Middle East Technical University Department of Chemical Enginnering By Group E Mert ZKAN Gnseli KK Mehmet Sinan EN Selin ZDEMR

Uploaded by FARRUKH SHAHZAD PAKISTAN. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMCIAL ENGG. University of Engg &Tech. PESHAWAR

OUTLINE INTRODUCTION

FANS DYNAMIC TYPE COMPRESSORS POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSO

AND BLOWERS COMPRESSORS RS CONCLUSIONS

INTRODUCTION The main use of the fans, compressors and blowers is the transportation of gases The main item of most processes is the compresor selection There are wide variety o f compressors so it is crucial to define the operating conditions before selecti on

Major Factors During Selection Head or Pressure Rise Flow Rate Temperature Limitations Consumption of Power Cost

The pressure rise which is the main difference between fans, compressors and blo wers can be stated as follows: P(psig) Fans 2 Blowers 2-10 Compressors >10

FANS & BLOWERS

FANS They are the air displacement systems moving air continuously to moderate pressures D ue to little change in pressure of air in fans, air is considered to be incompre ssible They can have pressure rise up to 2 psig.

The characteristics of fans can be classified as; The volumetric flowrate of the gas displaced by the fan is directly proportional wit h the fan speed The static pressure varies with the square of the fan speed The power consumed varies with the cube of the fan speed

FANS Axial Centrifugal Tube Vane Radial Forward Backward Air Foil Blade Curved Curved

AXIAL FANS Gas moves parallel to the axis of rotation There are two types of axial fans; Tube axial fans - Vane axial fans

Tube axial fans are used for wide range of volumes at medium pressure In vane axial f ans there is air guide vane on the discharge side and the air flow pattern is a straight line hence improvement in efficiency and reducement in turbulance is ob served

CENTRIFUGAL FANS Gas stream moves perpendicular to the axis of rotation They are classified as; radia l blade, forward curved, backward curved and air foil wheel

RADIAL BLADE CENTRIFUGAL FANS They are used for pneumatic transportation and exhausting process gas in high resista nce systems With relatively low capacity, they can achive high static pressure T hey can develop high pressures with high speeds Blades clean themselves They are not used for ventilating purposes

FORWARD CURVED CENTRIFUGAL FANS They discharge higher volume of air at slower fan speeds They operate with a moderate amount of noise They require little space They are used for clean gases

BACKWARD CURVED CENTRIFUGAL FANS They develop much of their energy directly as pressure They develop less velocity hea ds by operating at medium speeds Small variations in system volume result in sma ll variations in air pressure

AIR FOIL CENTRIFUGAL FANS They are backward curved centrifugal fans with an air foil cross section They can ope rate more silently since air forms no turbulance while flowing through the wheel s

BLOWERS Blowers are used for supplying low pressure air up to between 2-10 psig. They consist of two parallel shaft rotors They may have 2 4 lobes The rotating shaft in the con stitution of the blower traps some gas The compression of the gas in the blower is negligible

They are used for; - Pneumatic transportation of particulate material - Water an d waste treatment - Providing moderate vacuum

COMPRESSORS COMPRESSOR Dynamic Positive Displacement Centrifugal Type Axial Type Reciprocating Rotary

CENTRIFUGAL DYNAMIC TYPE COMPRESSORS There is flow of air in radial direction They are the most popular type of compressors since they are simple and have maintainance free designs They are used for wide variety of services which are; cooling and drying, compressing gas or steam, su pplying combustion air to furnaces, agitation and aeration

The advantages of centrifugal compressors can be classified as; They are more efficient than reciprocating ones They provide high flowrates They are compact, less site area They need lower maintainance requirements They are tolerant to liquid carry

The disadvantages of centrifugal compressors can be classified as; They have low er capacity - They have lower efficiency at low flow rates -

AXIAL COMPRESSORS They have blades having air foil structure pushes air in axial direction gh speed and they are large volume compressors They have low head They have hi

Blades of axial compressors have airfoil structure and decrease in diameter There is a stationary phase between each row, redirecting the flow and accompolishing a lev el of conversion of velocity to pressure There is a pressure increase in each ro w

The advantages of axial compressors; They have higher efficiency - They have hig her capacity (flow rate) - They are in smaller size -

The disadvantages of axial compressors; They limited operating range They are more subjected to corrosion They are subje cted to deposits They have higher capital costs They have lower heads

Combined Axial and Radial Compressor Applications They have flow rates ranging from 50,000 to 690,000m3/hr They have pressure rati o ranging from 5.8 to 12.5

Multistage Integrally Geared Compressor Applications Flow rate ranging from 1,000 to 500,000m3/hr Having pressure upto 100 bar

Single Stage Centrifugal Compressor Application Flow rate is 500,000m3/hr and having compression ratio 3 with discharge pressure 80bar

Pipeline Compressor Applications This is the natural gas compressor for pipeline transportation having pressure r atio ranging from 1.05 to 1.5, shaft speed ranging from 3,000 to 13,500 rpm andd ischarge pressure ranging from 80 to 125 bar

Axial Flow Compressor Applications This is used in catalyst regeneration plant having flow rate ranging from 50,000 to 1,400,000m3/hr having pressure ratio ranging from 1.9 to 6.5

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSORS Positive Displacement Compressors Reciprocating Compressors Rotary Compressors

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS They are the oldest type of compressors They have higher maintainance costs and lower capacity than dynamic compressors They are widely used in industry They have cy linders which are equipped with suction and delivery valves Compression cycle is composed of 3 cycles which are intake, compression and discharge

They intake gas by the help of cylinders The pistons motion is reversed and the gas wh ich taken in is compressed The gas is expelled during the delivery stroke

In multistage reciprocating compressors; The gas is compressed to an intermediate pressure - The other cylinders raise th e pressure to the end pressure - There also exist intercoolers

The two rotating components confine a volume of gas es in rotation so pressure increases The volume of the pocket decreas

The rotary compressors have high range of capacity and compression ratio compressors are classified as; Lobed, Helical Screw, Sliding Vane The rotary

HELICAL SCREW COMPRESSORS There are mainly two screws which are called male and female The gas is compressed bet ween the lobes of the screw and move along the axis to an outlet port

These units can be; oil flooded and dry The contamination of oil is prevented by dry c ompressors Oil flooded units are used in refrigeration systems and plant air ser vice

SLIDING VANE COMPRESSORS The gas trapped between the vanes and it is compressed as the compartment moves arou nd the casing

CONCLUSIONS The fans have wide range of flowrate The material selection is important during manu facturing fans The blowers have low power and pressure applications The blower i s less efficient method of compression

CONCLUSIONS When centrifugals are run at lower flow rates the efficiencies decrease The centrifug als are tolerant to liquid carry The liquid with the gas can cause erosion and s evere damage in centrifugals In axial equipment, high compression efficiency is observed The axial equipment is applied for high flow andlow discharge pressures

CONCLUSIONS The reciprocating systems are applicable for low flow rate of high pressure rati o The oil contamination is important in reciprocating systems The reciprocating systems have higher maintainance cost The reciprocating systems are not suited t o dirty gasses The process gases that are taken in should be clean and dry in ax ial equipments The reciprocating systems are not tolerate liquid droplets in the suction flow

CONCLUSIONS The screw compressor have higher initial cost than reciprocating compressors for the same duty The sliding vane compressors have low pressure applications The slidi ng vane compressors operate at low speeds The noise level of the sliding vane co mpressors is low