TDM Pulse Code Modulation Transmitter and Receiver Trainer ST2103 & ST2104

Operating Manual Ver 1.0

QUALITY POLICY To be a Global Provider of Innovative and Affordable Electronic Equipments for Technology Training by enhancing Customer Satisfaction based on Research, Modern manufacturing techniques and continuous improvement in Quality of the products and Services with active participation of employees.

An ISO 9001 : 2000 company

94-101, Electronic Complex Pardesipura, Indore- 452010, INDIA Ph: 91-731- 2556638, 2570301 Fax: 91- 731- 2555643 E-mail: info@scientech.bz Web: www.scientech.bz

ST2103 & ST2104

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

ST2103 & ST2104

TDM Pulse Code Modulation Transmitter and Receiver Trainer ST2103 and ST2104 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. TDM PCM ST2103s Features TDM PCM ST2103s Technical Specifications ST2104s Features ST2104s Technical Specifications Pulse Modulation Techniques Pulse Code Modulation Digital Communication System a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3 Experiment 4 Experiment 5 Experiment 6 Experiment 7 Experiment 8 Experiment 9 A/D Conversion Digital Transmission Time Division Multiplexing 4 4 5 5 6 8 11 15 17 18 20 22 24 26 27 29 36 39 41 43 45 46 47 48

Switched Faults Setting up the Receivers clock regeneration circuit Warranty List of service centers List of Accessories

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

ST2103 & ST2104

ST2103 FEATURES Crystal Controlled Clock. On-board Sine wave generator (Synchronized) 2 TDM Analog Channels. PCM Transmitter. Fast & Slow modes for real time operation and data flow examination. Error check code options (odd-even parity, Hamming Code). 4 Switched faults allow different Error Check Options. PC - PC Communication via RS 232 interface. ST2103 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Crystal Frequency On Board Analog Signal : : 12 MHz 1 KHz, 2 KHz (sine wave synchronized to sampling pulse Adjustable amplitude and separate variable DC level ). Two Time Division Multiplexing Pulse Code Modulation Pseudo random sync code generator Off - Odd - Even - Hamming Fast: 240 KHz / channel (approx) Slow: 1Hz/ channel (approx) PC -PC communication Port Baud Rate Test Points Interconnections Power Supply Power Consumption Dimensions (mm) Weight : : : : : : : : : Using 2 channels via RS 232 9 Pin D type connector - 2Nos. Selectable from 300 to 2400 49 4 mm Sockets 220 V 10%, 50 Hz 4 VA (approx) W 420 x H100 x D255 2.4Kgs (approx)

Input Channels Multiplexing Modulation Sync Signal Error Check Code Operating Mode

: : : : : :

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

ST2103 & ST2104

ST2104 FEATURES Input accepts two channel multiplexed data. On board De-multiplexed PCM Receiver. On board L.P. Filter. Fast & Slow modes for real time operation and data flow examination. On board PLL for clock regeneration. On board sync code detector. Error check code options. Odd or Even Parity-Single bit error detection. Hamming code single bit error detection and correction. 4 Switched faults allow different error check code option. PC - PC Communication via RS 232 interface. ST2104 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Input Channel Demodulation Clock Regeneration Operating Speeds : : : : Time Division Multiplexed Serial Input Pulse code Demodulation By phase Locked loop Fast - 240kHz/Channel, Slow 1Hz/ Channel Off-Odd- Even parity& Hamming code Hamming code using 2 channels via RS 232 9 pin D type connector - 2 nos. selectable from 300 to 2400 56 4 mm sockets 220V +/- 10%, 50Hz, 4VA W420, H100, D255 2.4 kg (approx.)

Error Detection (Single bit) : Error Correction PC- PC communication Port Baud rate Test Points Interconnections Power Requirement Dimensions (mm) Weight : : : : : : : : :

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

ST2103 & ST2104

PULSE MODULATION TECHNIQUES Pulse code modulation, more popularly known as PCM is the most widely used digital modulation system. It is a widely known fact that the analog modulation systems are most prone to the noise present in the channel and receiver. As we will see further that the digital modulation systems are far less sensitive to noise as compared to analog modulation. The basis of digital modulation systems lies on pulse modulation i.e. a particular characteristic of the pulse is varied in accordance with the information signal. Pulse Modulation System : 1. Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) : In pulse amplitude modulation system the amplitude of the pulse is varied in accordance with the instantaneous level of the modulating signal. Now a days, the PAM system is not generally used, but it forms the first stage of the other types of pulse modulation. 2. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) : In PWM system the width of the pulse is varied in accordance with the instantaneous level of the modulating signal. 3. Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) : In PPM System, the position of the pulse relative to the zero reference level is varied in accordance with the instantaneous level of the modulating signal. 4. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) : In PCM System the amplitude of the sampled waveform at define time intervals is represented as a binary code. The first three techniques of the above described systems are not truly digital but in fact are analog in nature. The very fact that the variation of a particular pulse parameter is continuous rather than being in the discrete steps makes the system analog in nature. As a result of this, the PAM signals are vulnerable to noise & dispersion of the pulse. The channel introduces noise on the signal from various sources. Also the receiver is not noise free. The pulses also suffer attenuation & dispersion as it passes through the channel. The primary line constants (L, C, G, & R) limit the velocity at which a particular frequency can travel. The result is different frequency travel at different velocities in the medium. Therefore some frequency component of the square wave arrives later as compared to other. This causes widening of the pulse width. The phenomenon is called 'dispersion. The combined effect of attenuation, dispersion & noise is so large that the pulse is impaired & introduced at the receiver as shown in fig. 1.

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

ST2103 & ST2104

Pulse Train distortion due to Channel Characteristics Fig. 1 Advantages of digital modulation system : a. Noise & Distortion : Pulse which becomes distorted by addition of noise can be reshaped at the regenerators installed at pre-determined intervals along the link. Thus within certain threshold the error will not creep in. b. Multiplexing : The information once sampled & coded can be multiplexed in time domain, i.e. the coded information from different sources can be sent, one after another, if it can be re-routed to the corresponding channels at the receiver. The information is coded in binary form, the source of information / sample, becomes unimportant. Therefore many different sources such as telephone, facsimile, telegraphy and video cap are transmitted over same channel & circuitry. c. Store & forward (S & F) facility : That information which has been binary coded in digital format it can be easily stored in the computer or memory elements, & information can be forwarded at the desired time. It is required at the time of channel congestion. The message can be stored in memory. Once the channel becomes clear, the message can be forwarded to the called party. d. Encryption & security : The digital devices today are able of high grade encryption. The data can not be correctly interpreted if the receiver has no proper decoder. Hence the digital communication can be highly secured.

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

ST2103 & ST2104

e.

Power requirement : To transmit the digital data over the same channel requires less signal power than that would be required for same performance of the receiver for analog systems.

Disadvantages of digital modulation communication system : a. Band with requirement : The digital communication systems need very large bandwidth as compared to its analog counter part. b. Complexity : The digital transmitter & receivers is complex due to the requirement of highly reliable timing information. This adds to complexity & as well as to the cost of the communications system. With the advent of new technology, the digital circuits / IC's are becoming cheaper & cheaper. Still prices are slightly at the higher side. But the advantage offered by the digital techniques far overweighs this consideration. PULSE CODE MODULATION Steps in Pulse Code Modulation : Sampling : The analog signal is sampled according to the Nyquist criteria. The nyquist criteria states that for faithful reproduction of the band limited signal, the sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency component present in the signal. For audio signals the highest frequency component is 3.4 KHz. So, Sampling Frequency 2 fm 2 x 3.4 KHz 6.8 KHz Practically, the sampling frequency is kept slightly more than the required rate. In telephony the standard sampling rate is 8 KHz. Sample quantifies the instantaneous value of the analog signal point at sampling point to obtain pulse amplitude output. Allocation of Binary Codes : Each binary word defines a particular narrow range of amplitude level. The sampled value is then approximated to the nearest amplitude level. The sample is then assigned a code corresponding to the amplitude level, which is then transmitted. This process is called as Quantization & it is generally carried out by the A/D converter. See fig. 2.

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

ST2103 & ST2104

Fig. 2 There are two important problems associated with quantization. a. Quantization noise : As we have seen the signal is approximated to the nearest level (step). Since the levels are discrete where as the signal is continuous, the discrepancy creeps in. The difference between the analog signal value & its approximated one (quantized one) is random & unpredictable. This is a sort of unwanted, unpredictable, random signal which accompanies the information signal, is termed as 'Quantization noise'. Quantization noise can be reduced by increasing the number of levels, hence reducing the approximation. But it can never be eliminated. Increasing the no. of levels to reduce quantization noise has the effect of increasing the number of bits. But nothing comes without price. Increasing the number of bits to represent a sample increases the system's bandwidth requirement b. Finite sampling time of A/D converter : Another problem associated with quantization is that the A/D Converter requires finite time to convert the analog information to digital data. The A/D Converter requires that the value at its input, remain unchanged till the conversion is complete. But in practice, the duration of sampled pulse is much smaller than the A/D converter's sampling time. Refer page 18 & 19 A/D conversion for details. This problem can be overcome by using a sample & hold circuit prior to A/D converter output. The sample & hold circuitry holds the sample value till the next sample. The encoding method described above is called as uniform encoding i.e. the quantization levels are uniform for all the amplitude range. But this method of encoding has disadvantages of its own. The quantization noise plays havoc with the low level signals because the % approximation compared to the signal amplitude is very high. This causes a great amount of distortion at the receiver for low level signals. Also the quieter part of music or speech could become severely distorted & would make them unpleasant to listen. To overcome this problem, non-uniform encoding scheme is used. Here the quantization levels are clear together for low level than they are for the high levels. Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd. 9

ST2103 & ST2104

This has an effect of compression on the extreme ends of the signal. The input/output characteristics for compression signal passed through a comparator network 'prior to compression (See fig.3). This process is called compression.

An input output characteristic providing compression Fig. 3 The opposite effect is utilized at the receiver to undo the effect of compression, is termed as expanding. The two processes are combined called as compounding. This feature is not provided on trainer but you should be aware of its existence. Some error correcting codes & synchronization can also be transmitted along with the information signal. At receiver, the data is decoded by the D/A converter; the recovered samples are filtered & reconstructed to provide the original waveform. Various channels can be multiplexed in time domain i.e. the information data from various sources are sequentially transmitted over the same transmission medium e.g. Let us assume a 3 channel PCM system. The system samples 0-2 samples sequentially providing 3 samples to be converted to 3 "n" bit words. These three n bit words forms the basis of a frame. The frame contains these three n bit words also contains some synchronization & reference positioning information. On more complex multi-channel systems, control & routing information have to be included. This information is termed as signaling information. If all these information can not be fitted in a single frame, a separate channel is used for signaling & synchronization information. In Europe, a 30 channel PCM System is followed which is specified by CCITT (International Radio Consultative Committee). Besides these channels two separate channels are used for signaling & synchronization information. Here the multi frame consists of 16 frames. Multi Frame : When the number of bits in allocated channels is insufficient to cope with the synchronization & signaling information then it is spread on defined channels over a number of frames. This sequence of frames is known as a Multi Frames. Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd. 10

ST2103 & ST2104

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM Digital communication systems are less sensitive to noise as compared to their analog counter part. This fact mostly makes the digital communication systems very popular. Although the digital communication systems are mostly unaffected by noise, still there is a. probability that the bits are recognized wrongly at the receiver due to noise. One important parameter which measures the unsuccessful recognition of data bits is BER (bit error rate). A probability of bit error Pbe - (or BER as it is usually referred) 10 means that, on an average, 1 bit in every 1,00,000 will be in error, For acceptable quality speech signals the BER/ Pbe should not be more than 10 while some data transmission systems may require values of Pbe = 10 or less. Reasons for induced errors in digital system : a. Impulse Noise : It can be defined as a high noise level occurring for a very short time, producing noise spikes superimposed upon the signal waveform. The source of impulse noise may be lightning strike or sudden heavy current flow through a system or electromagnetic radiation etc. b. Transmission medium characteristics : As it has been mentioned earlier, the characteristic of the transmission medium causes attenuation and dispersion, leading to the indecision pulse level recognition. This can lead to errors. c. Late Switching : The late switching by some ageing devices or due to loss of synchronization leads to change in average level & this causes errors to permit us to detect the errors caused by noise in some cases & be able to correct them, the method of coding the signal is adopted. Coding accomplishes its purpose by deliberate introduction of redundancy in the message. Their degree of success depends upon the redundancy which they introduce e.g. Consider that we are transmitting information by means of binary PCM. Then we transmit a stream of binary digits 0's or 1's. Our main concern is that we do not confuse a 0 for a 1 or a '1' for a '0'. Suppose that when a '0' is to be transmitted we transmit 000 & we transmit 111 to represent a digit 1. The other two 0's or 1's add no information to the message & hence are redundant. Suppose that the signal to noise ratio on the channel is such that we can be nearly certain that not more than one error will be made in triplet. Then, if we received 001, 010, or 100, we would actually be certain that the transmitted data was actually 0. Similarly, if we received 011, 101, or 110 we would be rather certain that the message was actually 111. Thus the redundancy, deliberately introduced has enabled us to detect and even correct the error. But the introduction of redundancy can't guarantee that an error will either be detectable or correctable. As noise is unpredictable, there is always a finite possibility that those two errors may occur. In this case we will know that the error has occurred, Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd. 11

ST2103 & ST2104

but we will be inclined to read a '0' as a '1' & a '1' as a '0'. Even there is a possibility, however small, that all the three bits are in error. In this case, not only we will misread the digits but we would not even suspect that an error has been made. Thus we conclude that while coding allows us a great deal of detection & correction it generally cannot detect or correct all errors. Detection of errors allows the system to request re-transmission of data. But it does not really solve the problem. However it does offer the system ability to record and evaluate system error rate. A better solution would be to introduce a method of error detection and correction. The correction is done automatically by receiver. The degree of success depends upon the redundancy which they introduce. It is clear that if the redundant message is to be transmitted at the same rate as the original binary signal, we shall have to transmit more no of bits in time TS otherwise allocated to a single bit. And it is an established fact that the increase in bit rate may increase the error rate. Hence the required increased bit rate will undo some of the advantage that will accrue from redundancy coding. However coding yields a very worthwhile net advantage. The price to be paid is increased hardware complexity both for transmitter & receiver where encoding & decoding is affected respectively. Many different types of codes have been developed and are in use. The commonly used Codes employed in ST2103 & ST2104 are: a) Parity Coding : It is the simplest method of error coding. Parity is a method of encoding such that the number of 1's in a codeword is either even or odd Signal parity is established as follows. Each word is examined to determine whether it contains an odd or even number of '1' bits. If even parity is to be established (known as Even parity), a '1' bit is added to each word containing odd '1' and a '0' bit is added to each word containing even '1 'so The result is that all the code words contain an even number of 1 bits after encoding. Similarly, the parity coding can ensure that the total number of '1's in the encoded word is odd. In such number of '1's in the encoded word is odd. In such cases it is called as odd parity. Continuing with the example of even parity, after transmission, each code word is examined to see if it contains an even number of 1 bits. If it does not, the presence of an error is indicated. If it does, the parity bit remains and the data is passed to the user. Note that single bit parity code can detect single errors only and it cannot provide error correction because there is no way of knowing which bit is in error. It is for this reason that parity coding is normally only used on transmission systems where the probability of error occurring is deemed to be low. Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd. 12

ST2103 & ST2104

b)

Hamming Coding :

Hamming coding, decode each word at transmitter into a new code by stuffing the word with extra redundant bits. As the name suggests, the redundant bits do not convey information but also provides a method of allowing the receiver to decide when an error has occurred & which bit is in error since the system is binary, the bit in error is easily corrected. Three bit hamming code provides single bit error detection and correction. The ST2103 & ST2104 involves the use of 7 bit word. Therefore only four bits are used for transmitting data if hamming code is selected. The format becomes. D6 D5 D4 D3 C2 C1 C0 Where C2, C1 & C0 are Hamming Code Bits. Hamming code was invented by R.W. Hamming. It uses three redundant bits, as opposed to the single redundant bit needed by simple parity checking. But it provides a facility of single bit error detection & correction. Code Generation on Trainer The code on this trainer is generated by addicting parity check bit to each group as shown below : Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 D6, D5, D4 D6, D5, D3 D6, D4, D3 Parity Bit - C2 Parity Bit - C1 Parity Bit C0

The Groups & Parity bit forms an even parity check group. If an error occurs in any of the digits, the parity is lost & can be detected at receiver e.g. Let us encode binary value D6, D5, D4, D3 of '1101' Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 D6 1 D6 1 D6 1 D6 1 D5 1 D4 0 D5 1 D5 1 D4 0 D3 1 D4 0 D3 1 D3 1 C2 0 C2 0 C1 1 C0 0 C1 1 C0 0

So, the data word after coding will be

At the receiver, the four digits representing a particular quantized value are taken in as three groups. The Error Detection/ Correction Logic carries out even parity checks on the three groups. Group 1 D6 D5 D4 C2 13

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

ST2103 & ST2104

Group 2 Group 3

D6 D6

D5 D4

D3 D3

C1 C0

If none of them fails, then no error has occurred in transmission & all bit values are valid. Suppose, a case, where the following parity check was carried out & the listed groups failed. Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 D6 0 D6 0 D6 0 D5 1 D5 1 D4 0 D4 0 D3 1 D3 1 C2 0 C1 1 C0 1 Passed Failed Failed

If we suppose only a signal bit corruption, the passing of Group 3 means that all D6, D4, D3 & C0 are valid. In the above two groups the only common element except D6, is D5. As D6 is received correctly clear from Group 3 the only bit which can be in error is Bit 5 i.e. D5. Since the corrupted bit has been detected, the receiver can now make changes in D5 to convert it to other possible value i.e. '0'. Thus the data word is corrected to 0001010. The receiver now discards the redundant check bits (C2, C1 & C0) and passes the valid data (0001) to the input of D/A converter. Table given below gives the location of possible single bit errors. Parity Check Results on ST2104. Group-l D6 D5 D4 C2 PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS 1. 2. Group-2 D6 D5 D3 C1 PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS Group-3 D6 D3 C0 PASS FAIL PASS FAIL PASS FAIL PASS FAIL Location of Error No Error C0 C1 D3 C2 D4 D5 D6

Recommended testing instruments needed for experiments in this work book Oscilloscope 20 MHz, Dual Trace, ALT Trigger with bandwidth Oscilloscope Probes X1 X10 etc.

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

14

ST2103 & ST2104

EXPERIMENT 1 Objective : Study of Error Check Codes. Procedure : 1. Set Up the following initial conditions on ST2103 : a) b) c) d) e) f) 2. a) b) c) d) e) 3. a) b) 4. Mode Switch in FAST Position. DC l & DC 2 amplitude controls in function generator block in fully clockwise position. Set ~1KHz & 2KHz signal levels in function generator block to 10Vpp. Pseudo random sync code generator switched ON. Error check code selector switches A & B in A = 0 & B =0 Position (OFF Mode) All switched faults off. Mode Switch in FAST Position. Pseudo random sync code generator switched ON. Error check code selector switches A & B in A = 0 & B =0 positions (OFF Mode) All switched faults OFF. Pulse generator delay adjust control in fully clockwise position. DC l Output to CH.0 input (t.p.l0) CH.0 Input (t.p.10) to CH.1 input (t.p.12) This ensures that the two channels contain the same information. Make following connections on ST2104 (See fig 4) : a) b) 5. a) b) 6. 7. PCM data input (t.p.1) to clock regeneration circuit input (t.p.3) Output of clock regeneration circuit (t.p.8) to RX clock input (t.p.46) PCM output (t.p.44) of ST2103 to PCM data input (t.p.1) of ST2104. Connect the grounds of both the trainers.

Set Up the following initial conditions on ST2104 :

Make following connections on ST2103 (See fig 4) :

Make following connections between ST2103 & ST2104 see fig 4.

Turn 'ON' the power. Ensure that the frequency of the VCO in the receiver clock regeneration circuit has been correctly adjusted Connect

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

15

ST2103 & ST2104

a) b) c)

Channel 1 of oscilloscope to (t.p.10) on ST2103. Channel 2 of oscilloscope to (t.p.33) on ST2104. Vary DC l and note that the data is transferred correctly between the two trainers. You can verify that the data in the A/D converter Block of ST2103 is always the same as the data in D/A converter Block of ST2104 also the output voltage of t.p.33 of ST2104 should be same as the input voltage at t.p.10 of ST2103 for all DC input levels.

8.

Select even parity with error check code selector switches A & B at A=0 & B=1 position, on both the trainers. Set up various codes from A/D Converter's output LED's some containing even no of l's & some odd. Check the error check code generator output of ST2103. Data latch output (t.p. 16 to 22) on ST2104 & D / A Converter input (t.p. 23 to 29) on ST2104. Notice the number of '1's in the transmitted data streams. Is it ever 'Odd' ?

Note: ST2103 uses the least significant bit (LSB) of the 7 bit word to transmit the parity bit. Its value is changed to achieve the correct parity for each word.

Fig. 4 9. Compare the output of the data latch led (t.p. 16 to 22) with input to the D/A Converter LED in each case. Once the error detection logic has decided whether an error has occurred, it must pass the received code to the D/A converter. But since D0 bit was used as parity bit, it is always forced to a '0'. Notice that the quantized values on output of A/D Converter is not necessary but same to be applied to D/ A Converter receiver end due to the action of error detection logic. Set up the error check selector A & B switches to A = 1 & B = 0 position on both trainers to select the odd parity mode carry out steps 8 & 9 again, but odd parity selected this time. Carry out the same experiment with 1KHz sine wave applied at CH.0 & CH1 Input of ST2103. Adjust the 1 KHz amplitude level fully clock wise.

10.

11.

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

16

ST2103 & ST2104

A / D CONVERSION The PCM Transmitter samples the analog input, time division multiplex many such channels, quantizes it & code it by analog to digital conversion. As it is known, the binary number system consists of binary digits '0' and '1'. The group of n bits is called as word and is used to distinguish a code from other. The range of decimal numbers represented by such n bits code is equal to 2n (including 0) e.g. If we take an 8 bit word, the number or different codes possible is equal to 28 = 256 i.e. we have 0 to 255 code levels available. This range can be used to indicate any range of voltage. The process of allocating the binary values to each sample taken in PAM system is called as quantization. Every binary number indicates one level. Since binary value changes in discrete steps & is not continuous like analog waveform, some distortion creeps in at the time of value assignment; this is discussed in forth coming parts. The range of binary values used is design feature of the system & depends upon the amplitude range of the signal and the accuracy of the conversion to be achieved. Most systems use an 8 bit word length which is practically found most suitable to cover the sufficient range & provide the accuracy needed for speech signals. As with all engineering processes, quantization produces its own problems & an engineering compromise is then called for. The two major problems associated with quantization are: 1) One major problem associated with quantization is due to the discrete nature of binary numbers which are used to represent continuously variable analog wave form, It is not possible to represent all the analog values (which are infinite in number) by limited binary words e.g. if in the fig 5, the analog value lies in between the two voltages represented by 0011 & 0100 binary words, what will happen?

Fig. 5 In such case the system allocate a binary number closest to the sample value. This leads to distortion of information signal & the approximation is random for different voltage levels. Hence it is known as quantization noise. Quantization noise can be reduced by increasing the number of bits used to represent a sample. But it can never be eliminated. Increasing the number of bits in a word has an effect of increasing the number of quantization levels.

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

17

ST2103 & ST2104

2) The second problem is associated with the finite time taken by the A/D Converter to complete the translation from analog to binary code. An A/D Converter requires that the sample value should remain unchanged till the conversion is complete, but mostly the duration of the sample pulse is much smaller than the conversion time. This problem can be overcome by using a sample and hold circuit prior to A/D input. The sample and hold circuit holds the sample value for the A/D Conversion time. The quantization & Coding process is carried by the A/D Converter. On ST2103 the A/D converter used is AD670. It is an 8 bit A/D converter. The A/D conversions are controlled by R/W, CS, & CE pins. The R/W pin directs the converter to read or start a conversion. The CE & CS pins are tied to logic 0. The STATUS pin goes HIGH indicating that a conversion is in process. At the end of conversion the STATUS pin goes LOW. On ST2103 the R/W pin is named as SC (t.p.7) and pin after inversion is named as EC (t.p. 8). This EC is used to latch the valid data into D-type Flip-Flops (see circuit description in operating manual). Only 7 most significant bits out of 8 data outputs are used on ST2103. The LSB (D0) is ignored. EXPERIMENT 2 Objective : Study of Analog To Digital Conversion Procedure : 1. Ensure the following initial conditions on the ST2103. a. b. c. d. e. f. 2. a. b. 3. Mode switch in fast position. DC l & DC 2 Controls in function generator block, fully clockwise. ~ 1 KHz & ~2 KHz signal controls set to 10Vpp. Pseudo - random sync code generator switched OFF. Error check code selector switches A & B in A = 0 & B= 0 position (OFF Mode) All switched faults off. DC l output to CH.0 input DC 2 output to CH.1 input

Connect on ST2103 :

Turn ON the power. With the help of digital voltmeter / oscilloscope, adjust the DC l amplitude control until the DC 1 output measures 0V: The accuracy should be within +/-20mV. Turn the DC 2 amplitude control, fully counter clockwise. Observe the output on the A/D converter block LED's (D0 to D6). The LED's represent the state of the binary PCM word allocated to the PAM sample being processed.

4.

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

18

ST2103 & ST2104

An illuminated LED represent a '1' state, while non illuminated LED indicates a '0' state. D6 is the MSB & D0 is the LSB. The LED output looks as follows. D6 1 5. D5 0 D4 0 D3 0 D2 0 D1 0 D0 0

This output is the digital representation of 0V input to CH.0 Adjust the DC1 amplitude control clockwise to increase the amplitude & anticlockwise to decrease it. Try varying the D.C. input from + 5V to - 5V in steps of 1V. Take care that the input value is within the specified range of +/20mV. Observe that the output for +5V is as follows : D6 1 D5 1 D4 1 D3 1 D2 1 D1 1 D0 1

Where for the negative values it is less than 1000000. For -5V the output is as follows D6 0 D5 0 D4 0 D3 0 D2 0 D1 0 D0 0

This is obtained at the approximately full anti clock wise position of the DC Control. 6. Turn the DC 1 control fully anticlockwise and repeat the above procedure by varying DC 2 control. Check that the digital code for the set voltage value is identical to that of the DC 1 setting. Once again take a precaution of maintaining the set input within +/- 20mV range of the specified voltage. 7. 8. Switch 'OFF' the trainer. Disconnect the DC 1 & DC 2 supply from CH.0 & CH.1. Connect ~1KHz signal to CH.0 & 2KHz signal to CH.1 input. Trigger the dual trace oscilloscope externally by the CH 1 signal available at t.p.12. Observe the signal at CH.0 & CH 1 sample output (t.p.5) with reference to the SC Signal (t.p.7) on the second trace. Give a special attention to the phase relation between the two signals. Now connect the oscilloscope channel 1 to CH 1 sample (t.p.6) sketch the three waveforms with utmost importance to the relationship between the three waveforms. Connect oscilloscope channel 1 input to SC test points (t.p. 7) & oscilloscope channel 2 input to EC test point (t.p. 8) Observe the phase relation between the two SC & EC test point. Notice that EC goes HIGH at the end of conversion & remains latched until next SC Pulse.

9.

10.

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

19

ST2103 & ST2104

DIGITAL TRANSMISSION There are two methods for sending digital data over a distance, namely a. Parallel transmission b. Serial transmission In short distance communication like inside terminal equipment or two computer terminals located near each other, the signals are passed in parallel, format over parallel wires. Thus the signal in the form of a word is passed. This mode is faster. For long distances, even more than few feets, this is uneconomical & inefficient way of transmission. It is wasteful of transmission media as each bit requires a separate link. Therefore the digital signals are transmitted serially over a single link. The two important parameters in serial signaling are 1. 2. The modulation rate or the signaling rate (in Bauds) & data transmission rate or bit rate (in Bits per second)

The signaling rate or modulation rate is defined as the maximum rate at which the signal is switched between signaling rate (or no of symbols transmitted per second). The other way of defining modulation rate is that it is the reciprocal of the shortest time for which the signal remains in any state. The modulation rate is measured in Baud which is equal to one unit signal element per second. See fig. 6.

Fig. 6 From Figure 6 it is clear that S = 1 / T 1 Bauds e.g. if the shortest pulse duration is 5 ms, then the modulation rate is S = 1 / 5 x 10-3 = 200 Bauds. The data transmission rate is defined as the rate at which the data is transmitted over a channel. Its unit is Bits / second (also written as bps). The data transmission rate is calculated as

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

20

ST2103 & ST2104

Bit rate = (1 / T1) x log 2 L bits / second. Where T 1 is the duration of unit signal element and L is the number of levels or the signaling states. The two terms are often confused in computing because of the use of binary (0 or 1 state) system. Signaling rate S = 1 / T 1 Bauds While the data transmission rate is Bit rate = 1 / T 1 log 2 2 = 1 / T 1 bits second If we use 4 state signaling the data transmission rate becomes Bit rate = 1 / T 1 log 24 = 1 / T 1 x 2 = 2 (1/T 1) = 2 (signaling rate) i.e. it is twice the signaling (modulating rate) Bit rate = 1/T 1 log 2 4 = 2/T1 log 22 = 2/T 1 bits/second In this case the Bit rate is twice the modulation rate. Similarly, the data on out board is transmitted serially by loading it into the shift register. The ST2103 uses two 4 bits parallel to serial converter (shift Register). They are arranged as shown in fig. 7. Each shift register can shift only 4 bits and make it a 7 bit register. The operation of the shift register is shown in fig. 8. As you can notice from fig 8. What ever is on parallel inputs (A, B, C, D) is reflected as parallel outputs (QA, QB, QC, QD). When S/L is low & there is a positive (rising) edge of clock pulse. When S/L is high the subsequent shifting occurs on each positive edge of clock pulse. The ST2103's A/D Converter outputs data in parallel format which is change into serial format by the shift register. This is known as parallel to serial conversion.

Shift Register Organization Fig. 7

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

21

ST2103 & ST2104

Fig 8 EXPERIMENT 3 Objective : Study of Control Signals and their Timings Procedure : 1. Set up the following initial conditions on ST2103 : a. b. c. d. e. f. 2. I. II. 3. Mode switch in fast position DC.1 & DC.2 Controls in function generator block fully clock wise ~1KHz & -2KHz control levels set to give 10Vpp. Pseudo random sync code generator on / off switch in OFF Position. Error check code generator switches A & B m A= 0 & B = 0 Position (OFF Mode). All switched faults off. D.C. 1 D.C. 2 TO TO CH 0 CH. 1

Make the following connections as shown in fig 9:

Turn ON the power. Adjust the DC1 amplitude control such that the voltage measured at t.p.10 (CH.0) with the help of DMM / oscilloscope is + 3 Volts. Adjust the DC 2 amplitude control so that the voltage at t.p.12 (CH 1) is 2 V.

4.

The LED outputs of A/D Converter & shift register are a combination of the two input voltages. Also since trainer is working in fast mode, it is impossible to detect the code. 22

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

ST2103 & ST2104

5.

As, stated earlier, the two channels are sampled at different time. Approximately, after 10 seconds, when the system has settled down to slow mode, observe the LED's of A/D converter Block. Notice that a particular combination of LED's is lit in the A/D converter Block for approximately 7 seconds. These LED's represent the latched output from the A/D Converter for every sample of CH.0 & CH 1 Channels. Note the output of the A/D Converter,

Note : You may find the A/D Converter's output may not be identical every time you switch the circuit from fast to slow mode for the same D.C. Control setting. This is due to the slight change in voltage at Sample / Hold circuit at the time of switching. However the change in code will only be 1 Bit.

Fig. 9 6. The parallel data from the A/D Converter is then loaded in the shift register which converts in serial output. Connect the oscilloscope at following points : a) b) c) 7. Oscilloscope channel 1 to TX. clock output (t.p. 3) Oscilloscope channel 2 to S/L test point (t.p. 9) External trigger to TX. to output (t.p. 4)

You may have to adjust the oscilloscope trigger levels to obtain a stable display. Observe the interdependence of S/L, TX clock output and the shift register outputs as shown by their respective LED's. Record the waveforms. The timing diagram for the process is shown in fig. 10.

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

23

ST2103 & ST2104

System Timing Diagram for ST2103 Fig. 10 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING Time division multiplexing is a technique of transmitting more than one information on the same channel. As can be noticed from the fig. 11 below the samples consists of short pulses followed by another pulse after a long time intervals. This no-activity time intervals can be used to include samples from the other channels as well. This means that several information signals can be transmitted over a single channel by sending samples from different information sources at different moments in time. This technique is known as time division multiplexing or TDM. TDM is widely used in digital communication systems to increase the efficiency of the transmitting medium. TDM can be achieved by electronically switching the samples such that they inter leave sequentially at correct instant in time without mutual interference. The basic 4 channel TDM is shown in fig. 12 The switches S1 & S2 are rotating in the shown direction in a synchronized manner, where S1 is sampling channel to the transmission media. The timing of the two switches is very important to ensure that the samples of one channel are received only by the corresponding channel at the receiver. This synchronization between S1 & S2 must be established by some means for reliable communication. One such method is to send synchronization code (information) along itself to the transmitter all the time. In practice, the switches S1 & S2 are simulated electronically.

Pulse Amplitude Modulated wave with large time Intervals between samples Fig. 11

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

24

ST2103 & ST2104

On ST2103, the sequence of operation is synchronized to the transmitter clock TX. clock (t.p.3). The time occupied by each clock pulse is called a Bit. The sequence of operation is repeated after every 15 bits. The complete cycle of 15 bits is called as timing frame. The start of the timing frame is denoted by the TX.TO signal (t.p.4) which goes high during the bit time 0. The various bits reserved for the data appearing in the middle of each transmitter clock cycle is shown in fig. The fig.12 shows the complete timing frame

Principle of 4-Channel TDM System Fig. 12 Bit 0 : This bit is reserved for the synchronization information generated by the Pseudo random sync code generator block More about its operation in the later section. When the Pseudo Random Sync Code is switched OFF a '0' is transmitted. Bit 1 to 7 : These carry a 7 bit data word corresponding to the last sample taken from the analog channel CH.0. Remember that the trainer transmits lowest significant bit (LSB) first. This time interval during which the coded information regarding the analog information is transmitted is called as the timeslot. Since the present timeslot corresponds to channel 0 it is known as timeslot 0. Bit 8 to 14 : This timeslot termed as timeslot 1 contains the 7 bit word corresponding to the last sample taken of analog channel1. As with channel 0 the least significant bit is transmitted first. The receiver requires two signals for its correct operation & reliable communication, namely. a. Receiver clock operating at the same frequency as that of the ST2103 clock. b. Synchronization signal, which allows the receiver to synchronies its clock/operation with the transmitters clock operation. All these requirements can be achieved by transmitting two essential information signals : I. A Transmit clock signal. II. A Frame synchronization signal. The simplest method is to transmit the synchronization information & the clock over a separate transmission link. This results in a simplest receiver. It is used in data communication LAN (Local Area Network) & in telemetry systems. However it is Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd. 25

ST2103 & ST2104

waste of media & is not economical for long distance communications. The ST2103 provides these two signals at TX. clock output (t.p.3) & TX.TO output (t.p.4). In this mode the Pseudo random sync code generator& detector (on ST2104) are switched OFF. The second technique is to transmit the synchronization code along with transmitted data to be sufficiently different from the information samples. The ST2103 involves the use of a pseudo-random sync code generator. These codes are bit streams of '0's & '1's whose occurrence is detected by some rules. The Pseudo Random Sync Code gets its name from the fact that the occurrence of '0's & '1 's in the stream is random for a portion of sequence i.e. there is equal probability of occurrence of '0' and '1 '. This portion of sequence is 15 bit long on ST2103. On the receiver the pseudo-random sync code detector recognizes the Pseudo random code & use it to identify, which incoming data bit is associated, with which transmitter timeslot The advantage of this technique is that if the synchronization is temporarily lost, due to noise corruption, it can be re-established as the signal clears. Hence there is minimal loss of transmitted information. Also this technique reduces the separate link required for synchronization signal transmission. Mode 1 : Mode 1 is TDM system of three transmission links between transmitter & receiver. They are information, TX clock & TX.TO (synchronization) signal links. The Pseudo random sync code generator& Detector are switched OFF in this case. Mode 2 : Mode 2 is TDM system of two transmission links between transmitter & receiver. These are information & TX clock signal links. The synchronization is established by sync codes transmitted along with the data stream. No need to say that the pseudo random sync generator & detector are switched ON. Mode 3 : Mode 3 is TDM system of one link between transmitter & receiver, namely the link carrying information. Synchronization is again established by the sync codes. The clock signal is regenerated by the phase locked loop (PLL) circuit at the receiver from the transition of the information data bits. EXPERIMENT 4 Objective : Study of Time Division Multiplexing Procedure : 1. Set up the following initial conditions on ST2103: a) b) c) d) Mode Switch in fast position DC 1 & DC2 Controls in function generator block fully clockwise. ~ 1 KHz and ~2 KHz control levels set to give 10Vpp. Pseudo - random sync code generator on/off switch in OFF Position.

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

26

ST2103 & ST2104

e) f) 2. 3. 4.

Error check code generator switch A & B in A=0 & B=0 position (OFF Mode) All switched faults off.

First, connect only the 1KHz output to CH 0 Turn ON the power. Check that the PAM output of 1 KHz sine wave is available at t.p. 15 of the ST2103. Connect channel 1 of the oscilloscope to t.p.10 & channel 2 of the oscilloscope to t.p. 15. Observe the timing & phase relation between the sampling signal t.p.10 & the sampled waveform at t.p.15. Turn OFF the power supply. Now connect also the 2 KHz supply to CH 1. Connect channel 1 of the oscilloscope to t.p. 12 & channel 2 of the oscilloscope to t.p. 15. Observe & explain the timing relation between the signals at tp 10, 5, 6, 12&15. EXPERIMENT 5

5. 6. 7.

Objective : Study of Pseudo Random Sync Code Generator Procedure : 1. Ensure the following initial conditions on ST2103: a) b) c) d) e) f) 2. 3. Mode Switch in fast position. DC l & DC 2 Controls in function generator block, fully clockwise. ~1KHz & ~2KHz signal control set at 10Vpp. Pseudo random sync code generator switched 'OFF'. All switched faults off. Error check code selector switches, A & B in A=0 & B=0 position (OFF Mode).

Ensure the following initial conditions on ST2104 Mode switch in fast position. a) b) c) d) Pseudo random sync code detector switched OFF. Error check code selector Switches A=0 & B=0 Position. (OFF Mode) All four switched faults off. Pulse generator delay adjust control fully clockwise. 1 KHz 2 KHz To To CH 0 Input CH 1 Input 27

4.

Make following connection on board of ST2103:

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

ST2103 & ST2104

5.

Make the following connections between ST2103 & ST2104. ST2103 ST2104 Rx clock input t.p. 46 Rx sync input t.p. 47 PCM input t.p. 1 Tx. Clock output t.p.3 Tx. To output t.p. 4 PCM output t.p. 44

6.

Display channel CH.0 Input (tp.10) on oscilloscope channel 1 & use it to trigger the oscilloscope. Display the ST2103 PCM output (t.p. 44) on channel 2 of the oscilloscope. Vary the amplitude of the 1KHz & 2KHz sine wave signal & note that the transmitted data changes. Also observe the two input signals t.p. 10 & tp. 12 of ST2103 with the received sine wave samples tp. 32 & 35 of ST2104 and at the respective low pass filter outputs CH.0 & CH.1 (tp.33 & 36) of ST2104 Vary the amplitude of ~1KHz & ~2KHz signals at the ST2103. Observe how the output at receiver changes. Set a value of 4Vpp for channel 0. Note what is the output voltage of the received signal. Turn OFF the power. Rearrange the connections between ST2103 & ST2104 as follows. ST2103 Tx. clock output PCM output ST2104 RX clock input PCM input

7. 8.

9.

10.

11.

Connect Channel 1 of the oscilloscope to t.p.12 on ST2103. Channel 2 of the oscilloscope to tp. 36 on ST2104.

12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Turn ON the power. Notice the waveforms & confirm that they are different. Vary the setting of ~2KHz signal & observe the waveform at t.p. 36. Explain the reason behind the mismatch. Turn OFF the power. Connect TX.TO output from ST2103 to RX. sync input on ST2104. Turn ON the power. Now notice the two waveforms again. Do you notice any change? Why it has happened? Now you must have observed the importance of synchronization. But now the synchronization has been established because of the separate link between ST2103 & ST2104. Turn off the power Remove the link between RX.SYNC & TX.TO. Turn ON the trainer. Observe the two mismatched waveforms. Now turn ON the pseudo random sync code generator on ST2103. Do you notice any change in the 28

17.

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

ST2103 & ST2104

observed waveform at t.p.36 on ST2104. 18. 19. Turn the pseudo random sync code detector on ST2104 ON. Notice the changes observed waveform at t.p.36 of ST2104. To be able to perceive the pattern of the sync code generated, connect the oscilloscope probes to t.p.4 (TX.TO output & t.p.42) (Pseudo random sync code generator output). Notice the sync coded output for a high level occurrence at the TX. TO output. If necessary switch the two trainers to slow mode. 20. Notice the sync Bit counter LED, in pseudo random sync code detector Block of ST2104 is ON in FAST Mode. This is an indication that the receiver has identified the transmitted bit time 0 & is using it for all its timing operations. This also confirms that the two are in 'Frame Synchronization'. Observe the TX.TO (t.p. 4) output signal on ST2103 & RX.TO (t.p.48) output signal on ST2104. They should be identical when frame synchronization has been achieved. 21. Switch OFF the pseudo random sync code generator. Notice that the sync bit counter LED goes OFF indicating that the synchronization has been lost. Notice at the same time that the sync error counter led goes ON. Note the LED indication may be faint. There fore observe carefully. This goes to show that synchronization has been lost. EXPERIMENT 6 Objective : Study of Three Modes of Transmission Procedure : 1. Set up following initial conditions on the ST2103: a) b) c) d) e) 2. a) b) c) d) e) Mode Switch in fast Position. DC l & DC 2 Controls in function generator block fully clockwise. Pseudo random sync code generator switched 'OFF'. Error check code selector switches A & B in A=0 & B=0 Position. All switched faults off. Mode Switch in fast Position. Pseudo random sync code detector switched OFF. Error check code selector switches A & B in A=0 & B=0 position. All switched faults 'off'. Pulse generator delay adjusts control in fully clockwise position. 29

Set up following initial conditions on ST2104:

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

ST2103 & ST2104

3.

Make connections as shown in fig 13. a. ON ST2103 : I. ~KHz Signal to CH.0 Input. II. ~2KHz Signal to CH.1 Input. b. Between ST2103 & Receiver trainer ST2103 TX. clock output TX.TO output PCM output ST2104 RX. clock input RX sync input PCM data input

4. 5.

Turn ON the power. Observe that the 1KHz sine wave input appears at t.p.10 (CH.0 Input) & 2KHz sine wave input appears at t.p. 12 (CH.1 Input). Connect Channel 1 of oscilloscope to CH.0 Input (t.p.10) Channel 2 of oscilloscope to PCM output (t.p. 44) Trigger the oscilloscope with CH.0 input. Observe the two waveforms. Vary the ST2103's ~1KHZ and ~2KHz controls (which vary the amplitude of the two sine waves) and note how the transmitter data changes.

6.

Set the amplitude of each sine wave to 8Vpp. Display CH 0 (t.p.33) & CH 1 (t.p.36) of ST2104 on two channels of the oscilloscope. Notice that the two outputs are identical to that transmitter by the transmitter. Observe the receiver channel output with the corresponding transmitter channel input on a dual trace oscilloscope. The output may get flattened at peaks if the input sinusoidal signal voltage exceeds 10Vpp. This is because the input exceeds the dynamic range of the A/D Converter. Vary the amplitude of the input signal observe that the same changes are reflected at the receiver.

7.

Turn OFF the trainer. Make following connection on ST2103 : a. DC.1 to CH.0 b. CH.0 to CH.1

8.

Turn ON the power. Vary the DC.1 control. Observe on the oscilloscope at t.p.10. The amplitude should vary between -5 to +5V. Variation of the input voltage from -5V to +5V will cause the output of A/D Converter to vary from 00 Hex to 7F Hex. The A/D converter 7 Bit word output can be monitored on LED's provided in the A/D converter block.

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

30

ST2103 & ST2104

Fig. 13 Observe that the D/A Converter LED contain the same data for a particular set of input amplitude. Notice the output waveform at CH.0 (t.p.33) or CH.1 (t.p.36) of ST2104. 9. The sequence of operation on ST2103 is fully synchronized to the TX. clock signal. This clock signal can be monitored at t.p. 3. Each clock cycle is known as timeslot. The operations of the trainer repeat after 15 timeslots. These 15 timeslots are collectively called as 'Timing Frame'. The start of the timing frame or Bit 0 is indicated by high level at TX.TO output (t.p.4). The data appears at the output logic block at the start of each timeslot. The output logic block adds a half timeslot delay to it. Thus the output (t.p.44) of output logic block contains transitions halfway through each timeslot. The information appearing at the middle of the timeslots is as follows. BIT 0 : This carries the synchronization information (sync. code). The Pseudo random sync code generator outputs a single bit in this timeslot. Since the length of the code is 15 bits, the Sync code repeats after 15 timing frames. At this instance the pseudo random sync code generator is OFF, a '0' is transmitted in this timeslot. BIT 1 to 7 : These bits carry the 7 Bit data word of the last sample taken from the channel o. Notice that the least significant bit (LSB) is transmitted first. BIT 8 to 14 : These bits carry the 7 bit data word of the last sample taken from channel 1. In this case also the least significant bit is transmitted first. Observe the PCM output (t.p.44) with respect to the input signal to output logic block (t.p.43) & with TX.clock signal (t.p.3). 10. As it has been discussed earlier, for correct operation the receiver needs to be clocked" at the same rate as the transmitter & it should be able to decide which timeslot is for which information transmit TX clock & TX.TO signals on separate links. TX clock signals clocks the receiver at the same rate where as the TX. TO signal helps the receiver to identify the timeslot 0. The three wire connections can be reduced to two wires by developing the ST2103's ability to transmit the synchronization information along the data. 31

11.

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

ST2103 & ST2104

Similarly, the receiver must be able to detect & distinguish these sync bits from the normal information bits. This ability is imparted by the Pseudo random sync code generator& detector present on ST2103 & receiver trainer respectively. The pseudo random sync code is a sequence of 15 bits generated by the pseudo random sync code generator. 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 .................................................................Repeating. One bit of this sequence is transmitted in every frame at timeslot 0. The receiver detects it & use it to decide which timeslot is for which frame. 12. The above mode is termed as 'connecting Mode 2'. The ST2103 / Receiver can be configured in this mode as shown in fig 14. a. Switch the boards to FAST mode. b. Remove the link connecting TX.TO (t.p 4) & RX sync (t.p 47). c. Switch ON the pseudo random sync code generator on ST2103. d. Switch ON the pseudo random sync code detector on ST2104. e. Connect DC 1 to CH.0 & CH 0 to CH.1 13. Vary D.C.1 and note that the LED's on the A/D converter block on ST2103 & D.A. converter of ST2104 always carries the same code.

Fig. 14 Also observe that the sync bit counter led in the pseudo random sync code detector block is 'ON'. This signifies that the receiver knows the transmitted timeslot & can identify them. We say that the receiver is 'Frame Synchronized' to the transmitter. Once the transmitter & receiver are frame synchronized, the TX.TO & RX.TO signals are identical. You can observe the two waveform at T.P. 4 of ST2103 & at T.P. 48 of ST2104 respectively. 14. Switch OFF the pseudo random sync code generator. Notice that the A/D converter block output observed on LED's is not similar to the D/ A Converter

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

32

ST2103 & ST2104

Block input. We say that the receiver has lost the frame synchronization. The Receiver indicates this by turning 'OFF' the sync bit counter led in pseudo random sync code detector block. 15. 16. If you desire to examine the timing of data flow & control signal in detail, switch the ST2103 & receiver into SLOW mode. The number of connecting links can be reduced further to one by configuring the ST2103 & receiver in connecting Mode 3. The only connecting link between transmitter & receiver is the data/information link. The receiver establishes the synchronization from pseudo random sync code transmitted along with the P.C.M. data. In this case it has to regenerate the clock signal as well. The receiver does this by on board phase locked loop circuit which regenerates the clock from the transitions of the data bit whose timing with respect to the clock signal is fixed. Configure the ST2103 & receiver as shown in fig 15 and ensure the following statements : a. Both trainers are switched in FAST Mode. b. Link between TX clock (t.p.3) & RX clock (t.p.46) has been removed. c. PCM data input (t.p.1) on ST2104 is connected to the input (t.p.3) of phase locked loop circuit on the same trainer. d. The phase locked loop output (t.p.8) is connected to the RX clock input (t.p.46) on the ST2104. 18. Before operating in connecting Mode 3 it may necessary to trim the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) frequency, so that the regenerated clock remains in synchronization with the incoming data even when few transitions occur. (This happens when there is a long stream of '0's to '1's in the. NRZ (L) waveform). Follow the procedures given below to trim the VCO frequency : a. Turn the D.C.1 control in the function generator block on ST2103 fully clockwise. b. Slowly, turn the VCO frequency adjust control on ST2104 until the sync bit counter led in the pseudo random sync code detector Block turns ON. c. Repeat the above steps till position of the control is found such that the sync bit counter led remains ON for both fully clock wise & anticlockwise positions of the D.C.1 Control. 19. At the ST2103, remove the CH.0 & CH.1 inputs & connect. a. ~ 1 KHz Signal to CH.0 input b. ~ 2KHz Signal to CH.1 input. Note: Turn 'OFF' the power when new connections are made or disconnected. Adjust the outputs of the two generators to 8Vpp by the amplitude controls provided in the Function generator block. You can observe the two signals at Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd. 33

17.

ST2103 & ST2104

t.p. 10 & 12) 20. 21. Observe the ST2104 analog outputs (t.p. 33 & 36). Verify that the two outputs are identical to that applied at the transmitter's inputs. The trainers have on board error check generator & detector (on ST2103 & ST2104 respectively). This provides an opportunity to detect & if possible to correct the erroneous trainer data. The Error check code generator replaces some least significant bits of the 7 Bit word with some error check bits. The following error check options are available on board : a. OFF : The error check generator is 'OFF' when this mode is selected by switching the A & B switches in the error check code generator block in ST2103 in A = 0 & B = 0 position. No error check code is inserted in the 7 Bit word. The word format is D6 D5 D3 D2 D1 D0 Where D6-D0 are the A/D Converters latched outputs. b. Even Parity : This option is selected by placing A & B switches in the error check code generator block in ST2103. In A = 0 & B=1 position. The least significant bit of the 7 bit word is replaced by a single parity bit. The word format is : D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 C0 Where C0 is the parity check bit which is chosen such that the total no of '1's in the 7 bit word are even. If the error check code detector in ST2104 is also configured in this mode, it can detect the error in the transmitted data, but it cannot tell which bit is in error. It indicates 'the error by switching 'ON' of the Parity Error LED. c. Odd Parity: This option is selected by placing the A & B switches in the error check generator block in A = l & B = 0 position. The least significant bit of the 7 - Bit word is replaced by a single parity bit. The word format is. D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 C0 Where C0 is the parity check bit such that the total no of '1's in the 7 bit word are odd. If the error check code detector in ST2104 is also included in this mode, it can detect the error in the transmitted data, but cannot tell which bit is in error. It indicates the error by switching 'ON' of the parity error LED. d. Hamming Code : This option is selected when the A & B switches in the Error check code generator on ST2103 are placed in A=1 & B=1 position. In this case the three check bits replace the three least significant bits of the 7 bit word. The word format is : Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd. 34

ST2103 & ST2104

D6

D5

D4

D3

C2

C1

C0

Where C2, C1 & C0 are the Hamming check bits. If the Error Check Code Detector in ST2104 is switched into same .mode, it can detect the error & even connect the erroneous transmitted data bit (only single). It indicates the erroneous bit by lighting the corresponding LED in hamming code error block. Illustration of various check codes are given in steps 22nd to 29th : 22. Connect the ST2104's CH.0 (t.p.33) & CH.1 output (t.p.36) to the two channels of the oscilloscope. Now introduce the switched fault '2' in the trainer system by switching ON the pole 2 of switched faults Block. This fault forces the D6 bit (MSB) of the transmitted 7 bit word to be always '1' even when there must have been a '0'. Notice the distortion in the output in the output sine waves at the ST2104's CH.0 (t.p.33) & CH.1 (t.p.36) outputs. Switch OFF the fault. Introduce even parity error check code option on both the trainers by switching the A & B switches in the corresponding block to A=0 & B=1 position. Observe the two output waveforms at ST2104's CH.0 (t.p.33) & CH.1 (t.p.36) outputs are distortion less & also observe the LED's in the error check code detector block are 'OFF'. Switch ON fault '2' again. Observe that the parity error indicator LED in error check code detector glows i.e. the receiver has detected the error in transmitted data but is not in a position to locate which bit is in error. Therefore the output at CH.0 & CH 1 on ST2104 still remains distorted. 26. You can carry the same experiment by selecting odd parity option. You will get the same result as the earlier ones. Note switch off the fault prior to selecting the Error check code option. Switch 'OFF' the fault. Select the hamming code option by placing the A & B switches in the corresponding block to A = 1 & B = 1 position. Switch 'ON' fault '2' Observe that the D6 LED marked in error check code detector's hamming code error bit glows. Since its 3 bit hamming code, it can detect as well as correct one bit error in a sample. It reveals the erroneous bit in the data format by lighting the corresponding LED (D6 in the present case). Notice, now that the outputs at CH.0 & CH 1 on ST2104 are now distortion less. This is because the erroneous bit has even been corrected by the receiver.

23.

24.

25.

27. 28.

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

35

ST2103 & ST2104

Fig. 15 29. You can induce any switched fault /faults in the ST2103 & ST2104 trainer to investigate the effect of particular faults on the whole system. This also allows you the opportunity to practice & test your skills in fault detection trouble shooting. The list of various faults that can be induced in the system is given at this manual. EXPERIMENT 7 Objective : Computer Communication using RS 232 interface via ST2103 & ST2104 There are two channels provided on ST2103 & ST2104. It utilizes these two channels to communicate between two computers, thus forming a full duplex link. It will need the following: System : Microsoft Windows 95, 98, or above Software : Supplied with the trainer in CD Procedure : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Keep PCs on either side of the ST2103 & ST2104. Connect the RS232 cable to the serial port of the computer and the other end to ST2103 & ST2104 as shown in fig 16 Make the interconnections between ST2103 & ST2104 as shown in the fig 16. (Before connecting perform the experiment no.6 in mode 3) Install the Software on both the PCs. After establishing a connection, select the com port in the "COM Port" window, and select Baud rate (same on both PCs). Follow this procedure for both the computers. 36

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

ST2103 & ST2104

7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Switch ON the trainers. Now type a message in message window of PC1 and click send, you will see the message in receiver window of PC2 and in transmit window of PC1. If you send a message from PC2 you will receive the message in the receiver window of PC1 and in transmitter window of PC2. If you disconnect any of the transmitting or receiving wire, you will see that the data transmission has failed. You can reduce the baud rate of both PCs and you will observe that the transmit rate is lower.

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

37

ST2103 & ST2104

Fig. 16 Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd. 38

ST2103 & ST2104

EXPERIMENT 8 Objective : Multi point to multipoint communication using RS 232 interface via ST2103 & ST2104 There are two channels provided on ST2103 & ST2104. It utilizes these two links to communicate from two PCs on one end to two PCs on other end. The two PCs connected to ST2103 will act as transmitter, and those connected to ST2104 will act as receiver. This will be a one way communication. It will need the following: System : Microsoft Windows 95, 98, or above Software : Supplied with the trainer in CD Procedure : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Keep the PCs on either sides of the ST2103 & ST2104. Connect the RS232 cable to the serial port of the computer and the other end to ST2103 & ST2104 as shown in fig 17. Make the interconnections between ST2103 & ST2104 as shown in the fig 17 (Before connecting perform the experiment no.6 in mode 3) Install the software provided with the trainer in all the four PCs. Run the software in all the PCs and select the respective COM ports and the same baud rate in all the PCs. Switch ON the trainers. Now the data transmitted by PC1 and PC2 will be multiplexed, Pulse code modulated and transmitted via single wire and then, demodulated demultiplexed and received by PC 3 and PC4 respectively.

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

39

ST2103 & ST2104

Fig. 17

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

40

ST2103 & ST2104

EXPERIMENT 9 Objective : Point to multipoint communication using RS 232 interface via ST2103 & ST2104 There are two channels provided on ST2103 & ST2104. It utilizes these two links to communicate from one PC to two other PC's on the other end. The PC on transmitter side will act as master and the PCs on receiver side will act as slaves. This will also be one way communication. System : Microsoft Windows 95, 98, or above Software : Supplied with the trainer in CD Procedure : 1. 2. 3. 4. Keep one PC to the left of ST2103 (master) & two PCs to ST2104 (slaves) as shown in fig 18. Connect the RS 232 cable to the serial port of the computer and the other end to ST2103 & ST2104 as shown in the fig 18. Make the interconnections between ST2103 & ST2104 as shown. Install the software provided with the trainer in all the three PCs. Run the software and select the respective COM ports and same BAUD rate in all the PCs. Switch ON the trainers. Now the data or instruction transmitted by the master will be received by the two slaves.

5. 6.

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

41

ST2103 & ST2104

Fig. 18 Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd. 42

ST2103 & ST2104

SWITCHED FAULTS 1. Transmitter Switched Faults : Following faults can be induced in the ST2103 to study their effects on the system & to practice fault- diagnosis techniques. Switched Fault 1 : Switching ON of this fault causes the A/D Converter's D6 Output to be always '0' irrespective of the applied analog input. The fault occurs before error check code generator& hence cannot be detected by the receivers error detection correction logic. Hence the output of receiver is not always a true representation of the applied analog input at the transmitter. Switched Fault 2 : The switching ON of this fault cause D6 bit of the P.C.M. output of the transmitter to be always '1' irrespective of the connect D6 bit level. This fault is induced after the error check code generator block & hence can be detected & in case of hamming code selected, can be corrected also if the same mode is selected on error detection & correction logic on receiver trainer also. This fault can be used to study the utility of the error check codes in case of bit corruption in the P.C.M. data along the transmission path. Switched Fault 3 : This fault causes the error check code generator to treat the A/D converter's D5 output to be always high irrespective of the actual D5 bit in P.C.M. data transmitted. This fault has no effect when none of the error check code option is selected the receiver may wrongly decide that the P.C.M. data has a fault. In case of hamming code, the receiver may try to correct the wrongly diagnosed 'error' thus distorting the output in this process. Switched Fault 4 : This fault affects the pseudo random sync code generator. It causes the generator to generator a sequence which is not Pseudo Random in Nature. Hence if the receiver is relying on pseudo random sync code for synchronization as in connecting Modes 2 & 3, the receiver loses frame synchronization. This distorts the receiver's output. 2. Receiver Switched Faults Following faults can be induced in the ST2104 receiver trainer to study their effects on the system & to practice fault diagnosis techniques Switched Fault 1 : This fault breaks the loop between phase locked loop output & loop filter's input on ST2104 receiver trainer. Thus induction of this fault cause the malfunctioning of phase locked loop circuit. Hence the receiver doesn't clock into synchronization in connecting Mode 3. Remember PLL circuit is used to extract clock information in connecting Mode 3. Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd. 43

ST2103 & ST2104

Switched Fault 2 : This fault affects the functioning of ST2104's pseudo random sync code detector. When this fault is induced, the receiver cannot detect the transmitted pseudo random sync code. Hence in connecting Mode 2 & 3 in which the ST2104 depends on sync code detection for frame synchronization this fault cause the receiver to continuously try to resynchronize but to do so every time. Switched Fault 3 : This fault affects the ST2104's error detection/correction logic when the hamming option is selected. It causes an error in C1 to be indicated when the received data and check bits are correct. If the received data actually contains an incorrect bit, the receiver may decide that the wrong bit is in error, and if that bit is a data bit, try to correct it. The effect of this fault is detailed in the table below. Bit Received In Error None C0 C1 C2 D3 D4 D5 D6 Switched Fault 4 : This fault open circuits the ST2104's channel 1 sample & hold amplifier. This causes the receiver's channel 1 output CH.1 (t.p.36) to drift down to 10V supply Indicated Error C1 D3 C1 D5 D3 D6 D5 D6 Bit Corrected None D3 None D5 D3 D6 D5 D6

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

44

ST2103 & ST2104

SETTING UP THE RECEIVER'S CLOCK REGENERATION CIRCUIT The receiver's clock regeneration circuit contains a preset labeled VCO frequency adjusts. The preset adjusts the free-running frequency of the phase-locked loop's voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). Before connection mode 3 is used, it may be necessary to trim the frequency of the VCO to ensure that the generated clock signal remains synchronized to the incoming data, even when the transitions in the data are only occasional. The procedure for making this adjustment in ST2104 check regeneration circuit is as follows: 1. 2. a. b. c. 3. 4. 5. a. b. 6. 7. 8. Set up the system in connection mode 3. See fig 1. Ensure in ST2104 circuits that : All switched faults are 'OFF'. The error check code selector switched are in the '00' (OFF) position FAST Mode is selected. Switch 'ON' the ST2103's pseudo random sync code generator block and the ST2104's pseudo random sync code detector block. Ensure 'that the ST2104's pulse generator delay control is in the fully clockwise position. Make the following links at the ST2103 : D.C.1 to CH.0 input. CH.0 input to CH.1 input Switch on the power to the boards. Turn the D.C.1 preset, on ST2103 fully clock wise. Turn the VCO frequency adjust preset, on ST2104 until a position it is found where the sync bit counter LED, in the sync code detector block of ST2104 is 'ON'. Turn the D.C.1 preset fully counter clockwise and check that the sync bit counter LED is still ON. If the LED switches to off, retrim the VCO frequency adjust preset until the LED stays on for both extreme positions of the D.C.1 preset.

9.

After, following this procedure, the receiver clock regeneration circuit should be able to synchronize on any transmitted data stream, providing that there are at least occasional rising transitions at PCM data output.

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

45

ST2103 & ST2104

WARRANTY 1) 2) We guarantee the instrument against all manufacturing defects during 24 months from the date of sale by us or through our dealers. The guarantee covers manufacturing defects in respect of indigenous components and material limited to the warranty extended to us by the original manufacturer, and defect will be rectified as far as lies within our control. The guarantee will become INVALID. a) If the instrument is not operated as per instruction given in the instruction manual. b) If the agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not followed. c) If the customer resells the instrument to another party. d) Provided no attempt have been made to service and modify the instrument. The non-working of the instrument is to be communicated to us immediately giving full details of the complaints and defects noticed specifically mentioning the type and sr. no. of the instrument, date of purchase etc. The repair work will be carried out, provided the instrument is dispatched securely packed and insured with the railways. To and fro charges will be to the account of the customer. DISPATCH PROCEDURE FOR SERVICE Should it become necessary to send back the instrument to factory please observe the following procedure. 1) 2) Before dispatching the instrument please write to us giving full details of the fault noticed. After receipt of your letter our repairs dept. will advise you whether it is necessary to send the instrument back to us for repairs or the adjustment is possible in your premises.

3)

4)

5)

Dispatch the instrument (only on the receipt of our advice) securely packed in original packing duly insured and freight paid along with accessories and a copy of the details noticed to us at our factory address.

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

46

ST2103 & ST2104

LIST OF SERVICE CENTERS 1. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 90, Electronic Complex Pardesipura, INDORE 452010 2. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. First Floor, C-19, F.I.E., Patparganj Industrial Area, DELHI 110092 3. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. New no.2, Old no.10, 4th street Venkateswara nagar, Adyar CHENNAI 600025 4. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 202/19, 4th main street Ganganagar, BANGALORE- 560032 5. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 8,1st floor, 123-Hariram Mansion, Dada Saheb Phalke road, Dadar (East) MUMBAI 400014 6. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 988, Sadashiv Peth, Gyan Prabodhini Lane, PUNE 411030 7. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd SPS Apartment, 1st Floor, 2, Ahmed Mamoji Street, Behind Jaiswal Hospital Liluah, HOWRAH- 711204 W.B. 8. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd Flat No. 205, 2nd Floor, Lakshminarayana Apartments C wing, Street No. 17, Himaytnagar, HYDERABAD- 500029 Ph: (0731) 2570301 Email: info@scientech.bz

Ph.: (011) 22157370, 22157371 Fax: (011) 22157369 Email: ndel@scientech.bz Ph.: (044) 52187548, 52187549 Fax: (044) 52187549 Email: chennai@scientech.bz Ph.: (080) 51285011 Fax: (080) 51285022 Email: bangalore@scientech.bz Ph.: (022) 56299457 Fax: (022) 24168767 Email: stplmum@scientech.bz

Ph.: (020) 24461673 Fax: (020) 24482403 Email: pune@scientech.bz Ph.: +913355266800 Email: kolkata@scientech.bz

Ph.: (040) 55465643 Email: hyd@scientech.bz

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

47

ST2103 & ST2104

LIST OF ACCESSORIES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Patch cord 8" ....................................................................................................2 Patch cord 16" ..................................................................................................2 Patch cord 20" ..................................................................................................1 Mains cord........................................................................................................1 RS232 cable......................................................................................................2 Op. manual ......................................................................................................1 Dust cover ........................................................................................................1 CD (Demo VCD ) supplied with full set..........................................................1 DCT book provided with full set......................................................................1

Scientech TechnologiesPvt. Ltd.

48