Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
LAND USE PLANNING 1. land use planning concepts 2 what is land use planning 3. what is a land use plan 4. objectives of land use planning 5. two division of land use planning 6. land use categories and color coding 7. formulation of the general land use plan 8. environmentally critical areas
II.
b. different shapes in land use patterns III. URBAN LAND USE MODELS a. whats a model? b. concentric-zone model c. sector model d. multiple nuclei model e. urban realms model Land Use Planning Concepts Land Land is viewed as a shared natural resource, much like air and water found therein, to be conserved and cared for with due regard for its effect on society as a whole and for the conditions in which it will be passed on to future generations. Land is also viewed as a property - a private commodity which can be owned, used, bought or sold for personal comfort and profit. Land is a finite resource but population continues to grow year after year requiring more land for housing and other urban uses, agricultural areas for food production and more forest for timber production and watershed protection. Therefore, the need to allocate land judiciously and discriminately What is Land Use Planning? It is the systematic approach / process for identifying, classifying and locating urban land, which is achieved by analyzing the socio-economic needs of the population in consideration of the physical and natural attributes of a city / municipality Technical aspect- involves determining what activities(agricultural, construction) a given piece of land can support without causing damage to the land itself in order it can be used across many generations without jeopardizing. Political aspect is concerned with the commitment of decision makers and politicians to ensure that there is strict compliance with the plan and its implementation tools. What is a LAND USE PLAN ??? An essential component of the comprehensive development plan, it designates the future use or reuse of the land and the structure built upon the land within a given jurisdictions planning area and the policies and reasoning used in
arriving at the decisions in the plan. It projects public and private land uses in accordance with the planned spatial organization of economic and social activities and the traffic of goods and people Objectives of Land Use Planning 1. To promote the efficient utilization, acquisition and disposition of land as a limited resources; a) Make sure there is enough for our future generations to use and enjoy while addressing the needs of the present times 2. To influence, direct and harmonize decisions and activities of the public and the private sectors affecting the use, management and disposition of lands; 3. Reconcile land use conflicts between and among individuals and government agencies relating to present needs and anticipated demands for land; 4. Promote desirable and efficient patterns of land uses and prevent premature and wasteful development and minimize the cost of public facilities, services and infrastructure; 5. Protect and preserve valuable agri-cultural areas consistent with the need to promote industrialization; 6. Maintain ecological balance thru Control of development in critical areas such as flood plains and watershed areas 7. Integrate programs and projects on land land development agencies; resources development among
8. Conserve areas of ecological, aesthetic and historical values and maintain and protect natural open areas and areas of significant views; 9. Promote and implement a shelter plan Thru Identification of sites suitable for housing; and
PCA = protection/preservation and conservation areas, in hectares BU = built-up areas, in hectares Example: Given: Area (Has.)
a. Total Land Area (TLA) of City/Municipality b. Preservation and Conservation Areas (PCA)*
= 50,000 = 35,000
b.1 NIPAS b.2 NIPAAs b.3 Environmentally Constrained Areas b.4 Other Environmentally Critical Areas Identified in Pres. Proc. No. 2146 c. Existing Built-up Areas (BU)
= 10,000
d. Land Supply For Urban Expansion = a (b + c) = 50,000 (35,000 + 10,000) = 50,000 45,000 = 5,000 Has.
Parks/Playgrounds and other Recreational Areas- the space requirement may be computed with the use of space standards based on population or area of the municipality or city Open Space- so called non-functional open spaces and includes lands reserved for greenbelts and buffer zones; and other vacant lands reserved for specific or functional purposes
Constraints to Development
-identify different constraints such as soil conditions, flooding, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and other natural condition -mapping guidelines- illustrates the physical obstacles to development such as subsidence and flooding risk
and ethnic reserves; military reservation and other urban uses which required relatively large areas like industrial estates and utilities Conservation and Preservation Areas -maintain the desired ecological balance and area characteristic -to protect the integrity of sensitive/critical ecosystem -to preserve their natural or unique characteristic;
Class X level land; wet most of the time and cannot be economically drained; suited for fishpond or recreation. Class Y very hilly and mountainous, barren and rugged; should be reserved for recreation and wildlife or for reforestation.
Soil Suitability
A soil suitability study shall be conducted to determine the appropriateness of agricultural lands for specific crops. At present, the Bureau of Soils and Water Management has prepared Crop Development and Soil conservation Planning Guide Maps for various crops.
- soil erosion
Erosion
- resembles the Dispersed Sheet urban form of Kevin Lynch, which he described as having maximum flexibility, personal comfort, independence and where local participation is highly possible - Trend extension is the result of individuals building anywhere according to their own preferences and convenience with minimal government intervention. - development is spread evenly over a wide continuous tract, very accessible to open land, and transport is designed as continuous grid. - no vivid or memorable image of the city and costly provision of public service.
DISPERSED SHEET
Linear Urban Form - a.k.a Ribbon or Strip development - characterized by concentration of development along both sides of major transportation routes such as roads, navigable rivers or other form of transport network - generally start on a one-lot-deep into a grid system. - also resembles what Kevin Lynch refers to as the Urban Star which is characterized by a strong urban core with secondary centers of moderate densities, distributed along main radials roads.
Urban star Multi-Nodal Urban Form - re-directs development away from the urban core or city center toward identified urban growth areas or nodes. - approximates Lynchs Galaxy form, which is characterized by clusters of development with each cluster having its own specialization. - the major center provides specialized facilities and services to its nodes and acts as it external linkage to other centers of the city or municipality. The nodes support the major center as its captive market while providing neighborhood facilities and services to its area of influence.
Galaxy form
Concentric Urban Form - this form reflects an outward expansion of urban development from the city center/core induced by the construction of new circumferential and radial roads. - the form pattern matches the Core City of Kevin Lynch has the unique characteristic of concentrating development into one continuous body originating from the center or core. - aiming to maximize land use in the Poblacion or city center to provide more open space outside, this urban form redirects future development in and around the Poblacion/city center, extending to the adjoining barangays or barrios. As a result, the direction of growth enlarges the urban core.
Concentric Circle
- this system is made up of rectangular blocks defined by parallel and intersecting streets. The simplicity of this layout provides accessibility of plots and/or structures, but conflict or movement could arise due to numerous intersections.
Grid Development
Rectilinear- Usually with two corridors of intense development crossing the center; usually found in small cities rather than in large
Star - Radiocentric form with open spaces between the outreaching corridors of development
Linear- Usually the result of natural topography which restricts growth; may also be a transportation spine.
Articulated sheet - A sheet accented by one or more central clusters and several subclusters
Whats a model? Best synonym: a model = a representation A textbook definition: An idealized representation of a part of reality which is constructed so as to demonstrate certain of its properties. The Concentric-Zone Model Proposed by Burgess A sociologist at the University of Chicago: 1925 book titled The City Based on a study of land use patterns and social group dynamics in Chicago
Geographically the city was visualized like 5 or 6 major rings, such as from a cross-section of a tree A model with five zones.
Concentric-Zone Model
A model with five zones. Zone 1 The central business district (CBD) Distinct pattern of income levels out to the commuters zone Extension of trolley lines had a lot to do with this pattern)
Zone 2 Characterized by mixed pattern of industrial and residential land use Rooming houses, small apartments, and tenements attract the lowest income segment Often includes slums and skid rows, many ethnic ghettos began here Usually called the transition zone
Zone 3 The workingmens quarters Solid blue-collar, located close to factories of zones 1 and 2 More stable than the transition zone around the CBD Often characterized by ethnic neighborhoods blocks of immigrants who broke free from the ghettos Spreading outward because of pressure from transition zone and because blue-collar workers demanded better housing
Established city dwellers, many of whom moved outward with the first streetcar network Commute to work in the CBD
Zone 5 Consists of higher-income families clustered together in older suburbs Located either on the farthest extension of the trolley or commuter railroad lines Spacious lots and large houses
From here the rich pressed outward to avoid congestion and social heterogeneity caused by expansion of zone 4
Theory represented the American city in a new stage of development Before the 1870s, cities such as New York had mixed neighborhoods where merchants stores and sweatshop factories were intermingled with mansions and hovels Rich and poor, immigrant and native-born, rubbed shoulders in the same neighborhoods In Chicago, Burgesss home town, the great fire of 1871 leveled the core The result of rebuilding was a more explicit social patterning Chicago became a segregated city with a concentric pattern This was the city Burgess used for his model The actual map of the residential area does not exactly match his simplified concentric zones
Sector Model
Homer Hoyt, an economist, presented his sector model in 1939 Maintained high-rent districts were instrumental in shaping land-use structure of the city Because these areas were reinforced by transportation routes, the pattern of their development was one of sectors or wedges
As growth occurs, similar activities stay in the same area and extend outwards Good for accommodating growth development axes; growth momentum
Concentric zone model requires redevelopment to change the amount of residential land use of different types Why do land use areas take wedge shapes?
Follow older radial transport lines High-class residential on higher ground or along an environmental amenity (e.g., wooded ravine) Lower-class residential along the tracks coming in and out of town This theory is particularly good for residential land use Both the concentric zone and sector models are monocentric representations of urban areas How realistic are they for an auto-age metropolis like Tucson?
Sector Model
Hoyt suggested high-rent sector would expand according to four factors Moves from its point of origin near the CBD, along established routes of travel, toward another nucleus of high-rent buildings Will progress toward high ground or along waterfronts, when these areas are not used for industry Will move along the route of fastest transportation Will move toward open space As high-rent sectors develop, areas between them are filled in Middle-rent areas move directly next to them, drawing on their prestige Low-rent areas fill remaining areas Moving away from major routes of travel, rents go from high to low There are distinct patterns in todays cities that echo Hoyts model He had the advantage of writing later than Burgess in the age of the automobile Today, major transportation arteries are generally freeways Surrounding areas are often low-rent districts Contrary to Hoyts theory Freeways were imposed on existing urban pattern Often built through low-rent areas where land was cheaper and political opposition was less
3. Low-income Residential 4. Middle-Income Residential 5. High-Income Residential 6. Heavy Manufacturing 7. Outlying Business District (Mall) 8. Residential Suburb 9. Industrial Suburb
Equal weight must be given to: An old community on city outskirts around which new suburbs clustered An industrial district that grew from an original waterfront location Low-income area that began because of some social stigma attached to site
Rooted their model in four geographic principles Certain activities require highly specialized facilities Accessible transportation for a factory Large areas of open land for a housing tract Certain activities cluster because they profit from mutual association Certain activities repel each other and will not be found in the same area Certain activities could not make a profit if they paid the high rent of the most desirable locations More than any other model takes into account the varied factors of decentralization in the structure of the North American city Many criticize the concentric zone and sector theories as being rather deterministic because they emphasize one single factor Multiple nuclei theory encompasses a larger spectrum of economic and social possibilities Most urban scholars feel Harris and Ullman succeeded in trying to integrate the disparate element of culture into workable model
TROPICAL DESIGN = Minimize SUN + Maximize WIND TROPICAL DESIGN = passive cooling PASSIVE COOLING: design with no mechanical equipment used to induce comfort conditions in building interior PASSIVE COOLING = inducing air movements INDUCING AIR MOVEMENTS: relevant for areas with temperature variations of 10 and with high humidity INDUCING AIR MOVEMENTS: can improve thermal comfort up to building interiors 15 meters deep
maximize radiant heat gain minimize wind resistance TEMPERATE CLIMATE: retention moderate thermal
moderate radiant heat gain slight wind exposure (for humidity control) moderate internal airflow Principles of Air Movement Air flows from a high-pressure to a low-pressure area.
2.
INERTIA. Once set in motion, air tends to continue to flow in its initial direction until some intervening force is met.
WARM
COOL
COOL
WARM
EFFECT OF LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS 1. Hedges/shrubs should not be more than 3 meters from building 2. Tree foliage above openings promote air motion into openings 3. Combine tree, hedge and building to achieve air flow control 4. Lateral air channels to direct air flow 5. Arrange trees to determine wind shadow 6. Make use of earth mounds to achieve better air movement
3. Combine tree, hedge and building 4. Lateral air channels to direct air flow 5. Arrange trees to determine
wind shadow
THANK YOU