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a
=dynamic viscosity of air (kg/m.s)
k
a
=thermal conductivity of air (W/m. C)
u
o
=outside diameter, (m)
5. Governing equations and methodology
The sizing of cooling coil requires solving the two energy equations of the air-side and
coolant sides coupling with the heat and mass transfer equations. The design is
accomplished through discretizing the cooling coil into N segments according to the number
of the coil rows. The three governing equations are applied to each segment. By knowing the
process data, coil geometry, and the design cooling load imposed on the coil the required
surface area can be computed. The coil sizing is expressed by the face area and number of
rows of a finned-tube coil for satisfying the design coil cooling load.
Process data:
- Room dB temperature/Return air dB temperature (C)
- Fresh air dB temperature (C)
- Dehumidified air flow (cfm or m
3
/s)
- Fresh air quantity (cfm or m
3
/s)
- Grand sensible heat factor (GSHF)
- Coil cooling load (kW)
- Apparatus dew point ADP (C) (This denotes the average outside surface temperature
of the coil.)
Coil geometry :
- Outside tube diameter, d
o
(mm)
- Inside tube diameter, d
i
(mm)
- Longitudinal tube spacing, S
L
(mm) (see Figure 3)
- Transverse tube spacing, S
T
(mm) (see Figure 3)
- No. of fins/m, N
f
- Aluminum fin thickness, t
f
(mm)
- Exchanger compactness, surface area over exchanger volume, (m
2
/m
3
)
Air-Side
Q
cI
= m
a
(ha
I
ha
I+1
) (1)
Q
cI
=
q
s
c
m
h
o
A
o
(ha
mI
hs
mI
) (2)
Water-Side
Q
cI
= m
w
Cp
w
(Tw
I+1
Tw
I
) (3)
Q
cI
= h
I
A
I
(Ts
mI
Tw
mI
) (4)
Thermal Design of Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils 373
Here,
ha
mI
=
(ha
+ha
+1
)
2
, ha
I+1
= 2ha
mI
ha
I
(5)
Tw
mI
=
(Tw
+Tw
+1
)
2
, Tw
I+1
= 2Tw
mI
Tw
I
(6)
Eliminate ha
i+1
and Tw
i+1
from Equation (1) & (3) respectively, the energy equations can be
formulated;
Q
cI
= 2m
a
(ha
I
ha
mI
) (7)
Q
cI
= 2m
w
Cp
w
(Tw
mI
Tw
I
) (8)
Eliminate ha
mI
between equations (2) & (7), it is yielded:
Q
cI
=
q
s
h
o
AA
o
c
m
1+ANTU
o
2
(ha
I
hs
mI
) (9)
Similarly, eliminate Tw
mI
between equations (4) and (8):
Q
cI
=
h
AA
1+ANTU
2
(Ts
mI
Tw
I
) (10)
Now, by dividing equation (9) over equation (10):
ha
-hs
m
Ts
m
-Tw
= R (11)
Where,
R = j
h
c
m
h
o
q
s
[
A
A
o
[ _
[1+
ANTU
o
2
[1+
ANTU
2
_ (12)
NT0
o
=
q
s
h
o
AA
o
m
a
c
m
, NT0
I
=
h
AA
m
v
Cp
v
Relation between hs and Ts:
a. Dry-Surface (Ts Tdew point)
hs
mI
= h
a
+ c
p
(Ts
mI
-T
a
) (13)
b. Wet-Surface ( Ts Tdew point)
When the coil is wet the enthalpy of saturated air hs
mI
is a function of the temperature of the
wetted surface Ts
mI
, by curve fitting for psychometric chart [2] of the saturated air enthalpy
at different air temperatures of a range 3 to 11
o
C. The quadric equation is expressed as :
hs
mI
= 1u.76 + 1.4 Ts
mI
+u.u46 Ts
mI
2
(14)
Solution for Ts
mI
:
Substituting for hs
mI
from equations (14) into equation (11), we obtain a solution for Ts
mI
as
follows:
Heat Exchangers Basics Design Applications 374
Wet Surface:
ha
I
hs
mI
= R(Ts
mI
Tw
I
)
ha
I
(1u.76 + 1.4 Ts
mI
+u.u46 Ts
mI
2
) = R(Ts
mI
Tw
I
) ,
u.u46 Ts
mI
2
+ (R + 1.4) Ts
mI
(ha
I
+R Tw
I
1u.76) = u
The above equation can write as:
aTs
mI
2
+ bTs
mI
c = u
This quadratic equation can now be solved for Tsm as
Ts
m
=
-b_b
2
-4ac
2a
(15)
Where,
a = o. o46 , b = R + 1.4 and c = ha
I
+R Tw
I
1u.76
Solution of Q
cI
, ha
I+1
, Tw
I+1
Q
cI
=
h
AA
1+ANTU
2
(Ts
mI
Tw
I
), ha
I+1
= ha
I
Q
c
m
a
, Tw
I+1
= Tw
I
Q
c
m
v
Cp
v
Calculation of air dry-bulb temperature, Ta
i+1
The sensible heat transferred to the dry coil surface is written as:
Q
cI
= m
a
c
pa
(Ta
I
Ta
I+1
) (16)
Q
cI
=
s
h
o
A
o
(Ta
mI
Ts
mI
) (17)
or,
Q
cI
=
s
h
o
A
o
[
Ta
+1
+Ta
2
Ts
mI
(18)
Eliminate Q
sI
between equations (15) & (16) and Solving for Ta
i+1
Ta
I+1
= _
[1-
ANTU
o
2
[1+
ANTU
o
2
_ Ta
I
+_
(ANTU
o
)
[1+
ANTU
o
2
_ Ts
mI
(19)
Calculation of Wa
i+1
:
Wa
I+1
= _
(ha
+1
-c
a
Ta
+1
)
(2501+1.8Ta
+1
)
_ (20)
Summary of final solution:
The final solutions for the coil capacity per row and for the states of air and water at the exit
of any row within a chilled-water coil are given, in terms of the mean outer surface
temperature of this row, as:
Ts
mI
=
-(R+1.4)+(R+1.4)
2
+0.184 (ha
+RTw
-10.76)
0.092
(21)
Thermal Design of Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils 375
Q
cI
=
h
AA
1+ANTU
2
(Ts
mI
Tw
I
)
Tw
I+1
= Tw
I
Q
c
m
v
Cp
v
(22)
ha
I+1
= ha
I
Q
c
m
a
(23)
Ta
I+1
= _
[1-
ANTU
o
2
[1+
ANTU
o
2
_ Ta
I
+ _
(ANTU
o
)
[1+
ANTU
o
2
_ Ts
mI
(24)
Wa
I+1
= _
(ha
+1
-c
a
Ta
+1
)
(2501+1.8Ta
+1
)
_ (25)
Where,
R = j
h
c
a
h
o
q
s
[
A
A
o
[ _
[1+
ANTU
o
2
[1+
ANTU
2
_ (26)
NT0
o
=
q
s
h
o
AA
o
m
a
c
m
, NT0
I
=
h
AA
m
v
Cp
v
, and the total coil cooling load Q
C
is: Q
C
= Q
cI
N
I=1
Calculation of the Number of Coil Rows, Nr:
The calculations of (Tw
i+1
, ha
i+1
, Ta
i+1
,and Q
cI
) are started from the first row until reaching
the row number Nr at which its outlet water temperature is nearly equal to the given inlet
water temperature to the coil, i.e. Tw
Nr+1
Tw
in
.
Procedure of cooling coil design at a given cooling load Q
C
:
1. The condition of the air leaving a chilled-water coil is nearly saturated, therefore, the
relative humidity of the outlet air,
out
from the coil can be assumed as 95 %.
2. Knowing [inlet air state, CSHF= Q
S
/Q
C
,and
out
, the enthalpy of the outlet air ha
out
from the coil can then be determined from the Psychometric Chart.
3. Knowing [Q
C
, ha
in
, and ha
out
], then the air flow rate can be determined as:
m
a
=
Q
C
(ha
n
-ha
out
)
kg/s
4. Knowing [Q
C
, Tw
in
, and Tw
out
], the water flow rate can be determined as:
m
w
=
Q
C
Cp
v
(Tw
out
-Tw
n
)
kg/s
5. Knowing [m
a
, V
face
,
a,
, , and S
L
], the outer surface area per row A
o
can be determined
as:
A
o
= j
(S
L
m
a
)
(p
a
V
Iace
)
[ m
2
6. Starting the calculations of the unknowns [Ts
mi
, Q
cI
, ha
i+1
, Tw
i+1
, Ta
i+1
, Wa
i+1
] using in
order equations (14, 10, 3, 1, 17, and 18), from the first row, i=1 to the row i=Nr at which
Tw
Nr+1
Tw
in
. The calculations are then completed and as a final check, calculate the
CSHF and compare it with the given one.
Heat Exchangers Basics Design Applications 376
6. Worked example of chilled-Water coils
Cross-counter flow chilled water cooling coil using corrugated plate-fins, has the flowing
construction and operating design parameters:
Coil construction parameters:
Outside tube diameter, d
o
=13.41 mm
Inside tube diameter, d
i
=12.09 mm
Longitudinal tube spacing, S
L
=26.16 mm
Transverse tube spacing, S
T
=31.75 mm
No. of fins/m, N
f
=554
Aluminum fin thickness, t
f
=0.15 mm
Exchanger compactness, = 1060 m
2
/m
3
Outside area/inside area, (A
o
/A
i
) =23
A
flow
/A
face
on the air-side, =0.529
Finned-surface weighted efficiency, p
s
= 0.85
Number of tube-passes per water loop, N
p
= 6
Design operating Data:
Moist air
Total cooling load at full load, Q
c
=60 kW
Latent Load at full load, Q
L
=20 kW
Inlet air conditions = t =Dry and wet bulb temperatures
are: 26
o
C, and 19
o
C
Air face velocity , v
Iacc
=2.8 m/s
Air heat transfer coefficient, h
c
=60 W/ (m
2 o
C)
Air mean specific heat, c
pm
=1.001 kJ/(kg. K)
Chilled water
Inlet water temperature, Tw
in
Water mass flow rate, m
w
Water inlet velocity, V
w
=6
o
C
=2.9 kg/s
=1.25 m/s
Heat transfer coefficient on water side, hi =4000 W/ (m
2
o
C)
Number of tube-passes per water loop, N
tp
Exit water temperature, Tw
out
Water specific heat, CP
w
= 6
=11
o
C
=4.14 kJ/(kg. K)
Under the above design full load conditions, calculate:
a. The coil dimensions (tube length, finned width and coil depth).
b. The number of coil rows and the total number of tubes.
c. The exit air temperature.
Calculation Procedures
From psychometric chart at inlet air conditions the inlet air properties are obtained
represented by ha
in
=54 kJ/kg, Wa
in
=0.011 kg
v
/kg
a
. and dew point temperature, dpt =
15.5
o
C. By knowing Q
C
=60 kW, CSHF=0.75 (=1- Q
L
/Q
c
), and
out
= 9S% using information
from inlet point, the exit conditions can be determined as ha
out
=33 kJ/kg, Ta
o
=10.5
o
C, Wa
o
=
0.008936 kg
v
/kg
a
Thermal Design of Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils 377
- m
u
=
C
(hu
in
-hu
cut
)
=
60
(54-33)
= 2.857 kg/s
- m
w
=
C
Cp
w
(1w
cut
-1w
in
)
=
60
4.145
= 2.90 kg/s
Calculations of the coil design parameters:
A
o
=
S
L
m
a
p
a
V
Iace
=
10600.026162.857
1.162.8
= 24.S9 m
2
NIu
o
=
q
s
h
c
AA
c
m
c
cpm
=
0.856024.39
2.8571001
= 0.435
A
= [
A
i
A
c
A
o
=
24.39
23
= 1.u6 m
2
NT0
I
=
h
i
AA
i
m
w
Cp
w
=
40001.06
2.94114
= 0.355
R = j
h
c
a
h
o
q
s
[
A
A
o
[ _
[1+
ANTU
o
2
[1+
ANTU
2
_ = 3.525 KJ/kg.K
Row i=1:
Is
m1
=
-(R+1.4)+(R+1.4)
2
+0.184(hu
1
+R1w
1
-10.76)
0.092
= 14.65
o
C
c1
=
h
I
A
I
1 + NT0
I
2
(Ts
m1
Tw
1
) = 1S.1S kw
Where, h
i
=4000 W/m
2
.C
Iw
2
= Iw
1
c1
m
w
Cp
w
= 11
13.15
2.94.14
= 9.9
o
C
o
2
= o
1
c1
m
c
= 49.4 kJ/kg
Ta
I+1
= _
[1-
ANTU
o
2
[1+
ANTU
o
2
_ Ta
1
+_
(ANTU
o
)
[1+
ANTU
o
2
_ Ts
m1
= 21.87
o
C
Wa
2
=
hu
2
-Cpu1u
2
2501+1.81u
2
=
49.4-1(21.87)
2501+1.8(21.87)
= u.u1u8S kg
v
/kg
a
Row i=2
Is
m2
=
-(R+1.4)+(R+1.4)
2
+0.184(hu
2
+R1w
2
-10.76)
0.092
= 13.28
o
C
c2
=
h
I
A
I
1 + NT0
I
2
(Is
m2
Iw
2
) = 12.17 kw
Iw
3
= Iw
2
c2
m
w
Cp
w
= 9.9
12.17
2.94.14
= 8.89
o
C
o
3
= o
2
c2
m
c
= 4S.14 kJ/kg
Heat Exchangers Basics Design Applications 378
Io
3
= _
[1-
ANTU
o
2
[1+
ANTU
o
2
_ Io
2
+_
(ANTU
o
)
[1+
ANTU
o
2
_ Is
m2
= 18.74
o
C
Wa
3
=
hu
3
-Cpu1u
3
2501+1.81u
3
=
45.14-1(18.74)
2501+1.8(18.74)
= u.u1u4 kg
v
/kg
a
Row i=3
Is
m3
=
-(R+1.4)+(R+1.4)
2
+0.184(hu
3
+R1w
3
-10.76)
0.092
= 12.u
o
C
c3
=
h
I
A
I
1 + NT0
I
2
(Is
m3
Iw
3
) = 11.2 kw
Iw
4
= Iw
3
c3
m
w
Cp
w
= 8.89
11.2
2.94.14
= 7.96
o
C
o
4
= o
3
c3
m
c
= 41.22 kJ/kg
Io
4
= _
[1-
ANTU
o
2
[1+
ANTU
o
2
_ Io
3
+_
(ANTU
o
)
[1+
ANTU
o
2
_ Is
m3
= 16.27
o
C
Wa
4
=
hu
4
-Cpu1u
4
2501+1.81u
4
=
41.22-1(16.27)
2501+1.8(16.27)
= u.uu986 kg
v
/kg
a
Row i=4
Is
m4
=
-(R+1.4)+(R+1.4)
2
+0.184(hu
4
+R1w
4
-10.76)
0.092
= 1u.8
o
C
c4
=
h
I
A
I
1 +NT0
I
2
(Is
m4
Iw
4
) = 1u.22 kw
Iw
5
= Iw
4
c4
m
w
Cp
w
= 7.96
10.22
2.94.14
= 7.11
o
C
o
5
= o
4
c4
m
c
= S7.64 kJ/kg
Io
5
= _
[1-
ANTU
o
2
[1+
ANTU
o
2
_ Io
4
+_
(ANTU
o
)
[1+
ANTU
o
2
_ Is
m4
= 14.27
o
C
Wa
5
=
hu
S-CpcTc
S
2501+1.81u
S
=
37.64-1(14.27)
2501+1.8(14.27)
= u.uu92S kg
v
/kg
a
Row i=5
Is
m5
=
-(R+1.4)+(R+1.4)
2
+0.184(hu
S
+R1w
S
-10.76)
0.092
= 9.68
o
C
c5
=
h
I
A
I
1 +NT0
I
2
(Is
m5
Iw
5
) = 9.2S kw
Iw
6
= Iw
5
cS
m
w
Cp
w
= 7.11
9.25
2.94.14
= 6.S4
o
C
Thermal Design of Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils 379
o
6
= o
5
cS
m
c
= S4.4u kJ/kg
Io
6
= _
[1-
ANTU
o
2
[1+
ANTU
o
2
_ Io
5
+{_
(ANTU
o
)
[1+
ANTU
o
2
_ Is
m5
= 12.S9
o
C
Wa
6
=
hu
6
-Cpu1u
6
2501+1.81u
6
=
34.40-1(12.59)
2501+1.8(12.59)
= u.uu864 kg
v
/kg
a
Row i=6
Is
m6
=
-(R+1.4)+(R+1.4)
2
+0.184(hu
6
+R1w
6
-10.76)
0.092
= 8.64S
o
C
c6
=
h
I
A
I
1 + NT0
I
2
(Is
m6
Iw
6
) = 8.S kw
Iw
7
= Iw
6
c6
m
w
Cp
w
= 6.S4
8.3
2.94.14
= S.6S
o
C
o
7
= o
6
c6
m
c
= S1.Su kJ/kg
Io
7
= _
[1-
ANTU
o
2
[1+
ANTU
o
2
_ Io
6
+{_
(ANTU
o
)
[1+
ANTU
o
2
_ Is
m6
= 11.14
o
C
Wa
7
=
hu
-Cpu1u
2501+1.81u
=
31.50-1(11.14)
2501+1.8(11.14)
= u.uu81 kg
v
/
kg
a
c
=
c
N
r
=1
= (1S.1S +12.17 + 11.12 + 1u.22 +9.2S +8.S)
The total calculated cooling load for 6-rows coil is: Q
C
=64.31 kW
And coil sensible heat factor, CSEF =
S
C
=
m
c
Cp(1u
1
-1u
)
64.31
= u.66
The calculated unknowns are listed row-by-row in the next Table; and the psychometric
process for the cooling and dehumidification process is represented by Figure 6.
Row number Surface condition Ts
mi
o
C Q
Ci
kW Tw
i+1
o
C ha
i+1
kJ/kg Ta
i+1
o
C Wa
i+1
g
v
/kg
a
Coil inlet wet 0 11 54 26 11
1 wet 14.65 13.15 9.9 49.4 21.87 10.83
2 Wet 13.28 12.17 8.89 45.14 18.74 10.4
3 Wet 12 11.2 7.96 41.22 16.27 9.86
4 Wet 10.8 10.22 7.11 37.64 14.27 9.25
5 Wet 9.68 9.25 6.34 34.40 12.59 8.64
6 Wet 8.65 8.3 5.65 31.5 11.14 8.1
Heat Exchangers Basics Design Applications 380
Fig. 6. Presentation of Cooling and dehumidifying process.
a. Calculation of Coil number of tubes, N
t
N
r
= Number of coil rows= 6
m
w
=
N
t
N
p
p
w
[
n
4
J
2
I
w
N
t
=
4N
p
m
c
np
w
d
i
2
v
w
= 120 tubes
b. Calculation of Coil dimension (D, H, L)
N
t
= N
N
c
N
c
=
12u
6
= 2u
Height of the coil, H=S
t
*N
c
=0.635 m
A
o
= A
o
N
r
=1
= N
A
o
= 6 24.39 = 146.34 m
2
Given:
A
c
A
i
= 2S
A
i
= 6.363 m
2
= N
t
(nJ
I)
Psychrometric process
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Dry Bulb Temp. (C)
M
o
i
s
t
u
r
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
(
g
w
/
k
g
a
)
Thermal Design of Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils 381
I = Icngt o tc coil =
A
nN
t
J
= 1.4 m
= Coil Jcpt = N
c
S
L
= u.1S7 m
c. Exit air temperature
Ta
out
=11.14
o
C
Design of the cooling coil as single Region
In calculating the surface area of the cooling coil, the heat and mass transfer equations are
applied on the entire coil surface. This approximation will greatly simplify the analysis. The
obtained results ( A
o
, Ta
out
) for one-section coil will be compared with the corresponding
results obtained for N
r
-sections coil.
Air-side
c
= m
u
(o
1
o
2
) (1)
c
=
q
s
c
p
o
A
o
(o
m
s
m
) (2)
Water-side
c
= m
w
Cp
w
(Iw
2
Iw
1
) (3)
c
=
(Is
m
Iw
m
) (4)
Applying the heat transfer equations for the air and water at the inlet and exit sections of the
coil, this leads to the following equation for Ts at these sections:
R =
ha
1
-hs
1
Ts
1
-Tw
1
=
ha
2
-hs
2
Ts
2
-Tw
2
(5)
For an entire wet-surface, the saturated air temperature at the inlet and exit of the coil
surfaces Ts
1
and Ts
2
are obtained, in a similar manner as done before for N-sections coil, as:
Is
1
=
-(R+1.4)+(R+1.4)
2
+0.184(hu
1
+R1w
1
-10.76)
0.092
(6)
Is
2
=
-(R+1.4)+(R+1.4)
2
+0.184(hu
2
+R1w
2
-10.76)
0.092
(7)
Where,
Tw
1
= inlet water temperature
Tw
2
= exit water temperature
R = j
c
pc
h
i
q
s
h
c
[
A
i
A
c
[ (8)
Knowing (Ts
1
& Tw
1
) and (Ts
2
& Tw
2
), the mean temperature difference between the chilled
water and the coil surface can be assumed equal to the logarithmic mean temperature
difference. I
m
can be determined from:
Heat Exchangers Basics Design Applications 382
Iw
m
= (Is
m
Iw
m
) =
|(1s
1
-1w
1
)-(1s
2
-1w
2
)]
In
(Ts
1
-Tw
1
)
(Ts
2
-Tw
2
)
[
(9)
The area of the coil can now be determined from equation (4) as:
A
C
h
i
1
m
(10)
The outer coil surface area A
o
is determined from
A
o
= [
A
c
A
i
A
(11)
The volume of the cooling coil is given as:
Volume = DHL
DHL = [A
o
(12)
Number of Coil Tubes N
t
:
m
w
=
N
t
N
p
p
w
[
n
4
J
2
I
w
N
t
=
4N
p
m
c
np
w
d
i
2
v
w
(13)
The Length of the Tube (Coil), L:
I =
A
i
N
t
nd
i
(14)
The Coil Face Area, A
face
:
A
]ucc
= EI =
m
c
p
c
v
]ccc
(15)
From Equations (14) and (15) H can be determined as:
E = _
m
c
p
c
v
]ccc
] [
N
t
nd
i
A
i
(16)
Number of Rows, N
r
:
N
=
w
S
T
(17)
Depth of the Coil D:
= N
S
L
(18)
Calculation of exit air Temperature:
The temperature difference between the air stream and the coil surface is approximated as
arithmetic mean temperature difference as shown from the heat transfer equation for the
dry air.
s
= m
u
Cp
u
(Io
1
Io
2
) (19)
Thermal Design of Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils 383
s
= p
s
o
A
o
j
1u
1
+1u
2
2
1s
1
+1s
2
2
[ (20)
Io
2
= _
[1-
ANTU
o
2
[1+
ANTU
o
2
_ Io
1
+_
(ANTU
o
)
[1+
ANTU
o
2
_ [
1s
1
+1s
2
2
(21)
Worked Example
We will solve the previous worked problem using principal of treating the coil as single
zone/section instead of multi-sections and compare the two results.
Calculation Procedures:
1. Knowing: [ha
in
=54 kJ/kg, Wa
in
=0.011 kg
v
/kg
a
, Q
C
=60 kW, CSHF=0.75,
out
= 9S%],
from the Psychometric-chart we obtain:
Air Exit Condition: [ha
out
=33 kJ/kg, Ta
o
=10.5
o
C, Wa
o
=0.86*10
-3
kg
v
/kg
a
]
2. m
u
=
C
(hu
in
-hu
cut
)
=
60
54-33
= 2.857 kg/s
3. m
w
=
C
Cp
w
(1w
cut
-1w
in
)
=
60
4.145
= 2.90 kg/s
R = j
h
i
Cp
c
q
s
h
c
[
A
i
A
c
[ = 3.41 KJ/kg.K
Is
1
=
(R +1.4) + (R +1.4)
2
+u.184 (o
1
+R Iw
1
1u.76)
u.u92
Is
1
= 14.71 < I
d.pont
= 1S [Coil surface is wet]
Is
2
=
(R +1.4) +(R + 1.4)
2
+u.184 (o
2
+R Iw
2
1u.76)
u.u92
Is
2
= 8.22
o
C
Calculation of Tw
m
Iw
m
= (Is
m
Iw
m
) =
|(1s
1
-1w
1
)-(1s
2
-1w
2
)]
In
(Ts
1
-Tw
1
)
(Ts
2
-Tw
2
)
[
Iw
m
= 2.S2
o
C
Calculation of A
i
& A
o
A
=
C
h
i
1
m
= S.9S m
2
A
o
= [
A
c
A
i
A
= 1S6.8S m
2
Number of Coil Tubes N
t
N
t
=
4N
p
m
w
np
w
d
i
2
v
w
= 12o tubcs
Heat Exchangers Basics Design Applications 384
The Length of the Tube (Coil), L:
I =
A
i
N
t
nd
i
= 1.Su m
Height of the Coil, H:
w = _
m
c
p
c
v
]ccc
] [
N
t
nd
i
A
i
= u.88 u.766 = u.674 m
Number of Rows, N
r
N
=
N
t
N
c
=
N
t
S
n
w
= 5.65 6 rows
Depth of the Coil, D:
= N
S
L
= u.1S7 m
Calculation of Exit air condition
Io
2
= _
[1-
ANTU
o
2
[1+
ANTU
o
2
_ Io
1
+ _
(ANTU
o
)
[1+
ANTU
o
2
_ [
1s
1
+1s
2
2
= 1u.9S
C
wo
2
=
hu
2
-Cpu1u
2
2501+1.81u
2
= u.uu874 kg
v
/
kg
a
Calculation of Latent load and CSHF
S
= 6u 2.8S7 (26 1u.9S) = 17 kwkw
CSEF =
6u 17
6u
= u.717
Table-1 illustrates a comparison of the dimensions and exit air conditions for 60 kW cooling
coil analyzed as only single-section and cooling coil divided to N
r
-sections (N
r
=6).
Physical quantity Single-section coil 6-sections coil
Air exit temperature,
o
C 10.95 11.14
Number of tubes
Number of rows
120
6
120
6
Coil width ,m
Coil depth, m
Coil length, m
0.674
0.157
1.3
0.635
0.157
1.4
Coil SHF 0.717 0.67
Design cooling load, kW
Actual cooling load, kW
60
60
60
64.3
Table 1.
The results presented in Table-1 indicate that cooling coil analyzed as only one-section gives
results with good agreement with those obtained with the coil analyzed as 6-sections. The
maximum error is 7%.
Thermal Design of Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils 385
7. Worked example of partially dry chilled-water coils
Cross-counter flow chilled water cooling coil using corrugated plate-fins, has the flowing
construction and operating design parameters:
Coil construction parameters:
Outside tube diameter, d
o
=12.7 mm
Inside tube diameter, d
i
=12.0 mm
Longitudinal tube spacing, S
L
=26.16 mm
Transverse tube spacing, S
T
=31.75 mm
No. of fins/m, N
f
=554
Aluminum fin thickness, t
f
=0.38 mm
Exchanger compactness, = 1060 m
2
/m
3
Outside area/inside area, (A
o
/A
i
) =23
A
flow
/A
face
on the air-side, =0.529
Finned-surface weighted efficiency, p
s
= 0.85
Number of tube-passes per water loop, N
p
= 6
Design operating Data:
Moist air
Total cooling load at full load, Q
c
=60 kW
Latent Load at full load, Q
L
=20 kW
Inlet air conditions = t =Dry and wet bulb temperatures are:
27
o
C, and 17
o
C
Air face velocity , v
Iacc
=2.8 m/s
Air heat transfer coefficient, h
c
=60 W/ (m
2 o
C)
Air mean specific heat, c
pm
=1.001 kJ/(kg. K)
Chilled water
Inlet water temperature, Tw
in
Water mass flow rate, m
w
Water inlet velocity, V
w
=6
o
C
=2.9 kg/s
=1.25 m/s
Heat transfer coefficient on water side, hi =4000 W/ (m
2
o
C)
Number of tube-passes per water loop, N
tp
Exit water temperature, Tw
out
Water specific heat, CP
w
= 6
=11
o
C
=4.14 kJ/(kg. K)
Under the above design full load conditions, calculate:
a. The coil dimensions (tube length, finned width and coil depth).
b. The number of coil rows and the total number of tubes.
c. The exit air temperature.
Calculation Procedures
From psychometric chart at inlet air conditions the inlet air properties are obtained represented
by ha
in
=48 kJ/kg, Wa
in
=0.0081 kg
v
/kg
a,
dew point temperature, dpt = 10
o
C. By knowing Q
C
=60
kW, CSHF=0.75 (=1- Q
L
/Q
c
), and
out
= 9S% using information from inlet point, the exit
conditions can be determined as ha
out
=30.6 kJ/kg, Ta
o
=10.5
o
C, Wa
o
= 0.0078 kg
v
/kg
a
Heat Exchangers Basics Design Applications 386
- m
u
=
C
(hu
in
-hu
cut
)
=
60
(48-30.6)
= 3.53 kg/s
- m
w
=
C
Cp
w
(1w
cut
-1w
in
)
=
60
4.145
= 2.90 kg/s
Calculations of the coil design parameters:
A
o
=
S
L
m
a
p
a
V
Iace
=
10600.02613.53
1.162.8
= 29.9S m
2
NIu
o
=
q
s
h
c
AA
c
m
c
cpm
=
0.856029.95
3.531001
= 0.432
A
= [
A
i
A
c
A
o
=
29.95
23
= 1.S m
2
NT0
I
=
h
i
AA
i
m
w
Cp
w
=
40001.3
2.94114
= 0.435
R = j
h
c
a
h
o
q
s
[
A
A
o
[ _
[1+
ANTU
o
2
[1-
ANTU
2
_ = 5.3 KJ/kg.K
Row i=1:
Is
m1
=
-(R+1.4)+(R+1.4)
2
+0.184(hu
1
+R1w
1
-10.76)
0.092
= 13.5
o
C
Since the mean coil surface temperature at the 1
st
row is 13.5 and it is larger than the inlet
dew point temperature of the entering air, dpt = 10
o
C the coil will be partially dry until the
coil surface temperature reaches at least the dew point temperature. Therefore, the dry coil
equations will be used here.
Is
m1
=
(1u
1
+R1w
1
)
(R+1)
= 13.6
o
C
c1
=
h
I
A
I
(1
NT0
I
2
)
(Ts
m1
Tw
1
) = 17.27 kw
Where, h
i
=4000 W/m
2
.C
Iw
2
= Iw
1
c1
m
w
Cp
w
= 11
14.5
2.94.14
= 9.8
o
C
Ta
2
= Ta
1
c1
m
c
xCpa
= 22.2
o
C
Wa
2
= Wa
1
= u.uu81 kg
v
/kg
a
Row i=2
Is
m2
=
(1u
2
+R1w
2
)
(R+1)
= 11.81
o
C
c2
=
h
I
A
I
(1
NT0
I
2
)
(Is
m2
Iw
2
) = 1S.SS kw
Thermal Design of Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils 387
Iw
3
= Iw
2
c2
m
w
Cp
w
= 9.8
11.2
2.94.14
= 8.86
o
C
Ta
3
= Ta
2
c1
m
c
xCpa
= 18.S
o
C
Wa
3
= Wa
2
= u.uu81 kg
v
/kg
a
Row i=3
Is
m3
=
(1u
3
+R1w
3
)
(R+1)
= 10.42
o
C
c3
=
h
I
A
I
(1
NT0
I
2
)
(Is
m3
Iw
3
) = 1u.S6 kw
Iw
4
= Iw
3
c3
m
w
Cp
w
= 8.86
8.7
2.94.14
= 8.1S
o
C
Ta
4
= Ta
3
c1
m
c
xCpa
= 1S.6
o
C
Wa
4
= Wa
3
= u.uu81 kg
v
/kg
a
Row i=4
Is
m4
=
(1u
4
+R1w
4
)
(R+1)
= 9.34
o
C
c4
=
h
I
A
I
(1
NT0
I
2
)
(Is
m4
Iw
4
) = 8 kw
Iw
5
= Iw
4
c4
m
w
Cp
w
= 8.1S
6.75
2.94.14
= 7.S7
o
C
Ta
5
= Ta
4
c4
m
c
xCpa
= 1S.S
o
C
Wa
5
= Wa
4
= u.uu81 kg
v
/kg
a
Row i=5
Tsm < dpt therefore, the coil will act as a wet coil
o
5
= 1.001xTa
5
+Wa
5
*(2501+1.8*Ta
5
) = 33.76 kJ/kg
Is
m5
=
-(R+1.4)+(R+1.4)
2
+0.184(hu
S
+R1w
S
-10.76)
0.092
= 9
o
C
c5
=
h
I
A
I
(1
NT0
I
2
)
(Is
m5
Iw
5
) = 9.S kw
Iw
6
= Iw
5
cS
m
w
Cp
w
= 7.S7
7.97
2.94.14
= 7
o
C
Heat Exchangers Basics Design Applications 388
o
6
= o
5
cS
m
c
= S1.1 kJ/kg
Io
6
= _
[1-
ANTU
o
2
[1+
ANTU
o
2
_ Io
5
+{_
(ANTU
o
)
[1+
ANTU
o
2
_ Is
m5
= 11.7
o
C
Wa
6
=
hu
6
-Cpu1u
6
2501+1.81u
6
=
31.1-1(11.7)
2501+1.8(11.7)
= u.uu77 kg
v
/kg
a
Row i=6
Is
m6
=
-(R+1.4)+(R+1.4)
2
+0.184(hu
6
+R1w
6
-10.76)
0.092
=8.1
o
C
c6
=
h
I
A
I
(1
NT0
I
2
)
(Is
m6
Iw
6
) = 7.S1 kw
Iw
7
= Iw
6
c6
m
w
Cp
w
= 7
6.37
2.94.14
= 6.4
o
C
o
7
= o
6
cS
m
c
= Su kJ/kg
Io
7
= _
[1-
ANTU
o
2
[1+
ANTU
o
2
_ Io
6
+{_
(ANTU
o
)
[1+
ANTU
o
2
_ Is
m6
= 1u.S
o
C
Wa
7
=
hu
-Cpu1u
2501+1.81u
=
30-1(10.3)
2501+1.8(10.3)
= u.uu76 kg
v
/kg
a
The total calculated cooling load for 6-rows coil is: Q
C
= Q
cI
I=Nr
I=1
= 65.8 kW
And coil sensible heat factor,
CSEF =
S
C
=
m
u
Cp(Io
1
Io
7
)
6S.8
= u.88
The calculated unknowns are listed row-by-row in the next Table; and the psychometric
process for the cooling and dehumidification process is represented by Figure 7.
Row number Surface condition Ts
mi
o
C Q
Ci
kW Tw
i+1
o
C Ta
i+1
o
C Wa
i+1
g
v
/kg
a
Coil inlet Dry 0 11 27 8.1
1 Dry 13.6 17.3 9.8 22.2 8.1
2 Dry 11.8 13.3 8.86 18.5 8.1
3 Dry 10.4 10.36 8.13 15.6 8.1
4 Dry 9.3 8 7.57 13.3 8.1
5 Wet 9.0 9.5 7 11.7 7.7
6 Wet 8.1 7.3 6.4 10.3 7.6
a. Calculation of Coil number of tubes, N
t
N
r
= Number of coil rows= 6
Thermal Design of Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils 389
Fig. 7. Presentation of Cooling and dehumidifying process.
m
w
=
N
t
N
p
p
w
[
n
4
J
2
I
w
N
t
=
4N
p
m
c
np
w
d
i
2
v
w
= 120 tubes
b. Calculation of Coil dimension (D, H, L)
N
t
= N
N
c
N
c
=
12u
6
= 2u
Height of the coil, H=S
t
*N
c
=0.635 m
A
o
= A
o
N
r
=1
= N
A
o
= 6 29.95 = 179.7 m
2
Given:
A
c
A
i
= 2S
A
i
= 7.81 m
2
= N
t
(nJ
I)
I = Icngt o tc coil =
A
nN
t
J
= 1.71 m
= Coil Jcpt = N
c
S
L
= u.1S7 m
c. Exit air temperature
Ta
out
=10.3
o
C
Treating the cooling coil as a single zone "Worked Example"
We will solve the previous worked problem using principal treating the coil as single
zone/section instead of multi-sections and compare the two results.
Calculation Procedures:
1. From psychometric chart at inlet air conditions the inlet air properties are obtained
represented by ha
in
=48 kJ/kg, Wa
in
=0.0081 kg
v
/kg
a,
dew point temperature, dpt = 10
o
C.
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8
8.1
8.2
10 15 20 25 30
M
o
s
i
t
u
r
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
(
g
w
/
k
g
a
)
Dry bulb temperature (
o
C)
Heat Exchangers Basics Design Applications 390
By knowing Q
C
=60 kW, CSHF=0.75 (=1- Q
L
/Q
c
), and
out
= 9S% using information
from inlet point, the exit conditions can be determined as ha
out
=30.6 kJ/kg, Ta
o
=10.5
o
C,
Wa
o
= 0.0078 kg
v
/kg
a
2. m
u
=
C
(hu
in
-hu
cut
)
=
60
(48-30.6)
= 3.53 kg/s
3. m
w
=
C
Cp
w
(1w
cut
-1w
in
)
=
60
4.145
= 2.90 kg/s
R = j
h
i
Cp
c
q
s
h
c
[
A
i
A
c
[ = 3.41 KJ/kg.K
Is
1
=
(R +1.4) + (R +1.4)
2
+u.184 (o
1
+R Iw
1
1u.76)
u.u92
Is
1
= 1S.74 > I
d.pont
= 1u [Coil surface is dry]
Is
1
=
(1u
1
+R1w
1
)
(R+1)
= 14.62
o
C
Is
2
=
(1u
2
+R1w
2
)
(R+1)
= 7.02
Calculation of Tw
m
Iw
m
= (Is
m
Iw
m
) =
|(1s
1
-1w
1
)-(1s
2
-1w
2
)]
In
(Ts
1
-Tw
1
)
(Ts
2
-Tw
2
)
[
Iw
m
= 2.05
o
C
Calculation of A
i
& A
o
A
=
C
h
i
1
m
= 7.S1 m
2
A
o
= [
A
c
A
i
A
= 168.S m
2
Number of Coil Tubes N
t
N
t
=
4N
p
m
w
np
w
J
2
I
w
= 12o tubcs
The Length of the Tube (Coil), L:
I =
A
i
N
t
nd
i
= 1.62 m
Height of the Coil, H:
E = _
m
c
p
c
v
]ccc
] [
N
t
nd
i
A
i
= 0.683 m
Number of Rows, N
r
N
=
N
t
N
c
=
N
t
S
t
H
= 5.5 6 rows
Thermal Design of Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils 391
Depth of the Coil, D:
= N
S
L
= u.1S7 m
NIu
o
=
h
c
A
c
q
s
m
c
Cp
c
= 2.43
Calculation of Exit air condition
Io
2
= _
[1-
NTU
o
2
[1+
NTU
o
2
_ Io
1
+_
(NTU
o
)
[1+
NTU
o
2
_ [
1s
1
+1s
2
2
=
9.
2
C
wo
2
=
hu
2
-Cpu1u
2
2501+1.81u
2
= u.uu8 kg
v
/
kg
a
Calculation of Latent load and CSHF
S
= m
a
(Wa
2
- Wa
1
) x2501 =0.88 kW
CSEF =
60-0.88
60
= u.98
Table-2 illustrates a comparison of the dimensions and exit air conditions for 60 kW cooling
coil analyzed as only single-section and cooling coil divided to N
r
-sections (N
r
=6).
Physical quantity Single-section coil 6-sections coil
Air exit temperature,
o
C 9.2 10.3
Number of tubes
Number of rows
120
6
120
6
Coil width ,m
Coil depth, m
Coil length, m
0.683
0.157
1.62
0.635
0.157
1.71
Coil SHF 0.98 0.71
Design cooling load, kW
Actual cooling load, kW
60
60
60
65.8
Table 2.
The results presented in Table-2 indicate that cooling coil analyzed as only one-section gives
results with good agreement with those obtained with the coil analyzed as 6-sections. The
maximum error is 12%.
8. Worked problem on the thermal design of Dx-coils
Cross-counter flow Dx- evaporator coil using corrugated plate-fins, has the flowing
construction and operating design parameters:
Coil construction parameters:
Outside tube diameter, d
o
=13.41 mm
Inside tube diameter, d
i
=12.09 mm
Longitudinal tube spacing, S
L
=26.16 mm
Transverse tube spacing, S
T
=31.75 mm
Heat Exchangers Basics Design Applications 392
No. of fins/m, N
f
=554
Aluminum fin thickness, t
f
=0.15 mm
Exchanger compactness, = 1060 m
2
/m
3
Outside area/inside area, (A
o
/A
i
) =23
A
flow
/A
face
on the air-side, =0.529
Finned-surface weighted efficiency, p
s
= 0.85
Number of tube-passes per water loop, N
p
= 6
Design operating Data:
Moist air
Total cooling load at full load, Q
c
=60 kW
Latent Load at full load, Q
L
=20 kW
Inlet air conditions = t = Dry and wet bulb temperatures are:
26
o
C, and 19
o
C
Air face velocity , v
Iacc
=2.8 m/s
Air heat transfer coefficient, h
c
=60 W/ (m
2 o
C)
Air mean specific heat, c
pm
=1.001 kJ/(kg. K)
R-134a
Evaporating temperature, Tev =7
o
C
Heat transfer coefficient on refrigerant side, hi =2000 W/ (m
2
o
C)
Number of tube-passes per water loop, N
tp
= 6
Under the above design full load conditions, calculate:
a. The coil dimensions (tube length, finned width and coil depth).
b. The number of coil rows and the total number of tubes.
c. The exit air temperature.
Calculation Procedures
1. Knowing: [ha
in
=54 kJ/kg, Wa
in
=0.011 kgv/kga, Q
C
=60 kW, CSHF=0.75,
out
= 9S%],
from the Psychometric-chart we obtain:
Air Exit Condition: [ha
out
=33 kJ/kg, Ta
o
=10.5
o
C, Wa
o
=0.86*10-3 kgv/kga]
2. m
a
=
Q
C
(ha
n
-ha
out
)
=
60
(54-33)
= 2.857 kg/s
3. R = j
h
Cp
a
q
s
h
o
[
A
A
o
[ = 1.7 KJ/kg.K
Ts
1
=
(R +1.4) + (R +1.4)
2
+u.184 (ha
1
+ R Ic: 1u.76)
u.u92
Ts
1
= 14.2S < T
d.poInt
= 1S [Coil surface is wet]
Ts
2
=
(R +1.4) + (R +1.4)
2
+u.184 (ha
2
+R Ic: 1u.76)
u.u92
Ts
2
= 9.21
o
C
Thermal Design of Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils 393
Calculation of Tev
m
Tev
m
= (Ts
m
Tev
m
) =
|(Ts
1
-1c)-(Ts
2
-1c)]
In
(Ts
1
-Tc)
(Ts
2
-Tc)
[
Ic:
m
= S.SS
o
C
Where, Tev
m
= mean temperature difference on the refrigerant-side.
Calculation of Ai & Ao
A
I
=
Q
C
h
Tcv
m
= S.6S m
2
A
o
= [
A
o
A
A
I
= 129.S m
2
Calculation of Exit air condition
Io
2
= _
[1-
ANTU
o
2
[1+
ANTU
o
2
_ Io
1
+ _
(ANTU
o
)
[1+
ANTU
o
2
_ [
1s
1
+1s
2
2
= 1u.7S
C
NT0
o
=
q
s
h
o
A
o
m
a
Cp
a
= 2.Su
Air is saturate at this temperature with ha
2
= 31.5 kJ/kg
Wa
2
=
ha
2-C
a
Ta
2
2501+1.8Ta
2
= u.uu82S Kgv / kga
Calculation of Latent load and CSHF
Q
C
= m
a
(ha
1
ha
2
) = 64.28 kW
Q
L
= Q
C
Q
S
= 64.28 2.8S7 (26 1u.72) = 2u.62 kW
CSBF =
64.28 2u.6
64.28
= u.68
Calculation of Dx-Coil Size
Number of Coil Tubes N
t
For DX-coil the number of tubes is determined by applying the continuity equation for the
refrigerant at the exit of the coil where the velocity attains its maximum value at this exit
section. Assuming the refrigerant as saturated vapor, and the maximum velocity of
vapor v
g
10 m/s, N
t
is given as:
m
r
=
Q
C
xh
Ig
= u.SS kgs [Assume inlet dryness fraction, x = 0.9]
N
t
=
4N
p
g
d
2
V
g
96 tube
Heat Exchangers Basics Design Applications 394
The Length of the Tube (Coil), L
L =
A
N
t
d
= 1.S4 m
Height of the Coil, H
Air face area, A
Iacc
=
m
a
p
a
V
Iace
= u.88 m2
A
Iacc
= EL
E =
A
Iace
L
= u.S7 m2
Number of Rows, Nr
N
r
=
N
t
N
c
=
N
t
S
t
W
= 5.35 6 iows
Depth of the Coil, D:
= N
S
L
= u.1S7 m
9. Conclusion
In this chapter, simulation of the cooling coil using a discrete technique "row-by-row
method" has been presented. The main advantage of this method is to trace the air and coil
surface temperature locally. In addition, this method gives more accurate results for the
cooling coil design or simulation compared with those given by ordinary method such as
log mean enthalpy method. Step-by-step procedure has been introduced and worked
examples are presented. The deviation between the two methods "numerical discrete
method and treating the coil as a single zone" is around of 12%.
10. Nomenclature
A = surface area, m
2
Cp = specific heat, kJ/kg. C
h = heat transfer coefficient, W/m
2
. C
hmass = mass transfer coefficient, kg/m
2
.S
NTU = number of transfer unit
Q = heat transfer, W
T = temperature ,
o
C
W = humidity ratio, kgv/kga
11. References
[1] ASHRAE Systems and Equipment Handbook (SI), 2000, Chapter 21
[2] Wibert Stoecker, and Jerold Jones. "Refrigeration & air-conditioning",2
nd
, Ed., 1982,
McGraw-Hill
[3] ASHRAE Fundamental Handbook (SI), 2001, Chapter 6
[4] Kays, W.M., and London A.L. Compact Heat Exchangers, 3
rd
edition, McGraw-Hill, New
York.1984
[5] Threlkeld, J.L. Thermal Environment Engineering, Prentice-Hall Inc., New Work, NY.
1970.