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Digestive System
Respiratory System
Excretory System
Leonardo da Vinci
Contributions to Anatomy
Eye: light focuses on retina Muscles: reciprocal action Nerves: sensory and motor Brain: control center Heart: four chambers Skeleton Developing fetus in utero
Skull
Thought Question: Examine the bone being passed around the class. How do think this bone differs from a bone in a bird's wing?
Bone Marrow
red marrow is in spongy bone
production of blood cells
Cartilage
cushions the ends of bones
elbows, hips, and knees
provides structure
nose and ears much of a newborn's skeleton is made of cartilage
Bone Development
Cartilage pre-cursor cartilage is slowly replaced by bone through a process called ossification Osteoblasts bone forming cells Osteoclasts bone destroying cells Osteocytes regulate cellular activities of bone
Joints
Ball and Socket Joint (shoulder) - bones can rotate while moving back and forth and side to side Hinge Joint (knee) - allows movement back and forth in one plane Pivot Joint (top of neck and base of skull) - one bone rotates around another
Thought Question: Based on the diagram, what is the difference between a tendon and a ligament?
Muscle
Tendon
Femur
Patella Bursa
Ligament
Synovial fluid
Types of Muscle
Skeletal - striated,
voluntary, multinucleated Cardiac - only in heart, striated, involuntary Smooth surrounds tubes and vessels, not striated, involuntary
An individual muscle cell is a long fiber with many nuclei. Each muscle cell contains a central cable made of a rodlike structures called myofibrils
Sarcomere
Z disc
Myofibril
Muscle fiber (cell)
Myofibrils are composed of two types of protein, actin and myosin. They make up the light and dark bands in functional units called sarcomeres.
Types of Movement
Adduction - movement towards the midline of the body (i.e. the lowering of the leg or arm). Abduction - movement away from the midline of the body (i.e. raise arm, open hand).
Movement A
Biceps (relaxed)
Extension - An increase in the angle between two bones. Flexion - A folding movement in which there is a decrease in the angle between two bones.
Movement B
Biceps (contracted)
Triceps (relaxed)
Triceps (relaxed)
Sarcomere
Crossbridge
Contracted Muscle
actin - thin filaments, like a string of twisted beads, the ends of the actin strands are attached to Z lines
1. myosin heads attach to the actin filaments forming cross bridges 2. the heads of the myosin filaments walk along the actin filaments, pulling them toward the center of the sarcomere
Skin
functions as a
is made up of the
Barrier to infection
Epidermis
Dermis
which is the
which is the
Outer layer
Inner layer
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
Fat
epidermis - outermost layer, mostly dead cells that flake off as new cells replace them dermis - middle, contains hair follicles, oil and sweat glands, muscles, nerves and blood vessels hypodermis - innermost layer, fat storing cells and blood vessels
Thought Question: How can the presence/abundance of melanin be used as evidence for evolution?
Nails
also made of keratin
Thought Question: Dyed hair typically loses its color at the root and at the ends. Explain why based on what you know about how hair grows.
Cnidaria
Chordata
Thought Question: Why does a female praying mantis chew off the male's head while they are mating?
Sensory Division
Receives stimuli from the environment: Tells C.N.S. what is happening
Nerve Systems
Thought Question: What is the significance of the nerves that go to your heart, lungs, and digestive system being autonomic?
Cell body
Myelin sheath
Nodes
Axon
Dendrites
Dendrites - carry signals toward the cell body Axons - carry signals away from the cell body Myelin sheath - insulates the axon; nerve impulses hop from node to
node, thereby speeding the transmission of electrical signals
What happens when you reach out with your hand and touch something warm?
Reflex Arc
Reflex - an involuntary response to a stimulus
Thought Question: Does a reflex involve the central or peripheral nervous system? Explain. What is the evolutionary adavantage of this?
The knee jerk reflex (seen in the figure to the right) is called a monosynaptic reflex. This means that there is only 1 synapse in the neural circuit needed to complete the reflex. It only takes about 50 milliseconds of time between the tap and the start of the leg kick...that is fast. The tap below the knee causes the thigh muscle to stretch. Information is sent to the spinal cord. After one synapse in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, the information is sent back out to the muscle...and there you have the reflex.
Neurons At Rest
Resting Potential - resting neurons store electrical energy in the form of Na+ and K+ ions on opposing sides of the cell membrane Ion Channels - channel proteins allow these ions to cross the cell membrane by diffusion (Na+ in, K+ out); the inside of the neuron is more negatively charged than the outside because there are many more K+ channels than Na+ channels Ion Pumps - maintain the differences in ion concentration by pumping both ions back across the membrane
Outside of cell
Cell membrane
Inside of cell
ATP
Action Potential
At rest.
As the action potential passes, potassium gates open, allowing K+ ions to flow out.
Action Potential
Action Potential
When a neuron is stimulated, the membrane becomes more permeable to Na+ ions creating an action potential and the inside of the cell becomes temporarily positively charged
The action potential continues to move along the axon in the direction of the nerve impulse.
Thought Question: How does the myelin sheath help speed the transmission of this signal?
Axon Vesicle
Synapse - tiny gap where neurons connect to other neurons or to muscles Neurotransmitter - chemical that carries the nerve signal across the synapse 1. the action potential (electrical signal) causes vesicles to release chemical signals called neurotransmitters 2. neurotransmitters cross through a tiny space called the synaptic cleft 3. receptor molecules on the receiving neuron accept the neurotransmitter and may create a new action potential
The Senses
1. The Brain 2. Types of Sensory Receptors 3. Sight - The Eye 4. Hearing and Balance - The Ear 5. Smell and Taste
The Central Nervous System: consists of the brain and spinal cord.
Hypothalamus controls body temperature, thirst, hunger, water balance, and emotions Cerebellum body movement Pons Brain Stem Regulates body processes that are not conciously controlled, like the heartbeat Medulla oblongata
The Eye
Vitreous humor Muscle Lens
Fovea
Optic nerve
Pupil Iris
Blood vessels
Retina
Choroid Sclera
Ligaments
Cones - three
types respond to the three colors of light (blue, red, and green)
Farsightedness
eye is taller than it is wide, so the image is focused on a point behind the retina
Astigmatism
irregularities on the cornea or lens interfere with focusing
The Ear
Anvil Stirrup Hammer Oval window Semicircular canals Cochlear nerve
Cochlea
Thought Question: How are the semicircular canals organized to aid in balance?
Smell - sensory
neurons in the nose (olfactory receptors) respond to chemical stimulation. Very sensitive methyl mercaptan (the odor put in natural gas) can be detected in concentrations as low as 1/25,000,000,000 mg per ml of air.
Smell receptor Nasal cavity Smell sensory area Taste bud Taste pore Taste receptor
Thought Question: How are the signals from taste buds and olfactory receptors carried to the brain?