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Introducing
JavaScript Game
Development
Build a 2D Game from the Ground Up

Graeme Stuart
Introducing
JavaScript Game
Development
Build a 2D Game from
the Ground Up

Graeme Stuart
Introducing JavaScript Game Development
Graeme Stuart
Market Harborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom

ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-3251-4 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-3252-1


[Link]
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017962296
Copyright © 2017 by Graeme Stuart
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or
part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,
and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software,
or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
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symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, logo, or image we use the names, logos,
and images only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no
intention of infringement of the trademark.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if
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express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
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Printed on acid-free paper
Table of Contents
About the Author��������������������������������������������������������������������������������vii
About the Technical Reviewer�������������������������������������������������������������ix
Introduction�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xi

Part I: Drawing����������������������������������������������������������������������������������1
Chapter 1: HTML5 and the Canvas Element������������������������������������������3
HTML Primer���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3
Drawing to the Canvas������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5
Style the Page to Highlight the Canvas�����������������������������������������������������������������7
Experiment with fillStyle���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9
Rendering Text����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10
More Shapes and Lines���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������13
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������16

Chapter 2: Understanding Paths���������������������������������������������������������17


Organizing Your Files������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17
The Canvas Grid System�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������19
Refactor Early, Refactor Often�����������������������������������������������������������������������������23
Working with Paths���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������26
Adding Curves to a Path��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������33
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������37

iii
Table of Contents

Chapter 3: Drawing to a Design����������������������������������������������������������39


Pac-Man��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������40
Create a Function������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������43
Randomization����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������44
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������46

Chapter 4: Drawing a Spaceship��������������������������������������������������������47


Basic Trigonometry���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������47
A Basic Ship��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������48
Using Object Literals�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������52
Transforming the Canvas Context�����������������������������������������������������������������������54
Adding Some Curves�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������60
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������69

Chapter 5: Drawing an Asteroid���������������������������������������������������������71


Drawing Basic Shapes����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������71
Storing Shape Data���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������76
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������80

Part II: Animation���������������������������������������������������������������81


Chapter 6: Basic Animation����������������������������������������������������������������83
Start Simple��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������83
A More Complicated Example�����������������������������������������������������������������������������86
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������92

Chapter 7: Animating Asteroids����������������������������������������������������������93


A Solid Game Loop����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������93
Refactoring into Simple Objects�������������������������������������������������������������������������99
Using Object Constructors��������������������������������������������������������������������������������101

iv
Explore our comprehensive library of test banks and solution
manuals at [Link] and take advantage of
current promotions.
Table of Contents

Extending the Asteroid Prototype����������������������������������������������������������������������102


Working with Multiple Asteroids�����������������������������������������������������������������������105
Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������107

Chapter 8: Practicing Objects�����������������������������������������������������������109


Why Objects?����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������109
Pac-Man Chased by Ghosts������������������������������������������������������������������������������110
The PacMan object�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������112
The Ghost Object�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������117
Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������123

Chapter 9: Inheritance����������������������������������������������������������������������125
Set Up a Template���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������125
Newton’s Laws of Motion����������������������������������������������������������������������������������127
A General-Purpose Mass Class�������������������������������������������������������������������������128
A Simple Approach to Inheritance���������������������������������������������������������������������133
Asteroids�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������134
The Ship������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������137
Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������140

Part III: Building the Game������������������������������������������������141


Chapter 10: Simple Keyboard Interaction�����������������������������������������143
Controlling Pac-Man�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������143
Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������149

Chapter 11: Controlling the Ship������������������������������������������������������151


Thruster Control������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������151
Steering������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������156
Shooting������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������158
Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������168

v
Table of Contents

Chapter 12: Collision Detection��������������������������������������������������������169


A Quick Refactor�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������169
Ship vs. Asteroids���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������178
Taking Damage�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������182
Asteroid vs. Projectile���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������185
Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������193

Chapter 13: Death or Glory���������������������������������������������������������������195


Game Over��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������195
Restarting the Game�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������199
Implementing Levels�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������201
Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������203
Conclusions�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������204

Index�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������207

vi
About the Author
Graeme Stuart is a self-taught developer
with 15 years of experience building data
analysis tools and web-based applications
using JavaScript, Ruby, and Python. He has a
PhD in energy management, and much of his
programming skill was originally developed
to that end. He taught JavaScript games
programming to first-year undergraduates for
a while, and this book is the result. He now
mostly uses complexity science to encourage
a deep understanding of agile approaches
to software engineering and to justify his
outlandish research ambitions.

vii
About the Technical Reviewer
Aditya Shankar started programming in 1993
when he was first introduced to the world of
computers. With no access to the Internet or
online tutorials at the time, he wrote his first
game in GW-BASIC by painstakingly retyping
code from a book he found at the local library.
After graduating from the Indian Institute
of Technology Madras in 2001, he spent nearly
a decade working as a software consultant,
developing trading and analytics systems
for investment banks and large Fortune 100
companies, before eventually leaving his corporate life behind so he could
focus on doing what he loved.
A self-confessed technology geek, he has spent his time since then
working on his own projects and experimenting with every new language
and technology that he could, including HTML5. During this time, he
became well known for singlehandedly re-creating the famous RTS game
Command and Conquer, as well as Commandos: Behind Enemy Lines,
entirely in HTML5.
Apart from programming, Aditya is passionate about billiards, salsa
dancing, fitness, and personal development. He maintains a personal
website where he writes articles on game programming, personal
development, and billiards, and shares his popular game demos.
When he’s not busy writing or working on his own projects, Aditya
does consulting work with companies to help them launch new software
products and games.

ix
Introduction
This book provides a full set of exercises in which we will build a fully
functional HTML canvas game. Though not a direct clone, the game is
inspired by the 1979 Atari classic, Asteroids. The code is provided for you
and is introduced piece by piece over the various chapters of the book.
If you’d like to try Asteroids, or if you’ve never played it, the the modern
Atari version can be played at [Link]
asteroids/play. I’ve made a few different gameplay decisions for the
game we create in this book, and I encourage you to attempt to adapt the
game in any direction you like as we go along, if you feel confident in doing
so. It’s all good practice!
Typically, each chapter introduces an area of game design in a generic
way, develops the ideas towards implementing an aspect of the Asteroids
game, and urges you to think about alternative approaches. Towards the
end of the book, the game will be complete, and you should have all the
skills necessary to build a quality game of your own.
During most of the exercises, you’re encouraged to be creative. Go
through the material provided, consider the challenges presented, and
explore the impact of modifying the provided code. There’s no “correct”
way to design a game like this—it involves making many decisions, and the
provided code is only one of thousands of possible ways to do it. So, please,
try it your way if you feel confident enough. That’s a great way to learn
something.

xi
Visit [Link] now to find academic
resources, test banks, and solution manuals at great prices.
PART I

Drawing
The HTML canvas element, true to its name, provides a blank canvas on
which we can draw our game. Drawing is a fundamental aspect of working
with the HTML canvas element, so in these first few chapters we will
explore how drawing works and learn the fundamentals necessary to draw
our own designs with simple lines and fills. We will also develop some of
the game elements necessary for our Asteroids game clone.
CHAPTER 1

HTML5 and the


Canvas Element
This chapter introduces some of the basics of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
These are the core web technologies, and we’ll use them for developing
our game throughout this book. In order to follow along, you’ll need a text
editor to generate text files and a web browser to view the results with.
You won’t be learning everything there is to know about these
technologies. We’ll focus on just enough to draw some stuff on an HTML
canvas element. We’ll work with the HTML canvas element throughout
this book, so pay attention.

H
 TML Primer
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) documents describe content on
the web. When you access a web page, you’re typically downloading and
viewing an HTML document. HTML is a way to organize and add semantic
meaning to multimedia content (text, images, videos, and more) and to
link between documents in a “web” of information.
HTML5 is the current version of the HTML standard. The standard
was originally developed in the early 1990s and has evolved a little since
then. The modern standard allows for the extremely rich experience of
the modern World Wide Web. We’ll be working with the HTML canvas

3
© Graeme Stuart 2017
G. Stuart, Introducing JavaScript Game Development,
[Link]
Chapter 1 HTML5 and the Canvas Element

element, so let’s create our first HTML document and add a canvas
element to it.
Create a file called [Link] and type in the basic HTML template
shown in Listing 1-1.

Listing 1-1. A Basic HTML Template

<!doctype html>
<html>
  <head>
    <title>This is an HTML canvas</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>This is an HTML canvas</h1>
    <canvas id="asteroids" width="400" height="400"></canvas>
  </body>
</html>

Listing 1-1 begins with a <!doctype html> declaration. The doctype


declaration is always the first thing in an HTML document. It’s an
instruction to the web browser about what version of HTML the page is
written in. In the past, using doctype was complex because there were
many versions of HTML to choose from. With HTML5, the declaration is
reduced to simply specifying that we’re using HTML.
After the doctype, the main <html> element is opened. Note that it’s
closed at the end of the file with an </html> closing tag. Everything in
between the opening and closing html tags is said to be within the html
element. There should be nothing more in an HTML file than a doctype
and an html element with content.
Within the html element there are two nested elements: <head>
and <body>. The <head> element is used to describe details about the
document, such as the <title> to be displayed in a browser tab. It often
also contains links to stylesheets or JavaScript files that specifies how the

4
Chapter 1 HTML5 and the Canvas Element

contents are to be rendered and how they behave. The <body> element
contains the content of the document and in this case includes a level one
header <h1> and a <canvas> element.
The <canvas> element provides a JavaScript API (application
programmable interface) for drawing simple shapes and lines. It’s this API
that we will use to render our game.

D
 rawing to the Canvas
<script> elements contain JavaScript code that’s executed by the browser.
Add the <script> shown in Listing 1-2 into your document <body> after
the <canvas> element.

Listing 1-2. A Simple Script

<script>
  var canvas = [Link]("asteroids");
  var context = [Link]("2d");
  [Link] = 'dimgrey';
  [Link] = 5;
  [Link](75, 75, 250, 250);
  [Link]();
  // this is a comment, it has no effect!!!
</script>

You’ll need to reload the page in order for the script to run. The
script runs line by line once the page is loaded. The first line calls the
getElementById method on the global document object. The document
object is defined automatically and provides a programmable interface into
the entire HTML document. The document is loaded into memory as a
tree-like structure often referred to as the DOM (Document Object Model).
In this case we’re using getElementById to get a reference to the <canvas>
element within the DOM using the id value we specified in the HTML.

5
Chapter 1 HTML5 and the Canvas Element

The second line in the script generates a reference to a canvas context.


Canvas contexts provide an API for drawing. In this case, we’re accessing
the "2d" canvas context. It has a variety of methods for drawing lines
and shapes on the canvas and for transforming the canvas. Other canvas
contexts are available but are outside of the scope of this book.
The third and fourth lines of the script set some properties of the
context. Setting [Link] affects the color of the line, here
we set it to the built in 'dimgrey' color. Setting [Link] affects
the thickness of the line, and here we set it to five pixels wide. When we
set properties of the canvas context, they remain in force until we change
them. All future lines we draw will be five pixels wide and 'dimgrey' until
we tell the canvas context otherwise.
The fifth line specifies a rectangle using the [Link] method. The
(x, y) pixel coordinates of the origin of the rectangle is specified in the first
two arguments (75 and 75). The pixel width and height of the rectangle are
specified in the last two arguments (250 and 250). Most canvas operations
involving lengths are specified in pixels (and angles are in radians). Note
that this line specifies the rectangle but doesn’t draw it. The rectangle
specification is stored in memory as a structure known as a path. We’ll talk
more about paths later.
The final active line tells the context to draw the stored path using the
current values of the context properties (lineWidth and strokeStyle).
Open the file in your browser and you’ll see the rectangle has been drawn
on the canvas, as shown in Figure 1-1.

6
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■iiiiilliii mm Inte.] TRIBES OF NEPAL. liii for the occupation
certainly took place before the introduction of Buddhism into Tibet.
The Magars people the lower part of the hills in Western Nepal, and
are men of great bodily vigour and mental activity, but cruel and
treacherous. The Gurungs are a pastoral people, addicted to arms,
frequenting the alpine regions in summer. The Newars inhabit the
valley of Nepal. They are peaceful agriculturists and traders, and are
more advanced in the arts than the other tribes : their chiefs, of a
family called Mai, having been the rulers of the country before the
Gorkha conquest. The Murmis are a low caste tribe in the
mountainous parts of Nepal proper. The Kirats were a warlike and
enterprising people, but very rude, occupying Eastern Nepal ; and
the Limbus form a tribe settled in the country of the Kirats. "When
the successive Muhammadan invasions spread terror over the plains
of India, and caused the destruction of many native dynasties,
numerous princes and their followers took refuge, with attendant
Brahmans, in the Nepal hills, and received the name of Parhatiya, or
Mountain Hindus. The wild native tribes were gradually converted to
Hinduism, and the chief warrior families were admitted as belonging
to the Kshatriya, or Eajput caste. From them, and from the offspring
of Brahmans and native women, sprang the numerous and now
predominant Khas tribe of Nepal, and in the course of centuries the
Khas language became a corrupt form of Hindi. The Khas were
spread over the Chaubisya region, and, with the Gurungs and
Magars, form the military race of Nepal, now known, from the small
State which led them to conquest, as Gorkhas.^ In Mr. Hodgson's
opinion they are by far the best soldiers in Asia, possessing love of
enterprise, and confirmed military habits, combined with
susceptibility to discipline. The Newars were a more peaceful and
civilized people, ' The town of Gorkha is about 60 miles W.N.W. of
Kathmandu. The name is derived from that of the deity of the royal
family, Gorkhanath, who also gave his name to our district of
Gorakpur.
wm liv THE TEADE OF NEPAL. RALPH FITCH. [Inte. !!■■ '
Sivi to among whom Buddhism of the Eed sect continued to prevail,
who inhabit the valley of Nepal, which is about 16 miles long and
broad, and 4200 to 4700 feet above the sea. The Mai dynasty of
Newar encouraged the arts, agriculture, and commerce, and in their
time a flourishing trade was carried on between Tibet and the plains
of India, through the passes of Nepal. The sixth king of the Mai
dynasty, at his death, divided his dominions into three principalities
with capitals within the valley, Kathmandu, Lalita Patau, and
Bhatgaon. In these towns there were mints for coining money, and
they seem to have formed centres of trading enterprise in the
seventeenth and first half of the eighteenth century. The Kashmiri
merchants carried their goods by Ladak to Kuti, at the head of the
pass, to procure wool ; and their manufactures went thence partly
for use in Tibet, partly to China by Sining, and partly to Patna by the
valley of Nepal. Tibet merchants brought woollen cloths, ponies,
shawl goats, yaks, sheep, musk, salt, borax, gold, silver, and paper
to Kathmandu, and the lamas sent much bullion to the Nepal mints.
From India came cotton cloth, cutlery, glassware, coral, pearls,
spices, camphor, betel, and hardware, which were passed on, from
Nepal, over the passes to Tibet.1 As long ago as in 1583, Ealph
Fitch, a traveller who visited India at that time, had evidently heard
of the trade which then flourished between Tibet and Bengal.^ His
quaint account of this trade leaves no doubt as to the region and the
people he has in his mind. The trade in musk, camhds (evidently the
blankets still imported), silk, and agates ; the use of the cowtails ;
the names of Bootanter and Booteah ; the mention of lofty
mountains; the merchants coming from China, Tatary, and Persia, all
prove that Kalph Fitch had heard an account, and a correct account,
of the intercourse which then prevailed between India and Tibet,
through the passes of Bhutan and Nepal. » Buchanan Hamilton, p.
212. 2 « Hakluyt's Voyages,' ii. p. 257.
Hi Hi in INTB.] SIKKIM AND BHUTAN TEIBES. Iv The
Lepchas of Sikkim are ruled by a chief of their own, have retained
the Buddhist religion, and have generally been subject to Tibet. But
the fiercer mountaineers of Bhutan have long maintained virtual
independence. Savage and illiterate, they have preserved but vague
traditions of their history, and the account given by Mr. Bogle is
probably as historical as any other.^ Mr. Eden received a somewhat
different account ; according to which the present Bhutanese only
overran the country about three centuries ago, when they found it
occupied by a people from Kuch Bahar, whom they conquered. The
invaders were Tibetan soldiers, over whom a lama of the Bed sect,
named Dupgain Sheptiin, acquired paramount influence, as Latna
Rimboche, or Dharma Eajah. On his death, the spirit of Sheptiin
became incarnate in a little child at Lhasa, who was conveyed to
Bhutan. When this child grew up, he confined himself to spiritual
concerns, and appointed a regent, called the Deb Rajah, to perform
all administrative functions. But the real power has long been in the
hands of the military governors or Penlos of East and West Bhutan,
whose capitals are respectively at Tongso and Paro. The
Muhammadan conquests in Hindustan tended to check the formerly
unfettered intercourse between Tibet and the valley of the Ganges,
through the passes of the Southern Himalayas, as Mr. Bogle was told
by the Teshu Lama ; but this obstacle was by no means permanent,
and the commercial enterprise of the Newars and Kashmiris brought
the land of the peace-loving Lamas into friendly intercourse with
peoples whose countries extend from the frontiers of Siberia to the
shores of the Bay of Bengal. Yet an interval of three centuries
elapsed, from the time of Father Odoric of Pordenone, before
another European set his foot on the soil of Great Tibet. The present
Manchu dynasty (Ta-Tsing) of China, founded by Shun-che in 1651,
has produced two emperors of great ' Pages 33 and 191.
Ivi JESUITS IN TIBET. ANDRADA. [Intb. M ability, who
enjoyed unusually long lives. Kang-hi reigned from 1662 to 1723,
and had the wisdom to admit Catholic priests into China, and to
utilize their scientific knowledge. Kien-lung, who ruled over the
Chinese empire from 1736 to 1796, was also a prince of great
capacity ; and the ascendency of China over Tibet was fully
established during these reigns. Yet it was from the side not of
China, but of India that Europeans first penetrated into Tibet, in the
guise of missionaries. The Jesuit, Antonio Andrada, in 1624, set out
from Agra to scale the appalling mountains, the snowy pinnacles of
which were visible from the plains of India. He climbed the terrific
passes to the source of the Ganges, and eventually, after fearful
sufferings, reached the shores of the sacred lake of Mansarowar, the
source of the Sutlej. Thence the undaunted missionary found his
way over the lofty passes to Rudok, and eventually, by way of
Tangut, to China. He was the first European to enter Tibet after Friar
Odoric of Pordenone, in 1325, just three centuries earlier.^ The next
journey, that of Fathers Grueber and Dorville, was still more
remarkable, for these enterprising missionaries succeeded in passing
from China, through Lhasa, into India. John Grueber was born at
Lintz, in Austria, in 1620, and becoming a Jesuit, was sent from
Rome to Macao in 1657, proceeding thence to Peking. He was
ordered to return to Europe, to receive instructions from the general
of the order at Rome, but all the ports were closed by a Dutch fleet.
He therefore resolved to attempt the journey by land. Setting out,
with Father Dorville as a companion, in June, 1661, he travelled by
way of Sining, crossed the Tangut desert, and reached Lhasa in six
months from Peking. There he remained two months, and in his
letters he describes the worship of the Dalai Lama, and > The Jesuit
Antonio Andrada was born in 1580, and went to India as a
missionary. After his memorable journey to China he returned to
Goa, and died there in 1634. His narrative appeared at Lisbon in
1626. It was translated into French in 1628, and a new edition
appeared at Paris in 1796, in the ' Etcueil de Voyages du Thibet,*
MM. Pe'ron et Billecocq. I ! ii.i Sf 'ill
Inte.] GRUEBER AND DORVILLE. Irii the religious system of
the Buddhists. Thence he made his way along a route, by
tremendous precipices, into Nepal ; crossing the Kuti pass, which is
several times mentioned by Mr. Bogle, the intrepid travellers reached
Kathmandu, and eventually arrived at Agra, 214 days after they had
left Peking. Dorville died, but Grueber continued his journey on foot
through India and Persia, and embarked at Smyrna for Rome. Father
Grueber died, in 1665, on his way back to China ; and the only
record of his wonderful journey is contained in a few meagre letters
which have been preserved in a small volume.^ An abstract of those
addressed to Kircher ^ was originally published by him in the ' China
lUustrata,' and all were reproduced in the collection of Thevenot.^
Indeed, it would appear that Grueber was not * ' Notizie varie dell'
Imperio della China' (Florence, 1687), edited by Jacopo Oarlieri,
12mo. This volume contains an account of China gathered from a
discourse held with Father Grueber (80 pages), as well as letters in
Latin, addressed by Grueber to various fathers, giving accounts of
China and Tibet (42 pages). One of. the letters is apparently a sort
of abstract or compilation, headed " ex Uteris Grueberi Kirchero
inscripto," and is written in the third person. The other three are
written in the first person, and seem not to have been altered from
the manuscripts of Grueber. * Grueber's ' Iter e China in Mogor '
forms the second chapter of the second part of the 'China Illustrata'
of P. Kircher. Athanasius Kircher was born at Geysen, a small town
near Fulda, in Germany, in 1602. He was a Jesuit, aud was one of
the most laborious and learned men that the Company has
produced. He studied all branches of learning with ardour, but his
chief object was the acquisition of a complete kaowledge of the
Oriental languages, of which he was professor at Wurtzburg. On the
breaking out of the Thirty Years' war he retired to Avignon, and went
thence to Rome, where he died in 1680. His erudition was
something stupendous, but he was devoid of the critical faculty, and
thus much of his indefatigable industry and marvellous power of
acquiring knowledge were wasted. His work relating to Tibet is oae
out of about forty that he produced on various subjects. The title is '
China monumentis qua sacris, qua profanis, necnon variis naturae et
artis spectaculis illustrata' (Amsterdam, folio, 1667). It was
translated into French by d'Alquie in 1670; and partly into English by
John Ogilby in 1669, but merely as an appendix to a folio volume
containing a translation of an account of a Dutch Embassy to China.
The ' China Illustrata ' gives an account of the arrival of the
missionaries in China : it is the first work in which the characters of
the Devanagari alphabet were ever engraved, and it contains the
account of Grueber's visit to Lhasa. ' Melchisedek Thevenot, uncle of
Jean Thevenot, the famous traveller, was born in 1620, and died in
1690. He published Grueber's letters in ' Relations de divers Voyages
curieux qui i ii]
Iviii DESIDERI AND PREYRE. [Intr. I I* very communicative;
had not the gift of narration; but the essential portion of what has
been preserved of his account of the journey will be found in the
Appendix at the end of this volume. The only genuine sketch of the
palace of Potala is, I believe, that given in the ' China lUustrata ' of
Kircher, from Father Grueber. Grueber was followed by two other
Jesuits, named Desideri and Freyre. Hippolito Desideri was born at
Pistoia in 1684, became a Jesuit, and was sent to Goa in 1712. In
1714 he went by way of Surat to Delhi, where he was joined by
Father Manoel Freyre as a companion. Crossing the Pir Panjal Eange
the two Jesuits came to Kashmir on the 10th of May, and travelled
thence by Leh and over the Mariam-la pass to Lhasa, the journey
occupying them from August, 1715, to March, 1716. Desideri
remained at Lhasa until 1729, when he was recalled by the Pope,
and not allowed to return, owing to complaints against him from the
Capuchin friars, who had found their way into Tibet. We have one
letter of Desideri, which describes his journey through Ladak and as
far as the Mariamla pass, but there the narrative breaks off abruptly.
A translation of this letter, from the ' Lettres Edifiantes,' ^ will be
found n'ont point ete publiees ' (Paris, 166372, 4 parties en 2 torn,
folio). A good abstract of Grueber's letters, taken from Kircher and
Thevenot, is given in 'Astle/s Collection of Voyages and Travels,' vol.
iv. (London, 1745-47), which is copied into Pinkerton's ' Collection,'
vol. vii. (London, 1808-14). A briefer abstract is given in Hugh
Murray's ' Historical Account of Travels in Asia,' i. p. 425 (London,
1820). * The ' Lettres Edifiantes ' were brought out by Legobien and
Du Halde. Charles Legobien was a Jesuit, who was born at St. Malo
in 1G53, and died in 1708. He published 'Lettre sur les Progres de la
Religion a la Chine ' (Paris, 1697). After the Emperor Kang-hi
ordered the persecution of the Christiana to cease, by an edict,
dated March 22, 1692, Legobien published 'Histoire de I'Edit de
I'Empereur de la Chine en Faveur de la Religion Chretienne' (Paris,
1698). In 1702 he published, ' Lettres de quelques Missionaires de la
Compagnie de Jesus ecrites de la Chine et des Indes Orientales ' (1
vol. 12mo). The second issue was called 'Lettres edifiantes et
curieuses,' and made two volumes, and Legobien brought out six
more, making nine in all. Jean Baptiste Du Halde, also a Jesuit, was
born at Paris in 1674, and succeeded Legobien in the work of
collecting and arranging the letters written from various countries by
the fathers of the Company. His 'Lettres e'difiantes et curieuses
ecrites des Missions Etrangeres' continue the Legobien series from
INTB.] MANUSCRIPTS OF DESTDERI. lix in the Appendix to
this volume. Another letter from Desideri is inserted in the '
Bihliotheca Pistoiensis ' (p. 185), by Zaccaria. But there is much
valuable material from the pen of Desideri still in manuscript which
will soon be given to the world, and will be most useful to students
of Tibetan history and geography. The manuscript containing the
narrative of his journey to and residence in Tibet has recently been
examined by Signor Carlo Puini. That learned scholar reports that it
is in the library of a private gentleman at Pistoia, and consists of a
large folio volume, dated 1727, of about 500 pages closely but very
clearly and legibly written. It contains a great abundance of notices
respecting the geography of Tibet, and the .manners and customs,
and religion of the Tibetans. There are two other documents of
Desideri in the library of the Congregation of the Propaganda at
Kome. The first is another narrative, dated February 17, 1717, soon
after his arrival at Lhasa, and addressed to the Pope, and the second
is a letter written in autograph by Desideri to the Pope.^ Father
Desideri also translated the * Kangiar ' of the great reforming Lama,
Tsong-khapa, into Latin. The Capuchin friars had already found their
way to Lhasa in the time of Desideri ; and we have several letters
from their leader. This was Francisco Orazio della Penna, or
Pinnabillensis. He was born at Macerata, in Italy, in 1780, became a
Capuchin, and was sent to Tibet with twelve of his brethren as
missionaries. They reached Lhasa by way of Nepal in 1719, and
established a mission which flourished for nearly a quarter vol. ix. to
vol. xxvi. The letter of Desideri is in vol. xv. In 1781 a new edition
appeared in twenty-six volumes (bound in twelve), and edited by M.
de Querboeuf. Du Halde died in 1743. Mention will be made of his
great work on China in another note, at p. Ixii. ' Signer Carlo Puini
examined the manuscript at Pistoia on November 19, 1875, and he
will be furnished with copies both of it and of the documents at
Rome. He will then write an exhaustive paper on Father Desideri aud
his travels, and eventually he hopes to publish the manruscript itself,
with the necessary elucidations. I am indebted to Colonel Yule for
this important news respecting the Desideri manuscripts, and their
contemplated publication, which ought to be promptly followed by
aa English edition.
nipinnipiiip^ppiiipini In Ix HOKACE DELLA PENNA. [Intb, of
a century. Horace della Penna studied Tibetan at Lhasa for twenty-
two years. During that time nine of the Capuchin friars died, and
Horace returned to Rome in 1735, representing that the three
survivors were worn out with age and hard work, and expressing a
wish for reinforcements, and for the establishment of annual
communication between Rome and Lhasa. The Pope nominated nine
more Capuchins, who set out from Eome, with Horace della Penna,
in 1738, bearing letters from his Holiness to the Dalai Lama. In 1741
Horace wrote that the mission had arrived at Lhasa during the
previous year. The affairs of the mission afterwards took him to
Nepal, and he died at Patan, in the Nepal valley, on the 20th of July,
1747. A monument was erected over his grave, with an inscription,
which is given by Giorgi. The letters of this enterprising missionary
were carefully edited and published by Klaproth, in the * Journal
Asiatique,' ^ and a translation of them will be found in the Appendix
to this volume. Much information collected by Delia Penna is
embodied in the ponderous 'Alphabetum Tibetanum ' of Giorgi.^ The
way in which Horace della Penna passed to and fro between Tibet
and India proves that the intercourse was free and unrestrained
between the two countries, and that the traffic was protected by the
enlightened policy of the Lamas of Tibet and the Newar Kings of
Nepal. 4 • ' Journal Asiatique,' second series, xiv. p. 177. * Antonio
Augustin Giorgi was bom at Santa Maura, near Eimini, in 1711. He
becfime an Augustin friar, and was a great linguist, and altogether a
most erudite person. His work, 'Alpliabetum Tibetanum ' (Kome,
1762, 1 vol. 4to), was compiled from materials sent from Tibet by
the Capuchin friars, especially Horace della Penna (or Pinnabillensis
?) and Cassien de Macerata. He obtained the Tibetan characters
from Delia Penna, which were engraved in 1738 by Anton Fontarita.
The huge work contains a chronology of Tibetan kings and lamas,
itineraries, and other information, which is overlaid by a confusing
and superfluous mass of enidition and puerile etymologies, Giorgi
died on the 4th of May, 1797. For an account of the Capuchin
Mission to Lhasa, see also ' Alia sagra congregazione de propaganda
fide deputata sopra la missione del Gran Thibet, rappresentanza de
Padri Cappuccini Missionaj, dello stato presente deUa medesima, e
de' provvedimenti per manteneola ed accrescerla,' 1738, pp. 55, in
the India Office library, bound up with other tracts. !^:j
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mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmtmf^ Ixii SAMUEL VAN DE
PUTTE. [Intb. '1, still continues to be the basis of our geographical
knowledge of that country,^ although it is rapidly being superseded
by the efforts of Colonel Montgomerie and his native explorers.
During the reign of the Emperor Yung-ching, son and successor of
Kang-hi, who caused the surveys to be executed, or between 1723
and 1736, the most remarkable journeys ever made by a European
in Tibet were achieved by a Dutchman, who went from India, by
Lhasa, to Peking, and returned by the same route. This traveller was
Samuel Van de Putte. His family is well known in Zeeland, and the
illustrious statesman Frausen Yan de Putte, recently Minister of the
Colonies in Holland, is descended from the traveller's father in direct
line. Carel Van de Putte, the traveller's father, was Vice-Admiral of
Zeeland, and, by his wife Johanna Constantia Biscop, he had a son
Samuel, born at Flushing in 1690. The Admiral died in 1725, and
Samuel studied jurisprudence at Leyden, taking his Doctor's degree
in 1714. In 1715 he was chosen Alderman of Flushing. In 1718 he
left the Netherlands, in company with another gentleman of good
family, named Egmond Yan der Nyenburg, of Alkmaar. They started
with the intention of being absent for about three years, but a thirst
for knowledge and adventure led them to exceed this period by
many years. Yan de Putte travelled with a caravan from Aleppo to
Isfahan, and went thence to India, arriving at the port of Cochin in
August, 1724. After travelling for several years through th^
territories of the 1 The Lama Survey came to the knowledge of the
Europeans through the great work of Du Halde : ' Description
geographique, historique, chronologique, politique, et physique de
I'Empire de la Chine et de la Tartaric Chinoise' (Paris, 1735, 4 vols,
folio). It was accompanied by an atlas of fortytwo maps by D'AnviUe.
A second edition appeared at the Hague in the following year, in
quarto, with important additions. An English translation was
published in 1742 in London, in 2 vols, folio ; and a German
translation in 1747. But the English translator has made several
abridgments. Du Halde's work is based on information contained in
letters and other communications from numerous Jesuit missionaries
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marks a new beginning.

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