao b plastic. Bao b c th c x nhanh mt cch d dng nh lm bng vt liu OPP v c mt vt ct nh ba bao b hay vt rng ca u hn dn m bao b, khng cn dng dng c ct nh dao, ko. Vi nhng thc phm c tnh cht ha l nh m, tnh cht cm quan nh hng khc nhau, th chng phi c bao gi ring bit trnh nh hng khng tt cho nhau: (vd: bnh c m cao phi bao gi ring tng ci m bo m ban u v khng lm tng hm m ca nhng loi bnh c m thp. Hoc bnh c mi bc mnh cng cn c bao gi ring chng thot hng) Trn bao b kn hoc h, trc tip hay gin tip u c ghi m s, m vch, qun l tt v s lng, chng loi. Hin nay cng tc qun l c n gin v chnh xc nh vo h thng m s, m vch, thit b scanner v h thng my vi tnh; d liu c nhp v truy xut mt cch nhanh chng. 2.2. M S M VCH: 2.2.1. Lch s pht trin m s m vch (MSMV) MSMV c pht minh vo nm 1949 bi N. Jwod Landa ti M. Nm 1960, tiu bang Sylvania p dng MSMV vo vic kim sot cc toa xe la, p ng thi k pht trin ca k thut in t v thng tin Vo nm 1970, y ban Tp M ng dng MSMV u tin vo vic mua bn, phn phi, kim tra hng ha thc phm: a my scanner v my thu tin kt hp, gim thiu s lng nhn vin phc v bn hng, em li hiu qu knh t cao do quyt ton nhanh v trnh c sai st nhm ln. Nh th , MSMV p dng v t thnh cng ln. Nm 1973 hip hi Cng nghip Tp M thng nht thnh lp Hip hi UCC (Uniform Code Council) c nhim v ch yu l cung cp thng tin v iu l ca UCC, ph bin p dng MSMV UPC (Universal Product Code). Cho n nay, m UPC c s dng ch yu M v Canada. Nm 1974 cc nh sn xut v cung cp hng ha ca 12 nc Chu u cng nhau thnh lp hi ng c bit nghin cu kh nng p dng h thng MSMV ca chu u gi l EAN c thit lp da trn c s ca MSMV UPC.
24
Thng 12-1977 t chc EAN chnh thc c thnh lp v t tr s ti B v do B lm tng th k. Mc ch chnh ca t chc EAN l pht trin MSMV tiu chun ton cu v m ngnh phn nh sn phm , dch v v a im nhm cung cp ngn ng chung cho thng mi quc t. Mc ch ca t chc c ng h nhanh chng v m rng ra ngoi phm vi Chu u n cc chu lc khc nh Chu c, chu . n nm 1992, t chc EAN tr thnh EAN-quc t . Hin nay, EAN quc t c thnh vin l cc t chc EAN ca cc quc gia , c nhim v h tr v thng tin y v MSMV ca EAN n cc cng ty, x nghip ca cc quc gia thnh vin. Cc loi MSMV tiu chun ang c p dng hin nay: EAN (EAN-8, EAN-13) ITF-14 UCC/EAN-28 2.2. EAN quc t v ng dng vo cc ngnh: H thng MSMV EAN chnh l mt hnh thc thng tin hiu qu, l cha kha ca s thnh cng trong qun l v thng mi quc t. Nh vo h thng MSMV tiu chun , cc nh sn xut cng nghip, kinh doanh c th trao i thng tin kim tra thng mi quc t v s lng chng loi hng ha mt cch chnh xc, nhanh chng v kinh t. EAN quc t dn u cho mt gii php ton cu nh h thng nh s n l v h thng thng tin in t. Li ch ca h thng ny c chng minh: vic ct li l thnh lp mt h thng trao i thng tin hiu qu, ho nhp c cc bn thng mi trong mng li cung cp vi ngn ng chung cho thng mi ton cu v qun l x hi c hiu qu. MSMV v ang c p dng rng ri v c hiu qu trong cc ngnh sau: Mu dch: -
Nhp kho v kim k Tnh tin v ghi ha n nhanh chng cho khch hng
Sn xut hng ha ti x nghip
25
Nhp v qun l nguyn liu Qun l sn phm ti quy trnh sn xut Qun l sn phm xut nhp kho Qun l nhn s
Ngnh y dc: Sn xut thuc v dc liu Qun l h s bnh nhn trong bnh vin
Bu in Pht truyn nhanh Tra tm hng tht lc
Hng khng Qun l hnh l, hng ha Th vin: qun l c gi v sch. Ngoi ra MSMV cn c ng dng trong cc ngnh khc: giao thng vn ti, th dc th thao, ni v, quc phng. 2.2.2. T chc EAN Vit nam (EAN-VN) v p dng cng ngh MSMV Vit Nam EAN-VN l t chc m s m vch vt phm quc gia ca Vit Nam c thnh lp thng 3- 1995 v c cng nhn l thnh vin chnh thc ca EAN quc t thng 5-1996, c giao nhim v qun l v trin khai hot ng MSMV Vit Nam. Hng dn cp m s vt phm Xy dng v ban hnh b TCVN v MSMV cho Vit Nam o to chun b cc d n p dng cng ngh MSMV Tham gia cc hot ng ca EAN quc t qun l m mt hng, doanh nghip phi h thng tt c sn ph ca mnh, cc sn phm hin c cng nh cc sn phm s c trong tng lai (2-3 nm ti) thnh bng. Trong bng ny c th c cc mc nh s th t, c im, bao gi, trng
26
lng, v m s ng vi tng loi sn phm khi cn c th tra cu c ngay. Bng ny gi l bng ng k sn phm s dng m s m vch. 2.2.3. c im ca MSMV: MSMV vt phm l loi k m (du hiu) phn nh vt phm (phn nh ngha l phn tch nh lng ). Qua MSMV v h thng my vi tnh c th bit c c tnh, khi lng, th tch, loi bao b, s lng hng ha . M s l dy cc con s t nhin t 0-9 c sp xp theo quy lut. M vch gm cc vch sng ti c rng khc nhau gia cc loi hng ha. MSMV l du hiu i din cho tng loi hng ha . MSMV c in trn nhn hiu v tr gc bn phi v gn cnh y ca nhn hiu bao b. MSMV c ghi trn bao b hng ha khng nhm ngi tiu dng c, phn nh hng ha khi mua m cho h thng my Scanner c v my tnh ghi nhn vo b nh v sao lc c tnh quy cch hng ha , gi c, s lng nhp, xut, lu kho v thi gian tng ng. Mi chng loi hng ha : sn phm ch khc nhau v c tnh th to nn mt chng loi hng ha (nh ru ln men u c nhng tnh cht vt l nh nhau nhng ch khc nhau v mi hng hay khc nhau v mu cng to nn mt chng loi mang MSMV ring.). Tng t nh vy i vi hng c th hng khc nhau hoc ng dng cng ngh ch bin khc nhau, nh ru vang, ru tri cy cng nng cn, cng loi nguyn liu qu t ban u khc nhau v cng ngh sn xut cng to nn nhng loi hng ha c MSMV khc nhau. Bn cnh chng loi sn phm cng c to nn do: Vt liu bao b khc nhau Hnh dng, cu to bao b khc nhau mc d cng vt liu bao b, th tch hay khi lng S lng , th tch bao b cha ng khc nhau, k c trng hp bao b trc tip tip xc vi sn phm , bao b ngai vn chuyn, phn phi u c mt MSMV ring bit. V d: nc tinh khit cng cht lng, cng cng ty sn
27
xut, loi sn phm 250ml v 1000ml mang MSMV khc nhau. Bao b vn chuyn cha khi lng hay th tch khc nhau th cng c MSMV khc nhau. 2.5. Cu to MSMV EAN-13 v EAN-8 ca hng ha bn l: 2.5.1. Cu to m s EAN-13 v EAN-8: M s EAN cho sn phm bn l gm hai loi: 1- M s EAN-13: gm 13 con s c cu to nh sau, t tri sang phi: M quc gia : 2 hoc 3 ch s M doanh nghip: c th gm t 4 n 5,6 ch s M mt hng: c th gm 5,4, hay 3 s ty thuc vo m doanh nghip S cui cng l s kim tra m bo tnh thng nht v tnh n nht ca m s, m s quc gia phi do t chc MSMV quc t cp cho cc quc gia l thnh vin ca t chc ny. M quc gia ca Vit Nam l 893. Danh mc m quc gia ca cc nc cho trong ph lc. M doanh nghip (m M) do t chc m s m vch vt phm quc gia cp cho cc nh sn xut thnh vin. Vit Nam m doanh nghip do EAN-VN cp cho cc doanh nghip thnh vin ca mnh M mt hng (m I) do nh sn xut qui nh cho hng ha ca mnh. Nh sn xut phi m bo mi mt hng ch c mt m s, khng c c bt k s nhm ln no. S kim tra C l mt con s c tnh da vo 12 con s trc , dng kim tra vic ghi ng nhng con s ni trn. T nhng nm 1995 n 3/1998, EAN-VN cp m M gm 4 con s v t thng 3/1998, theo yu cu ca EAN quc t , EAV-VN bt u cp m M gm 5 con s. V d: hin nay m EAN-13 ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam c 2 dng nh sau: i vi cc doanh nghip c cp m M gm 4 con s: 893 (m quc gia ) (M M) 4065 (m doanh nghip ) (M I) 01001 (m mt hng) C (s kim tra)
i vi cc doanh nghip c cp m M gm 5 con s:

28
893 (m quc gia ) (M M)
50012 (m doanh nghip ) (M I)
0101 (m mt hng)
C (s kim tra)
2- M s EAN-8: gm 8 con s c cu to nh sau: 3 s u l m quc gia ging nh EAN-13 4 s sau l m mt hng S cui cng l s kim tra M EAN-8 ch s dng trn nhng sn phm c kch thc nh khng ch ghi m EAN-13. Vd: 893 (m quc gia ) 0130 (m mt hng) C (s kim tra)
Cch tnh s kim tra cho m EAN-13 v m EAN-8: Bc 1: T phi sang tri, cng tt c cc con s v tr l (tr s C kim tra) Bc 2: Nhn kt qu bc 1 vi 3 Bc 3: Cng tt c cc con s cn li (cc con s t bn phi v tr chn) Bc 4: Cng kt qu bc 2 v bc 3 Bc 5: Ly s trn chc (bi ca 10) gn nht, ln hn hoc bng kt qu bc 4 tr i kt qu bc 4, kt qu l s kim tra C. V d: tnh s kim tra cho m 893502590191C Bc 1: 1+1+9+2+5+9 Bc 2: 27x3 Bc 3: 8+3+0+5+0+9 Bc 4: 81+25 Bc 5: 110-106 2.2.5. Cu to m vch: = 27 = 81 = 25 = 106 =4
Vy m EAN-13 hon chnh s l : 8935025901914
29
M vch th hin m s EAN gi l m vch EAN. Trong m vch EAN, mi con s th hin hai vch v hai khong trng. Mi khong trng hay vch c chiu rng t 1-4 mun, mi m un c chiu rng tiu chun l 0,33mm.
M vch EAN l m a chiu rng, tc l mi vch (hay khong trng ) c th c chiu rng t 1-4 mun. Do vy, mt m ha cao cn c s ch c bit khi in m. M vch EAN c cu to nh sau: K t tri, khu vc trng khng ghi k hiu no c, k hiu bt u (hai vch di u trn), k hiu dy s bn tri, k hiu phn cch (hai vch di hn), k hiu dy s bn phi, s kim tra , k hiu kt thc (hai vch di sau cng) sau l khong trng bn phi. Ton b khu vc m vch EAN-13 tiu chun c chiu di 37,29 mm v c chiu cao l 25,93 mm. Bng kch thc m EAN-13 v EAN-8 tng t vi phng i M EAN-13 phng i (M 0,80 0,90 1,00 1,10 1,20 1,50 1,70 2,00 Chiu rng (mm) 29,83 33,56 37,29 41,02 44,75 55,94 63,39 74,58 Chiu cao (mm) 20,74 23,34 25,93 28,52 31,12 38,90 44,08 51,86 EAN-8 Chiu rng (mm) 21,38 24,06 26,73 29,40 32,08 40,10 45,44 53,46 Chiu cao (mm) 17.05 19,18 21,31 23,44 25,57 31,97 36,23 42,62
30
M vch EAN-8 c cu to tng t nhng ch c chiu di tiu chun l 26,73 mm v chiu cao 21,31 mm. phng i ca m vch EAN-13 v EAN-8 nm trong khong t 0,8-2,0 Thng thng trn cc sn phm bn l ngi ta dng m EAN c phng i 0,9 v 1,0. 2.2.6. c m vch v ng dng m vch trong bn hng: c m vch ngi ta dng mt my scanner, trong my scanner c mt ngun sng lazer, mt b phn cm bin quang in, mt b gii m. My qut c ni vi my tnh bng dy dn hoc b phn truyn tn hiu v tuyn. Nguyn tc hot ng nh sau: ngun sng lazer pht ra mt chm tia sng hp qut ln khu vc m vch, b cm bin qung in nhn nh sng phn x t vng in m vch v cuyn n thnh dng in c cng bin i theo nh sng phn x . Tn hiu in c a qua b gii m v chuyn v my tnh.
-
Mt v d v p dng MSMV ca hng: my qut cng vi my tnh tnh tin v in ha n bn hng t ti cc ca ra vo ca ca hng. Cc my tnh li c ni vi mt my tnh trung tm. Khch hng mang hng ra quy tnh tin, nhn vin thu tin dng my qut c m vch ca hng ha nhn dng tng loi hng. Trong b nh ca my tnh c gi c ca tng loi hng, v vy my tnh nhanh ra s tin m khch phi tr, in ra ha n giao cho khch hng, ng thi cng gi li s lng bn ra, s lng cn li ca tng lai hng. H thng my tnh ca cc ca hng trong ton cng ty ni mng vi nhau, v vy ngi qun l cng ty c th bit c mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc loi hng, s lng, chng lai, v tr, tn tr, trng by. Nh vy c k hoch cung cp kp thi hng ha cho cc ca hng.
31
chm tia laser

My pht tia lazer B phn bin i quang in B gii m
My in
Hnh: S hot ng ca my scanner v b gii m. 2.2.4. In m vch trn hng ha: Vic chuyn m s thnh m vch theo tiu chun m ho c thc hin bng my in m vch vi chng trnh iu khin thch hp .C ba phng php in m vch ln sn phm: In phun hng lot MSNV bng mt thit b chuyn dng. In trn giy ri dn ln sn phm.
In opset thng thng vi ch bn phim m vch ng thi vi khi in nhn hiu
bao b gi l film master. y l cch in d v r nht hin nay Trn film th hin c MS ln MV, MV c cu to cn c vo MSMV cho my scanner c. Khung en nh du ranh gii khung nhng thc t khng th hin ng vin. Chiu rng ca m EAN tng ng vi tng phng i l c nh .Chiu cao ca m c th thay i trong gii hn cho php nn khi ch to film master, cc k thut vin c th thay i cho ph hp vi kch thc sn phm Cc im cn ch khi in m EAN: Khng in ch hay bt k hnh v g vo din tch xung quanh m (nh du bng khung en trn film master)
32
Mu l tng in m vch l mu en trn nn trng. C th in mt s mu nn v mu vch khc bao b p hn; khi phi tun th theo bng cc mu nn v mu vch tiu chun do t chc EAN quc gia cung cp. M vch nn t ng, cc vch vung gc vi mt phng y sn phm i vi sn phm hnh tr ng (dng chai,l) hay cc b mt cong c ng knh nh hn 7,5cm, m vch cn t ngang (cch vch song song vi mt y sn phm); nu ng knh ln hn 7,5cm, c th t m vch theo chiu ng hoc chiu ngang. 2.2.5. Cu to MSMV ca n v phn phi (hay n v gi i): - Ngy nay hng ha c ng trong cc thng to, c MSMV ngi qun l xut nhp d dng bng my vi tnh v my scanner.Do vic qun l s lng hng trong kho tr nn n gin hn,nhanh chng chnh xc m khng tn nhiu cng sc. 2.2.6.M s cc n v gi i EAN-14 hoc DUN-14. M EAN-13 ca n v tiu th c dng lm c s lp m n v gi i. Ngi ta thm vo m ny 1 ch s na (s ny gi l Logical Variant) to thnh 1 m mi c dng tiu chun nh sau: 1 ch s mi (s VL) gm ba loi: 0; 18; v 9 12 ch s vt phm ca n v tiu th cha trong n v gi i khng tnh s kim tra (bao gm m quc gia, m doanh nghip, m mt hng) 1 ch s kim tra tnh ton da trn 13 s trc. M ny gm c 14 ch s nn gi l DUN-14 (Distribution unit number) hoc EAN-14 S VL c th l bt k con s no t 18 i vi loi hng ha c nhiu loi n v gi i. Ni chung s VL ln khi s lng vt phm bn trong n v gi i cng tng. S VL l 0 i vi trng hp mt mt hng ch c mt loi n v gi i, v n v ny c th bn l ti quy hng nh mt thng bia 24 lon, mt chai ru vang c hp thit ng bn ngoi.. S VL l 0 i vi cc trng hp:
33
o Kin hng (thng hng ) c cha nhiu loi mt hng khc nhau. o Hng ha trong thng s c phn chia bao gi thnh n v bn l mi (nh rau qu ti sng, vi si, thy sn, tht gia sc, gia cm); sau thu hoch c phn loi s b v ng bao b, phn phi n cc cng ty bn s v l. T , cc mt hng ny c x l, ng bao b thnh n v bn lc khi lng xc nh. Cu to m EAN-14 hay DUN-14 t m EAN-13 v EAN-8: VL S logic (khng k s kim tra) VL S VL c thm vo v tr bn tri 00000 7 con s ca EAN 8 C 5 con s 0 thm vo 7 con s ca m EAN 8 pha trc s EAN-8 tnh s kim tra C c xxxxxxxxxxxx C 12 ch s m s vt phm EAN-13 s kim tra
Nh cung cp cc n v gi i cn cung cp cho cc i tc ca mnh danh sch cc s VL ny v m t chi tit ngha ca n. Mi s VL c ngha khc nhau v s lng hng ha trong cc loi n v gi i. S VL ln c ngha l nhiu n v tiu th bn trong bao b n v gi i, c thm vo v tr u tin bn tri ca m EAN-13 hay m EAN-8 vi trng hp m s EAN-8 thm 5 con s 0 vo pha trc. V d v lp m n v gi i ca mt mt hng. Tn sn c TT 1 1A 1B im/Kch Bao gi hoc S o vt phm ng gi Bao giy 40 gi/thng 80 gi/thng lng 50g 2 kg 4 kg M EAN-13 hoc M EAN/DUN-14 893492900101C 1893492900101 C1 2893492900101 C2 phm thc thng M n Mn lin Thng ng Thng 320295130 320295260
ng C1, C2 l s kim tra mi s c tnh theo 13 s ca m EAN-14 hoc DUN-14
34
Cch tnh s kim tra cho m EAN/DUN-14 trn cc n v gi i ging nh cch tnh s C i vi m EAN-13. 2.2.7.M vch cc n v gi i dng m ITF-14,ITF-6 b tr: a.M vch ITF (Interleave two of leave): - Trong m vch ny mi cp s c th hin bng 5 vch (hoc khong trng), trong c 2 vch rng (hoc khong trng rng). - T l rng: chiu ngang gia vch rng so vi vch hp l t 2 n 3 ln. - M ny m ha tng cp 2 con s, 1 con s th hin bng vch, v 1 con s th hin bng khong trng t xen vo nhau. - M ITF c th in trn cc b mt c cht lng xu. - M ITF m ha mt s chn cc con s (chng hn 10,12,14,16con s), trong m vch ITF 14 con s c s dng rng ri nht nn c tn ring l m ITF-14. b. Dng m vch ITF-14 th hin m s EAN-13 M ITF m ha mt s chn cc con s nn vi m s theo phng n 2(mc 1) ngi ta phi thm vo tn cng bn tri m EAN-13 mt con s 0 c 14 con s. c. Dng m vch ITF-14 th hin m s EAN/DUN-14. -Nu n v gi dng m s DUN-14 th khng cn thm con s no vo 14 con s c sn, ta dng ngay m vch ITF-14. d. Cu trc m ITF: - M ITF l mt m rng: hp m ha tng cp s. - Mi cp s c th hin bng 5 vch ti v 5 vch sng. - Cc vch sng ti xen vo nhau nn m c tn gi m 2.5 xen k. - Cu trc m ITF,t tri sang phi gm: + Vng trng + Vng vch th hin cc cp s + Vng trng. - M c vin quanh bng mt khung en. Khung ny c chiu dy c nh l 4.8 mm. - Khung vin m to iu kin thun li khi in m v gim nguy c qut chch m. e.M ITF-6 b tr:
35
- M ITF-6 b tr c phng i 0.625. - Cc quy tc khi dng m b tr: + M b tr bao gm 5 s v s kim tra; m th hin s lng sn phm cha trong n v gi i v khng cha thng tin v gi c hng ha. + S kim tra tnh ton da theo thut ton nh tnh s C cho m EAN. + n v o lng l n v o v nh sn xut thng bo cho khch hng ca h cng vi s phn nh v cc c tnh ca n v gi i. 3.ng dng m n v gi i EAN/DUN-14 - M n v gi i ng dng rt nhiu trong qun l kho tng v qun l xut nhp hng ha ni chung. Vic ng dng m EAN-14 trn thng hng s lm cng vic qun l hng ha tr nn n gin v nhanh chng. 4.Cc im cn ch : - im t m: + Nu iu kin cho php nn t m trn c 4 mt ng ca hp, nu khng phi in m trn 2 mt ng st nhau. + Nu n v gi i c chiu cao khng t k t cho ngi c, cc k t ny c chia ring ra v t bn tri m. + M cn c in ng, nh m pha trn, theo chiu ng ca hp. + Cn phi t m ng khong cch cn thit. + Nu n v gi i c bao bng nha trong,ta phi xem xt in m lm sao khi qut, ch c th qut c m cc n v gi i m thi. tng phn(PCS), phng i(M): + i vi m ITF, tng phn nh nht cho php l 75 % khng ph thuc vo phng i ca m. m bo cht lng in v qut m sau ny,nn in m ITF c phng iln t 1.0- 1.2. + M EAN dng trn cc n v gi i cn c phng i ln, chng hn t 1.5- 2.0. Danh mc m s quc gia ca cc nc trn th gii 00 n 13 UCC(Hoa K v Canada)
36
30 n37 380 383 385 387 400n 440 45 v 49 460 n 469 471 474 475 477 479 480 481 482 484 485 486 487 489 50 520 528 529 531 535 539 54
EAN Php CCI Bungary SANA(Sloveni) CRO-EAN(Croati) EAN-BIH(Bnia-heczegovina) CCG(c) DCC(Nht Bn) UNISCAN(Lin bang Nga) CAN(i Loan) EAN Estonia EAN Ltvia EAN Litva EAN Sri lanca PANC(Philippin) EAN Belarus EANUcrin EAN Moldova EAN Armenia EAN Georgia EAN Kazcxtan HKANA (HongKong) EAN UK Lt.(Anh) HELLCAN-EAN Hellas(Hylp) EAN ;Lebanon EAN Sip EAN-MAC(FYR Macedonia) EAN Malta EAN Ailen ICODIF/EAN B v Lucxembua
37
560 569 57 590 594 599 600-601 609 611 613 619 622 625 626 64 690-692 70 729 73 740 741 742+744 743 745 746 750 759 76 770
CODIPOR(b o nha) EAN Aixowlen EAN an Mch BA LAN Rumani HPMA(Hungari) Nam Phi Mauritius Maroc Algiri TUNICODE AI CP JORDAN IRAN EAN Phn Lan ANCC Trung Quc EAN NaUy IXRAEL THU IN GUATEMALA EAN EI Salvador ICCC EAN Nicaragua EAN Panama EAN minic AMECE(Mehic) EAN vnzula EAN (Schweiz,Suisse,Svizzera) IAC (Clmbia)
38
773 775 777 779 780 784 786 789 80-83 84 850 858 859 860 869 87 880 885 888 890 893 899 90-91 93 94 955 977 978-979 980
CUNA (Uruquay) APC (Peru) EAN Blivia CODIGO-EAN Achentina EAN Chil EAN Paraquay ECOP (quado) EAN brazil INDICOD (Italia) AECOC (Ty Ban Nha) EAN CuBa EAN Slovakia EAN Sc EAN YU UCCET (Th Nh K) EAN H Lan EAN Hn Quc TANC (Thai Lan) SANC (Singapo) EAN n EAN Vit Nam EAN Innxia EAN o EAN trylia EAN Niu Ziln MANC (Malayxia) ISSN ( n phm nh k ) ISBN ( Sch) Ha n
39
99 V,Phiu 2.3. PHN LOI BAO B THC PHM: Bao b tiu th cho nhiu mt hng thc phm c yu cu kh cao v cht lng thit k, c th khc nhau v cht lng ca nguyn liu bao b, trnh cng ngh sn xut bao b v ng gi. c bit i vi hng thc phm xut khu, nhn hiu hng ha chng nhng cn thit k v trang tr p, thu ht m cn ti lng nhng thng tin y nht cho ngi s dng v m bo yu cu ring ca mt s quc gia nhp khu. Phng tin ng gi, c gii cng khng th thiu c trong cng ngh ci tin bao b, m bo c cht lng v sinh cho sn phm bn trong v t nng sut cao, gi thnh h i vi hng ha ni a. 2.3.1. Phn loi bao b theo loi thc phm: Nhn vo thc phm cha ng bn trong, ta c th ngh rng bao b cha ng cc loi thc phm khc nhau th khc nhau v cu trc, c tnh vt liu. Cc loi thc phm khc nhau v c tnh dinh dng, c im cu trc, mu, mi v, hm m, hm lng axit khc nhau do kh nng xm nhp sinh trng ca vi sinh vt vo thc phm cng khc nhau. Sn phm thc phm v cng a dng v chng loi . C th chia thc phm thnh nhng nhm theo c trng ring nh sau: -
Bnh Ko cng v ko mm, mt, chocolate Nc ngt c gas, nc p qu Ru bia Sa ti, sa bt v cc sn phm t sa Rau qu mui, rau qu ti sng Bt, ng, ng cc Thy sn ng lnh Du m Tr, c f, ca cao.
40
Tt c cc loi sn phm thc phm ngoi tr rau qu ti sng, u thuc loi thc phm c ch bin, cht lng n nh khng thay i , khng tip xc vi mi trng bn ngoi: nc, t, bi, hi nc, oxi, vi sinh vt. Chnh tc nhn vi sinh vt c th xm nhp vo thc phm bng con ng xm nhp ca t, bi, hi nc, v khng kh (cha oxi). V vy, cc thc phm ch bin phi c ng bao b kn. Nhng vt liu no c tnh chng thm, kh, hi nc cao th u c th ngn cn c mi trng ngoi xm nhp vo thc phm. Ty theo c tnh trng thi ca thc phm dng lng, c snh, dng rn ri tng ci, dng ht, bt mn m chn cu trc bao b thun li cho s chit rt, nhp Thc phm vo bao b v thun tin cho ngi tiu dng ly Thc phm ra khi bao b s dng, nu Thc phm c mi thm mnh nh: tr, caf, cacao hoc d hp th mi khc th phi dng vt liu bao b c tnh ngn cn tt s thm thu hng qua mng. Ngoi ra ty theo c tnh dinh dng v hm lng vitamin, c tnh cm quan v mu, mi m sn phm cn phi trnh nh sng, trnh tn tht cc thnh phn ny, do cn cu to bao b c hoc c mu cn quang. Trn nguyn tc cha ng kn, chc nng v vt liu bao b s lun lun c nhiu im chung, thc t nhiu chng loi thc phm khc nhau c bao gi cng mt loi vt liu bao b, s dng cng mt k thut ng gi nh sn phm t tht gia sc, thy sn, rau qu v nc gii kht c gas u c th c ng bao b kim loi. Hoc mt loi thc phm c th ng trong bao b bng cc loi vt liu khc nhau theo phng php ng bao b tng ng vi vt liu. V d: nc p qu c th ng vo lon kim loi, chai thy tinh, chai plastic. Bnh xp, bch qui xp c th ng trong bao b kim loi, bao b plastic. Ko cng c th dng bao b tng t nh bao b bnh xp. cng c th thy cng mt vt liu bao b vi phng thc ng bao b ring tng ng c th c ch to thnh bao b cho nhiu loi thc phm khc nhau. Bao b kim loi c th cha ng cc loi thc phm nh: c, tht, thy sn, rau qu, sa dng bt, b, kem, ko, bnh, nc gii kht c gas, nc p qu. vy s phn loi bao b theo loi Thc phm khng th hin tnh nng c trng ca tng vt liu bao b.
41
2.3.2. Phn loi theo tnh nng k thut ca bao b: S phn loi ny cng t ra trn c s ca tnh cht c trng ca sn phm, t ch ra tnh cn thit, c dng ca bao b bao gi loi thc phm . C th thy s phn loi bao b kn theo tnh nng k thut: -
Bao b v trng, chu c qu trnh tit trng nhit cao Bao b chu p lc hoc c rt chn khng Bao b chu nhit thp Bao b c cng vng hoc bao b c tnh mm do cao Bao b chng nh sng hoc bao b trong sut Bao b chng cn trng Theo s phn loi ny, bao b c nhn mnh tnh cht u th, trong khi cc chc
nng yu cu khc i vi thc phm u p ng. Tnh cht yu cu v chu chn khng v bn c i i vi tnh mm do bao b c th p st b mt thc phm, khng b rch v, trong bao hm tnh chng thm oxi, CO2, khng kh, nc theo thi gian vn m bo chn khng cao. Bao b chu p lc yu cu vt liu c cng vng cao, khng mm do co gin v vn m bo tnh chng thm kh hi cao i mt p lc cao Bao b chu nhit thp yu cu vt liu bn c nhit thp khng b dn v rch. Bao b ngn cn nh sng nh bao b kim loi, plastic c ph mu c hay chai l thy tinh c mu nu hay xanh l cy. Tm li, phn loi bao b theo tnh nng c trng c u im l ni ln c c im cp thit ca bao b p ng yu cu phng thc ng bao b, tit trng hay phng thc bo qun sn phm sau khi ng bao b. Nhng c im yu cu ny c p ng bi vt liu cu to bao b, v vt liu ph nh sn, vecni. hoc phng php thanh trng, tit trng. 2.2.3. Phn loi theo vt liu bao b:
42
Mi loi hng ha thc phm u c c tnh ring, do chng c yu cu bo qun ring, nhng vn c c tnh chung cho thc phm ch bin, lun lun cn c cha ng trong bao b kn. S la chn loi bao b kn thch hp vi sn phm c cn c vo c tnh v dinh dng, cu trc ca loi thc phm, quy trnh ch bin loi sn phm, xut khu hay ni a. Theo phng thc ng gi v vt liu bao b c chn. Tnh chuyn bit ca vt liu bao b c nhn mnh theo cch phn loi ny cng vi phng thc ng gi thch hp vi vt liu bao b c chn. V theo l vic chn la kiu dng bao b Vt liu bao b gm cc loi: Giy ba cng, ba carton gn sng (lm bao b ngoi, dng bao b khng kn) Thy tinh Thp trng thic Nhm Cc loi plastic nha nhit do nh PE, PP, OPP, PET, PA, PS, PC,.. Mng ghp nhiu loi vt liu Tng loi vt liu s c c tnh rt khc nhau, do phng php ch to, kiu dng bao b v phng php ng ghp m bao b theo tng loi vt liu s khc nhau nhng lun lun phi m bo kn cho sn phm ch bin. Nh vy, vic phn loi bao b thc phm theo vt liu ch to th thun tin hn cc cch phn loi khc v bao hm ngha p ng c tnh ring ca sn phm, ni ln kiu dng v phng php ng bao b. V d: bao b kim loi thp trng thic c c tnh chu nhit thanh trng, tit trng cao, chu c lc va chm c hc, c kiu dng hnh tr ng, to s thun li xp thnh khi trong vn chuyn v tn tr khng chu nh hng bi nhit cao. Tt c nhng tnh cht y khin cho bao b kim loi thch hp cho vic cha ng cc loi tht c, rau qu ch bin c thanh trng hoc tit trng v sau khi ng bao b sn phm c thi hn s dng rt lu, khong 2-3nm. Yu cu bao b ca thc phm xut khu v ni a Thc phm c th chia thnh cc th hng khc nhau:
43
Thc phm cp cao, cp thp Thc phm cut khu, tiu dng ni a Hng ha thc phm biu tng, tiu dng D l loi, hay th hng thc phm no cng cn phi c bo qun ng phng
php duy tr cht lng sn phm t c trong quy trnh ch bin trc khi ng bao b . Phng php bo qun sn phm, t cng an ng bao b tr i, b nh hng ln bi vt liu bao b, phng php ng bao b. Mi loi, th hng thc phm s quyt nh mt qui cch bao b ph hp. V d: hang thc phm biu tng th ngoi tiu chun an ton v sinh thc phm phi t, cn c gi tr cm quan cao v c bao b ln thc phm, cc hnh thc thng tin gii thiu sn phm thng qua bao b phi ph hp vi th hiu ca vng dn c s tiu th. i vi thc phm xut khu th yu cu nghim khc hn v cht lng ton phn, a n vic sn phm t cht lng cao. Nh vy, bao b li cng ni bt vai tr quan trng ca n l gii thiu, trnh by, thuyt phc v to c lng tin tng ngi tiu dng nc ngoi. Sn phm thc phm v bao b cha ng chng lun cn tnh cnh tranh v phi gi c v tr thng th i vi hng ha thc phm bn x. i vi hng tiu dng ni a, hng cp thp, vai tr ca bao b cng khng th xem nh, v cng chnh bao b cha ng thc phm thay li nh sn xut thu ht v to lng tin vi ngi tiu dng trong nc, c bit l tng lp ngi thu nhp trung bnh v thp. Chnh bao b sn phm thc phm l mt trong nhng nhn t gip sn phm ni a cnh tranh thng th vi hng ha ngoi nhp. Hin nay a s cc quc gia trn th gii, c bit l cc quc gia thuc khi th ba, u p dng chnh sch m ca th trng thng mi, th hng ha ngoi nhp tng v c s lng ln chng loi. S kin ny ch c th c hn ch nh vo hng ni a d l cp thp. Thc phm cp thp khng phong ph, d thu hoch, cng ngh ch bin khng phc tp nn gi thnh sn phm thp v c tiu dng ph bin trong cuc sng ngi dn. Nh vy, bao b l yu t quan trng duy tr c tnh cht c trng ca sn phm cp thp tiu dng ni a v to th mnh cho chng.
44
i khi hng xut khu cn th hin bn sc dn tc ca ni xut x, th bao b l nhn t tr lc cho s vic ny. Bao b th hin mu sc trang tr, hnh nh hoc s trnh by thu sut sn phm bn trong v dng 2-3 ngn ng thng dng t r c tnh ca sn phm. CHNG III: NHN HIU THC PHM 3.1. VAI TR CA NHN HIU THC PHM: 3.1.1 Cc yu t cn c ca mt nhn hng thc phm: Thng bo cho ngi tiu dng v sn phm h nh mua m khng cn phi nm hay ngi th. C cc thng tin cn thit n sn phm: sn phm bao gm c th nhng g, thnh phn chi tit ca tng cht cha trong , trng lng sn phmMi quc gia u c nhng quy nh ring v nhn bao b, chnh v vy khi sn xut sn phm cho th trng no th cn nm rb cc quy nh ni . Trn nhn lun ch trng ghi ngy sn xut v hn s dng. Trong mt s trng hp, trn nhn cn phi ghi c th iu kin bo qun i vi sn phm. C hai loi nhn thng dng: Nhn trc tip: c in trc tip ln bao b. Nhn gin tip: nhn c sn xut ri, sau mi dn ln bao b. Hin nay tt c cc loi thc phm ni ring, hng ha ni chung, u cn phi ghi nhn hiu ng qui cch. Nhng hng ha ghi nhn ng qui cch v vi thng tin v c tnh hay thnh phn c bit thng to c th cnh tranh cho sn phm mt cch vng chc trn th trng. Nhn ca bao b thc phm l ni trnh by cc thng tin chi tit v thc phm cha ng bn trong cng vi s trnh by thng hiu cng ty sn xut v hnh nh mu sc minh ha cho thc phm v s trnh by cc chi tit phi ng quy nh. Nhn ph ca bao b thc phm l ni ghi cc thng tin chnh theo qui nh mt cch ngn gn, thng khng ghi thng hiu, khng c hnh nh v l phn ph tr gii
45
thch cho nhn hiu ca bai b sn phm, thng dng nhn ghi ting Vit nam gii thch cho nhn hiu cc sn phm ngai nhp. nhn ph c th c gn trn bao b thc phm vi kch thc nh hoc c ri vi sn phm. 3.1.2. Vai tr ca nhn: Nhn l cu ni gia sn phm vi ngi tiu dng. Qua nhn ngi tiu dng nm bt c th hn v sn phm mnh nh mua. Vi nh sn xut th , thng qua nhn h s qung b c sn phm ca h. Nhn l yu t quan trng to nn chc nng th hai ca bao b thc phm. Mc d, sn phm thc phm c th thu ht khch hng qua kiu dng bao b, tnh thun li trong s dng, vn chuyn, ti ng m d dng v vn m bo cht lng thc phm bn trong, nhng nhng yu t ny vn c th lm cho sn phm khng c gi tr thng phm nu thiu nhn hoc nhn khng ng qui cch. Nhn chnh l yu t quan trng a sn phm tip cn vi th trng Nhn ca bao b l ni trnh by cc thng tin chi tit v thc phm cha ng bn trong cng vi s trnh by thng hiu ca cng ty sn xut v cc hnh nh mu sc minh ha cho thc phm v s trnh by cc chi tit phi ng quy nh. 3.2. VT LIU LM NHN: i vi nhn trc tip: c in (sn) trc tip ln bao b. i vi nhn gin tip: nhn thng c lm t giy, hoc t giy c ph kim loi, hoc giy trng nhm, t vt liu trng hp. Ty vo loi sn phm v ga tr ca sn phm m ta la vt liu lm nhn cho thch hp. i vi sn phm c gi tr cao th nhn cng c lm t vt liu cao cp hn so vi bnh thng. Nh sn phm tr nn sang trng hn v cun ht ngi tiu dng hn. 3.2.1. Mt s loi nhn thng dng: STT Loi bao b 1 Lon, hp Loi nhn v tnh nng Giy dn bng keo Giy trng PE c di bao quanh hp, dn bng nhit 2 Chai, h thy tinh Loi in trc tip ln lon Giy dn bng keo
46
Chai bng vt liu trng Giy dn bng keo hp Giy trng PE c di bao quanh chai, dn bng nhit
4 5 6
Loi in trc tip ln chai Ti bng nha v bng Giy dn bng keo cellophan Ti bng giy Thng carton Loi in trc tip Giy dn bng keo Loi in trc tip Giy dn bng keo Loi in trc tip 3.2.2.Kch thc v v tr ca nhn trn bao b: Quy cch v kch thc ch v s ghi nh lng hng ha c quy nh theo bng sau: Bng: Quy cch, kch thc ch v s trnh by nh lng hng ha c thit k
theo din tch phn chnh ca nhn (PDB) Din tch phn chnh ca nhn (PDB) Chiu cao nh nht ca ch v s (tnh bng cm2) (tnh bng mm) 32 1,6 >32 n 258 2,3 >258 n 645 6,4 >645 n 2580 9,5 >2580 12,7 Cch tnh din tch phn chnh ca nhn (PDB) mt s hnh dng bao b theo nguyn tc tng i c minh ha bng mt s v d sau: Bao b hnh hp ch nht c PDB l mt hoc mt i b mt ch nht ln nht. Bao b l hnh tr c PDB = 40% tng din tch xung quanh cc mt tr. + Hnh hp + Hnh tr trn 40% tng din tch = 50 cm2
47
Chu vi Chiu cao 10cm Chiu rng 20 cm Din tch PDB: 10x20=200cm2 (mt mt) Chiu cao 5cm Chu vi y 25cm Din tch PDB:125cm =50cm2
2
x 40 %
48
Bi ging Bao b Thy sn.
+ Dng gn hnh tr trn c PDB = 40% tng din tch xung quanh cc mt tr. +
Dng hnh hp chiu cao nh c PDB l b mt bao b.
40% tng din tch
Chiu cao nh Chu vi PDP l b mt bao b
+ Dng hnh tr trn chiu cao nh c PDB l b mt bao b
Chiu cao nh
V tr ghi nh lng nm pha di ca phn chnh ca nhn (PDP) vi din tch chim 30% din tch ca PDP v chiu cao khong 1/3 chiu cao ca PDP. V d:
1/3 chiu cao PDP
Cc v tr c th ghi nh lng
Nhn phi c dn ph hp vi hnh dng ca bao b v tun theo quy nh ghi nhn.
Trang - 49-
Nhn c th nm nhiu v tr khc nhau trn bao b sao cho ngi tiu dng d nhn ra nht. Trc tin nh sn xut cn xc nh kch thc bao b , sau mi tnh ra kch thc cn thit ca nhn, v sau khi thit k nhn h s xc nh v tr ca nhn trn bao b. 3.2.3. Thit k nhn Nhn c thit k nh th no l rt quan trng . Thng thng cng mt sn phm c cht lng nh nhau, c ga thnh tng ng th ngi tiu dng s chn loi no c bao b ngoi p hn, hp dn hn. Chnh v vy nhiu nh sn xut nh do khng n vic thit k nhn hoc khng ti chnh cho vic thit k nhn khng cnh tranh c vi cc nh sn xut khc. Nhiu nh sn xut t t qung b sn phm thng qua nhn hiu v t nhn hiu n su vo tim thc ngi tiu dng nh Coca-cola, Pepsi, Vissan lc ny t bn thn nhn rt c ga tr trn th trng. Chnh v th, i vi nhiu nh sn xut nhn ng vai tr quan trng trong sn xut. Khi chun b cho mt sn phm mi trn th trng, cn thu cc chuyn gia thit k nhn cho sn phm . Cc chuyn gia thit k cn da vo sn phm, la tui s dng, dn tc, cc vng th khc nhau tm hiu cc c trng ca th trng tiu th m thit k nhn cho ph hp. c im chung ca nhn l c mt biu tng c trng, km theo y cc thng tin. Sau y l mt s gi v cch thit k nhn: cn phi hiu r: Khch hng ch yu l i tng no? Lut l v nhn ca th trng ra sao? c ai ng k c quyn tn loi sn phm ca mnh hay cha? Nhng thng tin g mun a ln nhn Nhng thng tin g mun gi n ngi s dng (s dng sn phm nhu th no?, hn s dng.) Cc loi mu no mun a ln nhn. Hnh nh no mun a ln nhn.
Trang - 50-
c loi sn phm tng t trn th trng cha? Nu c th nn tham kho cc loi nhn a ra. Mt nhn tiu chun cn trnh nhng iu sau: Khng hnh v trang tr qu ln s lm cho nhn khng c r rng Cn phi lm ni bt tn thng hiu Cn ch n mu s dng thu ht ngi tiu dng, h nhn ra sn phm ca mnh Biu tng trn nhn gn gi vi thc phm cha bn trong Ty thuc vo mi quc gia, cc thng tin thng cn ghi trn nhn s c cc quy nh khc nhau v thng ghi nh sau: Tn sn phm Trng lng Thnh phn Tn v a ch nh sn xut Tn thng hiu 3.3 QUY NH NHN HIU HNG HA TI VIT NAM 3.3.1 Mt s quy nh chung: Qui cch ghi nhn hiu hng ha thc phm c qui nh tm thi theo: Quyt nh ca Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng s 23/TDC-Q k ban hnh ngy 20/2/1995. Do tm quan trng ca nhn hiu cc loi hng ha cng nh thc phm i vi cht lng v gi tr thng mi ca sn phm, Qui ch ghi nhn hng ha lu thng trong nc v hng ha xut khu - nhp khu c ban hnh theo Quyt nh s 178/1999/Q-TTg ngy 30-8-1999 ca Th Tng Chnh Ph. Quyt nh s 95/2000/Q-TTg ngy 15-8-2000 ca Th Tng Chnh Ph. Hin nay c ngh nh s 89/2006/N-CP ngy 30-8-2006 ca Chnh Ph v nhn hng ha. Quy ch ghi nhn hng ha do Th Tng Chnh Ph ban hnh c p dng i vi:
Trang - 51-
1. i tng : gm cc t chc, cc nhn, thng nhn sn xut kinh doanh hng ha sn xut ti Vit Nam, c tiu dng trong nc hoc xut khu, hoc i vi thng nhn nhp khu hng ha bn ti Vit Nam. 2. Phm vi iu chnh: qui ch qui nh vic ghi nhn i vi hng ha, thc phm c sn xut v tiu dng ti Vit Nam hoc xut khu, hoc hng ha thc phm sn xut ti nc ngai nhp khu tiu th Vit Nam. Thc phm ch bin hay thc phm ti sng, c bao gi sn tiu th trong vng 24h th khng thuc phm vi iu chnh ca qui ch ny. Qui ch ghi nhn bao b ca nc ta phi hp vi Codex Stan 1-1991. Qui ch ghi nhn hng ha, khng qui nh bt buc i vi hnh nh, mu sc trn bao b, s sp xp hnh nh cng vi cc phn ni dung, do vic trnh by hnh nh mu sc nhm lm sng t bn cht, cht lng sn phm, thu ht s ch v a thch ca ngi tiu dng v ni dung khuyn khch l s sng to hi ha ca nh sn xut, ngi nghin cu mu m ca bao b. Thng hiu l yu t tt yu c ghi trn nhn hiu. Thng hiu l tn ca mt t chc, dch v, cng ty, x nghip sn xut, kinh doanh thng mi. Nhn hiu hng ha thc phm phi ghi phn ni dung bt buc gm chn ni dung c ghi ng qui cch v: T ng Ngn ng Cch trnh by, v tr cc phn mc Bn cnh , nhn hiu cn ghi thm mt s chi tit thuc ni dung khuyn khch nhm lm ni bt sn phm cng nh thu ht khch hng, nhng trong phn ni dung ghi thm khng c cng b mt s xc nhn m x nghip, cng ty kinh doanh khng th xc minh c. Cc sn phm c sn xut bi cng mt cng ty s cng mang mt thng hiu v d nh: kinh , Nestl, Vissan. Nu bn cnh pha bn phi ca thng hiu c k hiu R (vit tt ca Registered) c ngha l thng hiu ng k c quyn v tn gi v kiu dng. Bt k cng ty no khc khng c php bt chc, d l bt chc tng t. Trng hp k
.
Trang - 52-
hiu TM (vit tt ca trading mark) thng dng cho s ng k c quyn tn sn phm theo quy cch ca nc ngoi ch thng dng cho thng hiu cng ty. Bn cnh nhng ni dung ghi nhn bt buc, ni dung khuyn khch ghi, th hin nay cc sn phm c cc cng ty, x nghip t ng ng k m s m vch cho chng loi sn phm. M s m vch h tr tch cc cho chc nng th ba ca bao b thc phm l: thun tin trong kim tra, phn phi, lu kho v tnh ton s lng cc chng loi sn phm. 3.3.2 Phn bit gia nhn hng ha v nhn hiu hng ha: Nhn hng ha: l bn vit, bn in, hnh v, hnh nh, du hiu c in chm, ni trc tip hoc c dn, ci chc trn hng ha hoc bao b th hin thng tin cn thit, ch yu v mt hng . Nhn hiu hng ha l nhng du hiu dng phn bit hng ha, dch v cng loi ca cc c s sn xut, kinh doanh khc nhau. Nhn hiu hng ha c th l t ng, hnh nh hoc s kt hp cc yu t c th hin mt hay nhiu mu sc. 3.3.3 Ngn ng trnh by nhn hng ha: ===== 3.4. NI DUNG CA NHN HNG HA: 3.4.1. Ni dung ghi bt buc: 3.4.1.1Tn ca thc phm: 1- Tn gi ca thc phm phi th hin bn cht xc thc ca thc phm . Tn gi phi c th, khng tru tng. S dng tn gi c xc nh cho mt thc phm c th trong Tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVIT NAM) hoc vn bn php qui ca nh nc. Trong trng hp cha qui nh, s dng tn gi ca thc phm c xc nh trong tiu chun Codex hoc ISO. C th s dng tn thng dng km theo thut ng miu t thch hp v mt c im hay tnh cht ca thc phm khng gy nhm ln cho ngi tiu dng. V d: sn phm sa ti tit trng ng hp kiu Tetrapark c ghi tn thc phm nh sau: Sa ti nguyn kem c ng v mt sn phm k cn n l Sa ti nguyn kem khng ng c ngha l sn phm sa ti ny c x l tit trng UHT, m vn gi nguyn gi tr dinh dng v cm quan, khng ly i bt thnh phn cht bo, c hoc khng c thm ng.
Trang - 53-
2- Ch vit tn hng ha hay tn thc phm c chiu cao khng nh hn 2mm; thut ng c ghi bn cnh tn gi ca thc phm l nhng t ng hoc nhm ch nhm xc nhn v bn cht xc thc v tnh trng vt l ca thc phm bao gm mi trng bao gi, kiu, iu kin x l thc phm nh sy kh, c c, hon ngun, xng khi, chiu x, hoc c im ngun nguyn liu, hoc c im ni thu hoch nguyn liu. V d: tht heo xng khi, c mi st c, sa ti hng du. 3- i vi sn phm l mt loi ph gia thc phm th cn thit ghi tn nhm, tn gi v h thng m s quc t ca cc cht ph gia. 3.4.1.2. Lit k thnh phn cu to: 1- Phi lit k cc thnh phn ca thc phm trn nhn khi thc phm c cu to t hai thnh phn tr ln. Khng ghi khi thc phm ch c mt thnh phn. v d: trng hp cht gia v thc phm l ng, mui, bt ngt, th trn bao b khng c mc thnh phn. Thut ng thnh phn c th ghi l thnh phn hay thnh phn cu to, phi ghi r vi c ch ln hn v nt ch m hn phn lit k cc thnh phn c trong thc phm. Tt c cc thnh phn phi c lit k theo th t gim dn tnh theo t l khi lng ca tng thnh phn cu to nn thc phm so vi tng khi lng thc phm ti thi im sn xut thc phm . i vi mt thnh phn phc hp ca thc phm gm hai hoc nhiu thnh phn ph th cn ghi cc thnh phn ph trong ngoc n, theo th t gim dn khi lng v ghi st ngay vi thnh phn phc hp . nu thnh phn phc hp c tn xc nh m ch chim t l rt nh hn 25% thc phm th nhng thnh phn ph khng nht thit phi ghi nhn, tr khi chng l ph gia thc phm Lng nc thm vo thc phm phi c ghi vo thnh phn cu to, ngoi tr cc dng nc c mt trong mt thnh phn phc hp nh nc mui, sir hoc canh tht trong mt thc phm hn hp v ghi r trong bng lit k cc thnh phn. Khng ghi lng nc thm vo thc phm nhng b bay hi trong qu trnh ch bin. i vi thc phm c c c, cn thm nc vo ti to khi s dng th cc thnh
Trang - 54-
phn c th c lit k theo t l khi lng ca sn phm c ti to nhng cn ghi thm thnh phn khi ti to theo ch dn ghi trn nhn. 2- Phi s dng tn gi c th i vi tng thnh phn, khng tru tng c th gy nhm ln. Bng: Cc nhm thc phm qui nh Tn nhm (km tn ting anh) c hiu l Du cng vi thut ng thc vt hoc ng vt, c th xc nh thm bng thut ng hydroha hoc Du tinh luyn, tr du oliu hydro mt phn (Vegetable hydrogenated oil, or animal partailly oil,
hydrogenated vegetable oil) M km theo thut ng thc vt M tinh luyn tr m ln, m b. hoc ng vt (Vegetable fat, animal fat) Tinh bt (Starch) C (Fish) Tht gia cm (Poultry meat) Cc loi tinh bt, tr tinh bt bin tnh bng phng php ha hc Cc loi c khi chng l mt thnh phn ca thc phm khc v vic ghi nhn khng m ch mt loi c c th no Cc loi tht gia cm khi chng l mt thnh phn ca thc phm khc m vic ghi nhn khng ch mt loi tht gia cm Ph mt (Cheese) c th no. Cc loi ph mt khi ph mt hoc hn hp ph mt l thnh phn ca thc phm khc v vic ghi nhn khng m ch mt loi ph mt n cht hoc hn Gia v hoc hn hp gia v (spice, spices or mixed spices) hp c th no. Cc gia v hoc cht tit ra t gia v, c dng ring hoc kt hp khng
Trang - 55-
vt qu 2% ca khi lng thc phm. Gia v tho mc hoc hn hp gia Cc gia v tho mc khi dng ring hoc v tho mc (Herbs or mixed herbs) Gm (Gum base) ng (Sugar) Destroza hoc Glucoza (Destrose or glucose) Mui Casein (Caseinates) B Cacao (Cocoa butter) Qu tm ng (Crystallized fruit) kt hp khng vt qu 2% ca khi lng thc phm Cc ch phm ca gm c dng trong sn xut ko cao su. Cc loi ng saccharose ng dextrose khan v ng dextrose ngm mt phn t nc Cc loi mui casein Cc loi b cacao nn, p hoc tinh ch Cc loi qu tm ng khi chng khng vt qu 10% ca khi lng thc phm . 3- Thnh phn l cc cht ph gia c ghi trn nhn theo mt trong hai cch sau: Tn nhm v tn cht ph gia Tn nhm v m s quc t ca cc cht ph gia, m s c t trong ngoc n
V d: trong ch bin pho mt, khi dng cc cht to nh natri poly phophat v dikali diphotphat, c th ghi nhn cc cht trong bng thnh phn ca pho mt theo hai cch nh sau: Cht to nh: natri poly photphat v dikali diphotphat hoc Cht to nh (452i) v (450iv)
ghi nhn c ngn gn, u tin s dng cch ghi th hai.(s dng m s quc t ca cc cht ph gia) C th gi chung l Hng liu, cht to mu, cht to ngt i vi nhng cht ph gia to hng, to mu., to ngt tng ng. i vi cc cht ph gia trong nhm Tinh bt bin tnh c th ghi tn nhm tinh bt bin tnh thay cho tn c th ca cc cht ph gia nm trong nhm ny. Sau cc t Hng liu hoc cht to mu cn ghi thm t nhin , nhn to hay tng hp.
Trang - 56-
Trng hp mt cht ph gia c a vo thc phm thng qua mt thnh phn nguyn liu: thnh phn mang cht ph gia c dng mt lng khng ch hoc mt lng thc hin mt chc nng cng ngh th phi ghi vo bng lit k thnh phn. Nu liu lng cht ph gia ny c a vo gn hoc va ng so vi lng qui nh bi tiu chun an ton v sinh th phi ghi vo nhn. Nu lng ph gia a vo mc rt thp so vi qui nh th khng cn lit k trong bng thnh phn.
4- Ghi nhn nh lng cc thnh phn Nu vic ghi nhn thc phm nhm nhn mnh vo s hin din ca mt hoc nhiu thnh phn c trng c gi tr th phi ghi t l % thnh phn theo khi lng tng ti thi im sn xut. Nu vic ghi nhn thc phm nhm nhn mnh c bit hm lng thp ca mt hoc nhiu thnh phn th ghi t l % thnh phn theo khi lng ca n cha trong thnh phn. 5- Ghi nhn i vi thc phm dng cho ch n king (3.5.4) 6- Ghi nhn gi tr dinh dng ca cc thnh phn thc phm (3.5.5) 3.4.1.3. Hm lng tnh v khi lng ro nc: 1- Hm lng tnh phi c cng b trn nhn ni d thy theo qui nh sau: i vi thc phm sn xut trong nc: theo n v o lng hp php ca nc cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam, theo n v o lng quc t (SI). Nu dng h n v o lng khc th phi ghi c s i sang h n v o lng SI. Kch thc v ch s ghi nh lng trn nhn hng h c thit k theo din tch phn chnh ca nhn (PDP). V tr nh lng sn phm t phn chnh ca nhn. Ch s ghi nh lng theo dng song song vi y bao b. i vi thc phm sn xut trong nc nhm xut khu th c ghi n v o lng quc t hoc n v o lng Anh, M. 2- Hm lng tnh phi c ghi nh sau: Theo n v th tch i vi thc phm dng lng
Trang - 57-
Theo n v khi lng i vi thc phm dng rn Theo n v khi lng hoc th tch i vi thc phm dng st (nht) Trng hp thc phm trong mt bao b c nhiu n v cng chng loi, th s nh lng c ghi r: tch ca s n v v s khi lng mt n v. V d: 20 ci x 10g/ci hoc ghi bng s n v c trong bao v tng khi lng hng c trong bao: 20ci-200g
3- i vi thc phm c bao gi dng mt mi trng cht lng cha cc thnh phn rn phi ghi khi lng tnh v khi lng ro nc. Mi trng cht lng c th l nc, dung dch ng hoc mui, dm hoc nc p rau qu. Cc cht trn c th c dng ring hoc kt hp. 3.4.1.4. a ch ni sn xut: Phi ghi c tn v a ch v s in thoi ca c s sn xut v c s ng gi nu hai c s khc nhau. a ch bao gm: s nh, ng ph, phng x, qun(huyn), th x, thnh ph (tnh). 3.4.1.5. Nc xut x: 1- Nc xut x ca thc phm phi c ghi trn nhn theo qui nh sau: Thc phm sn xut trong nc phi ghi r sn xut ti Vit Nam Thc phm nhp khu phi ghi r tn nc sn xut, tn v a ch cng ty nhp khu (ghi trn nh ph bng ting vit c gn trn bao b thc phm nhp khu). 2- Thc phm ti ch ti mt nc th hai lm thay i bn cht ca thc phm , nc th hai c coi l nc xut x ghi nhn. 3.4.1.6. K m hiu l hng: Trn kin hng phi ghi r k m ca cng ty, nh sn xut l hng nhn bit v thi im sn xut l hng thc phm . 3.4.1.7. S ng l cht lng: i vi thc phm sn xut tiu dng trong nc nm trong danh mc sn phm phi ng k cht lng ti s Y t, trn nhn phi ghi r s ng k cht lng ca sn phm. Cch ghi s ng k qui nh ti im 2.5 Quyt nh s 55/TC-Q ngy 2/3/1994 ca tng cc tiu chun o lng cht lng, qui nh v vic ng k cht lng hng ha.
Trang - 58-
3.4.1.8. Thi hn s dng v hng dn bo qun: 1- Thi hn s dng l s ch ngy, thng, nm m qu mc thi gian , hng ha khng c php lu thng v khng c s dng. Thi hn s dng chnh l thi hn s dng sn phm tt nht. Thi hn phi c ghi r bng cm t: S dng tt nht trc.hoc ghi HSD. Ghi thi hn s dng nh sau: Ngy, thng v nm i vi cc sn phm c thi hn s dng tt nht di ba thng Thng, nm i vi cc sn phm c hn s dng tt nht trn ba thng Ngy, thng v nm phi c ghi theo dy s khng m ha, vi ba nhm, mi nhm gm hai ch s cch nhau bng du chm th hin ngy, thng v nm Phi ghi thi hn ni d thy hoc ch r ni ghi thi hn trn bao b . 2- Danh mc thc phm bao gi sn phi ghi thi hn s dng qui nh trong ph lc. Danh mc ny c thay i theo yu cu qun l cht lng thc phm do tng cc tiu chun o lng cht lng cng b. 3- Phi ghi nhn cc iu kin bo qun c bit duy tr cht lng thc phm nu hiu lc v thi hn s dng ph thuc vo vic bo qun. 3.4.1.9. Hng dn s dng: Phi ghi hng dn s dng i vi cc sn phm cn hng dn khi s dng k c cch ti to sn phm khi dng, m bo khng gy sai st trong s dng. Trng hp nhn hng ha khng din tch ghi cc hng dn th phi ghi cc ni dung vo mt ti liu km theo hng ha cung cp thng tin cho ngi tiu dng. 3.4.1.10. Thc phm chiu x: 1- Thc phm c x l bng cc bc x ion phi ghi r rng bng cc cm t Thc phm qua chiu x ngay cnh tn ca thc phm. Khuyn khch vic s dng biu tng quc t v chiu x thc phm v c t ngay cnh tn thc phm , c ng knh khng nh hn chiu cao c ch tn sn phm 2- Mt sn phm chiu x c s dng nh mt thnh phn ca thc phm khc th phi c ghi r trong bng lit k cc thnh phn
Trang - 59-
3- Nu sn phm ch c mt thnh phn v c ch bin t mt nguyn liu chiu x, nhn ca sn phm phi ghi r vic x l ny. 3.4.2 Ni dung ghi nhn khuyn khch: Tt c cc thng tin b sung c th trnh by trn nhn nhng khng c mu thun vi nhng yu cu bt buc ca qui ch ghi nhn bao b. c php ghi du hiu phn hng cht lng sn phm trn nhn, nh hng vit nam cht lng cao. Ngoi ra cc du hiu phi d hiu v khng gy nhm ln cho ngi s dng. 3.4.3 Trnh by cc ni dung ghi nhn bt buc: 3.4.1.1 Yu cu chung: Nhn phi c in, dn, ghp, mt cch chn chc khng b bong ri khi bao b Nhn phi v tr d thy, r rng, khng nhe hoc khng bay mu, khng ty xa, v d c vi ngi tiu dng khi mua sm hoc s dng trong nhng iu kin bnh thng, khng gy ra s nhm ln vi hng ha khc Khi cc on v bao gi c bao bc li th mt ngai ca lp bc phi mang thng tin cn thit ca nhn, hoc lp bc phi lm bng vt liu c th c c cc ni dung nhn bn trong lp bc . Tn gi v hm lng tnh ca thc phm phi ni d thy trn nhn. 3.4.1.2 Ngn ng: Vi thc phm sn xut v tiu dng trong nc, nhn phi c ghi bng ting vit. Ty theo trng hp c th, ngai ting Vit, nhn nn ghi thm bng ting nc ngoi thng dng, nhng kch thc phi nh hn, ngi nc ngoi khi n Vit Nam c th s dng v tiu th hng ha thc phm ti Vit Nam Vi thc phm nhp khu, nhn phi c ghi bng ting Vit hoc ting Anh. Trong cc trng hp khc, phi s dng mt nhn ph ghi nhng ni dung bt buc bng ting Vit chnh xc nh nhn gc. 3.5. NG K NHN HIU HNG HA 3.5.1 iu khong chung:
Trang - 60-
Cc t chc nh nc, tp th, t nhn c quyn v ngha v ng k v s dng nhn hiu hng ha cho tt c hng ha ca mnh theo quy nh ca iu l ny. Nhn hiu hng ha l nhng du hiu dng phn bit hng ha, dch v cng loi ca cc c s sn xut, kinh doanh khc nhau. Nhn hiu hng ha c th l t ng, hnh nh. Du hiu khng c php chp nhn l nhn hiu hng ha: o Cc du hiu khng c kh nng phn bit nh cc ch s, ch ci o Cc du hiu lm sai lch v xut x, tnh nng, cng dng ca hng ha hoc c tnh cht la o ngi tiu dng. o Cc du hiu mang hnh quc k, quc huy, biu tng quc gia, nh lnh t, nh anh hng dn tc, a danh ca Vit Nam cng nh ca nc ngoi, cc biu tung, tn gi ca t chc quc t. o Cc du hiu tri vi lut php nh nc, trt t v o c x hi. 3.5.2 ng k nhn hiu hng ha: Vic ng k nhn hiu hng ha do cc sng ch thuc y ban Khoa hc v K thut nh nc m nhn. c bo h php l nhn hiu hng ha, cc t chc, c nhn phi np n xin ng k nhn hiu hng ha cho cc sng ch. Nhn hng ha c bo h c ghi vo s ng b nhn hiu hng ha quc gia v c cng b trn cng bo s hu cng nghip do cc sng ch xut bn. Nu nhng loi nhn hiu hng ha tng t do hai hay nhiu ngi np h s ng k th quyn u tin thuc v ngi np h s sm 3.6 BO H PHP L NHN HIU HNG HA
Nhn hiu hng ha c bo h t ngy k quyt nh cp giy chng nhn ng k nhn hiu hng ha v c thi hn 10 nm.
Ch nhn hiu hng ha c quyn chuyn nhng tng phn hoc ton b quyn s dng nhn cho cc c s kinh doanh khc trn c s hp ng. Hiu lc ca giy chng nhn ng k nhn hiu hng ha b nh ch khi: o Ch nhn hiu hng ha xin t b bo h php l nhn hiu hng ha.
Trang - 61-
o Ch nhn hiu hng ha khng cn tn ti hoc khng tip tc hot ng sn xut kinh doanh.
CHNG IV: CC LOI BAO B THC PHM Phn loi thy tinh v c:
Trang - 62-
Thy tinh n nguyn t: l thy tinh ch tp hp mt loi nguyn t ha hc, cc nguyn t ny thuc nhm V, VI ca bng phn loi tun hon, y chnh l dng ng rn ca S, P, Se, As. Thy tinh oxyt l dng tp hp cc phn t oxyt axit, hay oxyt baz cng loi hay nhiu loi tn ti nhit thng nh B2O3, SiO2, P2O5. Thy tinh silicat l mt loi thy tinh oxyt rt ph bin, chnh l vt liu lm chai l cha ng thc phm nh cc :
Chai nc gii kht c gas, bia, ru, nc qu ep. L ng rau qu, dm dm Tnh cht ca thy tinh b nh hng bi cc cu t ring phn:
Khi trn cc oxyt thnh mt hn hp vt l th khng c phn ng ha hc xy ra; mi oxyt vn mang tnh cht nh khi n tn ti c lp. Nu thy tinh l hn hp vt l ca cc oxyt th tnh cht ca cc oxyt thnh phn s khng i trong thy tinh v c xem nh tng ng vi cc tnh cht ca cc oxyt dng tinh th hoc dng thy tinh thun khit. Nhng trong thc t, khi nu chy hn hp cc oxyt th chng tng tc nhau, sp xp v tr trong mch v nh hnh lm thay i tnh cht ca chng so vi khi dng t do. Tnh cht k thut ny c p dng trong ch to thy tinh silicat lm vt liu bao b thc phm v vt liu cho nhiu ngnh cng nghip khc, cc oxyt kim loi kim v kim th c cho vo lng nh m bo tnh nng mi cho thy tinh silicat. Bao b thy tinh silicat c nhng u khuyt im nh sau: Ngun nguyn liu t nhin phong ph C kh nng chu c p sut nn bn trong bo v c thc phm bn trong (ngn chn s xm nhp ca cc tc nhn gy h hng sn phm ) Ti sinh d dng khng gy nhim mi trng Dn nhit rt km Ti s dng nhiu ln, nhng phi c ch ra chai l t an ton v sinh Trong sut c th thy c sn phm, hp dn ngi tiu dng.
Trang - 63-
t b n mn ha hc bi mi trng kim v axit. Bao b thy tinh cha thc phm khng b n mn bi pH ca thc phm m thng b n mn bi mi trng kim, v sinh chai l ti s dng C th b v, nt khi nhit thay i hoc do va chm c hc. Mnh v c th gy hi cho ngi tiu dng (mi nguy vt l ca sn phm) Nng, khi lng bao b c th ln hn thc phm c cha ng bn trong, t trng ca thy tinh: 2,2 6,6 gy bt tin trong chuyn ch. Khng th in, ghi nhn theo qui nh nh nc ln bao b m ch c th v sn logo hay thng hiu ca cng ty nh my hoc khi sn xut chai c th to du hiu ni trn thnh chai v nu cn chi tit hn th phi dn nhn giy ln chai nh trng hp sn phm ru, bia, nc ngt cha ng trong chai. 4.2.1.2 Sn xut bao b thy tinh: 4.2.1.2.1.Nguyn liu nu thy tinh: 4.2.1.2.2.Quy trnh cng ngh ch to thy tinh: S qui trnh:
Trang - 64-
Thuyt minh : Ct
Ra ct, ch xat
Sy kh
(105-1100C)
Phn loi kch thc ht
Ct c kch thc to
Phn li in t
St kim loi v oxyt st
Sy ct
(700-800oC)
Nu
Ph gia (573-8700C14700C) Ph nng SnO2
Sn phm
To hnh (700-8000C)
, ti sn phm
Nguyn liu: l ct cn c ht ng u theo yu cu, hm lng SiO2 ty theo yu cu ca loi thy tinh. Nu nguyn liu ct ln cc loi oxyt hoc kim loi khng mong mun th c th gy khuyt tt, nh hng n cht lng thy tinh. Ra ch xt: ct c ra bng nc, ng thi c ch xt tch ri nhng ht ct dnh vo nhau, cng on by loi c mt s tp cht ha tan trong nc, v ln trong nguyn liu v mt s tp cht dng huyn ph.
Trang - 65-
Phn loi theo kch thc ht: ct sau khi ch xt, ra sy kh, c qua h thng ry phn loi kch thc ht, nhm gip cho qu trnh nu thy tinh c d dng. Do ht ng u, th thi gian v nhit nu khng b dao ng nhiu. Phn ly in t: nguyn liu ct c th c oxyt st vi liu lng cao hn gii hn cho php trong sn xut thy tinh s nh hng xu n tnh chit quang, cng nh to mu khng mong mun cho thy tinh. Do , oxt st c loi i bng phng php in t. Sy ct: sy nhit rt cao (7008000C) nhm mc ch loi b tp cht hu c, nng nhit khi ct ln cao, to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh nu thy tinh. Nu thy tinh: giai on nu nh hng ln n cht lng ca thy tinh. Khi nguyn liu c gia nhit n 1100-14000C nu chy to thy tinh, ty theo thnh phn nguyn liu . Nu thnh phn nguyn liu c kim loi Na cao th s lm gim nhit nng chy ca khi nguyn liu . y chnh l qu trnh nng chy ca SiO2, to cu trc ng nht gia oxyt silic v cc kim loi kim, kim th hoc kim loi lng tnh. Trong qu trnh nu xy ra s to lin kt mi sp xp li cu trc, SiO2 chuyn thnh SiO4, c dng khi din u, nguyn t Si nm ti trung tm, nguyn t oxy phn phi 4 nh ca t din. Trong qa trnh nu thy tinh, c s tham gia ca cacbon kh oxy t cc oxit kim loi (khng phi SiO2) to thnh CO v CO2 thot ra khi khi thy tinh . Nu nhit nu thy tinh c h thp do thm mt s ph gia hoc do hm lng Na cao khin thi gian nu thy tinh ngn, tiu hao nng lng thp nhng qa trnh kh kh xy ra khng trit s to ra bt kh trong khi thy tinh. To hnh thy tinh: thy tinh c to hnh bng phng php n thi hoc ly tm thi vi p lc cao. Thy tinh nng chy nhit 10000C t l nu c to hnh s b trong khun 1 v c dng kh nn i t pha di khun 2 thi nn thnh hnh dng s b 2 v 3 v c tip tc to hnh cho thnh phm 7; giai on ny dng p lc ca dng kh nn hoc dng lc ly tm phn b li khi thy tinh 5 to thnh chai u n trong khun 6 v to nn sn phm c hnh dng theo yu cu 7.
Trang - 66-
Ph nng: Ph nng bng bt SnO2 nng bo v b mt sn phm thy tinh ang nhit cao, khng b nt ra v nh bng b mt thy tinh. , ti thy tinh: sau khi to hnh sn phm, c hoc ti tng bn ca thy tinh trong thi gian s dng.
thy tinh: sn phm thy tinh sau khi to hnh t nhit khang 700-8000C, c ph nng, c lm ngui xung nhit 3000C, sau li c gia nhit n 7000C v c lm ngui chm n nhit thng , nhm gim ng sut ni thnh trong v thnh ngoi ca chai l thy tinh, to cho thy tinh c bn c cao.
Ti thy tinh: thy tinh sau khi c to hnh, ph nng v lm ngui n 3000C th c gia nhit n 7000C v c lm ngui nhanh tng ng sut bn trong thnh chai l v to ng sut ng u trong c sn phm. Sn phm thy tinh ti chu c s chnh lch nhit cao n 2700C. Sn phm thy tinh ti b v s to thnh nhng mnh v vn m bo an ton cho ngi s dng trong trng hp n b v. Thy tinh ti c dng ch to cc loi knh m bo an ton cho ngi s dng trong trng hp n b v: nh knh xe t, mt s loi chai l, chn a cao cp. 4.2.1.2.3.Cc khuyt tt trong bao b thy tinh: Cht lng thy tinh c nh gi bi ng nht ha hc (t s dn n
ng nht vt l). S c mt ca cc thnh phn l khng ng nht gi l khuyt tt ca thy tinh. Ty theo cc nguyn nhn khc nhau to nn cc khuyt tt khc nhau v hnh dng, c tnh ha l v lm gim cht lng thy tinh. Khi sn phm b khuyt tt th khng th s dng m phi loi b. Khuyt tt dng bt kh: bt kh c nhiu kch thc khc nhau, khng mu, trong sut. Khuyt tt loi ny do thnh phn phi liu khng hp l hoc kch thc ht ct khng ng u hoc do ch nu thy tinh khng thch hp nh nhit nu thp, thi gian nu ngn. Khuyt tt dng thy tinh: cc khuyt tt ny do thnh phn nguyn liu khng thch hp vi ch nu thy tinh, gy nn s khc nhau v mt , chit sut, nht, sc cng b mt...to cc dng vn, dng si trong khi thy tinh, gy gim ng nht, gim tnh bn c, bn nhit ca thy tinh c ch to
Trang - 67-
Khuyt tt dng tinh th: trong nguyn liu c nhng thnh phn khng nng chy nm li trong thy tinh do ch nu khng ph hp v nhit v thi gian. Khuyt tt ny to nn cc vt m, vt c ca cc oxyt khng ha tan, khng ng th vi thy tinh. 4.2.1.3.Tnh cht vt l, ha hc ca bao b thy tinh: 4.2.1.3.1.Tnh cht vt l: bn c: bn c hc ca bao b thy tinh c quyt nh t thnh phn nguyn liu, cng ngh ch to, cu to, hnh dng bao b. Nhng loi chai l ming rng thng khng c c chai, ming chai ni vi thn chai, d dng cho sn phm vo v ly ra. Loi chai ny khng chu tc ng ln ca lc c hc khi chit rt tr khi b va chm vo thnh hoc b ri v. Nhng loi chai c c: dng ng cc loi nc gii kht, cn, bia ru. Cc loi chai ny thng chu tc ng ca cc lc sau: Lc theo phng thng ng tc dng ln y chai trong qa trnh chit rt v lc tc dng ln c chai khi ng nt chai.
Lc theo phng ngang (phng thng gc vi ng trc ca chai), chnh l p lc
ca kh CO2 tc ng thng gc vi thnh chai. p lc ny cng ln lc thanh trng, sau khi chit rt ng nt chai. m bo chai c bn di tc ng ca lc trong qu trnh chit rt, ng np chai thy tinh lun lun c thit k: o dy thnh chai v y chai ng u nhau o Thn tr thng y trn o y l mt mt cu li o C chai pha bn trong c dng mt cu li trn xoay, v cong ca c chai khng thay i mt cch t ngt. bn nhit: Khi chai l c rt dch nng th thnh trong s dn n to ng lc vng chy sut chiu cao ca thn tr bn trong. thnh ngoi, khi cha cn bng nhit vi thnh trong th s xut
Trang - 68-
hin ng lc ko.Nu nhit dung dch v bao b khng chnh qu 70oC th ng lc ko thnh ngoi v ng lc nn thnh trong cng khng chnh mt cch t ngt, khng gy v chai.Tng t cho trng hp rt dung dch lnh. Chai ng thc phm c p lc kh hoc c un nng, lm lnh, cn thit c cu to thn tr thng y trn, c v thn chai khng c gim nhanh s chnh lch ng knh, th tng bn c hn cc loi chai c cu to khc. Tnh cht quang hc ca thy tinh Thy tinh c c tnh quang hc th hin kh nng hp th nh sng v phn x nh sng. Thy tinh silicat c kh nng hp th tia c bc sng 150nm v tia c bc sng 600nm. C th iu chnh s truyn nh sng qua thy tinh bng cch cho thm vo cc cht mu nh: oxyt kim loi, hp cht ca lu hunh, hp cht ca selen, cc oxyt kim loi khc. Thy tinh cha hn hp ca cc oxyt kim loi nh cobalt(Co), nickel(Ni), chromium(Cr), st(Fe) u c th tng s hp thu ng sng kh kin, tia t ngoi, tia hng ngoi. ring oxyt st to mu xanh l cy cho thy tinh c kh nng hp th tia cc tm v hng ngoi. Ngoi ra, khi b sung kim loi hay oxyt kim loi vo thy tinh trong qu trnh sn xut c th lm bin i mu sc ca thy tinh nh: thm 2 hay 3% ca oxyt ng sinh ra mu xanh lam. ng kim loi nguyn cht sinh ra thy tinh m c mu thm,n i khi c s dng thay th cho thy tinh mu hng ngc ca vng. Niken, ph thuc vo nng , sinh ra thy tinh c mu xanh da tri hay mu tm hay thm ch l mu en. S b sung Titan sinh ra thy tinh c mu vng Thy tinh amber v thu tinh xanh l cy l thy tinh cn quang tt nht, v bao b thy tinh cn quang ch cho xuyn qua khong 10% nh sng c bc sng khang 290 450nm, nhng thy tinh li c khuynh hng ha sm en di nng lng ca bc x mnh nh trong trng hp chiu x thc phm. bn ha hc: -L kh nng chng n mn ha hc ca mi trng tip xc vi thy tinh, ty thuc vo thnh phn nguyn liu ban u v iu kin ca mi trng tip xc vi thy tinh.
Mi trng nc v axit: 2H+ + 2Na H02 + 2Na+

Trang - 69-
S n mn ny to cho thy tinh c b mt nhm, b lm thnh nhng vt li ti, mt v sang bng, nh hng n tnh cht quang hc.Thy tinh kim th b n mn bi mi trng axit mc km hn so vi thy tinh kim.
Mi trng kim: Mi trng n mn thy tinh nhanh chng hn so vi cc mi trng axit v Silic l nguyn t lng tnh. S n mn to nn cc vt khuyt r rng hn so vi trng hp ca axit.
Nhit mi trng n mn cng cao th thy tinh b n mn cng nhanh, nu b mt thy tinh c vt try xc th cng to iu kin n mn d dng. 4.2.1.4 Np ca bao b thy tinh: Np hoc nt c th c xem l thnh phn quan trng ca bao b thy tinh. Np y che ph ming chai, nt nm lt vo bn trong ming chai v cc thnh phn ph ca chng nh m, nhm l bcgp phn m bo kn ca chai l, m bo chc nng bo qun thc phm c cha ng, chc nng tin li trong phn phi tiu th v khng gy nhim c cho thc phm Ty theo dng chai l cha ng thc phm, tnh cht v gi tr thng phm ca thc phm cha bn trong, hn s dng di hay ngn m s dng loi np thch hp, cng vi thit k kiu ming chai tng ng cc loi cu to chai. Ming chai loi A: c ren vn ng np vo, np tng ng cng c cu to ren. Chai thy tinh ming loi A cha ng cht lng khng c p lc kh nh kh CO2, hoc ch c p lc ring phn ca ethanol trong sn phm ru mi c nng cn 400V. Loi np ny c lm bng nhm hoc thic c ph lp sn bn trong v bn ngoi, c m plastic m bo kn cho chai, ngoi ra cn c nt m, y ming chai trc khi y np, nt m thng bng vt liu HDPE. Sau khi y nt m, vn np thic vo theo ng ren th ming np m s p st vo lp m ca np thic, to kn kht hon ton. Ming chai loi B: c cu to thnh ming chai kh dy, cha cc loi ru vang, ru champagnec p lc CO2 cao, c thi hn tn tr v s dng rt di nn cn phi y kn v c kh nng chu p lc cao ca kh CO2 c nn trong chai. Chai c y kn bng nt bc, nt c cu to hnh tr trn hoc dng hnh tr trn c m nm, thn tr di khong 4cm. Nt bng g bc c tnh n hi cao, s y cht kht ming chai v nh ln khi ming chai
Trang - 70-
khong 1,5cm, v dy thp c buc bn ngoi ming chai gipcho nt bc chu c p lc nn cao ca CO2 bn trong chai. K n lp bc ngoi l lp giy nhm p st vo ming chai, cc mp giy che ph dy thp bn trong. Hin nay mt s chai ru vang c cu to np chai thay i v vt liu nhng vn theo nguyn tc ny: Nt bt c ch to bng plastic c n hi cao. Dy thp c thay bng np ren tng ng vi chai ming ren. Nt cao su c ng kn vo ming chai khng c phn nh ln khong 1/31/4 chiu cao ca nt, ng vo hn trong ming chai, v s ckhui bng dng c khui chuyn dung dng vt xon. Giy nhm c bc thay th bng mng co plastic c in thng hiu. Phng php y kn sn phm ru vang c p lc CO2 trong chai ming ai t kt qu hu hiu; cho n nay vn cha c phng n no hu hiu hn c th thay th nguyn tc ny. Ngoi ra, cu to chai, cch ng gi ny mang li tnh truyn thng cao cp cho sn phm ru vang. Ming chai loi C: c cu to thnh ming dy v c g, c y bng np m. Np bng thic c lt lp m bng g bc hoc bng cao su c th p cht kht vo ming chai, to s kn hon ton khi np c dp trn ming chai bng mt lc c hc v to nn lp gn chung quanh. Loi ny ng np m ming c dng cha ng nc gii kht c gas, sn phm c gi thnh thp, c tiu th nhanh v p lc CO2 trong chai khng qu cao. Cch ng chai ming loi C khng c dng bo qun sn phm c CO2 trong thi gian di nh i vi loi B. 4.2.2 BAO B KIM LOI 4.2.2.1.c tnh chung ca bao b kim loi: a. u im: Nh, thun tin cho vn chuyn m bo kn v thn np y u c th lm cng mt loi vt liu nn bao b khng b lo ha nhanh theo thi gian Chng nh sng thng cng nh tia cc tm tc ng vo thc phm
Trang - 71-
Bao b kim loi c tnh chu nhit cao v kh nng truyn nhit cao, do thc phm cc loi c th c ng hp thanh trng hoc tit trng vi ch thch hp m bo an ton v sinh. Bao b kim loi c b mt trng thic to nh sng bng, c th c in v trng lp vec ni bo v lp in khng b try sc. Qui trnh sn xut hp v ng hp thc phm c t ng ha hon ton. Rt d b xy ha nn phi to lp m thic, do bn ha hc km. Khng thy c sn phm bn trong. Gi thnh thit b cho dy chuyn sn xut bao b cng nh dy chuyn ng gi bao b vo loi kh cao. Gy nhim mi trng do chi ph ti ch cao. 4.2.2.2 Phn loi bao b kim loi. 4.2.2.2.1.Phn loi theo vt liu bao b :
b. Nhc im: -
Bao b kim loi thp trng thic (st ty): thp trng thic c thnh phn chnh l st, v cc phi kim, kim loi khc nh cacbon hm lng 2,14%; Mn 0,8%; Si 0,4%; P 0,05%; S 0,05%.
C nhng loi thp c t l cacbon nh 0,15 0,5%. Hm lng cacbon ln th khng m bo tnh do dai m c tnh dn. lm bao b thc phm, thp cn c do dai cao c th dt mng thnh tm c b dy 0,15 0,5mm, do yu cu t l cacbon trong thp vo khong 0,2%. Thp c mu xm en khng c bng b mt, c th b n mn trong mi trng axit, kim. Khi trng thic th thp c b mt sng bng. Tuy nhin thic l mt kim loi lng tnh nn d tc dng vi axit, kim, do ta cn trng lp vec ni c tnh tr trong mi trng axit, kim. Bao b kim loi Al: Al lm bao b c tinh khit n 99%, v nhng thnh phn kim loi khc c ln trong nhm nh Si, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg, Ti.... 4.2.2.2.2.Phn loi theo cng ngh ch to lon:
Trang - 72-
Lon hai mnh: Lon hai mnh gm thn dnh lin vi y, np ri c ghp m vi thn. Lon hai mnh ch c mt ng ghp m gia thn, np, vt liu ch to lon hai mnh phi mm do, chnh l nhm cng c th dng vt liu thp c mm do cao. Hp, lon hai mnh c ch to theo cng ngh ko vut to nn thn rt mng so vi b dy y, nn c th d b m thng, hoc d b bin dng do va chm. Lon hai mnh l loi thch hp cha cc loi thc phm c to p sut i khng bn trong nh sn phm nc gii kht c gas. Bao b lon hai mnh bng nhm c th c chiu cao n 110mm, lon hai mnh bng vt liu thp c chiu cao rt thp v thp khng c tnh mm do, khng th ko di. Lon ba mnh: Cng ngh ch to lon ba mnh c p dng cho nguyn liu thp. Lon ba mnh gm thn, y, np. Thn hp c ch to t mt ming thp ch nht, cun li thnh hnh tr v c hn m thn; np, y c ch to ring, c ghp m vi thn. Thn, y, np c dy nh nhau v thp rt cng vng khng mm do nh nhm, khng th vut to lon c ciu cao nh nhm, m c th vut c lon c chiu cao nh. 4.2.2.3 Quy trnh cng ngh ch to lon ng thc phm 4.2.2.3.2.Qui trnh ch to lon ba mnh (trang sau) St nguyn liu c ra sch lp du, sy kh In v trng vecni: Mt b mt ca thp tm nguyn liu c in nhn hiu, sau c th c ph vecni bo v c hai b mt hoc ch ph b mt khng in l b mt trong ng thc phm hoc khng ph vecni c hai mt, ty theo yu cu sn phm vic in c thc hin hng lot nhm to nhn hiu cung cp thng tin cho tng loi sn phm, ng thi cng to lp chng oxy ha t bn ngoi, to nt p cho bao b. Trng vecni nhm cng oxi ha , s n mn lp thic tip xc trc tip vi thc phm cha trong bao b. Ty loi sn phm cha ng m s dng lp vecni thch hp nhm khng nh hng n thc phm, cng khng gy h hng vecni ny.
Ct st: thp tm nguyn liu sau khi c in nhn hiu v trng vecni, c a qua
my ct thnh mnh hnh ch nht theo kch thc lon m ta cn sn xut

Trang - 73-
Giai on 1: tm st nguyn liu c ct thnh nhiu tm nh c b rng bng chiu cao lon. Giai on 2: tm st ct ln 1 li c ct thh tng ming nh c chiu di chnh l chu vi y lon. Giai on 3: to m thn ghp m thn.
Hn : mnh thp to thn lon c hn ghp m theo chiu cao lon, mi hn cng mn
cng tt v ngoi vic to mi hn phng p cn to cho mi hn thn lon c cht kht khng c khe h.
Ph vecni trong v ngoi mi hn: trong qu trnh hn lp thic ni mi hn b chy
ra ch cn li lp st, do ta phi trng vecni trong v ngoi mi hn nhm trnh s n mn ca sn phm cha trong n, ng thi chng s oxi ha t bn ngoi.
Trang - 74-
Nguyn liu
Ra du, sy kh
Ph vecni,sy kh
In nhn hiu
Ct thn lon
Hn m thn
Tch lon
Loe ming
To gn
Ghp m y -thn
Ph vecni
Sy kh
Sn phm Trang
- 75-
Tch lon: Giai on ny ch tin hnh khi sn xut loi lon c chiu cao nh hn 9cm, v
my hn ch hn c nhng lon c chiu cao ln hn. Do vy i vi lon c kch thc nh hn 9cm th thc hin hn 2 hoc nhiu lon mt ln sau tch lon.
Loe: y l giai on vin ming lon to g chun b cho qu trnh ghp m. Lm gn: giai on ny sn phm c lm gn nhm to cng vng cho bao b sn
phm , c th gim gi thnh sn phm do dng thp mng. Nu khng ta gn tng cng th thp tm nguyn liu cn c dy 0,25mm nhng nu c to gn th nguyn liu c th c dy thp hn.
Ghp m: ghp m thn y, thn v np l giai on quan trng trong qu trnh sn xut
hp, y cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ph phm hp. Lon thc phm phi c ghp m tht kn to nn bao b kn. Nu ghp m khng tt th to ph phm hp. Trong qu trnh sn xut thng c cc s c: Mi ghp thn b lch do s sai lch vung gc ca tm st nguyn liu, thng th mc sai lch cho php l 2%, s sai li ny thng dn n h hng mi ghp m thn v np y. Try xc lp vecni: cc thit b , my mc ma st vi tm st trong qu trnh cun thn, ghp m do sau khi ghp m y v thn lon li c ph vecni nhng v tr mi ghp, nhm tng tnh an ton cho lon, chng s n mn ca thc phm v c mi trng ngoi. 4.2.2.3.2.Qui trnh ch to np hoc y lon ba mnh (trang sau)
Trang - 76-
NL thp tm Ra du sy kh
Trng vecni
Sy kh 210oC
Ct nh hnh
Dp to gn,mc
Vin np
cao su dng past
Phun keo
Sy kh 60oC
Np hoc y
Trang - 77-
St nguyn liu. Thp tm nguyn liu a vo ch to np v y lon c dy cng vi thp nguyn liu ch to thn lon. Trng vecni trong v ngoi. Tm thp nguyn liu c trng vecni mt hoc c hai mt trong v ngoi ty theo yu cu. i vi trng hp cn ph c hai mt th c th trng cng loi vecni, hoc mt ngoi ta dng vecni c sng hn nhm to v m quan cho sn phm. Lp vecni bn ngoi chng oxy ha t mi trng, bo qun b mt ngoi hp theo thi gian. Mt trong ca thn lon v mt trong ca np lon c trng cng mt loi vecni. Sy kh. Thp tm nguyn liu sau khi c trng vecni c sy kh lm bc hi hon ton dung mi to nn lp nha rn chc, trong sut bm dnh vo b mt thic. Ct to np, y. y l giai on ct nh hnh. Ti y tm st nguyn liu c ct thnh nhng ming hnh trn c kch thc ph hp vi np v y c thit k theo kch c hp. Dp. Giai on dp to gn v mc np, gn np to tnh gin n ca np theo s gin n kh trong hp khi thanh trng, tit trng sn phm. Vin. Vin nhm to ng cong vin np gip cho vic to mc np trong qu trnh ghp m c d dng. Phun keo. m bo kn hon ton ca lon thnh phm sau khi ghp m y cng nh np, mt lp cao su n hi c phun vo vin np to vng m cho y hoc np; sau khi ghp m y v np tr nn cht kht vo thn lon. Sy kh. m cao su vin np, y c sy kh 60oC nhm lm kh lp m ny. y l giai on cui cng ca quy trnh lm np, y lon.
Trang - 78-
4.2.2.4.Vec-ni bo v lp kim loi Vec ni bo v lp thic, ph bn trong cng nh bn ngai lon ba mnh hoc hai mnh, thuc loi nha nhit rn. Sau khi c un nng chy phun ph ln b mt lon th vecni c sy kh tr nn cng, rn chc. Lp vecni trng b mt bn trong lon nhm bo v lon khng b n mn bi mi trng thc phm cha ng trong lon v lp vecni trng mt ngoi lon nhm bo v lp sn mt ngoi khng b try sc. Lp vec ni trng bn trong lon phi m bo: -
Khng gy mi l cho thc phm , khng gy bin mu thc phm c cha ng Khng bong trc khi b va chm c hc Khng b ph hy bi cc qu trnh un nng, thanh trng C do cao tri u khp b mt c ph. Liu lng c trng ln thp tm: (3 9)g/m2, dy (4 12)m. Sau khi to hnh th lon c trng b sung khc phc nhng ch try sc bin dng mi ghp thn, y. dy ca lp vecni phi ng u, khng l thic qua nhng l, nhng vt, s gy n mn thic v lp thp mt cch d dng.
4.2.2.5. S n mn ha hc: 4.2.2.5.1.Bi mi trng H+- to ra kh H2 Lp vecni b bong trc th to nn s tip xc ca lp oxit thic vi mi trng thc phm c tnh axit lm xy ra phn ng: vi SnO: 2H++ SnO = Sn2++H20 = Sn2++H2 vi lp Sn: 2H++ Sn Sn 2++Fe
Thic b ha tan theo cc khe nh i su vo n lp thp th xy ra phn ng: = Sn + Fe2+ V mt cm quan, Sn 2+ c th gy mi tanh kh chp nhn v v sinh an ton thc phm. Hm lng Sn cho php c mt trong thc phm l 250 ppm, mt s sn phm yu cu cao hn l 150ppm. Nu vt qu gii hn ny th thc phm phi hy b. Tuy Fe2+ khng gy c hi vi ngi tiu dngnu khng qu cao, nhng vi hm lng 20ppm th c th xut hin mt vi vt xm mu nh hng n cm quan thc phm. 4.2.2.5.2.Bi mi trng H2S- to ra kh H2
Trang - 79-
Vi thc phm giu protein nh tht c, hoc loi gia v ti cha trong bao b thp trng thic, khi tit trng th nhng protein c cu ni di-sulfur s b bin tnh, t v lin kt di-sulfur, c th to thnh H2S - nu lp vecni ph c ZnO: H2 S + ZnO = ZnS + H2O (ZnS mu trng, dng vy) - nu khng c ZnO trong lp vecni khng tiu hy c H2S, nu c ch b bong trc lp vecni l lp Sn th: H2 S + Sn H2 S + Fe = SnS + H2 (SnS mu nu tm, dng vy) = FeS + H2 (FeS mu en, dng vy)
mt gi tr cm quan thc phm. nu ch try sc l lp SnO, hp thp trng thic cng c th b n mn ha hc. 4.2.3. BAO B NHM: 4.2.3.1 c im ca bao b nhm: Bao b nhm c dng hnh tr trn, thuc loi lon hai mnh: thn dnh lin y v np. Np c ghp vi thn theo cch ghp m ca lon thp trng thic ba mnh. Bao b nhm c c bit s dng cha ng nc gii kht c gas, bia, l nhng loi dung dch lng c to p lc bn trong bao b. Do nhm c tnh mm do cao, nu bao b nhm ch cha ng cht lng khng c p lc kh th bao b khng cng chc nh trng hp lon thp, d dng b h hng do bin dng, thng bi nhng va chm c hc. Bao b nhm nh hn rt nhiu so vi cc loi bao b bng cc loi vt liu khc, rt thun tin trong vn chuyn phn phi sn phm thc phm. Nhm c c tnh mm do, v c nhit nng chy rt cao do khng th ch to theo dng lon ba mnh v phi qua giai on cun thn, hn in . Mt c im quan trng ca Al l chng c tia cc tm, do ngai dng lon nhm cn c dng dng l nhm ghp vi cc vt liu khc nh plastic bao gi thc phm, chng thot hng, chng tia cc tm. Nhm c s dng lm bao b thc phm c tinh khit t 99-99,8%.
-
dng l nhm c th c dy nh nhau: 7,9,12,15 v 18m. Nhm dng ch to lon hp c dy 320m

Trang - 80-
L nhm thng c dng bao gi cc loi ko, chocolate, ph mt do tnh mm do ca l nhm, l nhm c th p st b mt cc loi thc phm ny, ngn cn s tip xc vi khng kh, vi sinh vt, hi nc. Do mng nhm thch hp bo qun cc thc phm giu protein, cht bo chng oxi ha bi oxi v h hng thc phm do tng m, khin vi sinh vt pht trin.
4.2.3.2 Quy trnh cng ngh ch to lon nhm dng nc gii kht c gas: 4.2.3.2.1.Ch to nhm nguyn liu : Nhm l mt nguyn liu phong ph c tm thy trong lp v tri t. N c trong t nhin dng khong sn c gi l qung bauxit. Qung bauxit qua qu trnh tinh ch loi b tp cht bn, ch to Al 2O3 dng bt mn, trng dng phng php in phn nhm oxyt thu c kim loi Al. Nhm thu c dng nng chy, c ph gia mt lng nh cc kim loi khc nhm tng tnh bn c v bn ha cho sn phm bao b. Khi nhm nng chy c vo khun to thnh thi, sau d c cn thnh tm, v qun cun chnh l nguyn liu ca ngnh ch to lon nhm ng bia, nc gii kht. Bng: Thnh phn ca cc loi nhm theo cng dng (%) Alloy type 1050 1100 3003 3004 5050 5182 8079 Loi s dng Nhm tm, ng Hp nhm Hp nc gii kht d m Si 0,25 1,0 0,6 0,30 0,40 0,20 0,30 Fe 0,4 0,20 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,35 1,3 Cu 0,05 0,05 0,7 0,25 0,20 0,15 0,05 Mg Mn Cr 0,05 0,01 1,5 1,5 1,3 0,1 1,8 0,1 0,5 0,5 0,1 Zn Ti 0,03 0,10 0,25 0,25 0,25 0,10 0,10
Qung nhm
Tinh ch
Trang - 81-
Nhm dng Oxit nhm Al2O3 Rt khun to Cun nhm l nngnhm Cn thnh tm in phn thi chy
Mt s kim loi khc nh Si,Fe,Cu,Mn
Quy trnh cng ngh ch to nhm t qung nhm 4.2.3.2.2 Quy trnh ch to lon nhm ng thc phm. Ch to thn lon nhm:
Trang - 82-
Cun nhm l Dui, tri thng
Bi trn gim ma st
Ct thnh hnh trn
Ct hnh trn np
To kha np
Dp to hnh thn tr s b
Dp to hnh np,mc
Nong vut to thn tr v to dng y lon
Gn kha vo tm np
Ct phn tha vin ming Ra sch cht bi trn Ra sch cht bi trn Sy kh np Sy thn lon
In mt ngoi thnlon
Ph vec ni bo v lon, np
Sy kh lp vecni
Ba giai on sy 101oC, 195oC, 210oC
Cun nhm l
Trang - 83-
Cun nhm l
Lon thc ung nhm gm c hai phn: thn v np. Vic to hnh lon nhm c thc hin trn quy trnh cng ngh thit b t ng hon ton. Nguyn liu: tm nguyn liu c qun thnh tng cun c trng lng c trng l 11.250kg, chiu di khong 500600m v chiu rng khong 1,2m, b dy tm khong 0,320,36mm.

Cun nhm c ko dui thng. Tm nhm c tri thng thnh di v bi trn c hia mt l nhm d di chuyn. Nhm tm c ct thnh nhng hnh trn v bng phng php dp, vut, nong theo khun to dng tr nh hnh s b thn tr.
Thn lon hnh tr c vut nh hnh phn bng lon qua 3 giai on t cao yu cu ca thn lon v phn tha cun mp lon: b dy ca thn lon c thay i nh sau: phn bng lon l 109m, phn thn gn ming dy: 168m. Cc th tch lon c ch to : 370, 350, 333, 250ml. Phn y c to thnh vm lm tng chc cho y. Trong sut qu trnh to thn, thnh lon lun bi trn gim ma st.
Phn tha ming c ct to s ng u v cao. Thn lon c chuyn n b ra loi b cht bi trn. Sy thn lon: lon c sy kh bng dng kh nng. In nhn hiu trang tr: tng chic thn lon c in trong lc quay mt vng chu vi thn tr. Ph vecni: bng lp epoxy phenolic. Sy: lon c lm kh bng dng kh nng vi ba giai on nhit: 101oC, 195oC, 210oC kh hon ton lp vec ni.
Sau khi thn lon c bi trn th c lon s c to vin ghp np. Lon hon chnh c kim tra vt thng v kim tra mu sc in, lp vecni ph bng thit b kim tra t ng Ch to np lon nhm: Np lon c ch to t nhng tm nhm nguyn liu c quy cch, kch thc nh khi ch tao thn lon. Nhm tm nguyn liu c bi trn v a vo my ct nh hnh to hnh trn np, dp to hnh np, mc np tht chnh xc, ra sch, sy kh, gn kha np v c phun
Trang - 84-
lp cao su m ln mc np to cht v kn, sau khi ghp np c ph vecni, tip theo c sy 3 giai on nh sy thn lon v sau cng np c kim tra theo tiu chun bng thit b t ng. 4.2.3.3. S n mn bao b nhm: Lp vecni bo v n mn c ph ngay trong qu trnh ch to. Do lon nhm ch b n mn ha hc khi lp vecni b chy xc, bong trc: Al2O3 + 6H+ = 2Al3+ + 3H2O hoc Al + 6H+ = Al3+ + 3H2 Mi trng axit n mn to H2, nhng kh H2 sinh ra khng to p lc ng k so vi p lc CO2 c sn trong lon (khong 2,6at). Tuy nhin do thnh lon rt mng, nu b n mn ha hc th s b thng ngay v h hng sn phm. 4.2.3 BAO B PLASTIC 4.2.3.1 c im chung ca plastic: Nguyn liu sn xut plastic l ngun hydrocacbon t du ha, tch trong qu trnh lc du. Vi tr ln nn ngun hydrocacbon cng v cng phong ph, gi thnh thp. Do cng ngh bao b plastic pht trin a dng, phong ph v chng loi; bao b t tnh nng cao trong cha ng, bo qun cc loi thc phm. Bao b plastic thng khng mi, khng v, c loi c th t mm do, p st b mt thc phm khi c to nn chn khng cao trong trng hp sn phm cn bo qun trong chn khng, cng c loi t cng vng cao, chng va chm c hc hiu qu, chng thm kh hi do m bo c p lc cao bn trong mi trng cha ng thc phm. Bao b plastic c th trong sut nhn thy r sn phm bn trong, hoc c th m c, che khut hon ton nh sng bo v thc phm, bn cnh c loi c th chu c nhit thanh trng hoc nhit lnh ng thm . Cc loi bao b plastic c in n nhn hiu d dng, t c mc m quan yu cu. Ngoi ra, tnh cht ni bt hn c l bao b plastic nh hn tt c cc loi vt liu bao b khc, rt thun li trong phn phi, chuyn ch. Hin nay, bao b plastic cha ng thc phm thng l bao b mt lp nhng cu to bi s ghp hai hay ba loi vt liu plastic li vi nhau b sung tnh nng to nn bao b hon thin, p ng yu cu ca loi thc phm cha ng. Bao b plastic khng c ti s dng
Trang - 85-
trong sn xut thc phm; sau mt ln cha ng thc phm, c th c ti sinh ty theo loi plastic. Cng ngh ch to bao b plastic v ang pht trin cao , cng gy s gia tng nhim mi trng. Plastic dng lm bao b thc phm thuc loi nha nhit do c tnh chy do thun nghch nhit thp hn nhit ph hy, khi nhit cng cao th cng tr nn mm do khi nhit c h xung th vn tr li c tnh ban u. nhit thng plastic c th ng thi tn ti c hai trng thi l kt tinh v v nh hnh. Trng thi kt tinh: cc mch polyme sp xp song song c s nh hng r rt gia cc mch polyme song song hnh thnh cc lin kt ngang to nn mng li c sp xp trt t lm cho cu trc ca khi polyme bn vng. Trng hp cc mng li polyme c cu to dng xon cng lm tng tnh chng thm kh hi, tnh bn c, bn ha ca plastic. Trng thi v nh hnh: cc mch polyme khng sp xp song song theo trt t khng c s sp xp nh hng, v vy cng khng sinh ra cc lin kt ngang ni kt gia cc mch polyme. S tn ti nhiu vng trng thi v nh hnh s lm gim tnh chng thm kh, h, cht bo ca plastic. 4.2.3.2 Cc loi plastic lm bao b thc phm : c tnh chu nhit ca plastic lm bao b thc phm c quan tm nh sau:
-
tnc: nhit plastic bt u chy nho thn: nhit ca my hn p t vo plastic 2 m ca bao b plastic chy nho dnh vo nhau to s kn cho bao b tmin: nhit thp nht m plastic chu c khng b bin i c tnh Bao b thc phm c th l mt loi plastic ring bit hoc c ghp kt hp bi nhiu lp plastic khc nhau thnh mt lp. Mt s loi plastic: Dng homopolyme PE: bao gm LDPE, LLDPE, MDPE, HDPE LLDPE: linear low density polythylene LDPE: low density polyethylene
Trang - 86-
MDPE: medium density polyethylene HDPE: high density polyethylene P P: polypropylene OP P: oriented polypropylene PET: polypropyleneglycol therephthalate PS: polystyrene OPS: oriente polystyrene EPS: expanded polystyrene PVC: polyvinyl chloride PVDC: polyvinylidene chloride PA: polyamide PVA: poly vinylacetat PC: polycarbonate Dng copolyme EVA: ethylene + vinylacetat 4.2.3.2.1.Polyethylene PE:
Polyethylene: Polyethylene c sn xut t s trng hp kh ethylene C2H4 to thnh mch polyme (-CH2CH2-). Ty thuc vo mc ch s dng c th pha cc ph gia vo PE nh cht TiO2 to c, C to mu en ngn chn nh sng thy c, cc tc nhn trt, cht lm chm chy hoc cht mu. PE c phn lm ba nhm chnh theo khi lng ring: LDPE: 0,91 0,925g/cm3 MDPE: 0,926 0,94 g/cm3 HDPE: 0,941 0,965 g/cm3 LLDPE: O,92 g/cm3 Plastic PE c s dng vi t l cao nht so vi tng lng plastic c s dng hng nm Cu trc ca PE:
Trang - 87-
Cu trc ca mch polyethylene c th khng mang nhnh, hoc mch nhnh vi cc mch nhnh c th di v ngn khc nhau. S pht trin nhiu mch nhnh s ngn cn s pht trin di ca mch chnh. Phn ng trng hp: Phn ng trng hp PE xy ra p sut p=1000 3000at v trong khong nhit t=100 3000C, t > 3000C s gy thoi ha mch polyme. p sut v nhit trng hp ca PE c th iu chnh t c cu trc mch PE theo yu cu. So snh cu trc c tnh ca LDPE v LLDPE: c im cu trc ca LLDPE so vi LDPE: Cc chui polyme thng hn, kch thc ngn hn, cha a s l mch nhnh, s mch nhnh cng t hn, to t l vng kt tinh cao hn so vi LDPE. LLDPE c ch to da trn c s ch to LDPE, nhng c trng hp iu kin p sut thp hn, nhit khong 180 2500C. 1- c tnh ca mng bao b LDPE v LLDPE: Mng LDPE v LLDPE trong sut, hi c nh m, c b mt bng lng, mm do nhng LLDPE trong sut v mm do hn LDPE. 2- Tnh chng thm oxy km nn khng th dng lm bao b chng oxy ha. 3- Tnh chu nhit ca hai loi nh sau: LDPE LLDPE 0 Tnc = 85 93 C Tnc = 95 1800C Tmin = -570C Tmin = -570C Than= 100 1100C Than= 120 2000C 4- LLDPE c nng cao tnh bn ha, tnh bn nhit v tnh bn c so vi LDPE cng dy. Do LLDPE c dng lm bao b cha ng vt nng, thay th cho LDPE v n d b ko dn, rn nt di tc dng ca lc . 5- LLDPE c tnh bm dnh thp so vi PVC v EVA nn khng thun tin khi lm mng co c th cu to mng ghp vi LLDPE lm lp ngoi v LDPE lm lp trong to c mng tng tnh bn c hc. 6- LLDPE c t trng cao hn LDPE, b mt trn lng hn v tnh do cao hn
Trang - 88-
7- LDPE c im mm thp hn 1000C, do khng th s dng lm bao b thc phm c
thanh trng, tit trng bng hi nc hoc sy bng khng kh nng khong 1000C nhng LDPE c tnh hn dn nhit d dng, cho nn c dng lm lp trong cc bao b ghp d hn kn, nhit hn dn = 1100C trong khi LLDPE rt kh hn dn.
8- Bn nhit 60 700C
9- Chng thm nc v hi nc tt
10- Tnh chng thm kh oxi, CO2, N2 u km
LDPE c tnh chng thm du m km, LLDPE ci thin hn v tnh ny 11-Tnh bn c hc cao di tc dng ca axit, kim, dung dch mui v c. 12-LDPE v LLDPE b cng phng v h hng khi tip xc vi cc dung mi hu c hydrocarbon v hydrocarbon thm, du ha, tinh du thc vt,.. 13-Mng PE c chiu x s c nhng bin i nh: -
Vng hn, trong sut cao hn Tr nn cng v dn hn Chu nhit tt hn, c th khng b h hng 1050C trong mt thi gian kh di hoc chu c nhit 2300C trong thi gian ngn. Cc loi PE c sn xut c dy mng: 25 100 m; mng ph bn ngoi th c dy 10 50 m.
14-Kh nng in n trn b mt PE khng cao, d b nha nt in do mng PE d b ko dn. 15-PE c th cho kh, hng thm thu xuyn qua, do PE cng c th hp thu gi mi trong bn thn bao b, v chnh mi ny c th c hp thu bi thc phm c cha ng, gy mt gi tr cm quan thc phm. Cng dng ca LDPE v LLDPE: LDPE thng dng lm lp lt trong cng ca bao b ghp nhiu lp hn dn d dng do nhit hn thp, mi hn p, khng b rch. C th c dng lm lp ph bn ngoi ca cc loi giy, ba cng, giy ba carton gn song chng thm nc, hi nc . Lm bao b cha ng thy sn lnh ng, hoc cng ghp vi PA v lm lp trong ca bao b, cha ng thu sn lnh ng c ht chn khng.
Trang - 89-
Lm ti ng thc phm tm thi, ch cha ng chuyn i ch khng c tnh bo qun. Dng bao gi rau qu ti sng bo qun theo phng php c ch h hp rt hiu qu v kinh t.
HDPE: HDPE th c trng hp t ethylene CH2= CH2 p sut kh quyn vi nhit 700C, hoc p sut 2750 3450kN/m2 nhit 100 1750C Cu trc: HDPE c cu to bi a s cc chui plyetylene thng c sp xp song song, mch thng ca monomer c nhnh rt ngn v s nhnh khng nhiu. Tnh cht: HDPE c tnh cng vng cao, trong sut nhng c mc m c cao hn LDPE, bng b mt khng cao, c th ch to thnh mng c do c ph gia TiO2
-
Kh nng bn nhit cao hn LDPE, nhit ha mm do l tnc=1210C, nn c th lm bao b thc phm p dng ch thanh trng Pasteur; hoc lm bao b thc phm dng lnh nh thu sn tmin=-460C, thn=140 1800C. Ngoi tnh cng vng cao HDPE c bn c hc cao, sc bn ko, sc bn va chm, bn x u cao hn LDPE v LLDPE, nhg vn b ko gin, gy ph v cu trc polye di tc dng ca lc v ti trng cao. Tnh chng thm nc, hi nc tt. Tnh chng thm cht bo tt hn LDPE v LLDPE Tnh chng thm kh, hng caohn LDPE v LLDPE Kh nng in n tt hn so vi LDPE v tng ng vi LLDPE
Cng dng ca HDPE: C cng vng cao, tnh chng thm kh, hi kh tt, tnh bn c hc cao nn c dng l vt cha ng nh cc thng c th tch 1 20 lit vi dy khc nhau m bo cng vng ca bao b theo khi lng cha ng Ti xch cha cc loi vt , vt phm, lp bao bc ngoi chuyn vt phm i Np ca mt s chai l thu tinh Thng khng lm bao b bao gi thc phm chng oxyho
Trang - 90-
Dng lm lp bao bc cch in cho cc loi dy cp di nc v cho rada Cu trc:
4.2.3.2.2.Polyethylene:(PP) Polyethylene (PP) c mi quan h gn nht vi PE. C hai thuc v h polyolefin, c hnh thnh t nguyn t C v H, trn th trng PP c sn xut hai dng chnh: homopolyme v copolymer Cu trc n v c bn ca polypropylene: Tnh cht ca polyproplen: - Mng trong sut c bng b mt cao, khi b v cho ting thanh hn so vi PE. - PP c t trng thp (0,8850,905 (g/cm3)) - kh bn nhit: nhit chy mm: + tnc=1321490C + tmin=-180C +than= 1400C -
Nhit hn dn m bao b PP cao so vi PE v vy t dng PP lm lp trong cng Vi nhit min l -180C th PP cng khng dng lm bao b thu sn lnh ng v cc sn phm thu sn lnh ng phi t nhit trung tm l -180C, khi nhit phng lnh khong -35 -400C, bao b PP s b nt v. Mng PP c tnh chng thm kh hi rt tt, chng cht bo tt C tnh bn c hc cao, kh cng vng, khng mm do, khng b ko dn di do c ch to thnh si, dt thnh bao b ng lng thc.
ng dng: Dng lm bao b mt lp cha ng bo qun thc phm , khng yu cu chng oxyho mt cch nghim ngt. PP cng c sn xut dng mng ghp cng vi nhiu mng vt liu khc m bo tnh chng thm kh, hi, du m. To si dt bao b ng lng thc, ng cc c khi lng ln Mng PP bao ph ngoi cng i vi mng ghp nhiu lp tng tnh thm kh, hi nc , to kh nng in n. 4.2.3.2.3.Oriented polypropyle OPP:
Trang - 91-
c tnh:
a. Tnh cht: Mng OPP chnh l mng PP ci tin. Do c ch to c bit c s nh hng hai chiu cc mch polymer nn kh nng to vng kt tinh tng cao, to nn tnh cht c bit khc PP v cc loi plastic khc l: -
Tnh bn c hc cao (bn x v bn ko t) c bit kh nng b x rch d dng khi c 1 vt ct hoc 1 vt thng nh OPP c t trng gn tng ng vi PP: 0,902 0,907 g/cm3 C trong sut, bng b mt cao hn PP, ting ku khi v cng trong, thanh hn PP Tnh bn nhit tng t nh PP C tnh chng thm oxi, cc kh khc v hi cao hn PP.
b.Cng dng: Ch to dng mng ghp to lp mng ngoi cng cho bao b nhiu lp tng tnh chng kh 4.2.3.2.4. Polyvnylchloride PVC: Cu trc: PVC c sn xut bng phng php trng hp cc monomer VCM vinyl chloride, p sut thp, khong nhit khng cao a.Tnh cht: Vt liu PVC khng ho do: Sn phm t PVC khng ho do thg b gim mu v mt mu khi c gia nhit n gn nhit ch to, do phi c cht n nh thm vo. Chng thm hi, nc km hn cc loi PE, PP Tnh chng thm kh v tnh chng thm du m kh cao, c th lm bao b cha thc phm c hm lng cht bo cao, c kh nng bo qun cht bo khi s oxyho Khng b h hng bi axit v kim B ph hu bi mt s dung mi hu c, c bit l loi clorur hydrocacbon, ketone.
Trang - 92-
Mng PVC c khuynh hng ng thnh khi do tng tc tnh in gia chng.
Vt liu PVC do ho: Tnh cht ca PVC do ho thay i tu theo cht do ho s dng. Thng thng, nu tng lng cht do ho th s tng tnh mm do Vt liu PVC ho do d nhim mi khi tip xc vi dung mi hu c. Mng PVC ha do c b sung cht n nh thch hp th s tng trong sut, bng b mt v tnh bn c C hai loi PVC u c th c in n tt, khng cn x l b mt trc khi in nh trng hp ca PE v PP p dng: ngnh thc phm ch s dng loi PVC khng ho do: ph bn ngoi cc loi mng khc to thnh bao b mng ghp, tng tnh chng thm kh. Lm mng co v c tnh kh mm do bao bc cc loi thc phm ti sng bo qun , lu hnh trong thi gian ngn: tht sng, rau qu ti, lm mng co khng np chai nc gii kht. 4.2.3.2.5. PolyethyleneTerephthalate(PET): PET cn c tn thng mi l Mylar, Milinex, Hoslaphane v Terphane.. PET l loi vt liu plastic quan trng dng lm bao b thc phm. PET c sn xut t phn ng trng ngng gia ethylene glycol v dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) hoc axit terepthalic (TPA) di p sut thp. Tnh trong sut, tnh bn c v tnh mm do c tng ln khi mng PET c nh hng hai chiu. Do trong thc t v p dng, t PET c dng ch mng PET c inh hng hai chiu bi v PET khng nh hng khng th c s dng ph bin v mt s tnh nng km. a. Tnh cht: PET la 2loi bao b thc phm quan trng c th to mng hoc to dng chai l bi c cc tnh cht : T trng 1,4
Trang - 93-
Bn c hc cao, c kh nng chu ng lc x v lc va chm, chu ng s mi mn cao, c cng vng cao. Tr vi mi trng thc phm. Trong sut
Chng thm kh O2 v CO2 tt m bao b
Mng PET lun c ph mt lp plastic khc bn ngoi c th hn dn nhit ghp
Khi gia nhit n khong 200oC, cu trc ha hc ca mch PET vn c gi nguyn, tnh chng thm kh hi vn khng thay i khi nhit khong 66100oC, nhng tmm do 70oC c th lm bin dng co rt mng PET.
Tmin = - 70oC, nhit ny mng PET vn gi nguyn cc tnh cht c ly ha. Nhit gy h hng cu trc PET l 225oC, nhng Tmm do 70oC
Khng b h hng bi dung mi hu c. Chng thm du, m rt cao b. Cng dng : Do tnh chng thm kh CO2 rt cao nn PET c dng lm chai l ng nc gii khc c gas, chim 40% tng lng nc gii khc c sn xut, chim khong 80% lng PET c sn xut. PET cng c ch to dng mng lm ti bao b thc phm cn chng xy ha 4.2.3.3. Nguyn tc ch to bao b plastic : Mng plastic hoc cc dng chai l u c ch to qua nhiu cng on, nhng cng on chung nht l qua thit b n p v sau n qua khe c th tao thnh dng mng, hoc tm, hoc n qua thit b c ly tm hoc c p lc cao to hnh dng chai l theo khun. Nguyn tc hot ng ca thit b n : ht plastic c nhp liu t phu nhp liu c trn v un n trng thi chy mm, sau c n p bng trc vt xon c chuyn ng xoay trn bn trong thit b, plastic c ra khe ca to dng mng, dng ng tr hoc dng tm, c trc ln ko cng nh hng mt chiu hoc hai chiu, ci thin tnh cht c ly, tnh chng thm, ng thi cng gim dy ca tm
Trang - 94-
v tng chiu di ca mng, to s nh hng theo chiu dc ca mng khi sn xut hoc nh hng c hai chiu . Nhng loi chai, l phi ch to bng plastic c cng vng cao Cc loi ti c ch to bng vt liu plastic mm do p lc v tc khng kh thi vo ng tr plastic sn phm nh hng ln n sn phm, nu tc hoc p lc gi thp sn phm plastic s b dnh vo nhau kh tho g Nhp liu phi nghim ngt, nguyn liu khng c ri vi gy nhim mi sinh v tai nn lao ng. Nguyn liu plastic nhp liu khng c ln nc S qa nhit trong qu trnh n p cng gy h hng cu trc ca plastic S gia nhit plastic n trang thi nng chy phi thc hin n nh Tc nhp liu phi ng nht 4.2.4. BAO B GHP NHIU LP 4.2.4.1. c tnh v cu trc ca bao b nhiu lp: 4.2.4.1.1. c tnh v ng dng ca bao b nhiu lp: Sn phm bao b cha ng thc phm ch bin, m phm hoc dc phm c yu cu m bo kn chng bt k s xm nhp no t mi trng ngoi vo mi trng bn trong cha ng thc phm v cng chng thm bt k thnh phn no t thc phm. ng thi cn c nhng yu cu khc nh c bn c ko, bn chng va p, trong sut, sng bng v mt s tnh cht khc nh khng du, dung mi, chng tnh in, bn thi tit, d in n v c th thanh trng, tit trng. Thc t khng c loi vt liu no c th ng thi p ng mi tnh cht cn thit, v th cn thit kt hp nhiu loi vt liu b sung u im che lp hon ton khuyt im. Do , mng ghp nhiu lp c ch to v nhanh chng chim u th trong ngnh bao b thc phm. Mng nhiu lp c th c ch to theo hai phung php: 1- Nhiu mng c ch to trn nhng tht b ring, ghp li vi nhau bng phng php p dn nhit khi cc mng l nhng polyme c cu trc c bn tng t nhau.
Trang - 95-
2- Dng cht kt dnh l cc PE ng trng hp kt dnh cc loi vt liu vi nhau, tng lng cht kt dnh ca cc lp rt nh, khong 15 20% khi lng cc loi mng chnh, c th c chiu dy rt nh khong 3m. a s cc mng ghp c dng cht kt dnh u c ghp l nhm, ngn cn nh sng thy c hoc tia t ngoi; hoc ghp lp giy kraft c tnh d xp np, tng dy, tnh cng vng ca bao b . Ghp lp PE trong cng to kh nng hn dn nhit tt, d dng. Mng LDPE hay LLDPE cng c th c ph ngoi cng nhm mc ch chng thm hi nc, chng t bao b . Thng thng mng OPP c ghp ngoi cng ca cc bao b dng ti nhm mc ch bao b c th x, m d dng, in n tt, to bng cho b mt bao b. 3- Mng c n qua thit b n p
Trang - 96-
Trang - 97-
4.2.4.1.2. Cu trc ca bao b nhiu lp: Theo l thuyt c th phi hp mi loi vt liu nha nhit do vi nhau trong mt cu trc, nhng thc t c nhiu loi nha khng dnh vo nhau v v th cn mt lp kt dnh trung gian gia hai lp ny. Trong khong 20 vt liu thng c dng to mng nhiu lp th ch c vi loi l kt dnh vi nhau khi nng nhit ln cao m khng cn lp kt dnh trung gian. Nhng vt liu ny c c im l c cu trc ho hc c bn ging nhau. Vic pht trin nhng loi nha trung gian bm dnh ng vai tr quan trng trong cng ngh to mng nhiu lp. Cc loi nha bm dnh c yu cu to mi ni tt c nhit thng v nhit cao; v d: bao b sn phm phi chu nhit cao trong khi thanh trng sn phm. Lp kt dnh phi c gia cng nhit tng thch v nht i vi nhng vt liu khc trong cng cu trc ghp. Ngoi ra, t c nhng yu cu ny nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v pht trin v ang c thc hin.
4.2.4.2 Phng php ng bao b tetra pak: 4.2.4.2.1. Mc tiu - c im ca phng php tetra pak: Bao b tetra l loi bao b mng ghp rt nh nhm mc ch v trng, m bo cht lng ti, nguyn cho sn phm giu dinh dng v vitamin t ngun nguyn liu. Bao b nh, c tnh bo v mi trng, tin ch cho s dng, chuyn ch, phn phi v bo qun sn phm nhit thng vi thi gian di
Trang - 98-
Cc loi thc phm sau khi hon tt cc cng on x l, ch bin, c ng bao b , thanh trng, tit trng hoc cng c loi khng p dng ch tit trng thanh trng. Tu theo cng ngh ch bin v bn cht sn phm. Thnh phm c th c tit trng ri mi ng bao b nh: chai thu tinh, lon kim loi, bnh plastic th dch thc ung thnh phm ni ring, thc phm ni chung c chit rt vo bao b, ng np v thanh trng theo cc ch nhit khc nhau tu theo bn cht ca loi thc phm. Phng thc ng bao b tetra pak c p dng cho nhng loi thc ung dng lng, ng nht hoc dng huyn ph, nh tng vi kch thc ht rt nh, nht khng qu cao nh dng sa bo, sa gy, nc p rau qu. Theo phng thc ng gi tetra pak, thc ung c tit trng trc khi ng vo bao b: bao b tetra brik dng phc hp c tit trng ring bng hi H 2O2 trc khi rt dch thnh phm vo. Dch lng c tit trng bng nhit cao, thi gian cc ngn: t=1430C, =60giy; thi gian nng nhit v h nhit cng xy ra rt nhanh: 5-6 pht
Qu trnh tit trng sn phm ng gi tetrapak
Bn cht ca phng php ny l tit trng ring l thc ung dng lng, sau rt dch vo bao b v hn kn trong mi trng v trng. Sau khi ng bao b, sn phm c gi nhit thng trong thi gian khong 6 thng vn m bo cht lng sn phm. Sau khi m bao b s dng, phn thc phm cn tha li trong bao b phi bo qun lnh (4-100C), thi gian bo qun c th l 5 ngy
Trang - 99-
Phng php ng bao b tetra pak i i cng vi phng php tit trng nhit cao, thi gia cc ngn gi l phng php UHT (ultra high temperature) m bo cho sn phm khng b bin i mu, mi. 4.2.4.2.2.Cu trc bao b tetra pak : Lp 1 : mng HDPE : chng thm nc , bo v lp in bn trong bng giy v trnh b try sc Lp 2 : giy in n : trang tr v in nhn Lp 3 : giy carton : to hnh dng hp , lp ny c cng v dai , c th chu c nhng va chm c hc Lp 4 : mng PE : lp keo kt dnh gia giy carton v mng Al Lp 5 : mng Al : ngn chn m , nh sng , kh v hi Lp 6 : Ionomer : lp keo kt dnh gia mng nhm v mng PE trong cng Lp 7 : LD PE : cho php bao b d hn v to lp tr tip xc vi sn phm bn trong
Trang - 100-
Bao b ny mng PE c s dng lp li 3 ln v 3 chc nng khc nhau , mi lp mng PE c s dng vi mc ch t hiu qu kinh t cao : to lp che ph bn ngoi cng bng HDPE , to lp mng trong cng d hn nhit ghp m thn bng LDPE ch p dng nhit hn 110-1200C
Lp kt dnh gia lp Al v giy carton , c cu to bi vt liu PE ng trng hp. Lp ny cng l lp chng thm f tr cho lp PE trong cng v lp mng nhm mng , mng nhm chng thm kh , hi v hi nc tt
Trang - 101-
Mng nhm , mng ionomer dng cht keo kt dnh v mng PE trong cng to nn tnh thun tin li cho bao b tetra prik : v ni cm ng ht vo ung l 1 b mt hnh trn nh c che ch bi ch 3 lp ny , to s d dng c l ch bng u nhn ca ng ht bng plastic. Lp mng nhm c dng trong trng hp ny tr gip cho kh nng chng thm kh hi ca mng PE , chng nh sng i xuyn qua mng PE v tr c l cm ng ht Cch ng bao b tetra pak Cc lp vt liu giy c in nhn theo yu cu ca c s sn xut , sau c ghp cng vi cc lp vt liu khc v qun thnh tng cun c chiu rng bng chu vi ca thnh tr hp.
Trc khi chic rt, cun giy c tit trng bng hi H2O2, loi H2O2 v c sy kh trong phng kn v trng v c a vo my hn dc thn hp v ghp y. Sau dch thc phm c rt nh lng vo hp v bao b c hng ghp m u , ct ri , xp gc. Hp sn phm c dng H2O phun lm sch cht lng dnh cc mi hn u v y , sau c thi khng kh nng kh hp. S lng 4 hay 6 hp c xp khi v lc mng co PVC
Trang - 102-
4.2.5 BAO B GIY- BAO B VN CHUYN HNG HA 4.2.5.1. Bao b giy : 4.2.5.1.1. c tnh ca giy : Ngy nay giy chim hn phn na trong tng s nguyn liu lm bao b. Nh tin b khoa hc k thut, giy cc loi c sn xut i tr vi gi thnh thp. Giy c s dng ph bin bi mt s tnh cht c trng nh: Tnh bn c hc (tuy khng cao nh cc loi vt liu khc). Nh D hy, khng gy nhim mi trng . Ti sinh d dng Bn cnh giy c nhng khuyt im nh:
Trang - 103-
D rch, thm nc, thm kh, tnh d x rch cng cao khi hm m cng cao. m cho php m bo tnh bn ca giy l 6-7% Qui cch c qui nh bi trng lng trn mt n v din tch giy: g/m2. tng bn c cho giy, ngi ta thng ghp nhiu lp giy li vi nhau. Cc loi giy c cht lng khc nhau l do s kt hp vi nhng loi nguyn liu khc nhau. Giy l vt liu bao b lu i khng gy hi mi trng, c x l c th tng cng tnh khng hi m, chng oxi ha, khng vi khun, chng dnh, kh chy, chng thm nc, b mt c trt cao, bng cao, chng thm cht bo. Giy hin nay c th c hng lot cc tnh cht quang hc v xp mong mun, v bng cch s dng lp trng kp trn mt mt; c th ti to hnh nh chnh xc khi in ng ng. Ngoi ra, bn c hc khin cho giy c kh nng chy trn my cng dn theo chiu dc ca giy m khng b t hay x rch.
Giy c th lm t nguyn liu rm r, g vn, v cy, bt g, giy thi, g thn mm, g thn cng. Cu to ca nguyn liu g: Cht lng thnh phm c quyt nh bi nguyn liu cellulose ban u hn l cc ha cht ph gia, chnh l chiu di cellulose. S khc nhau gia g t trng cao v t trng thp nh hng ln n cu to ca giy. 4.2.5.1.2. Cc loi bao b giy, thnh phn v tnh cht ng dng: Giy dng bao gi c chia thnh cc nhm theo thnh phn phi liu: Giy bao b thc phm thng l dng bao b h v giy c tnh thm kh hi rt cao. Ch trong trng hp giy c trng ph cc mng plastic hoc mng plastic vi Al l chng thm kh hi rt cao mt trong ln mt ngoi nhm ngn cn hon ton tc ng ca mi trng ngoi ln thc phm c cha ng v tc ng gy h hng bao b. Do lng giy s dng trong ngnh thc phm rt ln, trong loi giy b cng, giy kraft lm carton gn sng chim lng cao nht, cn giy gi thc phm ch lng thp i vi cc quc gia pht trin cng nh ang pht trin .
Trang - 104-
Giy c s dng nhiu nh th nhng s c ti sinh d dng khng gy nhim mi trng, va tn dng ngun cellulose ca t nc, gim i mt lng kh ln plastic lm cc loi bao b trong cng nh bao b ngoi cho loi bnh bo qun ngn ngy. Di y l k hiu loi nguyn liu giy bao gi: AP 1: 100% hn hp cc loi giy ph liu AP 2: 30% ca AP 1+ 70% giy ph liu cht lng cao hn, AP 3: 25% si cellulose loi 2 v 75% giy ph liu cht lng cao, hoc 100% giy ph liu cht lng cao. AP 4: 30% si cellulose thun khit v 70% giy vn cht lng cao hn hoc 100% giy ph liu cht lng cao nht. ZP 1: 100% si cellulose t mt g (v c th n 30% giy ph liu) ZP 2: 100% si cellulose loi 2 ty bng sluphite ZP 3: 100% cellulose loi 2 ty bng sulfite c th phi n 30% g hoc 30% giy ph liu cht lng cao ZP 4: 65% cellulose thun khit c ty trng bng sulfite v c phi trn vi 35% g. ZP 5: 100% si cellulose thun khit NaP 1: 100% si celluolose thun khit sulfite ha NaP 2: 50% lng NaP 1 phi trn vi 50% giy kraft ph liu. Ghi ch: Giy ph thi cht lng cao: giy vn phng, giy tp hc sinh s dng Si cellulose loi 2: cellulose t g vn hc cellulose cn ln hm lng kh ln ca hemincellulose hoc lignin Giy ph liu cht lng cao nht: giy ph thi t quy trnh sn xut giy cht lng cao, ct ra, ct theo kch thc, cha in n hay nhim bn Si cellulose thun khit l cellulose khng ln hemicellulose hay lignin. 1.Gii thiu mt s loi giy: a. Giy kraft l bao b : l loi giy c mu hi nu, lm t si cellulose c x l vi mui natrium sulfat v khng ty trng bng phng php sulfite. Giy kraft dng lm cc loi bao to ng ng cc hay ximng, thng nng t 70-75g/m2; Giy
Trang - 105-
kraft mng nht l 6-7g/m2; giy kraft ch to ba gn sng lm thng cha, bao b n v gi i, c khi lng 85-180g/m2. Giy kraft c th ty c, nhng khi b ty dai ca n s gim i. Hn 60% sn lng giy kraft dng lm giy ba cng v giy ba gn sng. Cu to bao b giy - ng dng: c tnh giy ba gn sng bao b vn chuyn : Vi tin b khoa hc k thut hin nay, bao b carton gn sng c th c hu ht cc tnh cht c hc cn thit nh: chu s nn, va chm, p lc trong cc iu kin mi trng c m cao, do to nn cc lp sng, tng cng s cc lp giy ba thnh 3,5 hoc 7 lp. Ngai ra, c th tng cng bn c hc ca cc thng cha bng cch gia cng gc, cc b mt t ma st thch hp . Cu to ca ba giy gn sng bao b vn chuyn : Giy ba gn sng thc hin chc nng c bit quan trng l vt liu to nn bao b ngoi hnh khi ch nht cha ng mt lng ln n v bn l, gip thn tin trong phn phi vn chuyn, lu kho v kim tra qun l. Qu trnh ci tin cc nguyn liu to nn, giy ba gn sng l mt trong nhng bc tin ln nht ca th k 20. N c sn xut trn my c tc 50-200m/pht, kh rng hn 2m v c th c ghp 3,5,7 lp. Nhng c tnh v cng lc ca n ty thuc vo loi giy c dng, bin gn sng v cht lng ca keo. Cc gn sng c hnh vng cung nhm mc ch tng kh nng chu lc ln cao nht.
Trang - 106-
c loi giy gn sng tnh cht: Ty thuc vo loi hng v cch thc sp xp hng m c nhng yu cu cng lc khc nhau. Loi gn sng A: c bc sng di v chiu cao sng cao c c tnh chu lc va chm tt nht. Giy b gn sng loi A s c dng ng gi cc loi hng ha c th b nh hng bi va chm c hc.
Trang - 107-
Loi gn sng B: c bc sng ngn v chiu cao sng thp cng c kh nng chu c va chm c hc nhng c bit c kh nng chu ti trng nng so vi loi gn sng A, do giy ba gn sng kiu B ch yu c dng ng gi cc hng ha c ti trng cao nh hp. Loi gn sng C: kt hp nhng c tnh ca loi A v loi B nn c kh nng chu c ti trng v va chm. Loi gn sng D: c bc sng ngn chiu cao sng rt thp nn kh nng chu ti trng cng nh va chm u rt km v th ch c dng lm bao b thng mi bao gi cc loi hng ha c trng lng nh v t chu tc ng c hc. Da vo nhng c tnh ca loi gn sng xc nh phng cch to thng cha hnh khi ch nht bng giy ba gn sng c kh nng chu lc tc ng v chu ti trng tt nht. 4.2.5.2. Bao b vn chuyn hng ha : 4.2.5.2.1. G: T c xa, ngi ta dng g lm vt liu ng kin vi s lng hng ha ln vn chuyn. Lc , lng hng ha c vn chuyn thng mi cn thp, g c tiu dng vi s lng khng cao, cha gy thit hi cho rng v cha nh hng ln ti mi trng . Thng mi hng ha cng ngy cng pht trin, nhu cu v bao b vn chuyn cng tng cao cng vi vic khai thc rng vt mc dng cho rt nhiu mc ch nh xy dng, khin cho nhu cu v g tng cao nn khng th c g p ng nhu cu, do bt u c nhng vt liu khc cnh tranh vi g. y l im ni bt ng quan tm ca giy ba gn sng v tnh nh hn g rt nhiu, gip cho chi ph vn chuyn gim thp. Tuy nhin, hin nay vn cn mt s t trng hp hng ha vn c ng kin bng g do tnh cht c l ca g cao. Nhng c tnh ca thng bng g cha hng ha chuyn ch phn phi ty thuc vo loi g c dng. c tnh quan trng yu cu i vi thng g l chu c ti trng v chu va chm c hc. G ca nhng cy tng, bch hay g thn mm th c tnh chu p lc cao nhng chu ti trng thp hn g cng, so vi g cng th g thn mm c th b v ra khi ng inh.
Trang - 108-
Vic khai thc g sn xut thng cha ng hng ha cng lc cng tn chi ph qu cao v cng tin su vo s ph hoi mi trng. Trung bnh ch c 65% thn cy c to thnh thng g. Vi khuynh hng tng s hu dng ca vt liu g cho vic ng thng cha hng hnh thnh cng ngh sn xut g ghp v g dn. G dn c dng nhiu sn xut cc thng bng g hnh trn ng cht lng m ngy nay vn cn dng cha ru vang. 4.2.5.2.2. Plastic: Hin nay bao b vn chuyn hay bao b ngoi bng vt liu HDPE nh cc kt c dng cha ng chai thy tinh, cha bia hoc nc ngt c gas ang rt ph bin v tin li c khi lng nh hn g rt nhiu v tnh ti s dng cao. Nguyn liu HDPE ch to kt c phi trn HDPE ph thi vi t l cao khong 80-90% v HDPE mi khong 10-20% trn tng nguyn liu s dng; vi iu kin l nguyn liu ti sinh khng b nhim bn lm gim tnh bn c ca bao b. Bn cnh , tnh cht c hc ca kt cng thp khi c sn xut t nha ti sinh nhiu ln, s chng lo ha, d v hn theo thi gian s dng, khng th ci thin bng cc ph gia n nh. Cn ch rng kt c th b nt v trn b mt do s oxi ha , s nhanh chng lo ha vt liu bi s tip xc tia cc tm. Ty thuc vo thi gian phi di nh nng mt tri c th nh hng ng k n tnh bn c hc ca kt. Thi gian s dng kt bng HDPE c th l 10 nm hoc 15 nm, hoc c th hn ty theo iu kin p dng 4.2.5.3. Quy cch ca bao b vn chuyn : 4.2.5.3.1. Quy nh v kch thc: Quy nh v kch thc thng khi ch nht v khi lng hng c cha ng: Bng 5.1. kch thc bn trong thng carton v khi lng ti a cho php ng trong mt thng K hiu thng 8 10 12 13A Kch thc (mm) Di 512 458 512 412 rng 307 305 409 309
Trang - 109-
Khi lng ti a cho php cao 198 253 150 210 ng trong thng (kg) 30 30 26 25
13B 508 410 133 21 14 391 234 285 19 Thng thng, ngi ta dng thng carton ng bao b vn chuyn hng ha . Cc thng hng ha c xp thnh kin hay khi ch nht trn pallet g trnh khng trc tip trn nn kho. 4.2.5.3.2. Quy nh v ghi nhn bn ngoi: Ghi nhn bao b ngoi: Bao b giy gn sng cng c ghi nhn nhng yu cu n gin so vi trng hp ghi nhn cho hng ha n v bn l, thng thng c th ghi: Thng hiu Tn sn phm a ch nh sn xut, ni ng gi bao b quc gia sn xut Hn s dng S lng hay trng lng MSMV Cc k hiu, du hiu phn hng thc phm nh du hiu hng Vit nam cht lng cao. 4.2.5.3.3. K hiu v hnh v: K hiu bng hnh v cho bao b vn chuyn hng ha c quy nh theo TCVN 6405:1998 v ISO 780:1997 c c bao b tin li trong vn chuyn v m bo cht lng hng ha bn trong ta cn quan tm n quy nh chung nh mt ngn ng dnh ring cho lnh vc ny. 1. Quy cch k hiu - ngha.
a.
Mu sc ca k hiu.
Mu sc ca k hiu phi l mu en. Nu mu ca bao b lm cho mu en ca k hiu khng r th nn chn mu sc tng phn, thch hp lm nn, tt nht l mu ca giy kraft ch to thng. Trnh cc mu gy nhm ln vi nhn hng ha thuc loi nguy him. Trnh dng mu , da cam hoc vng, tr khi c cc yu cu c bit.
b.
Kch thc ca k hiu.

Trang - 110-
Chiu cao thng thng ca k hiu l 100mm, 150mm, 200mm.Ty kch thc bao b c th dng cc k hiu ln hn hoc nh hn.
c.
S, v tr, v hng ca k hiu.
K hiu dng cho mi loi bao b ph thuc vo kch thc hnh dng v hng ha cha ng bn trong. i vi cc k hiu s 1,3,7,11,v 16 phi theo cc nguyn tc sau: K hiu s 1-D v, phi gc bn tri ca tt c bn mt xung quanh bao b. K hiu s 3-Hng ln trn, phi gc bn tri ca tt c bn mt xung quanh bao b ging k hiu 1. K hiu s 7-Trng tm, khi c th, k hiu cn phi tt c 6 mt hoc t nht phi trn bn mt lin quan n v tr thc ca trng tm. K hiu s 11-V tr kp
-
Ch nhng bao b c k hiu ny mi c vn chuyn bng kp. K hiu ny phi 2 mt i din ca bao b trong tm nhn ca ngi vn hnh thit b khi bc xp hng ha. K hiu khng c t mt bao b s kp. Khi bao b vn chuyn c xp thnh ng, k hiu c sao ch c th nhn thy c. Cn phi c bit ch dng chnh xc k hiu trnh p dng sai. K hiu s 7 v s 16 phi c theo ng hng v v tr tng ng ca n. Trong k hiu s 14 Gii hn s lng xp chng ln, n l s lng ti a bao b c xp chng ln nhau.
2. Hnh nh k hiu c th.
K hiu s 16-Qung dy, phi t nht 2 mt i din ca bao b.

-
Hng dn phi c ghi r trn bao b vn chuyn bng cch s dng cc k hiu tng ng a ra trong bng sau:
Trang - 111-

Bài Gi NG Bao Bì Thuy San

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Bài Gi NG Bao Bì Thuy San

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

BI GING BAO GI THUY SAN

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Anh M Vit nam

2661 2656 -0,2 43822 41719 -4,8 938 1125 19,9

4713 4724 44509 42817 950 1102

0,2 -3,8 116,0

0,0 -2,8 16,7

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Bao b m bo thc phm c cha ng bn trong khng thay i v

khi lng hay th tch

Cht lng ca sn phm thc phm, gm c mt dinh dng, an ton v sinh,

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Sn xut hng ha ti x nghip

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Bu in Pht truyn nhanh Tra tm hng tht lc

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

i vi cc doanh nghip c cp m M gm 5 con s:

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

893 (m quc gia ) (M M)

50012 (m doanh nghip ) (M I)

Vy m EAN-13 hon chnh s l : 8935025901914

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

chm tia laser

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

ng C1, C2 l s kim tra mi s c tnh theo 13 s ca m EAN-14 hoc DUN-14

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm