DESCRIPTION OF THE NATURE OF CHEMISTRY

Objectives You will be able to do the following. 1. Describe how science in general is done. 2. Given a description of a property of a substance, identify the property as a chemical or physical property. 3. Given a description of a change for a substance, identify the change as a chemical or physical change. 4. Classify mixtures as heterogeneous or homogeneous. 5. Classify forms of matter as mixtures or substances. 6. Classify substances as elements or compounds 7. Write a description of matter in terms of the kinetic molecular theory. 8. Write a description of the relationship between temperature and motion. 9. Write a description of the similarities and dierences between solids, liquids, and gases in terms of the kinetic molecular theory. Your description should include mention of the particle nature of matter, the degree of motion of the particles, and the degree of attraction between the particles. 10. Write an explanation for why solids usually expand when heated. 11. Write a description of the process of converting a solid into a liquid by heating. Your description should include mention of the changes in the solid when heat is added. 12. Write a description of the process by which a liquid evaporates to form a gas. 13. Convert between the names and symbols for the elements on Table 1.1. 14. Convert between the denition and the term for the following words or phrases. Chapter 1 Glossary Chemistry The study of the structure and behavior of matter.

Matter Anything that has mass and occupies space. Hypothesis An idea that is tentatively proposed as a explanation for some observation and provides a basis for experimentation. Qualitative Information not involving numbers. Quantitative Information obtained from measurements that produce numbers. Law A statement that summarizes and explains a wide range of experimental results and has not been contradicted by experiments. Theory A successful hypothesis...a unifying principle that explains a body of facts and the laws based on them. Model A simplied approximation of reality. Physical properties Characteristics that can be observed and measured without changing the composition of a substance. Physical changes Changes in the physical properties of a substance. Chemical changes or reactions Changes in which one or more substances are transformed into one or more dierent substances. 2 Chapter 1 The Nature of Chemistry

Chemical properties Descriptions of chemical reactions a substance undergoes. Mixture A form of matter with two or more components and variable composition. Heterogeneous mixture A mixture with two or more phases. Homogeneous mixture A mixture with one phase. Solution A homogeneous mixture. Substance A form of matter with constant composition. Substances are either elements or compounds. Chemical elements A substance that cannot be chemically converted into simpler substances; a substance in which all of the atoms have the same number of protons and therefore the same chemical characteristics.

Chemical compounds Substances that can be decomposed into simpler substances (elements). Macroscale Large enough to be seen with the unaided eye. Microscale Small enough to require a microscope to see. Nanoscale On the order of the size of atoms. Solid The state in which a substance has a denite shape and volume at a constant temperature. Liquid The state in which a substance has a constant volume at a constant temperature but can change its shape. Gas The state in which a substance can easily change shape and volume. Evaporation or vaporization The conversion of a liquid to a gas. Metals The elements that (1) have a metallic luster, (2) conduct heat and electric currents well, and (3) are malleable. Malleable Capable of being extended or shaped by the blows of a hammer. Nonmetals The elements that do not have the characteristics of metals. Some of the nonmetals are gases at room temperature and pressure, some are solids, and one is a liquid. Various colors and textures occur among the nonmetals. Metalloids or semimetals The elements that have some but not all of the characteristics of metals. Molecule An uncharged collection of atoms held together with covalent bonds. Chemical formula Uses symbols for the elements and subscripts for these symbols to represent the atomic composition of a substance. Diatomic Composed of paired atoms. The diatomic elements are H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2. Allotropes Dierent forms of an element in the same physical state at the same

temperature and pressure.

CHEMISTRY
Chemistry is too universal and dynamically-changing a subject to be confined to a fixed definition; it might be better to think of chemistry more as a point of view that places its major focus on the structure and properties of substances particular kinds of matter and especially on the changes that they undergo. In some ways, physics might be considered more "fundamental" to the extent that it deals with matter and energy in a more general way, without the emphasis on particular substances. But the distincion can get pretty fuzzy; it is ultimately rather futile to confine any aspect of human endeavour to little boxes.

Chemistry: the central science

The real importance of Chemistry is that it serves as the interface to practically all of the other sciences, as well as to many other areas of human endeavor. For this reason, Chemistry is often said (at least by chemists!) to be the "central science". Chemistry can be "central" in a much more personal way: with a solid background in Chemistry, you will find it far easier to migrate into other fields as your interests develop.

Matter
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the concept in the physical sciences. For other uses, see Matter (disambiguation). Matter is anything that occupies space and has rest mass (or invariant mass). It is a general term for the substance of which all physical objects consist.[1][2] Typically, matter includes atomsand other particles which have mass. Mass is said by some to be the amount of matter in an object and volume is the amount of space occupied by an object, but this definition confuses mass and matter, which are not the same. [3] Different fields use the term in different and sometimes incompatible ways; there is no single agreed scientific meaning of the word "matter," even though the term "mass" is better-defined. Contrary to the previous view that equates mass and matter, a major difficulty in defining matter consists in deciding what forms of energy (all of which have mass) are not matter. In general, massless particles such as photons and gluons are not considered forms of matter, even though when these particles are trapped in

systems at rest, they contribute energy and mass to them. For example, almost 99% of the mass of ordinary atomic matter consists of mass associated with the energy contributed by the gluons and the kinetic energy of the quarks which make up nucleons. In this view, most of the mass of ordinary "matter" consists of mass which is not contributed by matter particles.

The Components of Matter

Elements the basic building blocks of matter Ancient Greeks four elements: earth, air, fire and water The atomic idea Democritus there are atoms and void. Boyle (17thcentury) simple bodies not made of any other bodies Lavoisier (11thcentury) natural laws Daltons atomic theory (19thcentury) Atomic structure (20thcentury) 2.1 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures Pure substances elements and compounds Have constant composition Elements consist of only one kind of atoms; Cant be broken down to simpler substances Have unique properties Some elements consist of molecules (independent units made of 2 or more atoms) Compounds consist of 2 or more chemically

combined elements; Can be broken down to simpler substances Have properties unlike those of their component elements Cant be separated into their components by physical means Mixtures two or more elements or compounds that are physically intermingled Have variable composition Retain the properties of their components Can be separated into their components by physical means Examples: Silicon, sodium, chlorine, elements Water, sodium chloride, compounds Salt water, air, mixtures 2.2 Laws Leading to the Atomic View Law of mass conservation (Lavoisier) the total mass of substances does not change during a chemical reaction

 Matter cannot be created or destroyed reactant 1 + reactant 2 product total mass = total mass calcium oxide + carbon dioxide calcium carbonate 56.08g + 44.01g 100.09g

Law of constant composition (Proust) a pure compound always contains definite proportions (fractions) of its elements by mass Mass% Mass fraction % Mass of compound Mass of element Mass fraction = 100 =Mass of element = Mass of compound Mass fraction

T.L.E
What are the different sewing tools and equipment and their functions?
1. Scissors- A pair of scissors is used for cutting threads. It is about 5 to 6 inches long or less than 15 cm in length.

2. Needles- Needles for sewing must be smooth, well polished and with sharp tips. For your handsewing needs you may use sharps.

3. Pins- Pins are pointed and sharp. They look like needles on one end but with heads like those of nails on the other end. These are used to hold pieces of cloth together or to keep folded parts of garments in place.

4. Pin cushion- A pin cushion is a small fancy bag made of cotton cloth, wool or velvet. It is filled with felt wool or dried sawdust. It is used for holding and keeping pins and needles.

5. Emery bag- This is a small bag that looks like a pin cushion. It is filled with fine, dried sand for polishing and cleaning pins and needles.

6. Thimble- A thimble is a small "hat-like" tool that fits the middle finger firmly. it is usually made of plastic or aluminum. It is rough all over the outer surface. It also protects your middle finger from being pricked by the needle.

7. Measuring tools- You need 2 measuring tools: A wooden ruler that you can use to draw straight lines on fabrics and a plastic tape measure you can use to measure body measurements.

8. Threads- A thread is a very thin fine cord use for sewing. It comes in spools, cones or balls.

What is the 5 classification of sewing tools?

1. Measuring tools example : ruler 2. Cutting tools example: scissors 3. Drafting tools example: Tailor's square 4. Marking tools example: Tailor's Chalk 5. Sewing tools example: Needles