254

@83$),&4/*//&
A),2-4&#*:*.)21# 41*52&)&.*#*+,$ *)#$848$#&/*'$ *
$-4*8*'1,*5 42(&#&,&
JC#B,.%& #8=0"#9& "E".,%/&A#>," A0)#C, 8& 2,"003 (Charles
Perrault) /09# 9, 1667. $0*#%, 0?9&.#0 8.09( <?#"/( ?&9/#, 3,:( C#3&
# "E".,%/&A(". Y,$0.& A"#)& 8, <&."6&.& A0?,*03 .(/&, 9," 2,"0
%#9, %&3,"&.&0 *& =0 ?(*, ?&9/& 8& 08%0.%03 /&"&/=,"#8=#/03 18$B)26 ,8&'&, .,1 "0A03#C&9(1& A"#)& /09& *,=,=( %&3,"%0 A",=# 8.09#3
<&."6,=/03 /09# #<&<#.& 8="&;". 2,"00.& "E".,%/&A&" <&A0)#C, /&0
# 8., 08=&', .,"<#9,, (9,*#%0 /&*& .(/ A"0$(=& ?&/( 0% 8, %, 0?'&)# (
C,%, ;&4#%, .,1 %&A"08=0 ',$%, ( A08=,4(), & <&."6&.& 8, A,83#>03
/09& #<'&B, A0(/( /09( =",?& #<.(1# #< A"#),: *0?", *,.09)#>, (*0?"& *,>&) %, =",?& *& 8'(6&9( /09,-/&/., 4(*,. O/0 #; 8'(6&9(, %,
#<%,%&:(9, 6=0 1, #; .(/ (;.&=#=# # A09,8=#. X=0 8, =#), .(/0.&,
0%# 8, 9&.4&9( ( 8.#3 .#*0.#3&, & %,B%# ((3#4&=#) .(/0.# 8( 0*
8.#; %&90A&8%#9#. 2,"0 %#9, ;=,0 *& 8&30 <&?&.# 8.09( A(?'#/(, .,1 #
*& 8.&/09 0* 8.09#; A"#)& *& 0*",:,%( 30"&'%( A0(/(!
"5& B&'08=, =#3, 9, 8.09, ?&9/, '#6#0 .,'#/0$ *,'& C#;0.0$
<%&),C&" /&B, H,=,';&93, 3,:(=#3, ,3A#"#98/# A0*&># $0.0", 8(A"0=%0. 2,"00.0 8;.&=&C, >#4& ?&9/, 8&3 A"0.,"#'&12, A& $& 30$(
83&="&=# 0A"&.*&%#3. !-" #$%& 0* /09, 8&3 A06'& 9,: ',/>#9& #< .&8A#=&C&, 0*%08%0 *#8/"#3#%&=0"%0$ (),C& <& *,=, ((0)#=# # "&<'#/0.&=# 0A&8%, *"&B# 0* ?,<0A&8%#;) 8& A0/(6&9,3 0?()&.&C& # ( .,<# $"&*#9,%=& $,%,"&'#<&>#9, *"&B#. 5A". *0/', 83, *& #*, A"03,%&
?,<0A&8%, A0=/",A4(9(1, *"&B#: (/0'#/0 8, 8="&%&> 0?"&=# *,=,=( 4(?&<%0, =",?& 3( 0*$0.0"#=# (%, =",?& ?#=# %# (*3C&,!), &'#
(/0'#/0 8, A"03,%& *"&B# (*&4# A0 $"&*#9,%=( $,%,"&'#<&>#9, (%A".
(/0'#/0 %&8 8="&%&> A"&=#, #'# A",.#6, <&A#=/(9, /&0 .(/ E".,%/&A(), =0 9, .,1 *#8/"#3#%&=0"%# <%&/ <& #%;#?#=0"%0 A0%&6&C,.
K09 (8/"03%#) (<0"&/ 8, 8&8=09&0 0* 8,*&3 8(?9,/&=&: 4 *,)&/&,
(<"&8=& 6, 6, 8 # 9 $0*#%&; # 3 *,.09)#>,, (<"&8=& 7, 7 # 8 $0*#%&.
N8A#=#.&C, 9, ?#'0 #%*#.#*(&'%0,& (A0=",?4,%& =,;%#/&A0'(8="(/=(#"&%# #%=,".9(. D,=,=( 9, %&9A", A"0)#=&%& 0"#$#%&'%&
.,"<#9& "E".,%/&A," H"&1, P"#3. I&=#3 8( 8',*#'& A#=&C&. G,*08',*
%&.,*,%#; 0*$0.0"& 9, 0* 0*$0.0"& %&93'&:#; *0 0*$0.0"& %&98=&"#9#; #8A#=&%#/& ( 0.03 (<0"/(. D,>&, # B,%8/0$ # 3(6/0$ A0'&, 8( $0.0"#'& *& #3 8, ?&9/& *0A&*&. N H,=,';&93 /&B, *& 9, 0.0 9,*%& 0*
%&903#4,%#9#; ?&9/#. O'# A0 C,3(, "E".,%/&A&" 8, 0*%08# #8/4()#.0 %& *,.09)#>, 6/0'8/0$ (<"&8=& # C#;0. A8#;08,/8(&'%# "&<.09. O
12
!.0 9, A",'#3#%&"%& .,"<#9&, )#C,%#>& #3&, &'# 8#8=,3&=8/0 #8A#=#.&C, =,/
=",?& 8A"0.,8=#.

255
6=& 9, 8& *,)&>#3&? N 0%# 8( <& ?&9/( A0*9,*%&/0 <&#%=,",80.&%# /&0
# *,.09)#>,! J&/0 =0 A"0=(3&)#=# 8& A8#;0&%&'#=#)/0$ 8=&%0.#6=&?
I%&)&9%#9#; "&<'#/& ( 0*$0.0"#3& #<3,:( *,)&/& # *,.09)#>& %&
0.#3 A#=&C#3& %#9, ?#'0. F&30 9,*&% *,)&/ 0* 6,8= $0*#%& 9, %& A#=&C, "D& .* #* 1$ (24&(& :&',&?" 0*$0.0"#0 "5,, 9," 9, $'(A0 /&* /&B,
?&/& & %, ?&?&".13 5& A#=&C, "E#& -*1.*F 2 @83$),&4*?" *,>& 8(
%&.0*#'& *& 9, %&#.%& # '&/0.,"%&, &'# 9, *0?"& *,.09)#>& 9," 9, %&
/"&9( 8;.&=#'& *& 9, A0$",6#'&. +,*&% *,)&/ 0* 6,8= $0*#%& 9, 0*$0.0"#0 *& 9, E".,%/&A& $'(A&."G&F#2 @83$),&4& (&'$ 39,9 ($#&C)2
2:'&F7$7$ 6($ H*3* 7$)& :&,&?", *,>& 0*$0.&"&9( "%#9, 8, A'&6#'&
.(/& 9," 9, ?#'& '&/0.,"%&", "9," 9, .(/ ?#0 '(/&. A& 9, A",.&"#0".
"E#& -*1.*F 2 39,9?" *,>& ($'&.%03 *&9( (9,*%&),%, 0*$0.0",:
3%0$0 9, <&0 # <&=0 9, $'(A; A",.&"&%=; '(/&. 9,; <&0 9, 9," <&A#=/(9, 0%0
6=0 %, ?# =",?&'0; .(/ 9, .,'#/#, 8%&B&% # 9&/, %,8="A4#. 9, # <%& *&
A",.&"#, .,03& 9, <&0."D& .* :* )$,2 9 1#3&8)2- H*32#9 -26&2 :*#*
39,?": '0A0.; =,)& 7(?& (/09,$ 8, *,=, A'&6#); '0A0.; %,/# ?,<.,<C&/;
3&%#9&/, '0A0. # A",.&"&%=; ?&%*#=, %,/0 =&/0 '06 /&0 A0/.&",C&/;
%,/# "(B&% # 8="&6&% )0.,/ /09# ;01, *& =, A",.&"#."D& 1* #* @83$),&4& ,&,2 :* 421#94*2/.& 9 #&,32' 1*#9&/*'*?" *,>& 8'#)%0 0*$0.&"&9(; #6&0 ?#; A0 8=&<#>#, %, ?#; 8/",=&0 ( 6(3(, 9& ?#; #6&0 A0 A(=( #
/&*& ?#; .#*,0 .(/& ?,B&0 ?#; # #8,/&0 ?#; $& =,8=,"03, %, ?#; ",/&0
$*, B#.# ?&/& # %, ?#; 8/",=&0 8 A(=& # %, ?#; "&*#0 8., 6=0 9, 0%&
"&*#'& ( 6(3#, %, ?#; ",/'& .(/( $*, #*,3, %, ?#; "&<$0.&"&0 8& .(/03, %, ?#; ",/'& .(/( $*, 8=&%(9, 309& ?&/&...
D&/',, *,>& /&0 $",6/( ( E".,%/&A#%03 A0%&6&C( #*,%=#M#/(9( 9,*&% 303,%&=: "&<$0.0" 8& .(/03! F 0?<#"03 *& 8.# #3&9( (.#*
( =&9 303,%&=, ( %&9?04,3 8'()&9( $",6/( %,1, A0%0.#=#, #'# 1, ?&"
?#=# 0A",<%#9# ( "&<$0.0"( 8& %,A0<%&=#3 080?&3&. I&A"&.0 *,>& /09& 8'(6&9( ?&9/( "#<'&<, #< C," 8& 9,*%03 %0.08=.0",%03 F-G .,<03:
0?"&=#=# A&BC( 8 /#3 8, A"#)& (F1 #'# F2). K0B, 8, "&<$0.&"&=# 8&
8="&%>,3, &'# $& A".0 =",?& *0?"0 0830="#=# (*#8/"#3#%&=0"%0 (),C,).
W#A0=,<&:14 *14*#&#* ($/9 * 48$ * 421.$ :&',$ ,&,2 :* 1$ 42)&F&.&. 5&#3,, 8.& *,>& 8( A08', ?&9/, 0*$0.&"&'& *& %, ?# ",/'&
$*, 8=&%(9, ?&/&, &'# *& '# ?# A", A".0$ (A0<%&.&C& 8& ?&9/03 =&/0
A08=(A#'#? F-G ;#A0=,<& A",*.#:& *& %, ?#! 20%&6&'# ?# 8, 3#"%0 # %&#.%0 /&0 E".,%/&A&. I&A"&.0, 8& A0.,1&C,3 ?"09& A0%&.4&C&, =9. (),8=&'08=# ?&9/,, F-G .,<& ?# A08=&9&'& 8., 9&)&. 50, 9& %& 1&(&, %#8&3 8A"0.,'& $'&.%0 #8A#=#.&C,.
13

D,=, 9, 8& 8,'&.

2",*'0B#0 3" K#"08'&. J03',%#1, &8#8=,%= %& $"(A# <& A8#;0'0$#9( %& V#'0<0M8/03 M&/('=,=( ( 5#6(.

14

256
H"&1& P"#3 A"#A0.,*&9( *., .,"<#9, 0., A"#), ( 0?,3& 8, 9(%&/#C& <0., @83$),&4*/&. O'#, #8)#=&.&9(1# .,"<#9, 0., A"#),, 3%0$0 ),61, 1,=, %&#1# %& %&8'0. A"#), "E".,%/&A&". N3, E".,%/&A#>&
(/&<(9, *& 9, *,.09)#>& A",3&'& *& #<&:, %&/"&9 8 0%#3 6=0 8#3?0'#6, =& >".,%& /&A& & C,%0 %06,C, A"#<#.&, /&B, H,=,';&93. +(%&/#C& 9, *0?#'& #3, E".,%/&A(#>)& "<?0$ /&A#>, 0* >".,%0$ 8030=&
/09& 909 9, =&/0 ',A0 8=&9&'& *& %#9, ;=,'& *& %08# %#6=& *"($0". E".,%& ?09& 8#3?0'#6, %&8#'%& 08,1&C&, 6=0 # =, /&/0 (/4()(9, A0'%&
08,1&C&. @&/0 8, >".,%& 8030=8/& /&A#>& 30B, 8&$',*&=# /&0 8#3?0' A",("&C,%0$ A",%06,C& A0'%, A"#.'&)%08=#, 6=0 9, *&4, %&$'&6,%0 =#3, *& 9, ?&/& 8=&"& # ?0',8%&, )&/ 8(.#6, 8'&?& *& 0=.0"#
."&=&.
L 8.0909 /C#<# O%=0% @"8=,C&/15 %&.0*# 8',*,1, A0*&=/, 0
>".,%09 ?09#:
"@83$)& :2'& A0?(:(9, 0?9,/=#.%, &80>#9&>#9, %& /"., 9," 9, /".
%&9.&B%#9# 8=.&"%# %08#'&> >".,%#'& ( B#.0=(. @0 9, ?09& .&=", #
/".# # <&=0 8#3?0' B#.0=& # 4(?&.#. 2"0(<"0/(9, =0A'0=(, C,%#
%&9?'#B# #%M"&>".,%# =0A'0<%# <"&># A"0*#"( *(?0/0 ( =/#.0 )0.,/0.0$ 0"$&%#<3&. I&=0 >".,%#'0 A0.,1&.& 3#6#1%# =0%(8, A09&)&.& "&* 8">& # *#B, /".%# A"#=#8&/, *&/&/0 A0*8=#), # "#=&3 *#8&C&.
F=0$& 9, >".,%#'0 ?09& .#=&'%08=# # &/=#.%08=#, %, 8&30 =,',8%, .,1
# #%=,',/=(&'%,, #<"&< 9, 301#, =0A'#%, # /",=&C&. D08'0.%0 "(6#
8., ?"&%,, <&=0 8=.&"& (=#8&/ %,3#"& # .04, <& 8&.'&*&.&C,3 A",A",/&.
01*- 2:'$,#*3)$ &12/*'&/*'$ )& ,83 * 3&#89, 42:9I9'$ * 21$B&')$
&12/*'&/*'$ C9:&3* * 1*-4&#*'$ (1*-4&#*+)& '$), & #&,2I$ * 213$#2C9:*321#* (,832.2+)21#*), '$8 '$ )&'3*#&.)*'& * )&'&,#*3)*'& :2'&.
;2385 13$6&, /83$)2 91-$8&3& 1*-:2.*%&-, ,2'* 48$,2 21)23)$
C9:&3)$ #$H7$ )&.&%* )&'8&%.*+*#*'$ *($')$ )*'&)1$ 9 482>&)2- *
1&,8&.)2- H*32#9.
V#<#)/# 9, >".,%0 %&9.#*4#.#9, # 8=0$& 8#$%&' <& (<?(%(
(%A". A0B&") # A0=",8 (60/): 8=09!"16
@,BC& /& >".,%09 ?09# ( *,)9#3 >"=,B#3& 0=/"#.& 0?#)%0 *0?", 0*%08, 8& 0*"&8'#3& # 8& *,>03.
!* 8.#;, >".,%& ?09& 9, A0 8.09#3 M#<#)/#3 /&"&/=,"#8=#/&3&
%&9*",)&.#9& # %&9%&3,=4#.#9&, <&=0 8, /0"#8=# /&0 8#$%&' <& 0A&8%08=, <&6=#=( 0* A0B&"&.
D&/',, 0., /&"&/=,"#8=#/, >".,%, ?09, A0*8,1&9( %& 080?,%08=# *,=,=& # 3&%#M,8=&>#9, =0$ A,"#0*& B#.0=&. I?0$ =0$& 9, >".,%&
?09& #3&'& A",*#8A0<#>#9( *& 8, '&/6, # ?"B, (8'0.# 0*%08%0 ".,15
16

@"8=,C&/ O%=0%; J23$, * :2'$, 7(?4&%&, 1978.

@"8=,C&/ O%=0%; J23$, * :2'$, 1#8&)$ 225-226, 7(?4&%&, 1978.

257
B," <& %&.,*,%& 08,1&C&. J&0 # ( A"06'08=#, =&/0 # *&%&8, & %, 8(3C&3 *& 1, *,>& # ( ?(*(1%08=# %08#=# 0*,1( >".,%, ?09,, 9," 9, =0
?09& B#.0=&, "&*08=# # &/=#.%08=#. O80>#9&>#9& %& A0'%& 08,1&C&
30B, 8, 9&.#=#, &'# ( %,/03 *"($03 /0%=,/8=( # ( %,/#3 /&8%#9#3
$0*#%&3& (*& 3&3# # #<&<#.& %& A0'%# )#%!)
O%&'0$%0 E".,%/&A#, D,*&-K"&< ?# "A0* '(A03" A8#;0&%&'#=#)&"& ?#0 ?0',8%# 8=&"&> /03, *,=,, *& ?# *0?#'0 A0/'0%, 30"& *&
8,*%, ( /"#'0. N<& 3&8/, 8#3A&=#)%0$ *0?"01(*%0$ *,/#>, ( >".,%03 0*,'( 8, 8/"#.& A,*0M#'.
2&B4#.03 &%&'#<03 30B, 8, A",*A08=&.#=#: .#%0 /09, 9, %&3,C,%0 ?&/# 9, 8#$("%0 # >".,%0 (/&0 /&A#>&), 9," 8, %&$'&6&.& *& 9,
8'&=/0, 6=0 9, 0?#)%0 8'()&9 8& >".,%#3 .#%03. O(=0" .,"0.&=%0 .0'# >".,%( ?09( # A0/(6&.& *& #<$"&*# A0<#=#.%( $,%,"&'#<&>#9( /0*
*,>, %& 6=0 .#6, >".,%#; A",*3,=&). K,:(=#3, %&$'&6&.&3, ",) 9, 0
A",*A08=&.>#.
!* /&*& 8, A0),'0 8& M,%03,%0'06/#3 =(3&),C,3 ?09& # 8.#3
C,%#3 A09&.%#3 0?'#>#3&, /&0 0*",:(9(1# A"#%>#A 8, %&3,=%(0
A8#;0*#%&38/# &8A,/= 8& 8.09#3 =(3&),C#3& # 8=&=#)%#3 8;.&=&C,3 "&<'#)#=#; A09&.& ?09&. D(?#%8/# A8#;0'0<# 0* 8.#; 30$(1#;
("&<'#)#=#;) <%&),C& >".,%, ?09,, %&$'&6&.&9( 1&-2 A0'%& 08,1&C&,
9," 9, =0 ( 8/'&*( 8& C#;0.03 =,0"#903.
!"#$%&'()$ #"* $ +,)$-, )./, . 0.*$ 8( 9,*%0 #8=0 3,8=0,
/09, 8, 8&8.#3 "&<'#)#=0 *0B#.4&.& (8',* A"03,%, A8#;0'06/, 8#=(&>#9,, /03,%=&"#6, H. H,=,';&93. L .'&8=#=03 *03(, A0* <&6=#=03
"0*#=,4&, E".,%/&A#>& 9, %,(<%,3#",%0 A(?,"=,=8/0 *,=,, 8&8.#3
8A080?%0 *& #<'&<# %& /"&9. L /(1# ?&/,, /09& 9, # 8&3& 8'&?&, #8=(
*,.09)#>( ?,8A0301%0 0%,8A080?4&.&9( A08',*#>, C,%0$ 8(8",=& 8&
.(/03.
1,2"*&-& 345&-),2$6$-& *,7)& "...A"#8=09%0 8, .'&*&9 # %,
8/",1# 8& A(=&. J&* (:,6 ( ?&/#%( 80?(, %,309 <&?0"&.#=# *& 909 /&B,6 *0?"0 9(="0", H,=,';&93 =(3&)# ",)#3& "3&9/& 9, 8.,8%& E".,%/&A#)#%, 8/'0%08=# *& 8/",1, 8 (=&?&%, 8=&<, # *& C(6/& A0 ($'0.#3& /&/0 ?# 0=/"#'& =&9%, 0*"&8'#;". @(3&),C, 9, 8&8.#3 ( *(;( A8#;0&%&'#<,. 50, 3&9/& 9, ,/8A'#>#=%0 ",/'& *,=,=( /&/.0 A0%&6&C, 9,
A"#8=09%0.
85&% 5,- 345&-),2$6$-"9 #"*, E".,%/&A#>& 8, %, ?09#
8A04&6C,$ 8.,=&, 0%& 8&$',*&.& C,$0.( ',A0=( # ( =03, 9, 0A&8%08=,
9," 9, C,%0 A0%&6&C, ",$",8#"&'0 # ."&=#'0 8, %& %#.0 *,'0.&C& (
8/'&*( 8& %&),'03 <&*0.048=.&. H&9/& 0?"&:(9, *,=#C( &3?#.&',%=%08= A",3& A#=&C( *& '# *& B#.# A0 %&),'( <&*0.048=.& #'# A0 %&),'( ",&'%08=#. @&)%0 9, *& 8, E".,%/&A#>& %, ?09# 8A04&6C,$ 8.,=& # *& 9, %& "&8/61( *& '# *& B#.# "A0 %&),'( <&*0.048=.& #'# A0
%&),'( ",&'%08=#". I&A"&.0, *,=, ( 0.#3 $0*#%&3& %#9, #<$"&*#'0 #
(8.09#'0 8., 0?"&8>, A0%&6&C& /09# 3( 8, 8,".#"&9(, A& 9, ( "&8/0"&-

258
/( #<3,:( 0%0$& 6=0 8, 0* C,$& 0),/(9, # 0%0$& 6=0 0%0 A08,*(9, (
8.03 ",A,"=0&"(.
"L/0'#/0 '$(&) :*5$'3*28*1#& 482&)&.*%*8& #9-&+$7$ (9:*)1,*5 41*52.26&, 2) -2H$ :*#* (9:*)1,*'* 2( 1&-*5 (9:*)1,*5 41*52.26&. G,),%#>& "K @83$),&4& '$ #8+,&8&.& %& /3$B$- * #$, ,&(& 6&
'$ )&:8&.& #2.*,2 (& 3*F$ )*'$ -26.& )* (& 6& 42)$1$, 1$#* 1$ :&,$ *
949#* 1$ 7$)2' ,9B*", 30B, 8, A"0=(3&)#=# %& .#6, %&)#%&...
E".,%/&A& 9, ?"&'& >.,1, 9," 9, A0*8.,8%0 <%&'& *& 8, ?'#B# ?&/#%&
8&;"&%&. 206=0 9, 3%0$0 .0','& ?&/(, & %#9, 8.,8%0 A08'&'& .(/& *&
9, A09,*,, 0%*& 6=0 .#6, >.,1& <& ?&/#% $"0?, =0 ?04& (%(/&, 8& )#8=#3 8(A,"-,$03. O 30B, 8, ",1# # *& 9, E".,%/&A& ?"&'& >.,1, *0
#<%,30$'08=# 9," 9, ;=,'& *& (?,", =0'#/0 >.,=0.& /0'#/0 ?&/& #3&
$0*#%&. 2(8=#30 '# 3&6=( ( "*(?#%,", 30B, 8, ",1# #: A06=0 A08',
(/'&C&C& ?&/, 0%& *0'&<# %& ",* <& 8,/8(&'%, 0*%08, /09#; 9, =0'#/0
B,4%&, & %, B,',1# *& 8, *,8# *& 8'()&9%0 <&="(*%# # =&/0 ?(*, "&8/"#%/&%0 # A",/#%(=0 8., (< .,'#/( /&<%( A0 C( (0* 8="&%, 0>&, %&"&.%0), C09 8.&/# (?"&%# >.,= A",*8=&.4& ( 8=.&"# &%=#-?,?# A#'('( (A0<%&=0 9, *& 8, A"&., ( ?09#, /&0 >.,1,). 206=0 8, &%=#-?,?# A#'(', (<#3&9( A0 9,*%& %& *&%, 0%& B,'# A#'(', <& 6=0 .,1# ?"09 *&%&
9," C,%& A0B(*& 9, .,'#/& (/&0 ( .(/&) # (?#", >.,=0., *0 #<%,30$'08=#.
H#=&% =",%(=&/ (.#*&: "<$, ,&(& '$ )&:8&.& #2.*,2 (& 3*F$
)*'$ -26.& )* (& 6& 42)$1$, 1$#* 1$ :&,$...", E".,%/&A& ( 0.03 =",%(=/( 8;.&=& *& 9, ?&/& (A"&.0 (3"'& 0* 8,/8& (8& .(/03) # *& A",.#6,
8,/8& (A",.#6, >.,=0.&) #A&/ 30B*& %#9, <*"&.0. I&=0 E".,%/&A& <&/4()(9, *& %, =",?& A",=,"#.&=# %# ( ),3( # 0.&9 A",'&<&/ #< %,8.,8%0$ ( 8.,8%0 E".,%/&A# 8A&6&.& B#.0= ("&* ,$&). N%&), ?# (3"'&
<&="A&%& >.,1,3 # /&0 *,.#>&, & 6=0 ( A"#"0*# 8.,A"#8(=%# '#?#*0
( 8.,3 8.03 &%=&$0%#<3( #A&/ %, *0<.04&.& B#.#3 ?#1#3&. (K0B*&
?# 9, .(/ # 3"=.( 0?4(?#0 ( >.,1(, 6=0 ?# (/&<#.&'0 %& 8=&"( &85$#*41,9 "&<'#/( #<3,:( B#.0=#C& # 4(*#: 8/'0%08=# *& B#.0=#C,
9,*( B#.0 3,80 & *& 8, A&", 8& 3"=.#3, *0/ 9, /0* )0.,/& 0?"%(=0)"17.
I&%#34#. 9, # A"0A(8= A#8>&: E".,%/&A& 9,*.& %08# >.,1, ()&:8&.&
#2.*,2 (& 3*F$ )*'$ -26.& )* (& 6& 42)$1$), &'# /&3,C, - # =0 /"(A%0 - %08# /&0 0* 6&', *& .(/( %&A(%# 8=03&/.
:.) A",*8=&.4&:
1. 9,*&% *,0 ""&8>,A4,%0$" 3(6/&">&- 0A&8%0$ <&.0*%#/&, /09#
&/0 3( 8, A0A(8=#, A",=.&"& ( (%#6=#=,4& *0?", *,.09)#>, # ?&/,
(190 8=".),
2. 9,*&% &8A,/= A"#"0*, '#)%08=# 3(6/&">&: 8,?#)%,, &80>#9&'%,, %&8#'%,, A0=,%>#9&'%0 "&<0"%, 8/'0%08=# #*& (191 8=".),
17
L83,%0 8&0A6=,C,: 3" K#"08'&. J03',%#1, &8#8=,%= %& $"(A# <& A8#;0'0$#9( %& V#'0<0M8/03 M&/('=,=( ( 5#6(.

259
3. A",*8=&.4& # 8., &80>#9&'%,, &%#3#8=#)/, 8/'0%08=# ( %&3&
(192 8=".),
4. ,/8=,"%&'#<&>#9& ":&.08=# /09( *,=, 08,1& /&* A08=(A& 8(A"0=%0 0A03,%&3& "0*#=,4& # 8,?# *0A(6=& *& A0'%0 3&3# #'# ?(*, %&3&34,%0 (198 8=".),
5. .(/ A",8=&.4& %,A"#;.&=4#., 8/'0%08=# ( '0.>(, 0*%08%0 (
0>( (199 8=".),
6. .(/ 9, 3&9/& /09& 8, A0"&:& (199 8=".).
U(/( 8( A"#A#8&%, ?"09%, M(%/>#9, # ('0$,. D" U'&*#8'&. 2&%#1 /&B, *& <%&),C, 8#3?0'& ( ?&9/&3&, /&0 # ( *"($#3 (3,=%08=#3&
30$( 8, # 30"&9( A03,"&=# ( <&.#8%08=# 0* A0=",?& # #8/(8=.& 8'(6&0>&. 20",* %&9),61,$ >,%="&'%0$ <%&),C&, 8#3?0' #3& # 8.09, A,"#M,"%0 <%&),C,. E,%="&'%0 <%&),C, 9, .#6, ( %,8.,8%03 %,$0 A,"#M,"%& <%&),C&. LA"&.0 =& "&8=,$4#.08= <%&),C& (3,=%#)/#; *,'&
<%&=%0 *0A"#%08# M,%03,%( (%#.,"<&'%08=# (3,=%08=#. I?0$ =0$& %,
30B,30 ",1# /09& 9, ?&9/& <& /09# A0', /&0 %# <& (3,=%#)/& *,'&
(0A6=,.
H#;,9.#0"#8=#)/# A083&="&%0, 30B, 8, ",1# 8',*,1,: *#.,"$,%=%0 3#64,C, /&"&/=,"#6, "&8A'#%(=& (fuzzy) '0$#/&, A"# ),3( 9,
>#4 0* 9,*%0$ 8=#3('(8& (F1) "&<.#=# # 6=0 3&6=0.#=#9, "&<$"&%&=#
3%0$0?"09%, *"($, 8=#3('(8, (F2, F3, F4...) #'# ",&/>#9, (G) A"# ),3(
8&3 (3,=%#/ %, 30"& <%&=# 6=& 9, ;=,0, 8&30 <%& *& 1, 8, .,"0.&=%0
%& 13&,26 )&B* 42 )$F#2 (A0 %,/& F-G .,<&), <&.#8%0 0* A",=;0*%0$
#8/(8=.& 8(?9,/=&. D&/',, 030$(1(9, 8.&/03 *,=,=( *& A",A0<%& #
"(<3," 0%( F-G .,<( /09& 3( 0*$0.&"&. I&.#8%0 0* A",=;0*%0 8=.0",%#; %&.#/& (8W"), 0*%08%0 F-G .,<&, & A",3& A"#%>#A( $,%,"&'#<&>#9, *"&B# F, 0"$&%#<&3 1, 0*",:,%0 F /09, %#/&*& %#9, A0=A(%0
#8=0 8& A",=;0*%#3, .,1 8&30 3&C,-.#6, 8'#)%0 0A&<#=# 8;0*%0
8.03 #8/(8=.( ($"&*#9,%= $,%,"&'#<&>#9,). I&/4()(9,30; (3,=%#/
#<'&B, F 0*%08%0 3%06=.0 F & 8.&/& 080?& =0 F 0A&B& 8;0*%0
8.03 #8/(8=.( (A",=;0*%#3 F-G .,<&3& 8=,),%#3 (),C,3). F;0*%0
=03,, A8#;0&%&'#=#)&" ( ?&9># .#*# 8,/8(&'%# 30=#., & ?#;,9.#0"#8=& A"#%>#A, (),C&.18
K,:(=#3, %, 30B,30, <&A"&.0 %, 83,30 #<9,*%&)#=# %,A",>#<%08= # (%#.,"<&'%08=. F.09#3 (*3$86$)#)*- ,2.&#$8&.&-& A8#;&%&'#=#)/0 =(3&),C, (A&*& ( '0$#)/, /0%="&*#/>#9, (,2.&#$8&.)$
F#$#$), 6=0 %#9, /0?%0 <& <*"&.0"&<(38/0 3#64,C,, /C#B,.%0 #
(3,=%#)/0 *,'0, &'# =0 9, <&?"&C,%0 ( %&(>#. X=& .#6,, =&/.0 %,6=0 9, A"#<%&=0 /&0 <*"&.0 <& "&<.09 '#)%08=#, .#*,=# # *0B#.,=#
6=0 .#6, "&<'#)#=#; #8/(8=&.&, #<'0B#=# 0"$&%#<&3 "&<%0."8%#3,
18

X=0 9, 0A,= &"$(3,%= <& 9+$7$, 9," A8#;0&%&'#=#)&" %, ?# 13$ #2 3*($2 *& 8,
%#9, ?&.#0 (#8/(8=.0) A8#;0&%&'#<03!

260
,2)#8&(*,#28)*- (A& # =",%(=%0 %,A"#9&=%#3) *"&B#3& 8'#)%0
8&)2- 9+$79 & 6=0 9, .,1 8A03,%(=0 /&0 =",1& M(%/>#9& ?&9/,.
N%=,",8&%=%0 /&/0 9, .(/ =0'#/0 A&3,=&% *& 9, %&*3(*"#0 8.,,
)&/ 8, # .,6=0 3&8/#"&0, & #8A&0 =&/0 $'(A *& <&?0"&.# *& <&=.0"#
."&=& # A0.(), ",<( # E".,%/&A& 0*3&; A08(3C&... "N<%,%&*#'& 8,
6=0 8( ."&=& 6#"03 0=.0",%&, & )#3 9, (6'& ( 80?(, %,6=0 909 ?#
%,0?#)%0..."
:.) -& 24";#&4& 345&-),2. 6$* 7& (4&%-&... I&A"&.0, # .(/(
# E".,%/&A# 83,=& 3&9/&/?&/& *& 08=.&", 0%0 6=0 8( %&(3#'#, A& <&=0 .(/ %, A09,*, E".,%/&A( 0*3&;, & 0%& 3( *&9, A",>#<%& (A(=8=.&
$*, 8=&%(9, ?&/& /&0 *& 3( /&B, "#*# =# 8",*# ?&/(, 9& 8=#B,3..."
L 8.#3 .,"<#9&3& 0., ?&9/, (/4()(9(1# # 2,"00.(, ,/8A'#>#=%0 8, %&.0*# *& .(/ %#9, 0*3&; A09,0 E".,%/&A( 9," 8, ?09&0 *".08,)& /&0 6=0 ?# 8, # 8=&"#9# )0.,/ A'&6#0 *& %&(*# *,=,=( =&30
$*, $& 30$( .#*,=# # )(=# *"($# 4(*#. O'# H,=,';&93 83&="& *& 9,
0.0 0?9&6C,C, )#8=& "&>#0%&'#<&>#9&. "208=&.#30 '# A#=&C,; &/0
9, .(/ =0'#/0 $'&*&%, <&6=0 %, %&A&*%, *".08,), #'# '0.>,? *0*&9,30 "&"$(3,%=" A8#;0&%&'#=#)&"#3&: .(/ %#9, ;0308,/8(&'&>".
5& 9,*%03 *"($03 %#.0( =(3&),C&, /&B, H,=,';&93, .(/ %&9A",
B,'# *& E".,%/&A#>( *0.,*, 8,?# ( A08=,4(: C#;0. A0'%# 8(8",=
30"& A",*;0*#=# C,%03 "A"0B*#"&C(". I?0$ =0$& 9, %, A09,*, 0*3&;.
<,6-, .2.%(%5, ),)" #, #"=& #" +,)$-& )./&, E".,%/&A#>&
*&9, .(/( 9," 9, =0 9,*#%# %&)#% *& A0?,*# ( 8,/8( - *& 8, 08'0?0*# 0*
#8/(8%#9#; 8(A&"%#/&. E".,%/&A#>& 9, %,<",'& 080?& /09& 906 %#9,
8A",3%& <& A0'%08=, &'# 9, #<'0B,%& *0B#.4&9( /09# #<&<#.& 8%&B%&
A0'%& 08,1&C&, <?0$ =0$& 0%& ",$",8#"& # ?(*# 8., 6=0 9, ( C09 A"#3#=#.%0 # A",=# *& 9, A"0$(=&. O'# 0%& A0/&<(9, &3?#.&',%=%08= /&*& $0.0"# .(/( $*, 8, %&'&<# C,%& ?&/&, /&0 *& 3( /&B, "08=&.# 3, %&
3#"(, #*# ?&/#, /09& 9, <",'& B,%&". !.& ?0"?& #<3,:( 8.,8%, B,4,
*& ()#%# 0%0 6=0 =",?& # %,8.,8%, B,4, *& A0?,*# 3&9/(/?&/( # A",0=3, 0>& <& 8,?, 9," 909 C,%& %&A(A,'& A0'%08= %, *& 3#"&, 9, 0%0
6=0 A"#)( )#%# =0'#/0 4(*8/03, /&B, H,=,';&93. K,:(=#3, A"# A".03 .,"?&'%03 8(8",=( 8& .(/03, 0)#=0 9, *& 8, E".,%/&A& %, A'&6#
.(/& # *& $& 9, 8",=&'& # "&%#9,, =9. .(/ %#9, ?#0 <&0 *0=&* (E".,%/&A&
$& 0*3&; A",A0<%&9, # 0*$0.&"&: D2:&8 (&), 39+$). Z&8/& 8& C#3 %0"3&'%0. E".,%/&A& %, 8&30 *& A0<%&9, .(/&, .,1 A0/&<(9, *& 8( 8=&"#
<%&%>#. 5&#3,, .(/ <%& 0%0 6=0 # 0%& <%& (..."*0', 9, 0"&;0. $&9, <&
/09# =# 8.&/&/0 <%&6" 8=09# ( 8.#3 .,"<#9&3& ?&9/,). I%&)# .(/ (
E".,%/&A#%03 #8/(8=.( '2F )*'$ *#8/"#3#%&=0"%& *"&B <& 0A&8%08=, 0*%08%0 /&<%(, =0 A08=&9, /&8%#9,. I&=0, 8.&/0 A"0$'&6&.&C,
E".,%/&A, 6.942- #'# *%(&'*/2- :&,$ 9, %,A06=,%0. D,=, A"#8=09%0
0*$0.&"& %& A#=&C& 8=&"#9, 080?,, ?&6 /&0 6=0 8( $& "0*#=,4# #
()#'#!

261
H. H,=,';&93 /&B, *& 9, ( 2,"00.09 .,"<#9# ?,83#8',%0 6=0 ?&/&, /09& %#9, ()#%#'& %#6=& ":&.0, %& /"&9( ?(*, (%#6=,%&. K,:(=#3, 0.&9 303,%&= 8, 30B, A"0=(3&)#=# ( M(%/>#9# A09&)&.&C& /&<%, "%,A08'(6%0$" A0%&6&C&, 9," # %& 0/0 ?,<&<',%0 A0#$"&.&C, #<
*,)9,$ ($'&, /&0 6=0 9, "&<$0.0" 8& %,<%&%>,3 /09# A",#8A#=(9, #
A",=",8& *,=, (/&0 .(/: $*, 8# A06'&, <&6=0 8# A06'&, $*, 8=&%(9,
=.09& ?&/&, # 8'.), 30B, #3&=# /0?%, A08',*#>, # A0 %&6, %&93#'#9,.
5, <&?0"&.#30 *& 8, "&*# 0 (<"&8=( /&*& *,=, ()# # 8=#), 8&<%&C&
/09& ?# =",?&'0 *& 3( 0?,<?,*, A0B,4%& A0%&6&C&, #<3,:( 08=&'0$
# 0A",<%08=.
N< H,=,';&930.0$ ($'&, =0 #<$',*& 0.&/0: E".,%/&A#>& A08=(A& A",3& .(/0.#3 A",*'0<#3& *& ?# =#3, A"(B#'& A"#'#/( .(/( *&
A"0$(=& ?&/( # (/'0%# #8/(8%( B,%(-8(A&"%#>(. I?0$ =0$& 0%& (*,6&.& 8=.&"# =&/0 *& .(/ 30B, '&/0 *& (/'0%# 3&=,"#%8/( M#$("(. F
*"($, 8="&%,, *& ?# 8, .(/ *030$&0 E".,%/&A#>,, # 0% 30"& *& (/'0%# ?&/(, 9," *0/ $0* 9, 3&9/& #'# ?&/& =(, 0%& %,1, ?#=# C,$0.&.19 O'#
)#3 3&9/&/?&/& ?(*, (/'0C,%&, 0=.0",% 9, A(= <& 08=.&",C, B,4&
/09, 8( 30"&', 08=&=# A0=#8%(=, 8., *0/ 9, 3&9/& ?#'& =(. E".,%/&A#>& B,'# 8.0$ 0>&, #8A04&.& 8/'0%08= *& $& <&.,*, # ),BC( *& 0%
C( <&.,*,. !%& =&*& 21$B& *& <&8'(B(9, *& 9, 3&9/& (&/0 %, # 0=&>)
(B&8%0 /&<%# <?0$ B,4, *& 0>& 0*(<3, 3&9>#.
D&/',, 8 9,*%, 8="&%, #3&30 %&#.%0 *,=, /09, %, A08'(6&.6#
0A03,%, 3&9/, ?#.& %&8&3&",%0 8'&=/0",)#.03 A"#)03 '(/&.0$ .(/&%,<%&%>&, & 8& *"($, 8="&%,, A0 ",)#3& H,=,';&93&, *,.09)#>( /09& 9,
#'# $'(A& #'# B,'# *& ?(*, <&.,*,%& # /09& 8, 0* %&#.%0$ *,=,=& (
=0/( /0%=&/=& 8& .(/03-<&.0*%#/03 A",=.&"& ( %#6=& *"($0 *0 (
"'&/( B,%8/(".
>,), ( H,=,';&930.03 =(3&),C( %#9, A0<#=#.&% '#/. Y( 8( <&%,', 80A8=.,%, A0=",?, A",/0 0%0$ 6=0 9, *0?"0 <& *,=,, 9," %&3 8,
/&B,: "5#9, ?#'0 %#),$ 6=0 *,=,=( %, ?# *&'&". I& *,.09/( 9, /0?%0
&/0 =& 8=&"#9& B,%& ?&=&'# .'&8=#=( A"#.'&)%08= <& 3(6/&">, # A",%,8, 9, %& /1,"/(, *&9(1# 909 8(.#6, A"#.'&)%# >".,%# 0$"=&). @& >".,%& 8030=8/& /&A#>& 8, =(3&)# /&0 8#3?0' A",("&C,%0$ A",%06,C&
A0'%, A"#.'&)%08=#, 6=0 9, *&4, %&$'&6,%0 =#3, *& 9, ?&/& 8=&"& #
?0',8%&, )&/ 8(.#6, 8'&?& *& 0=.0"# ."&=&. D&/',, H"(%0 H,=,';&93
9, #< 9,*%, A"08=0-A"06#",%, ",),%#>, "F&30 A0.(># ",<( - .#/%(
?&/& 8(.#6, 8&3 8'&?&, A& %, 30$( *& (8=&%,3" 8., 0.0 <&/4()#0.
I&#8=& M&8>#%&%=%0 /&/0 %,>,%<("#8&%# *,=&4# (=<.. F'()&9,.# &/>,80"#9&) A",3& A8#;0&%&'#=#)&"#3& =0'#/0 A(%0 30$( 0=/"#=#!
@",?& '# 0?9&6C&.&=# ?&6 8.&/# *,=&4 (%, 8&30) ( ?&9>#, #'# 0?9&819
H. H,=,';&93 ?&6 %& 0.09 ",),%#># %&.0*# *& ( #<.,8%#3 8,4&)/#3 /('=("&3&,
%&98=&"#9& /1#, /&* ?# 3&9/& (3"'&, <&(<#3&'& C,%0 3,8=0 ( 8.&/03 A0$',*(.
!)#$',*%0 A0* =#3 H,=,';&93 A0*"&<(3,.& # 8,/8(&'%( ('0$(!

262
%#=# 8&30 08%0.%# 83#8&0, A0"(/(, )&8&329+$)*'$ (& =0 9, A&/ 9&8%0 #
?,< 0?9&6C,C&). +," 8., 08=&'0 9, =&/0 1&-2 )& >*.-9 * 9 :&'/* # 8A&*& ( 4$1)*+,9 1.2:2(9. D"($#3 ",)#3&, *0.04%0 9, <& =&/.( ."8=( *,'& %&99,*%08=&.%#9, A8#;0'06/0 (& %&99,*%08=&.%#9, 9, ?#;,9.#0"#8=#)/0) 0?9&6C,C, 9," ,2.&#$8&.)$ ,2)#8&(*,/*'$ 8( .,'#/, # %,0?9&6C#.,.
K,:(=#3, # A",3& ?#;,9.#0"#8=#)/03 =(3&),C( ?&/& %#9, A0<#=#.&% '#/: ;832; ?&/& A#9, .#%0? D,=, 8, ()# *& 8, 0* ?0',8=# 0A0"&.4& &'/0;0'03? D0*(6,, A#8&> 8, 0*3&; # *148&3C&: "&*# 8, 0
1.&#,2- .#%( (?&/& *4&, %#9, (;"0%#)%#) &'/0;0'#)&", &'# %,*08=&=&/ 0.0$ *,'& ?&9/, 9, 6=0 8, *,=,=( %, 0?9&6C&.& *0/', #*, $,%,"&'#<&>#9&, =9. /&*& %&8=(A& *#8/"#3#%&=0"%& *"&B *& 8, 30B, # A0A#=# %,6=0 ( B#.0=( ($*, 9, $"&%#>& #<3,:( )0.,/& # A#9&%>&), /&0 # *&
8, "<*"&.4, %, ="&B# %& *%0 )&6,". D8962; ( 8.#3 .,"<#9&3& ?&9/, 8,
%&#'&<# %& ",),%#>( "5&9.#6, 9, *,.09)#>( .0','& C,%& ?&/&, /09&
A"08=0 %#9, <%&'& 6=& ?# 8., *&'& =03 *,=,=(", & %# ( 9,*%09 .,"<#9#
%, %(*# E".,%/&A# /0'&),! N '0.>&-8A&8#=,4& %, A0%(*# %# /0'&)#3& %# .#%03. F&3& 8., 8,?#)%0 "83&B,". K0B, 8, ",1# # *& "'0.&>
%, A08,B, <& .#%03, &'# %, <&=0 6=0 .#6, .0'# 8,/8, .,1 *& A#9&%
3,=/03 %, A"03&6# <'0$ .(/& # (?#9, )$3*)9 E".,%/&A(. NA&/, A0*8.,8%0, 0A,= %, A#9, <?0$ 8,/8&, 9," &/0 A#9&% 0A&'# 3,=&/ #< A(6/,
"&8=,"&1, A=#>, /09, 8, (A"&.0 A&", ( ?'#<#%#".20
E".,%/&A#>& A08=&.4& 2$%,?, " +,)$-$* 5&@$)$* (6#3&,
.,'#/#3 0)#3&, .,'#/#3 "(/&3&, .,'#/#3 (8=#3&, 9," "A0/(6&.& *&
8;.&=#, 0%& B,'# *& 0=/"#.& 8=.&"#, A& 8, 0.*, %&?"&9&9( ),=#"# )('&: 8'(;, .#*, *0*#" # (/(8; ($#$ *5 9 49:$8#$#9 13& ,28*1#* (& :*
153&#*.2 13$#", 9, 9,*#%0 6=0 /&B, H,=,';&93 0 =03,. I&" 8, 0.& )('&
A", # A08', A(?,"=,=& 3&C, /0"#8=, *& 8, 8;.&=# 8.,=?!
:.) $ 345&-),2$A, . 2"(%&'$ H,=,';&93 /&B, *& C#;0.
A0'%# )#% 30"& A",*;0*#=# A"0B*#"&C( E".,%/&A#>,. D9(%& H&"%8
A#6,: "*,>& <%&9( %,6=0 6=0 %, 30$( *& /&B(; C#3& 8, 8.#:& /&* 8(
E".,%/&A#>& # .(/ ( A08=,4#". S3A#"#98/# A0*&># %#8( A0=."*#'#
0.( ;#A0=,<(. 5#9,*%03 *,=,=( 8, %, *0A&*& 0.&9 303,%&= ( ?&9>#,
*,>& 0A#8(9( E".,%/&A( /&0 $'(A&)(! P#8=&. D0", 9, A"#/&<&0 E".,%/&A#>( # .(/& ( A08=,4#, & H,=,';&93 %& 0.03 >"=,B( .#*# 24+*7$)21# /&0 8A09 08,1&C& /09# %&$0.,8=&.& '#>, # =,'0 E".,%/&A,.
!.& 83"=%& 0A)#C,%08= A0'%061( - /09& 8, #8=0.",3,%0 *0B#.4&.&
/&0 %&9.,1, (<?(:,C, # %&99&)& 8=",AC&- A0.,<&%& 9, 8& ,*#A&'%#3
B(*C&3& *,.09)#>, <& 0>,3, # 8& ",&/=#.#"&C,3 #8=#; 08,1&C& (
*"(/)#9,3 .#*( =0/03 A(?,"=,=&, /&B, H,=,';&93. O'#, /&/0 0.& ?&920
L83,%0 8&0A6=,C,: 3" K#"08'&. J03',%#1, &8#8=,%= %& $"(A# <& A8#;0'0$#9( %& V#'0<0M8/03 M&/('=,=( ( 5#6(.

263
/& 0%*& (=#), %& *,)&/,? L08=&'03, ( %#9,*%09 ?&9># 8, %, A03#C, *&
8, E".,%/&A& 8.(/'& # ',$'& ( /",.,= A0",* .(/&, ( ?&9># A#6, "@,/
6=0 9, =0 #<$0.0"#0, .(/ 8/0)# #< /",.,=& # A"0$(=& 9&*%( E".,%/&A("!
FA,>#M#)%03 /03?#%&>#903 F-G .,<& A#8&> 9, #<.,0 *& *,=,
08,=# 8="&; 0* /&<%,, & *& 8, %, A0=",8,. L =03 >#4(, %#9, 30$&0 *&
#<?,$%, # %,/, ,2.&#$8&.)$ F#$#$, 0*%08%0 0%, 8( # ?#', %(B%,,
/&0 6=0 9, ',B&C, ( /",.,=( .(/& # E".,%/&A,. !.( %&<0.# "$",6/("
A#8>&, 0*%08%0 %(B%( &/>#*,%>#9(, A8#;0&%&'#=#)&"# 8( #8/0"#8=#'# /&0 A0=."*( 0A)#C,%08=# E".,%/&A, A0'%061(.
+&/0 9, <&%#34#. A"0A(8= A#8>& *& E".,%/&A& %, A",A0<%&9,
3&8/#"&%0$ .(/&, <&A"&.0 %, .#*# *& =0 %#9, ?&/&, /09( =0'#/0 .0'# #
A0<%&9,, *0/ '0.&> "...!% (:, ( 80?( # )#3 A"#:, /",.,=(, ($',*& (
C,3( .(/&".
B"5,A A",*8=&.4&:
- *"($# *,0 3(6/&"),., A"0=#.",)%, A"#"0*, 80>#9&'%&, %,8,?#)%&, 0?<#"%& # <&6=#=%#)/& 8/'0%08= ,$&,
- *,=,=0. 8(A,",$0
- *,=,=0. ,$0
- 0*$0.0"%&, 8%&B%&, 8A&8#=,48/& 0)#%8/& M#$("&.
!% %, *0<.04&.& 8.09#3 08,1&C#3& *& 8, 0=3(. Y,$0.& A".&
",&/>#9&, /&* <&=,/%, .(/& /&/0 8A&.& ( ?&/#%03 /",.,=( 9, *& $& (8=",'#. N8/&<&0 8, C,$0. ,$0 (A"/08 A0*8=",/#.&C#3& #*&. T0.&> 9,
%&9A"#.'&)%#9# '#/, 9," 8A&6&.& *0?", & /&BC&.& <',, #&/0 %, <%&30
/0 9, # 0*&/', *0'&<#, 0% 9,*%08=&.%0 8A&8, E".,%/&A#>( # =0 9, 8.,.
H,=,';&93 *&4, /&B, *& "*,>& '&/0 A",A0<%&9( 8(/0? #<3,:( #* #
,$0/8(A,",$0 &8A,/=& 8.09, '#)%08=#". I&%#34#.0 9, H,=,';&930.0
=(3&),C, ",),%#>, "03($ .* #$ )&I25 1#&8* 68$F)*+$? D($0 8&3 =,
="&B#0". !% /&B, 8',*,1,: "J&0 6=0 8, ( A"#)# <&.0*%#/ <0., .(/,
=&/0 # 080?& /09& <&.0*#, & %&"0)#=0 &/0 909 9, 3,=& 3'&*& *,.09/&, *&%&8 /&0 # ( 8=&"& .",3,%&, A0A('&"%0 %&<#.& "8=&"#3 $",6%#/03", #
=#3, *08A,.& ( *03,% ?#;,9.#0"#<3&... L "E".,%/&A#>#" 8, 0=&>
(0A6=, %, A03#C,, 6=0 9, 8&8.#3 %,(0?#)&9,%0 <& ?&9/( 0., ."8=,,
/&B, H. H,=,';&93. @0 %&$0.,6=&.& *& 9, 0=&> A"#8(=&% &'# ( 8/"#.,%03 .#*(. D&/',, &/0 8, %#9, A09&.#0 ,/8A'#>#=%0, 0%*& 8, 0=&> 8&/"#0 "#<3,:( ",*0.&". !=&> /09# ?&"&=& ="?(;03 ( /09,3 A"#.",3,%0
?0"&.# C,$0.& /1# %,($0*%0 8, A"#?'#B&.& %&$0.,6=&9( *& 9, 0=&> (
%,/09 A0'%09 &/=#.%08=#, A0.,<&%09 8 "0:,%03 1,"/03, 0%& %,A0?#=%0
0),/(9, 0* C,$& *& 9, 8A&8, #< 8.#; =,6/01&, & %&"0)#=0 0%#; ,30>#0%&'%#;, /09, 8( A08',*#>& C,%, B,4, *& $& <&.,*, # ?(*, <&.,*,%&
0* C,$&. @&/0 30B,30 .#*,=#, /&B, H,=,';&93, *& 9, 0=&> A"#8(=&% (
?&9># ( *.& 0A",)%& .#*&: /&0 .(/ (,/8=,"%&'#<&>#9& 0A&8%08=# A",301%#; ,*#A&'%#; 08,1&C&) # /&0 '0.&> (( 8.0909 <&6=#=%#)/09 8A&8#'&)/09 M(%/>#9#).

264
!,(&A,?&* 5.)"5"9 %4+.C, #<?&.4& 8, E".,%/&A#>&, /&0 >&"8/#3 ",<03. @&/0 9, %&$0.,6=,%& #*,9& ="(*%01, # A0"0:&9&. 5&"&.%0, %&/0% 8,/(&'%0$ )#%& E".,%/&A, # .(/&, %,/0 0* C#; 9, #A&/ 08=&0 ="(*&%; E".,%/&A& 9, 906 3&'& # %,<",'&, A& 9, 30"&0 .(/!
H,=,';&93 A#6,: "J&/0 <&3,=&/ ('&<# ( 3&9)#% 8=03&/? A#=& 8,
*,=, # *0/0%& *& 8, =0 30B, *0$0*#=# 9,*#%0 =&/0 6=0 3&9/& %,6=0
A"0$(=&, /&0 .(/". O/0 ?# .(/ (3"0 /&* 3( 8, 0=.0"# ="?(;, /&0 A"#
>&"8/03 ",<(, 8'(6&0># A"#), =9. *,>& ?# 8, 30$'& ?09&=# *& *,=,,
#<'&<,1# #< 3&9)#%0$ 8=03&/&, 0.( (?#9&.
DE@,E,) $E 5.)"5"9 (%"*,), 9,, A",3& A8#;0&%&'#=#)&"#3&,
A0%0.%0 "0:,C, %& 9,*%03 .#6,3 A'&%(, 0*%08%0 *08,<&C, .#6,$
0?'#/& A08=09&C&, 8=(AC& "&<.09&. D,=, 8&%9-$ *& 9, E".,%/&A#>& <&#8=& (3"'& /&0 *,.09)#>& /09& 9, 8,?# *0A(8=#'& *& 9, .(/ %&.,*, (
#8/(6,C,, # *& 8, ."&='& ( B#.0= /&0 *"(/)#9& 080?&, /&0 *,.09/&.
D,=, 153&#& *& .(/0.0 A"0B*#"&C, ?&/, # *,.09)#>, <%&)# *& 8(
C#; *., ?#', A"#.",3,%0 #<$(?4,%, <& 8.,=. I&=0 30"& *01# %,/0
8A04& *& #; #<?&.#, & /&* 8( A08",*# 3&9/& # *,=,, /0 ?# 30$&0 ?#=#
*0'# 0=&>?, A#=& H,=,';&93. J&* 9, A0A(8=#'& .(/0.03 <&.0*%#)/03
3&34,C(, E".,%/&A#>& 8, ."&=#'& 9,*%03 A"#3#=#.%#9,3, "&%#9,3
.#*( A08=09&C&- ."&=#'& 8, %& B#.0= ( 3&=,"#>#, <%&=%0 A", "0:,C&.
O'# <&6=0 ?&/& 30"& *& #8/(8# #8=( 8(*?#%( /&0 *,.09)#>&?
X=& 9, =0 ?&/& =&/0 8="&6%0 ("&*#'& *& ?# # 0%& ?#'& "(3"=.4,%&" #
."&1,%& #< *(?0/, 8=&"08=# %& B#.0= ( 3&=,"#>#! !.0'#/( ",$",8#9(
H,=,';&93 0A"&.*&.& ",)#3&: "@& A09,*#%08= 9, ( 8/'&*( 8& *,=#C#3
%&)#%03 A0#3&C& <%&),C& 83"=#- *& *0=#)%& 080?& .#6, %#9, 0*
/0"#8=#. D,*, # ?&/, 30"&9( ?#=# *,=,=( 0* /0"#8=# - 30"&9( ?#=#
8A080?%# *& $& <&6=#=,, A0()&.&9(, ;"&%,; &/0 =0 %#8( ( 8=&C(, 8.,*,%# 8( %& %#B# .#* A08=09&C&".
F3"= 9(%&/& 8#3?0'#6, C,$0. %,(8A,;, E".,%/&A#>& 9, /0?&9&$# (3"'& 9," %#9, ?#'& *0.04%0 <",'& *& 8&.'&*& 8.09( %&A(A,'(
A0'%08=. D& C#; *., %#8( 8=.&"%0 (3"',, A0/&<(9, E".,%/&A#)#%0
A0%&6&C, /&*& 9, #8/0)#'& %&A04,: "O;, /&/0 8&3 8, ?#'& (A'&6#'&!
J&0 9, 3"&)%0 ( .(/0.09 (="0?#!"21 H#=# (A'&6,%, <%&)# ?#=# B#.. O
A'&6#'& 8, 3"&/& 9," 9, #<$(?#'& .#6( 8.,8= /09& 9, 0?&89&.&'& C,%
8.,=, /&B, H,=,';&93, A& %&8=&.4&: "N'# 8, 08,1&'& /&0 *,=,, /09, <%&
*& 9, %,6=0 <$",6#'0 #'# .#6, %, 08,1& *& $& "0*#=,4# *0?"0 6=#=,, /&* 8, %& C,$& 8A(6=& =&3& %01# 8 C,%#3 (B&8#3&". N<$',*& *&
H,=,';&93 (# A8#;0&%&'#=#)&"# $,%,"&'%0) 8=.&"%0 #3& 9&8&% /0%.,"$,%=%# =",%*, &'# ( =09 =,BC# 0% #<.0*# =&/., (*3$86$)/*'$ #
8%&'&B4#.08=# /09, (8=.&"# A",*8=&.4&9( A"#.'&),C, ad-hoc 0?9&6C,C&.
21

+& %#8&3 %&#6'& %& 0., ",)# ( %#9,*%09 .,"<#9# 0., ?&9/,.

265
:.). 7& -,2.?&- (%"*,) ),*&?&* 9," 9, A"&.*& ?&9/, *& .(/
30"& (3",=# 0* 0%0$& 6=0 9, A0/(6&0 *& ()#%#: C,$0.& 0"&'%& A0;',A& C,$0.& 9, A"0A&8=. E".,%/&A#>& 9, *06'& %& #*,9( *& 8, .(/(
%&A(%# 8=03&/ /&3,C,3. !%& 9, 30"&'& ?#=# =& /09& 1, 8A0%=&%0
#8A'&%#"&=# 6=& *& 8, ()#%# 8 .(/03 # /09& =0 0?&.#, 9," 30"& ?#=#
/&*"& *& (/'0%# <&.0*%#/&, *& $& 8, 0=&"&8#. "N<$',*& *& ( .(/& #A&/
%#9, 8., .,'#/0, 9," E".,%/&A& A08', 8,/8& A08,B, <& .,'#/#3 /&3,C,3! Y#3, (A"&.0 (?#9& .(/&, %,<&*0.04%& 8,/803, & >.,1, #A&/ /0"#8=# <& C,$0.( 8&;"&%( (8#3?0'#)/#, ?&>& # A#'(', 9," 909 .#6, %#8( A0=",?%,)"22.
K,:(=#3, <?0$ ),$& 8, .(/( %&A(%# 8=03&/ /&3,C,3, 9,*%0 30',/('&"%0 0?9&6C,C, ?#;,9.#0"#8=& ?# 30$'0 *& #<$',*&'0 0.&/0:
J(1& "0*#=,4& #'# ?&/, <& *,=, 30"& 0'#)&.&=# 8#=(&>#9( (F)
%,A"#/08%0.,%0$ 3#"& # )#8=01,. 20$",6%0 9, =(3&)#=# A08=(A&/
E".,%/&A, 8& /&3,C,3 /&0 A0/(6&9 (?#8=.& .(/&. F.&/& =&/.& #'#
8'#)%& ",&/>#9, (G) A",*8=&.4& A0$",6%0 ",&$0.&C, <& /09#3 1,
(8',*#=# /&<%& (%,$&=#.%0 A0=/",A4,C,), 9," 9, '06, # /&BC#.0
(?#9&=#- 3&/&" 8, "&*#'0 0 B#.0=#C&3&, ?#', 0%, # <',! U,'#/& 9,
$",6/& A"#A#8&=# E".,%/&A# (?#8=.0 .(/&. @0 9, %,A"&.,*%0 # A",3& C09 # A",3& =0'#/#3 $,%,"&>#9&3& *,>, /09& (), 0* E".,%/&A, #
',/>#9, #< ?&9/, #<.'&), A0#8=0.,1(9(1# 8, 8& C03.
! ),3( 8, 0%*& "&*#? O/0 8, .(/ A"0?(*# (A08', 8A&6&.&C&
E".,%/&A, # ?&/, 0* 8="&%, '0.>&) # 08,=# *& 3( 9, 8=03&/ A"&<&%
(F), 0*%08%0 *& 9, $'&*&%, 0% 1, %&A&8=# (G) ?#'0 /0$& 0* ="09, A"#8(=%#;. @0 ?# A"#30"&'0 '0.>& *& A(>& # (?#9, .(/& %&8",* ?&/#%, 80?,, & 6=0 #<&<#.& %#< %,A"#9&=%08=# <& E".,%/&A( # <& 8.( *,>( /09&
8'(6&9( ?&9/(: %,",* # /". A0 80?#, (B&8&.&9(1# /"#/ A0$0:,%0$ .(/&, '0.&> A08=&9, (?#>& #=*. (8., 8( 0.0 &.,"<#.%, F # G, =9. F- G- ).
I&3#8'#=, /&/0 ?# *,=, *0B#.,'0 ",),%#>( "J&* 8, A"0?(*#0, .(/
A0/(6& *& A0?,$%,, &'# '0.&> ?"<0 #8A&'# %,/0'#/0 3,=&/& # "&<%,8, .(/& %& /03&*#1, 8.(*& A0 80?#... 8& <#*0.& 8, 8'#.&'& 8.,B& /"....
& .,'#/, .(/0., 0)# 8( 906 (.,/ ?(4#', ( E".,%/&A(..."! @0 %#8(
?&6 A",A0"()4#.# 8=#3('(8# <& *,=, ( "&<.09( (30'&"%0), & %&"0)#=0 <& *,=, /09, 9, A"# /"&9( ?&9/, /09& 3( 8, )#=& .,1 A"#*",3&'0 (30',/('&"%0) # A#=&C, 9, *& '# ?# 8, 0*(A",'0 0.#3 "&<*"&B(9(1#3
,/8>#=&>#9&3& # 3#"%0 <&8A&'0 (( A"#'#)%03 ?"09( 8'()&9,.& 8, ?&9/, )#=&9( /&0 (8A&.&%/,). I&=0 A#8&> ?#;,9.#0"#8=& # E".,%/&A&
F-G .&8A#=&%#/, A"#?,$&.&9( 8',*,109 =&/=#># (A0*"&<(3,.& 8, *& 9,
0.0 0?9&6C,C,!):

22
L83,%0 8&0A6=,C,: 3" K#"08'&. J03',%#1, &8#8=,%= %& $"(A# <& A8#;0'0$#9( %& V#'0<0M8/03 M&/('=,=( ( 5#6(.

266
2",3& <&/0%#=08=#3& #%=,"0>,A=#.%0$ (8'0.4&.&C& # #3A'#>#=%#; /#%,8=,=#)/#; *"&B# # ",&/>#9& (rg sg 3,;&%#<&3), .(/ 1,
/&3,C, ( 8=03&/( 08,=#=# /&0 ;"&%( 3&/&" A"#.",3,%0 *0/ %,
/"0)# A",/0 A"&$& # %&A(8=# /(1(. @&/0 %,1, %# A"#3,=#=# *& 9,
E".,%/&A& 08=&'& %,A09,*,%& # (A(=#1, 8, 3#"&% # <&*0.04&% ( 8.09( 6(3(. O/0 3( 8, %,6=0 # *,8#, *,8#1, 8, #<.&% /(1, # /(1& 1,
08=&=# A09&3 )#8=01,. @0 6=0 .(/ (3#", ( 80?# 8&8.#3 9, #",',.&%=%0, 0*%08%0 30B, 8, 83&="&=# #'# $",6/03 A#8>& (# 0%# %#8( (.,/
%&93&6=0.#=#9#) #'# 0*'(/03 *& 8, #A&/ 8.#3& (*0.04# ( ?&9>#. L
8.&/03 8'()&9(, A",3& F-G =(3&),C(, E".,%/&A& %#9, (?#>& .,1 A(%#
.(/( 8=03&/ /&3,C,3 ( %&9?0409 30$(109 %&3,"# <& =( 8#=(&>#9(.
L/0'#/0 8, A&/ 8'0B#30 8& H,=,';&9303 *& 9, 0%& 30"&'& ?#=#
=& /09& 1, #8A'&%#"&=# 6=& *& 8, ()#%# 8 .(/03 # /09& =0 0?&.#,
"E".,%/&A& ?"<0 *0%,8, A(%0 /"(A%0$ /&3,C&, A& C#3, %&A(%#6,
.(/( 8=03&/. J&* 8, A"0?(*#0, .(/ A0/(6& *& A0?,$%,, &'# 9, /&3,C,
?#'0 =&/0 =,6/0 *& 9, 0*3&; A&0 # 08=&0 %& 3,8=( 3"=&.", (0)#1,30
906 9,*%0 0?9&6C,C,: D,=, 8, 30B,, A",A(8=#=# 3&6=&C#3& ( /09#3& 8, A",=.&"& ( 08.,=%#/&. !.& M(%/>#9& /0$%#>#9, 9, 9,*#%8=.,%&
M0"3& #<?,$&.&C& *"&B# /09, A"0#<.0*, 8="&;0., # *& 9, ( 8.,3(
8'#)%& 30=0"#)/#3 ",&/>#9&3& #<?,$&.&C&. 5& =&9 %&)#%, /09# 9, (
?&9># 8&0?"&B,% *,=#C,3 %&)#%( 3#64,C& # *0B#.4&9#3& 8.,=&,
*,=,=( 8, "%(*," %0., *#3,%<#9, 3&6=, /09, ?# C,3( 8&303 ?#'0 =,6/0 *& 0=/"#9, # =#3, 8&30 A0=A03&B, ",30>#0%&'%0 A"&BC,C,"
0*%08%0 A"(B& %0., .#*#/, /0$%#=#.%0$ #<?,$&.&C& #<.0"& M"(8="&>#9, (%A". "0*#=,4&, $*, ?# %&A&* %& #<.0" (8',*#'& /&<%&).
2"#9&=%0 3&6=&C, <&#8=& 30B, *& 8%#<# %&A,=08= A"0#8=,/'( 08(9,1,C#3&. O *& '# 1, *,=, 0*&?"&=# 0.&/&. #'# 8'#)&% %&)#%... <&.#8#
0* C,$0.#; &M#%#=,=& # =,B#%# 08.,=,!
D&/',, .,1 9, ",),%0, /&0 # *,>& /09& 8'(6&9( ?&9/(, =&/0 #
E".,%/&A& 8.&/# A(= #<%0.& ( ?&9># #<'&<# #< C, 8& 9,*%03 %0.08=.0",%03 F-G .,<03: 0?"&=#=# A&BC( 8 /#3 8, A"#)& (F1 #'# F2) *#8/"#3#%&=0"%0 (),C,. U,"0.&=%0 9, #< =0$ "&<'0$& %&8=&'& *"($&
.,"<#9& ?&9/, "E".,%/&A#>&" ( /0909 9, A0%&6&C, 9(%&/#C, A0=A(%0
*"($&)#9,.
F4$6, (& E,540,5, %& #8=# %&)#%, & 8",1( 8, *., ",),%#>,:
1."E".,%/&A#>& A03#8'#: *0/ 8# B#.& %,1,6 8&3& 8/",%(=# 8&
8=&<, ( 6(3( /&* =# 3&9/& =0 <&?"&%#!"
2." & E".,%/&A& 8, <&",/'& *& %#/&* %,1, 8/",=&=# 8 A(=& #
'(=&=# A0 6(3# ?,< 3&3#%0$ 0*0?",C&".
28#;0&%&'#=#)&"# /03,%=&"#6( (< =&/&. (%(=&"C# 30%0'0$, A0=/",A4,% /"&9C, (<%,3#"(9(1#3 #8/(8=.03, E".,%/&A#)#%
8(8",= 8 .'&8=#=03 A0'%061( #3&1, 8&8.#3 *"(/)#9# #8;0* /&* ?(*,
8A",3%&, & =&*& 1, $& .,1 C,%& 3&9/& 0*0?"&.&=#.

267
H#;,9.#0"#8=# (< =&/&. (%(=&"C# 30%0'0$, A0=/",A4,% /"&9C, (<%,3#"(9(1#3 #8/(8=.03, E".,%/&A#>& 0*%08%0 *,=,, <%&1, /&/0
*& 8, A0%&6& /&*& $& <&(8=&.# %,A0<%&=& 080?& /09& #8A#=(9, # <&A#=/(9,.
G #4.9"7 5&4E$7$ "345&-),2$A&", /09& A0)#C, #8=0 /&0 # A".&,
/&B, 8, /&/0 ( 9,*%09 /&8%#909 A"#'#>#, /&* 9, E".,%/&A& 0A,= %08#'& /0'&), ?&/#, *"($# .(/ A0/(6& *& 9, 0*3&3# 8& 8=&<, ( 6(3(. !.0$
A(=&, *,.09)#>& A0;#=& ?&/# # 8., 909 #8A"#)&. I&9,*%0 <&6#A, ."&=&
=&/0 *& .(/ %, 30B, *& (:,. H&/& /&B, E".,%/&A# *& .&'0. %&A(%#
.0*03 /09& 3#"#6, %& /0?&8#>, 6=0 8( 8, ( C09 /(.&',, & 3#"#8 A"#.(), .(/&, =, 8, 0% 8 /"0.& 0/'#<%, # (A&*%, ( .&'0. 8& .0*03 #
(*&.# 8,. 2"#)& 8, <&."6&.& 0.&/0: "O E".,%/&A#>& 9, .,8,'0 0=#6'& /(1# # %#/0 909 %#9, %&(*#0".
H,=,';&93 =0 =(3&)# *& 9, *,.09)#>& %&/0% 8.0$ ":&.0$ #8/(8=.& 8;.&=#'& *& %#A06=0 %#9, *0.04%0 <",'& *& 8, %08# 8 .(/03-<&.0*%#/03, # 8A",3%& 9, *& 8/'0A# *0?&" "&*%# 8&.,< 8& 3&9/03, =9. 8&
"0*#=,4,3 #8=0$ A0'&, =&/0 *& 1, /"0< A0#8=0.,1,C, 8 "0*#=,4,3 #
8.,8%0 (),C, 0* C,$&, *,=, (8A,6%0 A","&8=# ( 0*"&8'0$.
F *"($, 8="&%,, 30B, 8, ",1# *& 9, E".,%/&A& #<.(/'& *0?"(
A0(/( #< 8.0$ #8/(8=.&, A& %#9, 8'(6&'& 8'&=/0",)#.0$ .(/&, .,1 9,
A08=(A#'& 0%&/0 /&/0 909 9, 3&9/& %& A0),=/( # ",/'&. D,=, 8'(6&9(1#
9,*%( A& *"($( .,"<#9( #8=, ?&9/,, 30B, ."'0 9&8%0 (.#*,=# &*,/.&=%0 A0%&6&C, # '&/0 0=/'0%#=# A0$",6%0, 9," (.#:& /0%8,/.,%>,
/09, A"&=, # 9,*%0 # *"($0, 0*%08%0, 9,*%0 8, /&BC&.& & *"($0 %&$"&:(9,. !.& .,"<#9& 9, 9&/0 /0"#8%& # A"&.& 9, 6=,=& 6=0 %#9, *0B#.,'&
#8=( (#'# ?&" A"#?'#B%() A0A('&"%08= A".,.
K)&.*%2- 41*52&)&.*#*+,$ *)#$848$#&/*'$, A"#3,=%0 9, *&
H,=,';&93 %#9, "&8=(3&)#0 906 %,/& A#=&C&, %A".: 1. *& '# 9, .(/ %&
/"&9( 1#3&8)2 (3"0 =9. "08=&0 %& 3,8=( 3"=&.", #'# ,2:&'&6* /&0 #
8.# 08=&'#?; 2. &/0 9, .(/ 8=.&"%0 (3"0, /0 9, 1*-:2.*+,* (3"0...
""&8>,A4,%# 3(6/&"&>, N*, 3&9/& %& A0"0:&9( >&"8/#3 ",<03..."?; 3.
&/0 9, .(/ /0?&9&$# (3"0, =0 ?# 0%*& 8#3?0'#<0.&'0 C,$0. %,(8A,;,
#'# *& 0% .#6, %#9, 0* /0"#8=#?, # 8'.

G&,C9+&,
J4()%, ",),%#>,, %& 08%0.( /09#; H"(%0 H,=,';&93 $"&*# 8.09, =(3&),C,, %&'&<, 8, .,"0.&=%0 ( 8&30 9,*%09 (#'# ( 3&C,3 ?"09()
.,"<#9# 0., A"#),, # =0 ( 0"#$#%&'%09 ?"&1, P"#3. @0 8(:
- 5&9.#6, 9, *,.09)#>( .0','& C,%& ?&/&, /09& A"08=0 %#9,
<%&'& 6=& ?# 8., *&'& =03 *,=,=(.
- F&30 A0.(># ",<( - .#/%( ?&/& - 8(.#6, 8&3 8'&?&, A& %, 30$( *& (8=&%,3.

268
- U(/ 9, 3#8'#0: "!.0 3'&*0 # %,B%0 8=.0",C, 9, *0?&" <&'0$&9, /09# 1, =# ?04, A"#9&=# %,$0 8=&"#>&".
- O E".,%/&A& 9, =")/&"&'& <& >.,1,3 # =,/ /&*& $& 9, %&?"&'&
=0'#/0 *& .#6, %#9, 30$'& %# *& $& A0%,8,, 8,=# 8, ?&/, # (A(=# 8,
C,%09 /(1#.
- "I&6=0 '# 8, *&%&8 =&/0 )(*%0 08,1&3, & #%&), 3# 9, /0* ?&/,
(.,/ .,03& A"#9&=%0?" A03#8'# E".,%/&A#>&.
- I&" 0.*, *& =, %&:,3, 8=&"# $",6%#),! (<.#/%( '0.&>.
!*&.%0 =, ="&B#3.
K,:(=#3, 303,%=# /09# 8, A09&.4(9( ?(/.&'%0 ( 8.#3 .,"<#9&3& "E".,%/&A," # ?,< /09#; A"#)& %, ?# %# A08=09&'&, 8(:
H. +,*%0$& *&%& ",), 3&9/& E".,%/&A#:
- S.0 =# 3&'0 8'&=/0$ .#%& # /0'&)&, A& %08# =0 ?&/#. !%& 9,
?0',8%& # #<%,30$'&, A& 1, 8, =#3, 3&'0 0/",A#=#. 20:# 0*3&;, A"#8=09%0 8, .'&*&9 # %, 8/",1# 8& A(=&. J&* (:,6 ( ?&/#%( 80?(, %,309
<&?0"&.#=# *& 909 /&B,6 "*0?"0 9(="0".
- 5, ?"#%#, 3&9)#>,! H#1( *0?"& # 8., 1( ("&*#=# /&/0 8# 3#
/&<&'&! %&83,9& 8, E".,%/&A&, (<, /0"A( 8& 9,'03 # 0*,.
2. N 0=")& 8 A(=& ( 6(3( *& ?,", >.,1,, <&?0"&.4&9(1# %& 0?,1&C, /09, 9, *&'& 3&9>#.
3. ...& E".,%/&A& 8, <&",/'& *& %#/&* %,1, 8/",=&=# 8 A(=& # '(=&=# A0 6(3# ?,< 3&3#%0$ 0*0?",C&.
D&/',, 8(6=#%& A"#), 8, 0$',*& ( 0.#3 303,%=#3&, C#;0.&
8.";& 9, *& 0'&/6&9( A"0>,8 80>#9&'#<&>#9,. !8%0.%# >#4 (/0%.,"$,%>#9&) ?&9/, "E".,%/&A&" 9, A"(B#=# *,=,=( ',/>#9( #< .&8A#=&C&:
( 8#=(&>#9# F (8(8",= 8& %,A0<%&=#3) A0%&6&=# 8, (G) %& 0*",:,%#
%&)#%.L 30',/('&"%03 0?9&6C,C( "&*# 8, *&/',, 0 *#8/"#3#%&=0"%03 (),C( (*#8/"#3#%&=0"%& ',/>#9& ( ?&9>#), A"# ),3( 8, (A(1(9,
%& "&<'#/( #<3,:( F1 # F2 (A0=/",A4(9(1#; # /&BC&.&9(1#; *"&B#),
& 6=0 %#9, %&9A",>#<%#9, #<.,*,%0, & # %, 30B, %#=# 9,*%03 ?&9/03,
%#=# ?,< A0301# "0*#=,4& # B#.0$ #8/(8=.&. P*, <&."6&.& $"&*#9,%=
$,%,"&'#<&>#9, 0*%08%0 $*, 2,*(& *#8/"#3#%&=0"%& ",&/>#9& %,
30B, ?#=# A",>#<%0 A"#/&<&%0 # =0 ."'0 ),8=0 %, <%&9( %# 0*"&8'#!
O'#, $*, 9, %,8A0"&<(3? 5,8A0"&<(3 9, 8&30 ( =03, 6=0 9, A#8&> ?#0
*0.04%0 3(*&" *& 9, A0/(6&0 *& %, A"(B# A&/ %# 9,*%( $"(?( # /"(=( 8;,3( A0%&6&C& ( =&/.09 8#=(&>#9#, .,1 M',/8#?#'%(: *,=, %,
=",?& 0*3&; %# *& ?,B# 0* %,<%&%>& (*& ?(*, (*3C$), 9," ?# # =0 ?#'0
%,&*&A=#.%0 # %,>#.#'#<0.&%0. F;0*%0 8#=(&>#9#, =, A"0>,%# 8'#)%08=# ($,%,"&'#<&>#9&) 0., 8& A",=;0*%03 ?,<0A&8%03, *0A(8=#.0 9,
# 482B&1,&#* 8& %,<%&%>,3; /&/0 # /0'#/0, 30"& ?#=# A",A(6=,%0
A&/ )$,2' (8962' :&'/* %& 8',*,1,3 %#.0( "&<.09& (*#8/"#3#%&=0"%0
(),C,!) 0*%08%0 *&4,3 .&8A#=&C(.
F 0?<#"03 *& 8, %&.,*,%, ",),%#>, %& /09#3& H,=,';&93 =(3&)# ?&9/( 9&.4&9( ( 8.,$& %,/0'#/0 .,"<#9& (30B*& # ( 8&30 9,*%09-

269
0"#$#%&'(), 0%*& ?# 3%0$& *,>& ?#'& '#6,%& A"&.0$ ,M,/=& "E".,%/&A," # %, ?# "&<",6#'& 8.09 ,*#A&'%# /03A',/8. Q&/ # H. H,=,';&93
%& 9,*%03 3,8=( /&B, *& %&3 "E".,%/&A#)#%& 8(*?#%& $0.0"# *& A0.,",C, ( 8.&)#9, *0?", %&3,",, /09, #<$',*&9( =&/0 ',A0, )0.,/& <&A"&.0 #<'&B, 0A&8%08=#3&" (8=". 191), *0/ %& 8=". 202. /&B, "E".,%/&A#>& 9, )&9+*.& *& 9, ?04, 0>& # 3&9/(, # C#;0., .",*%08=#, *(?4,
# <",'#9, ($"&*#=# ( .'&8=#=# F(A,"-,$0, /&/0 ?# A08=&'& 8A080?%&
*& 8&.'&:(9, 0A&8%08=# B#.0=&". O9<,%/ 9, A0/&<&0 *& 8, M0"3#"&C,
=<.. 30"&'%, 8.,8=# # 30"&'%0$ A0%&6&C& (0*%08%0 !94$8-$6&) 30$(
0?9&8%#=# /'&8#)%#3 (8'0.4&.&C,3, & ( <&.#8%08=# 0* /&"&/=,"#8=#/& >,%="&'%0$ # &(=0%03%0$ %,".%0$ 8#8=,3&... @&/0:, $0.0"# *&
"8., *0?", ?&9/, #3&9( <%&),C, %& 3%0$0 %#.0&; 9,*#%0 *,=, 30B,
<%&=# /09& 8( <%&),C& ( =03 =",%(=/( <& C,$& .&B%&".
D& '# 8.09#3 .#:,C,3 *& 8, (8/0"0) 8.# 0*$0.0"# 8& A8#;0&%&'#=#)/0$ $',*#6=& 8.0*, %& "the truth is out there" (D08#9, X), .#6,
0=/"#.&3 8.09, %,<%&C, #'# <%&C,, 08=&9, %& U&3& Q#=&)( *& A"0>,%#=,... 9," "<%&=# *& <%&6 0%0 6=0 <%&6 # *& %, <%&6 0%0 6=0 %,
<%&6, ,=0 =# %&9.#6,$ <%&C&"! (T&0 E,)

Jelena ivkovi[, Ni

PSYCHOANALITICAL INTERPRETATION OF FAIRYTALES

AS THE BEHAVIOURIST VIEWS IT
Summary
Human individual is born as an inhumane, uncultivated and unsociable
biological creature. Gradually, while living in a human environment and learning inside
of it, it becomes qualitatively different from all of the living beings. In the process of
socialisation, it becomes a person and a personality. A fairytale is one of the very
important sources of socialisation in literature for children. Positive characters should be
an example that is to be imitated and the negative ones should demonstrate a conduct
that must not be manifested.
S-R thesis I started with in "The Red Riding Hood" upbringing lesson, that is,
a discriminatory learning for a child (to notice and to discriminate dangerous stimuli
from the ones that are not dangerous); in a situation S (an encounter with the
unknown) to react (R) in a certain way, with an attempt to teach and in relation to a
stimuli generalisation gradient. The point of the story is shown in three key moments
that are present literally in all of the versions of "The Red Riding Hood" and without
them the story would not exist; their purpose is to facilitate the process of
socialisation.
Key words:

Fairytale, Socialisation, Conditional Learning, Cognitive Learning,

Upbringing Lesson (Discriminatory Learning), Depth Analysis,
Unconsciousness, Symbolic Behaviour, Sexual and Aggressive
Impulses.