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Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with reality, existence, knowledge, values,

reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument.[3] The word "philosophy" comes from the Greek (philosophia), which literally means "love of wisdom".

Etymology of Philosophy The introduction of the terms "philosopher" and "philosophy" has been ascribed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras.[7] The ascription is said to be based on a passage in a lost work of Herakleides Pontikos, a disciple of Aristotle. It is considered to be part of the widespread body of legends of Pythagoras of this time. "Philosopher" was understood as a word which contrasted with "sophist" (from sophoi). Traveling sophists or "wise men" were important in Classical Greece, often earning money as teachers, whereas philosophers are "lovers of wisdom" and not professionals.

Branches of philosophy Epistemology

Epistemology is concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge, such as the relationships between truth, belief, and theories of justification. Skepticism is the position that questions the possibility of justifying any truth. Mnchhausen Trilemma states that the three options to soundly prove any truth are not satisfactory. One is the regress argument where, by infinite regression, each proof requires a further proof. Infinitism claims that the chain can go forever. Another is foundationalism, where justification eventually rests on unproven basic beliefs or axioms. Logical atomism holds there are logical "facts" (or "atoms") that cannot be broken down any further. The other method of justification involves the circular argument, in which theory and proof support each other. Coherentism claims a belief is justified if it coheres with the larger belief system. More specifically, the coherence theory of truth states what is true is that which coheres with some specified set of propositions.

Logic

Logic is the study of the principles of valid inference and correct reasoning. Today the subject of logic has two broad divisions: mathematical logic (formal symbolic logic) and what is now called philosophical logic. In deductive reasoning, an argument is constructed by showing a conclusion necessarily follows from a certain set of premises. Such an argument is called a syllogism. An argument is termed valid if its conclusion does indeed follow from its premises, whether the premises are true or not, while an argument is sound if its conclusion follows from premises that are true. Inferences from premises require rules of inference, such as the most

popular method, modus ponens. Simple propositional logic involves inferences from propositions, which are declarations that are either true or false. Predicate logic deals with inferences from variables that need to be qualified by a quantifier as to when they are true and when they are false. Inductive reasoning makes conclusions or generalizations based on probabilistic reasoning. Metaphysics

Metaphysics is the study of the most general features of reality, such as existence, time, the relationship between mind and body, objects and their properties, wholes and their parts, events, processes, and causation. Traditional branches of metaphysics include cosmology, the study of the world in its entirety, and ontology, the study of being. Moral and political philosophy

Ethics or "moral philosophy", is concerned primarily with the question of the best way to live, and secondarily, concerning the question of whether this question can be answered. The main branches of ethics are meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Meta-ethics concerns the nature of ethical thought, such as the origins of the words good and bad, and origins of other comparative words of various ethical systems, whether there are absolute ethical truths, and how such truths could be known. Normative ethics are more concerned with the questions of how one ought to act, and what the right course of action is. This is where most ethical theories are generated. Lastly, applied ethics go beyond theory and step into real world ethical practice, such as questions of whether or not abortion is correct. Ethics is also associated with the idea of morality, and the two are often interchangeable. Aesthetics

Aesthetics deals with beauty, art, enjoyment, sensory-emotional values, perception, and matters of taste and sentiment. Specialized branches

Philosophy of language explores the nature, the origins, and the use of language. Philosophy of law (more commonly called jurisprudence) explores the varying theories explaining the nature and the interpretations of the law in society. Philosophy of mind explores the nature of the mind, and its relationship to the body, and is typified by disputes between dualism and materialism. In recent years there has been increasing similarity between this branch of philosophy and cognitive science. Philosophy of religion Philosophy of science

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