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\PCEMUC P-<0 YOHOADGEOD _ ECGZPCA MG UDA]J \Ò@AOED \PCZCECAC JM YOHOADGEOD _ ECGZPCA JM UÆGJPCFM P]@MCAD ECGHÏGOZD
\ähogd 4 jm 40 Ymrsoõg2 <<
\PC-P<0.<<5.<<<<-<55
Imekd prõxofd rmvosoõg2 0<4:-<;
Mad`crdjc pcr2 Mquopc Iugeocgda Ogfugcprmvmgo`ams Hrupc Mgimrfmjdjms Zrdgsfoso`ams Imekd2 0<44/<8/4= Pmvosdjc pcr2 \dtroeod Udads Uuspms \rcimsocgda ]govmrsotdrod Mquopc Iugeocgda Ogfugcprmvmgo`ams Imekd2 0<44/<8/0=  Dprc`djc pcr2 Jrd. Jdgon Ydamrd Dgtmqumrd Uu`jormetcr jm Yohoadgeod y Ecgtrca mg Udauj \ò`aoed Imekd2 0<44/<;/<;
4. C@BMZOYCU 4.4. C`bmtovc hmgmrda
Pmdaozdr ma smhuofomgtc ecgtoguc y sostmfätoec jma ecfpcrtdfomgtc jma sægjrcfm jm ru`ïcad ecghïgotd fmjodgtm acs prcemscs jm gctoioedeoõg, rmecameeoõg y dgäaosos jm acs jdtcs ecg ma iog jm hmgmrdr ogicrfdeoõg cpcrtugd, väaojd y ecgiod`am qum pmrfotd cromgtdr ads fmjojds jm prmvmgeoõg y maofogdeoõg jm ïstm mvmgtc mg ma pdæs.
d. C`bmtovcs mspmeæioecs
Hmgmrdr prcemscs sostmfätoecs jm rmecameeoõg y edpturd jm jdtcs sc`rm sægjrcfm jm ru`ïcad ecghïgotd. Icrtdamemr ma jodhgõstoec smrcaõhoec jm ad`crdtcroc jm ad ru`ïcad y ma UPE y ma dosadfomgtc jma vorus mg ma pdæs. Ojmgtoioedr tmfprdgdfmgtm acs edscs gumvcs jma sægjrcfm jm ru`ïcad ecghïgotd. Hmgmrdr ogicrfdeoõg jmseroptovd qum edrdetmroem ma ecfpcrtdfomgtc y ad jogäfoed jma mvmgtc mg ma pdæs. Cromgtdr ma deeocgdr jm acs rmspcgsd`ams mg sdauj pò`aoed ecg ma iog jm jmtmetdr, jodhgcstoedr y trdtdr cpcrtugdfmgtm acs edscs jm ru`ïcad ecghïgotd. Ecgtro`uor da fmbcrdfomgtc jm ad ojmgtoioedeoõg jm edscs, `rctms y su ogvmstohdeoõg pdrd ma jmsdrrcaac jm deeocgms jorohojds d mvotdr ad ceurrmgeod jm gumvcs edscs.
0. DAEDGEM
Mstm jceufmgtc jmiogm ad fmtcjcachæd pdrd acs prcemscs mstd`ameojcs pdrd ad gctoioedeoõg, rmecameeoõg y dgäaosos jm acs jdtcs qum cromgtdrdg ads fmjojds jm prmvmgeoõg y ecgtrca jm acs edscs jm ru`mcad ecghïgotd, d govma gdeocgda, jmpdrtdfmgtda, jostrotda y fugoeopda, smhòg sm rmquomrd.
5. PMU\CGUD@OAOJDJ
Ms rmspcgsd`oaojdj jma Ogstotutc Gdeocgda jm Udauj d trdvïs Uu`jormeeoõg jm vohoadgeod y ecgtrca mg sdauj pò`aoed, mfotor acs pdräfmtrcs pdrd rmdaozdr ad vohoadgeod d trdvïs jm mstm jceufmgtc y jm acs detcrms jma sostmfd2 Fogostmroc jm ad \rctmeeoõg Uceoda-Emgtrc Gdeocgda jm Mgadem. Ogstotutc Gdeocgda jm Udauj-Uu`jormeeoõg jm vohoadgeod y ecgtrca mg sdauj pò`aoed. ]gojdjms gctoioedjcrds2 Mgtojdjms tmrrotcrodams jm edräetmr gdeocgda, jmpdrtdfmgtda, jostrotda y fugoeopda. ]gojdjms profdrods hmgmrdjcrds jm jdtcs2 Mgtojdjms jm edräetmr pò`aoec y provdjc qum edptdg acs mvmgtcs jm ogtmrïs mg sdauj pò`aoed.
:. JMIOGOEOCGMU
Ads ecgtmgojds mg ma Jmermtc 5=4; jm cetu`rm ? jm 0<<9 jma Fogostmroc jm ad \rctmeeoõg Uceoda pcr ma euda sm ermd y rmhadfmgtd ma Uostmfd jm vohoadgeod mg sdauj pò`aoed y sm joetdg ctrds jospcsoeocgms.
 
 
\PCEMUC P-<0 YOHOADGEOD _ ECGZPCA MG UDA]J \Ò@AOED \PCZCECAC JM YOHOADGEOD _ ECGZPCA JM UÆGJPCFM P]@MCAD ECGHÏGOZD
\ähogd 0 jm 40 Ymrsoõg2 <<
\PC-P<0.<<5.<<<<-<55
Imekd prõxofd rmvosoõg2 0<4:-<;
Mad`crdjc pcr2 Mquopc Iugeocgda Ogfugcprmvmgo`ams Hrupc Mgimrfmjdjms Zrdgsfoso`ams Imekd2 0<44/<8/4= Pmvosdjc pcr2 \dtroeod Udads Uuspms \rcimsocgda ]govmrsotdrod Mquopc Iugeocgda Ogfugcprmvmgo`ams Imekd2 0<44/<8/0=  Dprc`djc pcr2 Jrd. Jdgon Ydamrd Dgtmqumrd Uu`jormetcr jm Yohoadgeod y Ecgtrca mg Udauj \ò`aoed Imekd2 0<44/<;/<;
=. ECGZMGOJC =.4. Ofpcrtdgeod jma mvmgtc =.4.4. Jmseropeoõg jma mvmgtc
Ad ru`ïcad ms ugd edusd irmeumgtm jm mxdgtmfd y iom`rm mg ad pc`adeoõg ogidgtoa y su ofpcrtdgeod pdrd ad sdauj pò`aoed rdjoed mg acs mimetcs tmrdtõhmgcs jm ad profcogimeeoõg ru`mõaoed mg ad fubmr mf`drdzdjd (4). Ad pdgjmfod fugjoda jm ru`ïcad jm 4?90-4?9= pusc jm fdgoiomstc ad ofpcrtdgeod jma sægjrcfm jm ru`ïcad ecghïgotd (UPE)> sm mstofd qum mg Mstdjcs ]gojcs ceurromrcg fäs jm 0<.<<< edscs. Aumhc jm ugd ogimeeoõg jurdgtm ma profmr trofmstrm jma mf`drdzc, ma romshc jm d`crtc mspcgtägmc dufmgtd dprcxofdjdfmgtm mg =<% (4). Ads fdgoimstdeocgms eaægoeds jma UPE pumjmg smr trdgsotcrods (pcr mbmfpac, pòrpurd), mstrueturdams pmrfdgmgtms (pcr mbmfpac scrjmrd, jmimetcs jma sostmfd gmrvocsc emgtrda, edrjocpdtæd ecghïgotd c edtdrdtds) c dimeeocgms jm dpdroeoõg tdrjæd (pcr mbmfpac, jod`mtms fmaaotus). Ad ogimeeoõg fdtmrgd dgtms jm ad 4?ª smfdgd jm hmstdeoõg pumjm edusdr scrjmrd gmurcsmgscroda, fomgtrds qum ad edtdrdtd y ad edrjocpdtæd sõac sm prcjuemg eudgjc ad ogimeeoõg ms dgtmrocr d ad ?ª smfdgd jm hmstdeoõg (4). Ma romshc d`scautc jm UPE mg acs goôcs gdeojcs jm fdjrms ogimetdjds jurdgtm ma mf`drdzc vdræd dfpaodfmgtm mgtrm acs jovmrscs mstujocs2 mg pdrtm, rmiambd ad mjdj jm acs goôcs mg ma fcfmgtc jm ad rmvosoõg, yd qum ad scrjmrd sm jmtmetd ecg fdycr ideoaojdj aumhc jm acs jcs dôcs jm vojd.
Dspmetc Jmseropeoõg (0) Dhmgtm mtocaõhoec
Ms ug vorus PGD qum pmrtmgmem d ad idfoaod Zchdvorus (Zchdvorojdm) y da hïgmrc Pu`ovorus y gc tomgm rmdeeoõg eruzdjd ecg ctrcs fomf`rcs jm ad idfoaod. Ms ug vorus ogmstd`am, tmrfcaä`oa, y ms räpojdfmgtm ogdetovdjc pcr dhmgtms quæfoecs, edf`ocs jma pK, y smgso`am d ad auz uatrdvocamtd.
Fcjc jm trdgsfosoõg
Ad fubmr mf`drdzdjd mgtrd mg ecgtdetc ecg smermeocgms gdscidræghmds jm ads pmrscgds ogimetdjds, pcr ecgtdetc jormetc ecg ad smermeoõg c d trdvïs jm hctds mxpuasdjds pcr ugd pmrscgd mgimrfd da kd`adr, mstcrgujdr c tcsmr. Um mstofd qum jm 0= d =<% jm ads ogimeeocgms ms dsogtcfätoec. Mg ad fubmr mf`drdzdjd jurdgtm ad vormfod, ma vorus pumjm ogimetdr ad pademgtd. Da pdrmemr ad rmpaoedeoõg mg ad pademgtd prmemjm d ad ogimeeoõg imtda y pmrfotm ad mgtrdjd jma vorus mg ad eoreuadeoõg imtda smhuojd jm ad ogimeeoõg imtda jm acs õrhdgcs. Acs adetdgtms ecg ru`ïcad ecghïgotd mxpuasdg hrdgjms edgtojdjms jm vorus ecg ads smermeocgms idræghmds y ecg ad crogd, y mg ecgsmeumgeod, scg iumgtm jm ogimeeoõg pdrd sus ecgtdetcs susempto`ams.
\mræcjc jm ogeu`deoõg
Ma pmrocjc jm ogeu`deoõg ms jm 4: d 05 jæds jmsjm ma fcfmgtc jm ad mxpcsoeoõg kdstd ad dpdroeoõg jm acs profmrcs sægtcfds. Ad fdycræd prmsmgtdg ma mxdgtmfd jmspuïs jm 4: d 48 jæds jm kd`mr mstdjc mxpumstc da vorus.
Uusempto`oaojdj
Ad susempto`oaojdj ms hmgmrda jmspuïs qum ma rmeoïg gdeojc pomrjm acs dgtoeumrpcs djquorojcs d pdrtor jm acs dgtoeumrpcs fdtmrgcs. Acs adetdgtms hmgmrdafmgtm pmrfdgmemg prctmhojcs pcr acs dgtoeumrpcs jm ad fdjrm jurdgtm acs profmrcs smos d gumvm jm fmsms jm vojd. Ad ogfugojdj detovd sm djquomrm pcr fmjoc jm ad ogimeeoõg gdturda c pcr ad vdeugdeoõg. Ad ogfugojdj detovd ms jurdjmrd, y sm kd mstd`ameojc qum sm prcacghd tcjd d vojd. Cedsocgdafmgtm sm kd jmfcstrdjc rmogimeeoõg. Ad susempto`oaojdj ms hmgmrda mg pc`adeocgms gc vdeugdjds c qum gc kdg sojc mxpumstds da vorus. Um mstofd qum mg Dfïroed Adtogd jm 0= d 5<% pmrfdgmem susempto`am. Ad ru`ïcad ecghïgotd jmpmgjm jma gòfmrc jm fubmrms mg mjdj iïrtoa susempto`ams.
Pmsmrvcroc
Ma smr kufdgc ms ma ògoec kuïspmj gdturda jma vorus jm ad ru`ïcad.
 
 
\PCEMUC P-<0 YOHOADGEOD _ ECGZPCA MG UDA]J \Ò@AOED \PCZCECAC JM YOHOADGEOD _ ECGZPCA JM UÆGJPCFM P]@MCAD ECGHÏGOZD
\ähogd 5 jm 40 Ymrsoõg2 <<
\PC-P<0.<<5.<<<<-<55
Imekd prõxofd rmvosoõg2 0<4:-<;
Mad`crdjc pcr2 Mquopc Iugeocgda Ogfugcprmvmgo`ams Hrupc Mgimrfmjdjms Zrdgsfoso`ams Imekd2 0<44/<8/4= Pmvosdjc pcr2 \dtroeod Udads Uuspms \rcimsocgda ]govmrsotdrod Mquopc Iugeocgda Ogfugcprmvmgo`ams Imekd2 0<44/<8/0=  Dprc`djc pcr2 Jrd. Jdgon Ydamrd Dgtmqumrd Uu`jormetcr jm Yohoadgeod y Ecgtrca mg Udauj \ò`aoed Imekd2 0<44/<;/<;
=.4.0. Edrdetmrozdeoõg mpojmfocaõhoed
 Ad mpojmfocachæd jma UPE ms rmdafmgtm ecgceojd mg pcecs pdæsms jma fugjc. ]g fcjmac fdtmfätoec mstd`ameoõ ad ogeojmgeod jm ad mgimrfmjdj mg vdrocs pdæsms qum gc mstäg usdgjc ad vdeugd, mstofägjcad mg 44< edscs dgudams. Ad rmvosoõg jm ad ogicrfdeoõg mg acs pdæsms mg jmsdrrcaac vdræd mgtrm <,9 y 0,0 pcr 4.<<< gdeojcs vovcs> tdsds sofoadrms sm c`smrvdrcg mg pdæsms dgtms jm ad vdeugdeoõg ugovmrsda. Mg acs òatofcs tomfpcs, y pcr jovmrsds rdzcgms, kd ermeojc ma ogtmrïs pcr ad edrhd jm fcr`oaojdj jm`ojd d mstd ogimeeoõg. Um jceufmgtdrcg mpojmfods jm ru`ïcad qum edusdrcg UPE mg \dgdfä d fmjodjcs jm ad jïedjd jm 4?;<, y mg Cfäg y Uro Adgnd mg ad jïedjd jm 4??< (4). Mg ad rmhoõg jm ads Dfïroeds d ad imekd ma UPE ms fcgotcrozdjc pcr ug sostmfd jm vohoadgeod pdsovd y acs jdtcs jm vohoadgeod sc`rm su ogeojmgeod scg aofotdjcs. Acs pcecs edscs rmpcrtdjcs prc`d`amfmgtm rmprmsmgtdg tdg sõac ad pugtd jma oem`mrh. Um mstofd qum ceurrædg 0<.<<< edscs dgudams dgtms jm ofpamfmgtdr ads detovojdjms jm vdeugdeoõg. Ecg acs msiumrzcs mg ad maofogdeoõg jma sdrdfpoõg mg ad rmhoõg jm ads Dfïroeds, acs jdtcs jma sostmfd jm vohoadgeod mpojmfocaõhoed kdg pmrfotojc jceufmgtdr ad eoreuadeoõg jma vorus jm ad ru`ïcad mg fuekcs pdæsms jm ads Dfïroeds. Ads ogvmstohdeocgms jm `rctms jm ru`ïcad tdf`oïg kdg pmrfotojc jceufmgtdr edscs jm UPE mg pdæsms jm ad rmhoõg (5). Ma prchrmsc rmhocgda kdeod ad maofogdeoõg jm ad ru`ïcad kd sojc sohgoioedtovc y ma gòfmrc jm edscs ecgiorfdjcs jm ru`ïcad kd josfoguojc mg ?;,9% mgtrm 4??; y 0<<9 (jm 45=.?:8 d 4.;84). Ma gòfmrc jm pdæsms/tmrrotcrocs mg ads Dfïroeds qum rmpcrtdg edscs jm UPE kd dufmgtdjc jm 4; (45%) mg ma dôc 4??; d 4<<% jmsjm 0<<5. Mg ma dôc 0<<=, acs pdæsms ecfmgzdrcg d rmpcrtdr acs edscs scspmekcscs jm UPE smfdgdafmgtm. Mg 0<<9, 948 edscs scspmekcscs jm UPE sm rmpcrtdrcg y eogec jm maacs iumrcg ecgiorfdjcs (jdtcs jmsjm UM =0, 0<<9), ac qum rmprmsmgtd ugd rmjueeoõg so ecfpdrdfcs ecg acs 0< edscs jm UPE ecgiorfdjcs mg 0<<= (:). Mg Ecacf`od d trdvïs jma sostmfd jm vohoadgeod mg sdauj pò`aoed UOYOHOAD sm kdg gctoioedjc 99 edscs jm UPE mg ma 0<<8, 4:0 mg ma 0<<; y 0<5 mg ma 0<<?, tcjcs ecg rmsuatdjcs gmhdtovc pdrd mstm mvmgtc. Ads mgtojdjms tmrrotcrodams qum kdg dpcrtdjc ma fdycr gòfmrc jm gctoioedeocgms kdg sojc @chctd, Fmtd, Dgtocquod y Gdroôc. Mstm ogermfmgtc sm kd hmgmrdjc pcr ma icrtdameofomgtc jm ad vohoadgeod d trdvïs jm ad ermdeoõg jm ugojdjms emgtogmads mstd`ameojds mg 4< eoujdjms jma pdæs y ma decfpdôdfomgtc ecgtoguc d acs jmpdrtdfmgtcs pcr pdrtm jma govma emgtrda.
=.0. Mstrdtmhod
Yohoadgeod pdsovd Yohoadgeod detovd Yohoadgeod emgtogmad2 kcspotdams jm rmimrmgeod jm datd ecfpambojdj, ogstotueocgms pdrd pmrscgds josedpdeotdjds. Umhuofomgtc jm edscs qum dpdrmemg mg ma pmræcjc gmcgdtda c mg ad profmrd ogidgeod. Icrtdameofomgtc jma jodhgõstoec jm ad`crdtcroc y dosadfomgtc jma vorus.

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