Traffic Light Controller

May 18

2012

Introduction:
Ever since Roman times, society has tried to control traffic. Even the fabled Roman road system created a conflict between pedestrian and equine travelers. However, a practical solution was not developed until the mid-nineteenth century, when J. P. Knight, a railway signaling engineer, created the first traffic signal, which was installed near Westminster Abbey in London, England in 1868. Unfortunately, the device exploded, killing a police officer, and its use was discontinued after being in operation for only a short time. The modern traffic light was invented in America. New York had a three- color system in 1918 that was operated manually from a tower in the middle of the street. Other cities soon adopted the idea of having someone on the scene to control the lights. Garrett Morgan, inventor of the gas mask, also developed traffic signalling devices. Having witnessed an accident between a car and a carriage, Morgan felt compelled to devise a system to prevent such collisions at street intersections. In 1923 he patented an electric traffic light system using a pole with a cross section on Which the words STOP and GO were illuminated. These basic designs were soon improved. In 1926 the first automatic signals were installed in London; they depended on a timer to activate them. In the 1930s vehicle-activated lights were created in which cars rolled over half-buried rubber tubes. Air in the tubes was displaced by the weight of the car rolling over them, and the increased pressure operated an electric contact, activating the lights. But these tubes wore out quickly. A better idea was the inductive-loop device: a loop of wire was imbedded in the road itself and connected to a box controlling the lights; a current of electricity passed through the loop, and when the steel body of a car passed overhead, it produced a signal that activated the light. Today, traffic is automatically routed onto limited access highways courtesy of a computer activated guidance system that determines traffic volume on the highway. Global positioning satellite systems (GPS) are installed in many cars. These systems connect with a satellite and inform drivers where they are and possible routes to their destination. Such systems will eventually enable a drive to determine the best route to a destination given prevailing traffic conditions. State sequence (2 second/state) North-South light East -West light

SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY:

NO 0 1 3 2 6 7 5 4 12 13 15 14 10 11 9

A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

C 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0

D 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

CNT 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 1 3 2 6 7 5 4 12 13 15 14 10 11 9

a 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1

b 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1

c 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1

d 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1

e 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1

f 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1

g 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

0 1 3 2 6 7 5 4 12 13 15 14 10 11 9

This truth table indicates which of the seven segments (a->g) is on and which is off. The binary number one indicates the corresponding segment is on and the binary number 0 indicates the segment is off.

K- Maps for segments from( a to g):

00 01 11 10 00 1 1 1 1 01 1 1 1 1 a=c'+CD' 10 11 1 1 1 1

00 00 01 11 10 1 1

01 1

10 1 1

1 b=Cd'+AB'C'+ABC+A'BC'+A'B'C

11 1 1 1 1

00

00 1

01 1

10 1

11 1

01 11 10

1 1 1

1 1 1 1 c=C'+AB+A'B'

00 01 11 10

00 1 1 1 1

01 1 1 1 1 d=C'+D'

10

11 1 1 1 1

00 01 11 10

00 1 1 1 1

01 1 1

10

11 1 1

1 1 e=D'C'+A'B+AB'

00 01 11 10

00 1 1 1 1

01 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 f=C'D'+D

10

11

00

00 1

01 1

10 1

11 1

01 11 10

1 1 1

g=AB'+A'B'+CD'

Traffic Light Controller:

In order for the traffic light controller to control the flow of cars between two main roads, two types of circuits are needed to be combined together (combinational and sequential). This truth table is needed to obtain the optimized functions to control the light.

A NO 0 1 3 2 6 7 5 4 12 13 15 14 10 11 9 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 C 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 D 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 3 2 6 7 5 4 12 13 15 14 10 11 9 8 RNS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 YNS 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GNS 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 2 6 7 5 4 12 13 15 14 10 11 9 8 REW 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 YEW GEW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0

NS-Light:
00 00 01 11 10 1 1 1 01 10 11

1 1 RNS=A+BC'D'

1 1

1 1

00 00 01 11 10

01 1

10

11

YNS=A'BC'D

00 01 11 10

00 1

01 1

10 1 1

11 1 1

GNS=A'B'+C

EW-Light:
00 01 11 10 00 1 1 1 REW=A'+B'C'D' 01 1 1 10 1 1 11 1 1

00 00 01 11 10

01

10

11

1 YEW=AB'C'D

00 00 01 11 10

01

10

11

1 GEW=A+AC

1 1

1 1

Sequential Circuit:(state sequence)

CURRENT STATE A B C D CNT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 next state A B C " " " 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 D " 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 3 2 6 7 5 4 12 13 15 14 10 11 9 8 Ja 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x x x x x x x x a x x x x x x x x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 2 6 7 5 4 12 13 15 14 10 11 9 8 K Jb 0 0 0 1 x x x x x x x x 0 0 0 0 Kb x x x x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x x x x 2 1 13 15 14 10 11 9 8 3 1 5 1 4 1 0 1 1 9 8 X 0 0 1 X X 1 9 8 X 0 0 1 x x 0 0 1 x X 0 4 1 1 x X 0 5 1 0 x 1 X 3 1 x 1 0 1 3 2 6 7 5 4 1 c 0 1 X X X X 0 0 0 J kc X X 0 0 0 1 X X X 2 1 x 0 0 1 3 2 6 7 5 4 1 Jd 1 x x 0 1 x x 0 1 Kd x 0 1 x x 0 1 x x

NO 0 1 3 2 6 7 5 4 12

00 00 01 11 10 1 x x

01

10

11

x x

x x

x x

JA=BCD

00 01 11 10

00 x x 1

01 x x

10 x x

11 x x

KA=BCD

00 00 01 11 10 x x

01 x x JB=ACD

10 x x

11 1 x x

00 01 11 10

00 x

01 x

10 x

11 x 1 x

KB=ACD

00 00 01 11 10

01 1 1

10 x x x x

11 x x x x

JC=ABD+ABCD

00 01 11 10

00 x x x x

01 x x x x

10 1 1

11

KC=ABD+ABD

00 01 11 10

00 1 1

01 x x x

10 x x

11 1 1

x x x JD=ABC+ABC+ABC+ABC

00 01 11 10

00 x x x x

01 1

10 1 1

11 x x x

1 KD=ABC+ABC+ABC+ABC

Multiplaxer:

Fast-timer:

Top Level Block: