MATTER IS MADE UP OF SOMETHING Nature of Matter Theories 1. Matter is Continous 2. Matter is not continous; can be cut a.

Democritus argued that Silver can be cut to yield its smallest particles called atomos (not Silver anymore b. Dalton argued farther that Silver can be cut to yield its smallest particles called atoms (they are still Silver) -Dalton made use of a scientific basis: Laws of Chemical Composition 1. Law of Conservation of Mass 2. Law of Constant Composition/Definite Proportion / Multiple Proportion Daltons Atomic Theory 1. Matter is made up of smallest particles called atoms 2. The atoms of a given element are essentially the same with only slight variations in their masses
1

atomic number

protium cut

H1. ....
1 1

Hydrogen

deuterium

H2. ....
1

H1.0079

tritium

H3.....

atomic mass

3. The atoms of an element are different from the atoms of another element 4. In a given chemical reaction atoms cannot be destroyed 5. Compounds are formed from 2 or more elements joining together.

John Dalton MATTER can be cut ATOMS

experimental evidences can be cut SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES protons

mass acceleration experiments can be cut QUARKS

can be cut

2 up quark 1 down quark

neutrons

can be cut 1 up quark 2 down quark electrons

electrons

UP Quark = +2/3 DOWN Quark = -1/3 Subatomic Symbol Charge Particle proton P+ + neutron N0 0 electron e Properties of the Nucleus : Rutheford Experiment 1. Tiny 2. Positively charged 3. Very densed (heavy) An atom can be identified by 2 numbers 1. Atomic number (Z)- number of positive charge of an atom; number of protons; number of electrons 2. Mass number (A)- number of protons and number of neutrons contained in the nucleus - Whole number equivalent of atomic mass A= Z + number of neutrons Number of neutrons = A-Z An atom undergoes change to become charged entities ( ion ; cation and or anion, electropositive, electronegative species) Cation positively charge ion; more protons than electrons; electrons were lost Anion- negatively charge ion; less protons than electrons; electrons were gained Mass (a.m.u.) 1.0072 1.008665 0.000054 Location nucleus nucleus space Significance Mass of the atom Mass of the atom Size of the atom

P = 11
11

22.9 ~ 23

Na

+1

e =

10

n0 = 12

p = 17
17 35 .45 ~35

Cl e = 18 n= 18
-

How to write ion?

Fundamental Facts about the Subatomic Particles 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Every proton and neutron are found in the center of the atom called the nucleus The number of protons is called the atomic number The mass number is the number of protons and the number of neutrons contained in the nucleus In an electrically charged neural atom the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons Electrons are located in the space about the nucleus.