Conversion Factors and Relationships

Density (1.6) Length

SI unit: meter (m) 1 m = 1.0936 yd 1 cm = 0.39370 in 1 in = 2.54 cm(exactly) 1 km = 0.62137 mi 1 mi = 5280 ft = 1.6093 km 1 A = 10-10 m m d = V

Selected Key Equations

De Broglie Relation (7.4)
h l = mn

Arrhenius Equation (13.5)

-Ea

Temperature
SI unit: kelvin (K) 0 K = -273.15 C = -459.67 F K = C + 273.15 (F - 32) C = 1.8 F = 1.8 (C) + 32

Energy (derived)
SI unit: joule (J) 1 J = 1 kg # m2>s2 = = = 1 cal = 1 eV =

Pressure (derived)
SI unit: pascal (Pa) 1 Pa = 1 N>m2 = 1 kg>(m # s2) 1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 760 torr = 14.70 lb>in2 1 bar = 10 Pa 1 torr = 1 mmHg
5

Solution Dilution (4.4)

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle (7.4)

x * m v h 4p 1 J 2 n

k = A e RT Ea 1 ln k = - a b + ln A (linearized form) R T
-Ea

0.23901 cal 1C # V 9.4781 * 10-4 Btu 4.184 J 1.6022 * 10-19 J

Ideal Gas Law (5.4)

PV = nRT

k = p z e RT

(collision theory)

Daltons Law (5.6)

Ptotal = Pa + Pb + Pc +

Energy of Hydrogen Atom Levels (7.5)

En = -2.18 * 10
-18

Kc and Kp (14.4)
Kp = Kc(RT)n

(n = 1, 2, 3 )

Mole Fraction (5.6)

na xa = ntotal 1 q1 q2 4 pPo r

pH Scale (15.5)

Coulombs Law (9.2)

E =

pH = -log3H3O+4 3base4 3acid4

Volume (derived)

SI unit: cubic meter 1m32 1L = 10-3 m3 = 1 dm3 = 103 cm3 = 1.0567 qt 1 gal = = 1 cm3 = 1 in3 = 1 qt = 4 qt 3.7854 L 1 mL 16.39 cm3 32 fluid oz

Mass
SI unit: kilogram (kg) = 2.2046 lb 1 kg = 453.59 g 1 lb = 16 oz = 1.66053873 * 10-27 kg 1 amu = 2000 lb 1 ton = 907.185 kg 1 metric ton = 1000 kg = 2204.6 lb

Geometric Relationships
p Circumference of a circle Area of a circle Surface area of a sphere Volume of a sphere Volume of a cylinder = = = = 3.14159 2pr pr 2 4pr 2 4 = pr 3 3 = pr 2h

Average Kinetic Energy (5.8)

KEavg 3 RT = A M 3 = RT 2

Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation (16.2)

pH = pKa + log

Dipole Moment (9.6)

m = qr

Root Mean Square Velocity (5.8)

u rms MB rate A = rate B A MA

Entropy (17.3) Clausius-Clapeyron Equation (11.5)

ln Pvap = ln - Hvap RT + ln b - Hvap 1 P2 1 = - P1 R T2 T1 S = k ln W

Effusion (5.9)

Change in the Entropy of the Surroundings (17.4)

- Hsys Ssurr = T

Van der Waals Equation (5.10) Fundamental Constants

Atomic mass unit Avogadros number Bohr radius Boltzmanns constant Electron charge Faradays constant Gas constant Mass of an electron Mass of a neutron Mass of a proton Plancks constant Speed of light in vacuum 1 amu 1g NA a0 k e F R me mn mp h c = 1.66053873 * 10 kg = 6.02214199 * 1023 amu
23 -27

n 2 cP + aa b d * 3V - nb4 = nRT V = 6.02214150 * 10 >mol

Henrys Law (12.4)

Sgas = kH Pgas

Change in Gibbs Free Energy (17.5)

G = H - T S

Kinetic Energy (6.1)

1 KE = mv 2 2

Raoults Law (12.6)

Psolution = xsolvent P solvent

The Change in Free Energy: Nonstandard Conditions (17.8)

Grxn = G + RT ln Q rxn

= 5.29177211 * 10-11 m = 1.38065052 * 10-23 J>K = 1.60217653 * 10

-19

Internal Energy (6.2)

E = q + w

Freezing Point Depression (12.7)

Tf = m * Kf

G and K (17.9) rxn

G = -RT ln K rxn

= 9.64853383 * 104 C>mol = 0.08205821 (L # atm>(mol # K) = 8.31447215 J>(mol # K) = 5.48579909 * 10-4 amu = 9.10938262 * 10-31 kg = 1.00866492 amu = 1.67492728 * 10-27 kg = 1.00727647 amu = 1.67262171 * 10-27 kg = 6.62606931 * 10
-34

Heat Capacity (6.3)

q = m * Cs * T

Boiling Point Elevation Constant (12.7)

Tb = m * Kb

Pressure-Volume Work (6.3)

w = -P V

Osmotic Pressure (12.7)

w = MRT

Temperature Dependence of the Equilibrium Constant (17.9)

ln K = H S rxn 1 rxn a b + R T R

Change in Enthalpy (6.5)

H = E + P V

The Rate Law (13.3)

Rate = k3A4n Rate = k3A4m3B4n
(single reactant) (multiple reactants)

G and E (18.5) cell

G = -nF E cell

Standard Enthalpy of Reaction (6.8)

H = a np H f (products) rxn a nr H f (reactants)

J#s

Integrated Rate Laws and Half-Life (13.4)

Order Integrated Rate Law Half-Life Expression

E and K (18.5) cell

E = cell 0.0592 V log K n

= 2.99792458 * 108 m>s (exactly) n = c l

Frequency and Wavelength (7.2) SI Unit Prefixes

a atto 10-18 f femto 10-15 p pico 10-12 n nano 10-9 m micro 10-6 m milli 10-3 c 10-2 d 10-1 k kilo 103 M mega 106 G giga 109 T tera 1012 P peta 1015 E exa 1018 0 1 2

3A4t = -kt + 3A40

t1>2 =

Energy of a Photon (7.2)

E = hn hc E = l

ln3A4t = -kt + ln3A40 t1>2 1 1 = kt + 3A4t 3A40 t1>2

centi deci

2k 0.693 = k 1 = k3A40

3A40

Nerst Equation (18.6)

Ecell = E cell 0.0592 V log Q n

Einsteins Energy-Mass Equation (19.8)

E = mc 2