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Di!raction Patterns

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Examples of Diraction Patterns

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Camera Length
magnication of a diraction pattern? camera length L distance between object and screen (without imaging lenses) with imaging lenses: eective L

L=

R 2

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Determination of Lattice Plane Spacings and Indexing of Diraction Patterns

Bragg condition for TEM ( L = R/2 implies L = Rd(hi) indexing of an unknown diraction pattern (general method): measure R for the fundamental reections index the reections with hi
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1): = 2d(hi)

calculate the corresponding plane spacings d(hi) mind symmetry-related extinctions (F(hi) = 0)

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Indexing of Diraction Patterns

in a good approximation, the reecting planes lie parallel to the primary beam primary beam corresponds to the zone axis of the reecting planes addition rule: if a zone includes the planes (hi) and (ki), it also includes the planes (hi + ki) for the diraction pattern of a single crystal this implies: after indexing two non-collinear fundamental reections, the indices of the entire pattern follow from vector addition

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Indexing of Diraction Patterns: Principle

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Example of Indexing: Ag 111

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Eect of Beam Convergence

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Eect of Beam Convergence

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Contribution of Inelastic Scattering

conventional high-energy electron diraction: elastic scattering but in thick enough specimen: also inelastic scattering inelastically scattered electrons: travel in all directions distribution peaks in forward direction grey background around central spot

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Bragg Reection of Inelastically Scattered Electrons

inelastically scattered electrons can subsequently be diracted but only if they are now traveling at the Bragg angle, B to a set (hi) of lattice planes consider (hi) inclined by angle (hi) versus primary beam Bragg reection can occur with two sets of inelastically scattered electrons at + = (hi) + B and = B result: intensity changes in the background Iinel[] > Iinel excess Iinel[] < Iinel deciency
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Bragg Reection of Inelastically Scattered Electrons

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Kikuchi Lines
diraction of inelastically-scattered electrons: in all directions for which [(hi)] = B recall derivation of Laue equations: diracted electrons will form a cone, not a beam intersection of cones with viewing plane: hyperbola, not spots! usually: camera length (magnication) radius of curvature

only small sections visible straight lines Kikuchi lines

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Kikuchi Lines

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Examples of Kikuchi Lines

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Features of Kikuchi Lines

Kikuchi lines belong to particular lattice planes hi ai can be indexed spacing hia i , distance of diraction spot from center mirror line in the center between excess and deciency line trace of planes (extension to innity) specimen tilt lines rotate as if attached to specimen position sensitive to small specimen tilts adjust crystal orientation and excitation error accuracy: 0.1 compare accuracy using spot intensities: 2
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Kikuchi Lines Excitation Error

= 2dhi B trace of (hi) exactly between direct beam and diracted beam spot excitation error s > 0

(hi) tilted too much Kikuchi lines farther from direct beam

excitation error s < 0

(hi) tilted too little Kikuchi lines closer to direct beam

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Kikuchi Lines Excitation Error

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Reecting Planes

Primary Beam

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Zone Axis Kikuchi Line Patterns

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Example of Zone Axis Kikuchi Line Patterns

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Tilt Sensitivity of Kikuchi Lines

example: Ag 110 , 200 kV, eect of 1 tilt

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