Lecture 28, March 15, 2004

• Assignment 3 due today

• No assignment 4 Æ please focus on the project
and get the most out of it.

Today
• Internal Flows Continued

Read Chapter 8 in your text Æ the material is well

presented therein. Internal flows simply involve
adapted the considerable background that we have
already developed to the nuances of internal flow.

Once we have determined that for a fully developed

internal flow, that the pressure forces balance the
shear stresses it is a simple matter to show that for a
laminar flow,

Where for a circular pipe, Umax = 2 Um.

Knowing u(r), we can of course folve for the pressure

drop expressed in terms of a friction factor or a
coefficient of pressure (more for external flows).
These are all compiled for both laminar and turbulent
flows in the moody diagram.
Why are we concerned with the pressure drop in an
internal flow?
We can almost always increase heat transfer by
increasing the flow rate. WE can also almost always
increase the heat transfer by increasing the surface
area available for heat transfer. Each of these
‘solutions’ though has an associated cost. In the first
case we need a larger pump and more power to it. In
the second case we need more material and a larger
capital cost and footprint.

In both cases too, dp/dx is increased. We need to

find an optimum solution which maximizes heat
transfer while minimizing cost.

Developing flow/ Entry length.

The fully developed hydrodynamic solution that we

have been discussing takes a certain amount of time
to develop. For laminar flow, xfd /D is approximately
0.05 Re

What about the concept of a fully developed thermal

boundary layer? In some cases a thermally fully
developed flow is possible, and the thermal entry
length can be correlated to the hydrodynamic
entrance length through the Prandtl number as
before. Æ xfd,T /D = 0.05Re Pr.

Fully developed velocity conditions are simple to

imagine, the energy analogy is not so straight
forward. If there is a constant input of energy
(constant wall heat flux) then the temperature in the
pipe must continue to increase. We can however
define a dimensionless temperature

Where T(r,x) is the temperature profile at some

location x, Ts(x) is the wall surface temperature at
that location, and Tm(x) is the average temperature at
that cross section. If we define a non dimensional
temperature as such, then we find that this quantity
will stop changing with x at some point, and we have
a fully developed thermal boundary layer.

The Energy Balance

Assumptions
• Either an ideal gas, or an incompressible fluid
• Negligible conduction
• No internal Generation
• Steady

Energy in

Energy out
Energy flux through the walls

Conservation of Energy

We can easily separate the variables in this

expression, to obtain and ODE to describe the
situation.

We can now solve this equation for two different

boundary conditions of interest.
• Constant surface temperature
• Constant surface heat flux

Constant surface heat flux

Integrate directly to get

Constant surface temperature

More involved to solve since q” is a function of x. As
Tm increases, dqconv decreases and the total heat
added to the pipe is a function of the solution. Read
section 8.3.3

where

and bar(h) is the average convection coefficient over

the length of interest.

From conservation of energy,

And, we can combine this with the above exponential

equation and Newton’s law of cooling.

Where Delta Tlm is the log mean temperature

difference,