1.

Define solid solution and given example Phase is a uniform part of an alloy, having a certain chemical composition and structure, and which is separated from other alloy constituents by a phase boundary.An alloy phase may be in form of valence compound (substance formed from two or more elements), with a fixed ratio determining the composition) or in form of solid solution.Solid solution is a phase, where two or more elements are completely soluble in each other.Depending on the ratio of the solvent (matrix) metal atom size and solute element atom size, two types of solid solutions may be formed: substitution or interstitial. 2. Define an Alloy Alloy is a metal, composing of a mixture of elements. Most of alloys are composed of a base metal with small amounts of additives or alloying elements. The typical examples of alloys are steel/cast iron (iron base alloys), bronze/brass (copper base alloys), aluminum alloys, nickel base alloys, magnesium base alloys, titanium alloys. 3. Write the equation for Eutectic, Eutectoid reaction

4. State the different type of cast iron There are four basic types of cast iron

white iron gray iron ductile iron malleable iron

5. Write the equation for peritectic and peritectoid reaction

6. What is the Eutectic , Eutectoid and Peritectoid point?

7. Explain Alloy steel A steel to which one or more alloying elements other than carbon have been deliberately added (e.g. chromium, nickel, molybdenum) to achieve a particular physical property. 8. Write the Gibbs phase rule equation and define each of term Gibbs Phase Rule is expressed by the simple formulation: P + F = C + 2, where P is the number of phases in the system C is the minimum number of chemical components required to constitute all the phases in the system F is the number of degrees of freedom in the system (also referred to as the variance of the system). 9. Application for phase diagram Despite the fact, that in real metallurgical processes, especially in the processes, occurring in solid state, the equilibrium conditions are not reached, phase diagram is a very useful instrument of analysis and quantitative evaluations of the alloy behavior. 10. Steps for Eutectoid phase reaction

1. Explain solid solution process with neat sketch Alloy is a metal, composing of a mixture of elements. Most of alloys are composed of a base metal with small amounts of additives or alloying elements. The typical examples of alloys are steel/cast iron (iron base alloys), bronze/brass (copper base alloys), aluminum alloys, nickel base alloys, magnesium base alloys, titanium alloys. Alloys may be prepared by different technological methods: melting, sintering of a powders mixture, high temperature diffusion of an alloying element into the base metal, plasma and vapor deposition of different elements, electroplating etc. Alloy structure may be a single phase or a multi phase. Phase Phase is a uniform part of an alloy, having a certain chemical composition and structure, and which is separated from other alloy constituents by a phase boundary.An alloy phase may be in form of valence compound (substance formed from two or more elements), with a fixed ratio determining the composition) or in form of solid solution. Solid solution is a phase, where two or more elements are completely soluble in each other.Depending on the ratio of the solvent (matrix) metal atom size and solute element atom size, two types of solid solutions may be formed: substitution or interstitial. Substitution solid solution If the atoms of the solvent metal and solute element are of similar sizes (not more, than 15% difference), they form substitution solid solution, where part of the solvent atoms are substituted by atoms of the alloying element (see the picture below).

Interstitial solid solution If the atoms of the alloying elements are considerably smaller, than the atoms of the matrix metal, interstitial solid solution forms, where the matrix solute atoms are located in the spaces between large solvent atoms (see the picture below).

When the solubility of a solute element in interstitial solution is exceeded, a phase of intermediate compound forms. These compounds (TiN, WC, Fe3C etc.) play important role in strengthening steels and other alloys.

Some substitution solid solutions may form ordered phase where ratio between concentration of matrix atoms and concentration of alloying atoms is close to simple numbers like AuCu3 and AuCu. Solid solution formation usually causes increase of electrical resistance and mechanical strength and decrease of plasticity of the alloy. 2.Draw and explain the Iron-carbon equllibrium diagram Iron-carbon phase diagram describes the iron-carbon system of alloys containing up to 6.67% of carbon, discloses the phases compositions and their transformations occurring with the alloys during their cooling or heating. Carbon content 6.67% corresponds to the fixed composition of the iron carbide Fe3C. The diagram is presented in the picture:

The following phases are involved in the transformation, occurring with iron-carbon alloys:

L - Liquid solution of carbon in iron; -ferrite Solid solution of carbon in iron.

Maximum concentration of carbon in -ferrite is 0.09% at 2719 F (1493C) temperature of the peritectic transformation. The crystal structure of -ferrite is BCC (cubic body centered).

Austenite interstitial solid solution of carbon in -iron.

Austenite has FCC (cubic face centered) crystal structure, permitting high solubility of carbon up to 2.06% at 2097 F (1147 C). Austenite does not exist below 1333 F (723C) and maximum carbon concentration at this temperature is 0.83%.

-ferrite solid solution of carbon in -iron.-ferrite has BCC crystal structure and low solubility of carbon up to 0.25% at 1333 F (723C). -ferrite exists at room temperature. Cementite iron carbide, intermetallic compound, having fixed composition Fe3C.

Cementite is a hard and brittle substance, influencing on the properties of steels and cast irons. The following phase transformations occur with iron-carbon alloys: Alloys, containing up to 0.51% of carbon, start solidification with formation of crystals of -ferrite. Carbon content in -ferrite

increases up to 0.09% in course solidification, and at 2719 F (1493C) remaining liquid phase and -ferrite perform peritectic transformation, resulting in formation of austenite. Alloys, containing carbon more than 0.51%, but less than 2.06%, form primary austenite crystals in the beginning of solidification and when the temperature reaches the curve ACM primary cementite stars to form. Iron-carbon alloys, containing up to 2.06% of carbon, are called steels. Alloys, containing from 2.06 to 6.67% of carbon, experience eutectic transformation at 2097 F (1147 C). The eutectic concentration of carbon is 4.3%. In practice only hypoeutectic alloys are used. These alloys (carbon content from 2.06% to 4.3%) are called cast irons. When temperature of an alloy from this range reaches 2097 F (1147 C), it contains primary austenite crystals and some amount of the liquid phase. The latter decomposes by eutectic mechanism to a fine mixture of austenite and cementite, called ledeburite. All iron-carbon alloys (steels and cast irons) experience eutectoid transformation at 1333 F (723C). The eutectoid concentration of carbon is 0.83%. When the temperature of an alloy reaches 1333 F (733C), austenite transforms to pearlite (fine ferrite-cementite structure, forming as a result of decomposition of austenite at slow cooling conditions). Critical temperatures

Upper critical temperature (point) A3 is the temperature, below which ferrite starts to form as a result of ejection from austenite in the hypoeutectoid alloys.

Upper critical temperature (point) ACM is the temperature, below which cementite starts to form as a result of ejection from austenite in the hypereutectoid alloys. Lower critical temperature (point) A1 is the temperature of the austenite-to-pearlite eutectoid transformation. Below this temperature austenite does not exist. Magnetic transformation temperature A2 is the temperature below which -ferrite is ferromagnetic.

Phase compositions of the iron-carbon alloys at room temperature

Hypoeutectoid steels (carbon content from 0 to 0.83%) consist of primary (proeutectoid) ferrite (according to the curve A3) and pearlite. Eutectoid steel (carbon content 0.83%) entirely consists of pearlite. Hypereutectoid steels (carbon content from 0.83 to 2.06%) consist of primary (proeutectoid)cementite (according to the curve ACM) and pearlite. Cast irons (carbon content from 2.06% to 4.3%) consist of proeutectoid cementite C2 ejected from austenite according to the curve ACM , pearlite and transformed ledeburite (ledeburite in which austenite transformed to pearlite). transformations and phase diagrams

3.Phase

In contrast to pure metals, which solidify at a constant temperature - freezing point, alloys solidify over a range of temperature, depending on the alloy components and their concentrations.

In course of solidification and subsequent cooling of solid alloy processes of phase transformations take place. The phases compositions and their quantities change with the temperature. Phase diagrams are used for quantitative description of the phase transformation and changes. Phase diagram of an alloy system is a graphical presentation of the relationships between the phases compositions and their relative amounts at any given temperature and under equilibrium conditions. Despite the fact, that in real metallurgical processes, especially in the processes, occurring in solid state, the equilibrium conditions are not reached, phase diagram is a very useful instrument of analysis and quantitative evaluations of the alloy behavior. Phase diagram of an alloy system consisting of two components is called binary phase diagram. There are three main types of binary phase diagrams :

Complete solid and liquid solution diagram, Eutectic diagram (including Eutectic diagram with partial solubility of the components in solid state and Eutectic diagram with intermetallic compound) Peritectic diagram.

These three diagrams and combinations of them describe behavior of most of binary alloys. Complete solid and liquid solution diagram The typical diagram of this type is illustrated by the figure below. The diagram has two curves liquidus (equilibrium conditions of liquid phase with first solid crystals primary crystals)

and solidus(equilibrium conditions of last liquid with nearly complete solid).

Consider solidification of an alloy with concentration C. When the alloy temperature is higher than TL , single liquid phase exists (point M on the diagram). When the temperature reaches the value TL (point M1 on the liquidus curve) solidification starts. According to solidus curve (point N1 )the first solid crystals have different composition C1. Further cooling of the alloy causes changing of the liquid phase composition according to the liquidus curve and when the alloy temperature reaches a certain intermediate value T (position MT ), liquid phase of composition Cy and solid phase of composition Cx are in equilibrium. Relative amounts of the two phases are determined by their compositions and may be calculated by the lever rule : WS / WL = MTY / MTX

or WS / WL = (CY-C) / (C-CX) Where: WS weight of the solid phase; WL weight of the liquid phase; MTY and MTX length of the corresponding lines in the diagram. Solidification ends at the temperature TS and the last remainders of liquid phase have the composition C2 (according to the point F2 on the liquidus curve). Eutectic diagram Eutectic phase diagram describes behavior of the alloys, two components of which are completely soluble in liquid state and entirely insoluble in solid state. This diagram has two liquidus curves, starting from the freezing points of the two metals and intersecting in a minimum point eutectic point.

Consider solidification of an alloy with concentration C. When the alloy temperature is higher than TL , single liquid phase exists (point M on the diagram). When the temperature reaches the value TL (point M1 on the liquidus curve) solidification starts. The primary crystals, forming in this case are the crystals of the metal A. Further cooling of the alloy causes enrichment of the liquid phase with the metal B according to the liquidus curve and when the alloy temperature reaches a certain intermediate value T (position MT ), liquid phase of composition Cy and solid phase, consisting of Acrystals, are in equilibrium. At the temperature equal to TE (eutectic temperature) formation of the primary crystals stops and the remainding liquid phase , having composition CE (eutectic composition), transforms to an intimate mixture of small A and B solid crystals. This is the eutectic phase transformation. Relative amounts of the primary crystals and the eutectic mixture may be calculated by the lever rule : WP / WE = (CE-C) / C Where: WP weight of the primary crystals; WE weight of the eutectic mixture.

Eutectic diagram with partial solubility of the components in solid state This kind of phase diagram is a hybrid ofthe diagram with complete solid and liquid solution and the eutectic diagram (the

metals are completely soluble in liquid state and entirely insoluble in solid state).

Consider solidification of an alloy with concentration C. When the alloy temperature is higher than TL, single liquid phase exists (point M on the diagram). When the temperature reaches the value TL (point M1 on the liquidus curve) solidification starts. According to solidus curve the first solid crystals (primary crystals) of the -phase have composition C1. Further cooling of the alloy causes changing of the liquid phase composition according to the liquidus curve and when the alloy temperature reaches a certain intermediate value T (position MT ),

liquid phase of composition Cy and composition Cx are in equilibrium.

solid

-phase

of

At the temperature equal to TE (eutectic temperature) formation of the primary crystals stops and the remainding liquid phase , having composition CE (eutectic composition), transforms to a finely devided mixture of small solid crystals of -phase and -phase (eutectic phase transformation). At this temperature all -phase crystals have composition C and all crystals of -phase have composition C. Relative amounts of the -phase primary crystals and the eutectic mixture may be calculated by the lever rule : WP / WE = M2 E / M2 N or WP / WE = (CE-C) / (C- C) Where: WP weight of the -phase primary crystals; WE weight of the eutectic mixture; Just below the eutectic temperature TE the alloy consists of two solid phase: -phase and -phase, relative amounts of whichis determined by the lever rule : W / W = M2F / M2N or W / W = (C-C) / (C- C) Where: W weight of the -phase;

W weight of the-phase; During further cooling solid solution phases (-phase and -phase) change their compositions according to the solvus curves NN3 and FF3 . Solvus curve determins formation of solid solution phase from another solid solution phase similar to liquidus curve. At the temperature T3 -phase crystals have composition C and all crystals of -phase have composition C. Hypo-eutectic alloys If an alloy composition C is lower, than eutectic composition CE , solidification of the alloy starts from formation of the primary crystals of -phase according to the left branch of the liquidus curve. These alloys are called hypo-eutectic. Hyper-eutectic alloys If an alloy composition C is higher, than eutectic composition CE , solidification of the alloy starts from formation of the primary crystals of -phase according to the right branch of the liquidus curve. These alloys are called hyper-eutectic. Eutectoid phase transformation is analogous to the eutectic transformation, however it occurs with a solid solution phase, breaking up into a mixture of two finely divided phases of different compositions. Eutectic diagram with intermetallic compound Intermetallic compound (valence compound) is a phase, having chemical composition equal to a fixed simple ratio, like CuZn,Cu3Sn, Mg2Pb, etc. Sometimes intermetallic compounds exist composition, differing from the valence over law. a range of Intermetallic

compounds of this sort are called electron intermediate solutions.

compounds

or

An example of a phase diagram with intermetallic compound AB2 is shown in the figure below.

This diagram may be considered as a combination two different diagrams: AAB2 and AB2-B.

Peritectic diagram Sometimes a solid solution phase, which has already been formed, andthe residual liquid phase react and form another solid solution phase or intermetallic compound, having a composition between the compositions of the liquid and the first solid. This is peritectic transformation (peritectic reaction). An example of a phase diagram with peritectic transformation is shown in the figure:

Consider solidification of an alloy with concentration C. When the alloy temperature is higher than TL , single liquid phase exists (point M on the diagram). When the temperature reaches the value TL (point M1 on the liquidus curve) solidification starts. According to solidus curve

(point N1 )the first solid crystals (primary crystals) of the -phase have composition C1. Further cooling of the alloy causes changing of the liquid phase composition according to the liquidus curve and when the alloy temperature reaches a certain intermediate value T (position MT ), liquid phase of composition Cy and solid -phase of composition Cx are in equilibrium. At the temperature equal to TP (peritectic temperature) formation of the -phase crystals stops and the remainding liquid phase , having composition CL reacts with -phase crystals , forming phase of composition CP (peritectic phase transformation). At this temperature remaining -phase crystals composition C and all crystals of -phase composition CP (peritectic composition). have have

Relative amounts of the -phase crystals and the liquid phase just above the peritectic transformation may be calculated by the lever rule : W / WL = (CL-C) / (C- C) Where: W weight of the -phase crystals; WL weight of the liquid phase; Just below the peritectic temperature TP the alloy consists of two solid phase: -phase and -phase, relative amounts of whichis determined by the lever rule : W / W = (CP-C) / (C- C) Where: W weight of the -phase;

W weight of the-phase; During further cooling solid solution phases (-phase and-phase) change their compositions according to the corresponding solvus curves. At the temperature T3 -phase crystals have composition C and all crystals of -phase have composition C. If the alloy composition is exactly equal to peritectic composition CP , -phase and liquid phase are consumed comletely in the peritectic reaction. Alloys with composition C lower than CP , some quantity of -phase remains after the peritectic reaction (it may be calculated by the lever rule). If the alloy composition C is higher than CP , some liquid phase remains after the peritectic reaction. This remaining liquid transforms to -phase during the further cooling.