Effective

Soil Stabilization & Dust Control For Roads

Displaces bound water and improves the bearing ratio of clay & silty soils

8900 SW BURNHAM SUITE F-1 PORTLAND, OR, USA 97223 Tel./Fax. (503) 644-2207 E-mail: cbrplusllc@yahoo.com www.cbrplusllc.com

Stabilized Water Repellent Road Surfaces

CBR
PLUS

has been in use for over twenty years.

Soil Analysis
Soils are classified in accordance with the AASHTO classification. CBR PLUS chemists analyse a 200g sample to determine the soil reactivity with CBR PLUS. Using this information and the chart on the back of this brochure the correct amount and method of application is determined. CBR PLUS reacts differently with different soils.

CBR

PLUS

Application

The North American Formulation, CBR PLUS SUPER, has been specially blended for our soil and climatic conditions. CBR PLUS SUPER is a dark brown, viscous, highly concentrated liquid soil stabilizer, with double the reactive component of the other blends of CBR PLUS. CBR PLUS SUPER has high penetration capabilities and quick curing characteristics. CBR PLUS is a stabilizer for anionic soils that improves the load bearing performance of a variety of clays and silty soils. It has been used worldwide for over twenty years to control dust and improve compaction. CBR PLUS is a synthetic thio compound which forms protective, oily layers on the surfaces of soil and clay particles. It reduces ion mobility and ion exchange and simultaneously makes the material hydrophobic by eliminating the adsorption of water. The result is a soil material that is much less sensitive to moisture, more workable and can be compacted to a better particleinterlock state by equipment and traffic forces. Better particle-interlock means higher internal friction and improved bearing capacity. CBR PLUS will treat materials ranging from clays to silty sands and some gravels. Non-cohesive materials such as sand can be treated only after they have been modified by mixing them with a suitable clayey material.

Pour prescribed amount of CBR PLUS into water tanker. Apply diluted CBR PLUS solution evenly to soil surface, adding enough water to achieve a soil moisture content 1% of optimum. Mix CBR PLUS into soil and blade into final shape.

Compaction
Commence compaction with material at 1% of optimum moisture content. There is no maximum time limit between application of CBR PLUS and commencing compaction. A vibratory, sheeps foot or smooth drum roller compactor can be used for the initial compaction and the section is then finished off with a pneumatic compactor. Vehicle traffic will further compact treated section.
Dry density kg/m3

Site preparation
Shape the surface to final levels. Allow for proper drainage. Scarify soil to depth of 150mm (6 inches). Break down lumps of material. For heavy clays remove top half and windrow.

Road with compaction & large traffic forces

1800

1900

2000
Immediately after compaction. Moisture content less than optimum, free water forced out. Large improvement in density gradient Further compaction from heavy traffic forces

Depth below road surface (mm)

Untreated
100 200 300 400 500 600 Moisture content optimum Slight increase in density gradient

CBR PLUS treated

Absorbed Water

Untreated soil

CBR PLUS treated soil

Density gradient graph

CBR PLUS treated road surface shown here at actual size. (L) Road surface is prepared by scarifying and grading to final levels. (C) CBR PLUS is completely non-toxic and requires no special handling. (R) Treated road is compacted with rollers or vehicle traffic.

Working in 96 Countries Worldwide

CBR PLUS was developed in South Africa, and is backed by a team of professional soil specialists, chemists, and road construction engineers. CBR PLUS (also sold under the name CON-AID) is manufactured under the strictest quality batch control to ensure consistent performance. It is used in more than 96 countries to build low cost, allweather roads using in-situ materials and is biodegradable, non-toxic and environmentally friendly. What differentiates CBR PLUS from most other similar products is its permanent change to the soil. Roads require little or no re-treatment, so the resulting benefits are long term. Roads constructed over 20 years ago (without re-treatment) are still in excellent condition today. Over 30,000 km of roads have been successfully constructed using CBR PLUS. This technology is today one of the preferred methods used by the WORLD BANK in developing countries for building roads in rural areas. In certain countries we are assisting in the development of the countrys whole road infrastructure. Detailed soil analyses determine the correct application rates and professional construction methods ensure successful results and consistent increases in soil stability and CBR values.

Curing
After compaction, spray surface with clean water at daily intervals for seven days or as required to avoid rapid drying out. In the event of rain fall after compaction, the road surface may become slippery and form a mud crust. This is normal. Do not grade. Allow the surface to dry and traffic to smoothen the surface. If sealing of the surface is desired, the in situ moisture content of the treated section must be allowed to stabilize at between 50% to 60% of optimum moisture content. Normal sealants or asphalt can then be applied.

Key Benefits
Increase bearing capacity Increase soil workability Long term stabilization Reduces readsorption of water Reduces gravel loss Control dust Increase trafficability in wet conditions

Results
Cost saving use local soils. Increased workability saves time, machine effort and fuel during construction. Increase performance of in-situ soils. Improved trafficability and better driving conditions in wet weather. Dust reductions up to 90% create safer driving conditions. Treatment is permanent does not require retreatment of surface.

Primary Uses
Economical road construction Upgrading of roads Maintenance on unpaved roads Rehabilitation of failed roads Construction roads Parking areas Air strips Mass fills

How does it work?

The Stabilizing Process for Anionic Soils
CBR PLUS was developed to enhance the expulsion of adsorbed water in clay particles, to achieve maximum density, with less mechanical effort and to prevent the re-adsorption of water. This results in a permanently stabilized construction material. Most clay minerals are made up of stacks of silica and alumina sheets. The arrangement of these sheets result in different clay minerals such as kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite. Simply stated, these clay minerals inherently have a predominantly negative electrical or anionic charge. This causes the clay minerals to have a strong attraction for any cations that are present. The negative clay minerals attract cations like iron filings to a magnet and will react with water when present. (The electrostatic forces are greater in close proximity to the clay molecule or particle, resulting in very strong bonds). Normal temperatures and compaction pressures will not remove them. This layer of water is known as the electrostatic diffused double layer or adsorbed water.
clay particles Adsorbed water (weak cation) CBR PLUS (strong cation) Absorbed water

OK, but what about

costs?
A. Application of CBR PLUS modifies the compactability of locally available soils for road construction. The cost of CBR PLUS is usually significantly less than the cost of hauling gravel to modify the local soils.

Further away from the clay particle, the water molecules are no longer in an attracted or orientated state. This water is known as pore water or absorbed water. Certain clays, like montmorillonite, have spaces between the plates or layers, that can absorb water causing them to expand. These are known as expansive or swelling clays and are the cause of many failures in foundations or road layers. The obvious solution is to reduce the adsorbed layer of water surrounding the soil particle. If powerful positive molecules (such as the 4+ charge in CBR PLUS) can be supplied, the negative charge of the clay minerals can be satisfied or balanced out. At the same time any weaker cations, such as water can easily be disassociated and replaced, and /or occupation of the vacant ionic sites on the clay surface can take place. Large cations such as sodium, calcium and water cannot easily fit into these sites and are easily disassociated or replaced. Small cations, on the other hand, fit firmly into these vacated sites, balancing the clays negative charge with positive ions that cannot be removed. The clay is now relatively inert to water and the soil mass is permanently stabilized. This is precisely what CBR
PLUS

does.

?
prep time?
A. There is a distinct improvement in the workablilty of the soil after applying CBR PLUS. This saves time when grading and placing the soil. During the compaction stage, the number of passes required with the various compactors is reduced often up to 50%.

wet conditions?

A. The treated soil or road surface becomes hydrophobic or water repellent. The soil does not deteriorate in wet conditions, resulting in improved trafficability.

dust?

A. Dust diminishes by up to 90% depending on soil type. This reduces the need for frequent grading and other maintenance, resulting in cost savings and safer driving conditions.

application to an existing road?

A. CBR PLUS can be applied to an existing road surface to prevent rutting, gravel loss and provide dust control without rebuilding the road. The correct amount of CBR PLUS is applied with a water tanker in three or four applications. It penetrates the soil and reacts sufficiently to correct these problems.

the need to repeat the treatment?

A. The reaction of CBR PLUS with the clay particles in the soil is permanent. Some existing roads have been in use for over 20 years and have shown little or no deterioration over this period. If re-treatment is required at all, it would only be if additional material is imported.

regrading or repairing a treated road?

A. To repair damage in a road that was previously treated with CBR PLUS, merely wet the surface, regrade and ensure that the material pushed to the side is replaced onto the road. Provided no new untreated material is placed onto the road, the soil will recompact as if freshly treated. The repaired surface can be compacted by machine or by traffic forces.

CBR PLUS LLC 8900 SW BURNHAM SUITE F-1 PORTLAND, OR, USA 97223 Tel./Fax. (503) 644-2207 E-mail: cbrplusllc@yahoo.com www.cbrplusllc.com