Project: Description:

400 kV SWITCHYARD DESIGN REPORTs & CALCULATIONs

Subject:

Design Basis Report For Structural Engineering

Note:

This document presents the Design Basis Report for Structural Engineering for 400 kV Switchyard.

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Index
S. No. Description Page Number

1.0 PREFACE .............................................................................................................................. 4 2.0 SITE ASSUMPTIONS FOR STRUCTURAL WORK DESIGN ................................................ 4 3.0 MATERIAL PROPERTIES .................................................................................................... 5 3.1 Structural Steel............................................................................................................. 5 3.2 Connection Bolts ........................................................................................................... 5 3.3 Anchor Bolts, Embedded Parts, Gratings ...................................................................... 5 3.4 Unit Weights of Structural Materials............................................................................... 5 4.0 LOAD DATA .......................................................................................................................... 6 4.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 6 4.2 Equipment Loads .......................................................................................................... 6 4.3 Temperature Effects (T) ................................................................................................ 6 4.4 Wind Loads (WL)........................................................................................................... 6 5.0 LOADING CONDITIONS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS...................................................................... 7 6.0 STABILITY OF TOWER & EQUIPMENT SUPPORT .......................................................................... 8 7.0 FENCING AND GATES ............................................................................................................... 8 8.0 CODES OF PRACTICE, STANDARDS AND REFERENCES ............................................................. 10

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1.0 Preface
Design Criteria for Structural Engineering represent the principal design regulations and design procedure to be followed for Gilgel Gibe II Project. The General design data, assumptions in the design procedure, guideline, steps and codes which shall be followed for the design of various structures are listed and explained. Structural Analysis software which shall be used in the analysis and design of structures shall be STAADPro. For all structural analysis the superstructure shall be modeled as space frame and analysed as per the inputs and statutory conditions listed. The design criteria shall be a ready reference and design guide for structural design. The structural concept assumed for the gantry towers are listed in section 4. The design data for the Material properties for Structural Design required and the values required for defining the material constants in the analysis and design software are listed in 3.0. The idealized structural model shall be applied with all the possible loads. Load data which shall be used in the analysis of the structure are explained for each type of load case in 4.0. All the structural analysis shall be done by STAAD Pro. The design of the structure shall be done for all possible load combinations as specified by IBC 2003/ASCE 10-97. The load combinations which shall be used in the design for Allowable Stress Design/ Limit State Design are explained in 5.0. The final design output drawings shall be reviewed in light of quality management procedures . All the relevant codes which shall be used in designing various structural elements are listed in 8.0.

2.0 Site Assumptions for Structural Work Design Identification of Site Conditions and Site Assumptions
Description 1 2 Site Location Temperature Design Conditions Place : Site Elevation 1013 m Ambient Outdoor Temperature From 10 C to 50.0C Mean Annual Temperature 35.0 C 3 4 6 7 Average Annual Rainfall Snow Load Wind Load Seismic Conditions The design rainfall intensity is 162 mm/hour/10year, 1 hour event is used for all design purposes. Not Applicable

As per Technical Specification

Seismic acceleration, 0.1g shall be taken for Equipment structure only.

Table 1: Site Assumptions for Structural Work Design

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3.0 Material Properties 3.1 Structural Steel Structural Steel shall meets the following requirements Designation of Structural Steel For Channels, Angles, ASTM A36 Plates For Structural Pipes For Structural Tubes ASTM A53 or 501 ASTM A500 or Grade B Minimum Yield Strength 36 ksi

Steel profiles shall confirm to Euro Profile. All welding shall be as per AWS. Electrode shall be E70XX.

3.2 Connection Bolts All field Connections will be bolted connections using ASTM A 325 bolts (bearing-type connection with threads included in the shear planes) with washers as per ASTM F436 and nuts as per ASTM A563. Minimum diameter of bolts shall be 14 mm unless noticed otherwise.

3.3 Anchor Bolts, Embedded Parts, Gratings Anchor bolts shall be as per ASTM A325 threaded bars or ASTM A307. Expansion or Chemical Anchor bolts if used shall be Hilti or Equivalent. All embedded parts shall be Hot Dipped Galvanised UNO. 3.4 Unit Weights of Structural Materials Steel Mortar 7.85 T/m3 2.0 T/m3 Reinforced Concrete Plain Concrete 2.5T/m3 2.4T/m3

Further material data will be determined by the Structural Engineer within the structural analysis.

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4.0 Load Data 4.1 General The Tower structure shall be modeled with girders and other supporting towers in 3D modeling environment of STAADPro. The longitudinal, vertical and transverse loads are derived as per ASCE & Technical specification and shall be applied at respective clamping points of the conductors. All the possible broken wire conditions are simulated by snapping one phase at a time for each girders. Wind load calculations are based on the data given in specification and accordingly wind load for various panels at different heights are found out. These pressures are then clubbed together in different values for different heights. These values are then to be used in STAADPro input for wind load generator which subsequently will find out the udl on each member depending on the projected area normal to the wind force. Finally member forces and support reactions will be calculated by STAADPro. Subsequently these values are to be used for member design and foundation analysis. From the output most critical values for Short Circuit Force condition and for Normal Condition with Broken Wire Situation are to be used for design. 4.2 Equipment Loads This type of loads is indicated in the load plan as dead loads (permanent) due to weight and includes all loads due to the dead or operating load (short circuit load, load from bus etc.). The general arrangement drawings shall indicate fixing details of the equipment. The Design Loads for the cable tray shall be as provided below Weight of cable trays(for 600mm wide tray) 1.0 kN/m per tray

4.3 Temperature Effects (T) Effects arising from contraction or expansion resulting from environmental temperature change will be taken into account as follows for steel structures: Gantry Structures : T = 20 C

4.4 Wind Loads (WL) Wind Load on Tower In order to determine the wind load on tower, the tower is divided into different panels having a height "h". These panels should normally be taken between the intersections of the legs and the bracings. For a lattice tower of square cross section, the resultant wind load Fwt in Newton, for wind normal to the face of the tower on a panel of height "h" applied at the centre of gravity of this panel is :

Fwt = Pm X Ae

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where Pm = Maximum wind pressure on tower Ae = Total net surface area of panel elements projected normal to wind flow The STAADPro will independently find projected area for each individual members and workout the nodal loads on each panel. The program will also consider the shielding effect of windward frame on leeward frame. Wind Load on Conductor and Ground wire The load due to wind on each conductor and ground wire, Fwc in Newton applied at supporting point normal to the line shall be determined by the following expression : Fwc = Pm X L X d where Pm = Maximum wind pressure L = Wind span d = diameter of cable/conductor The average height of the conductor/ground wire shall be taken up to clamping point of the top conductor/ground wire on the tower less two-third the sag at minimum temperature and no wind. This load will be calculated separately and shall be given as an input for nodal load at clamping point of the conductor/ground wire.

Wind Load on Insulator Strings Wind load on insulator strings Fwi shall be determined from the attachment point to the cen terline of the conductor in case of suspension tower and up to the end of the clamp in case of tension tower, in the direction of the wind as follows : Fwi = Pm X Ai where Pm = Maximum wind pressure Ai = 50% of the area of insulator projected along the longitudinal axis of the string This load will be calculated separately and shall be given as an input for nodal load at clamping point of the insulator.

5.0 Loading Conditions and Load Combinations Load Combinations Using Allowable Strength Design are as follows

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Basic Load Cases SW = Self Weight WLT = Wind load on Tower WLG = Wind load on Gantry Girder NC = Normal Condition BWC = Broken Wire Condition SCF = Short Circuit Force TL = Temperature load Now following load combinations shall be used for both directions for the analysis SW +NC+WLT+WLG+TL SW+BWC+WLT+WLG+TL SW+SCF+WLT+WLG+TL 6.0 Stability of Tower & Equipment Support 6.1 Sliding and Overturning Structures subjected to any load combination shall be designed so that the design satisfies international standard requirements due to global stability, when necessary. Procedure and safety factors are listed below: Load Type 1: Dead Loads and Loads due to Normal Condition Load Type 2: In addition to loads of type 1, simultaneous but not regularly occurring Broken Wire Condition Load Type 3: In addition to loads of type 1, simultaneous, possibly unforeseen loads like Short Circuit Load

Safety factors must be at least: Safety against 1 2 3 Sliding Uplift Overturning 1 2.0 2.0 2.0 Load Type 2 2.0 2.0 2.0 3 1.5 1.5 1.5

7.0 Fencing And Gates Fencing shall be provided for complete switchyard and separate gates shall be provided for men and equipment. Fencing shall be of chain link fabric with barbed wire at peak. Recommended details of fencing shall be as follows:

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Posts, caps, rails, couplings A. Pipe posts and rails: 1. B. Schedule 40, hot-dip galvanized coated pipe. ASTM F 1083.

Fitting: malleable cast iron or pressed steel coated as specified. AASHTO M 232.

C.

Caps: AASHTO M 232 1. Equip all pipe posts with a galvanized steel or malleable iron weatherresistant cap, designed to fit securely over the posts and carry an apron around the outside of the post. Where top rail is used, provide cap to permit passage of top rail.

2.

Chain link fabric A. B. C. D. Either Type I zinc-coated steel or Type II aluminum-coated steel fence fabric shall be provided. Refer to AASHTO M 181, ASTM A 392, and ASTM A 491. 3.76mm ( 0.148 inch ) diameter wire for fence fabric 1.8m or higher and 3.048mm ( 0.120 inch ) diameter wire for fabric less than 1.8m shall be used. 4.5mm ( 0.177 inch ) diameter spiral material for tension wires shall be used. Tie fabric to supporting members of the same diameter as the fence fabric.

Barbed wire A. B. C. Zinc-coated barbed wire when zinc-coated fence is used. Refer to AASHTO M 280. Use 2.51mm ( 0.099 inch ) diameter barbed wire with 2.03mm ( 0.080 inch ) diameter 4-point barbs on 125mm centers. Provide aluminum-coated barbed wire when aluminum-coated fence is used. Refer to AASHTO M 305.

Gates A. Construct gate posts and frames of the sizes following FG series Standard Drawings. 1. 2. 3. Fasten gate frame corners together with pressed steel or malleable iron corner ells, riveted or welded. Galvanize welded steel gate frames after fabrication as specified. AASHTO M 111. Do not use closed cells that would prohibit dipping to galvanizing tanks.

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B. C.

Follow the same standards for chain link fence fabric for covering the gate frames as for other fence fabric. Provide each gate with the appropriate hinges, latch, and drop-bar locking device.

Post shall be set in 1:2:4 plain cement concrete blocks of minimum dimension 400mm x 400mm x1000 mm deep. Gates shall be made of medium duty MS pipe conforming to relevant standards with welded joints.

8.0 Codes of Practice, Standards and References The design Codes and Standards used here are as follows ACI 318M 99 : Building Code requirement for Structural Concrete ASD : Allowable stress design for steel structure ASCE 10 97 : Design of latticed steel Transmission Structures AASHTO M145 : For design of Roads UBC 1997 : Uniform Building Code IBC 2002 : International Building Code