GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Construction work on the project management depends on two main factors : resources and management functions. Consist of human resources, money, equipment, and materials, while intended as a management function activities that could lead or control a group of people who joined in a partnership to achieve the goals and targets. In construction work, activities performed by human resources, supported by money, material and equipment, need to be arranged through the management functions within the time limits provided that meets the principles of efficiency and effectiveness.

1. RESOURCES 1. Humans Humans as the primary resource is defined as the labor involved either directly or not directly involved with construction work. Personnel directly involved is labor that is on the employer (service users), groups of contractors (service providers), and the group of consultants (service providers). Based on the qualifications of the workforce can be grouped into the "expert" and "skilled labor". In Table 2.1. designation is presented to three groups.
Owner Head of Unit Official Group Contractor General Superintendent Site Administration Materials Superintendent Construction Engineer Equipment Superintendent Technicians Survaior Foremen Mechanics Laborers Equipment Operators Consultant Team Leader Co Team Leader Highway Engineer Pavement & Materials Engr. Chief Supervision Engr. Site Engineer Quantity Engineer Quality Engineer Inspector Quantity Survaior Laboratory Technician Draftsman

2. Money Money is very important resources in project management. Inadequacy of money, it is difficult to expect the implementation of project management in accordance with a contract agreed between the parties who signed the contract agreement. All the activities of a construction work on the entire group is involved, requires a fee whose amount has been agreed in the contract agreement. If there is disagreement (dispute) in the execution of the work, usually results in "value for money" to be agreed, the contract documents have set the legal settlement procedure that must be taken.

Money is very important because all the construction work activities need financing, involving: recruitment of people (labor); use of labor services (expertise, skilled labor, nonskill workers); use of equipment (heavy equipment and laboratory equipment); purchase of materials and materials, materials processing and materials, both for groups of service users and service providers. So the definition of "money" in carrying out construction work (civil works) rather than solely to the financing of construction by contractors, but also include costs for consultant planner, consultant and supervisor for the service users within an agreed time period.

3. Equipment Equipment in construction work is defined as field equipment (heavy equipment), laboratory equipment, office equipment (eg computers), and other equipment. By using the proper equipment employment targets can be achieved with a more accurate timekeeping, while meeting the technical specifications that have been required. Heavy Equipment Types of equipment with variations in capacity and usefulness can be used for roadbridge construction work according to its function. Based on the type of equipment and functions, associated with the implementation of job types can be classified as written in Table 2.2.
Earth moving equipment Bulldozer (crawler, heel) Loader (crawler, wheel0 Motor Grader Excavator (crawler, heel) Compacting Equipment Tandem Roller Pedestrian Roller Vibrating Tamper Vibrating Rammer Three Wheel Roller Tyre (Pneumatic Roller) Vibrating Compactor Combination Roller Sheepfoot Roller Paving/Spreading Equipment Asphalt Finisher Concrete Finisher Aggregate / Chip Spreader Asphalt Sprayer Plant Equipment Stone Crushing Plant Asphalt Mixing Plant Concrete Plant / Mixer Transportation Equipment Truck Trailer Jeep Pick Up Bus Hauling Equipment Drilling / Boring Equipment Percusion Drill Bore Pile Hammer Dril Piling Equipment Pile Hammer (Diesel, Vibro)

Motor Scraper Dump Truck

Lifting Equipment Crane Lift Platform Forklift

Cutting / Milling Equipment Soil Stabilizer Cutter / Milling Machine Groving Equipment Asphalt / Concrete Cutter

Supporting Equipment Water Tank Truck Fuel Tank Truck Generating Set Air Compressor Water Pump

Laboratory Equipment Laboratory equipment is required in order to supervise and control the quality of construction work performed by contractors. Types of laboratory equipment can be seen in Table 2.3. The type, amount and time of laboratory equipment needed depends on the scope of supervision on construction work. In addition to the equipment there are some specific equipment such as for testing of soil-cement foundation and structural materials (concrete, masonry etc.). Table 2.3 Types of tests and tools used
Type of Testing Earthwork Equipment Sampling for soil tests Atterberg Limit Soil Classification Tests for Soils Liquid Limit Test Plastic Limit Test CBR Test for Soils Sampling of aggregate base and sub-base Atterberg limits for aggregate base and sub-base Particle size analysis tests Extent of Fractured Faces Test Los Angeles Abrasion Test Moisture density test for aggregate base and sub-base California Bearing Value Test for aggregate base and sub-base Compaction control Sampling and mechanical soundness tests Particle size analysis test Sodium sulphates soundness test Coating and stripping of bitumen aggregate mixtures Specific gravity of course and fine aggregate Mineral filler Marshall Testing Testing for asphalt mix design and plant control Testing of bitumen

Foundation

Hot mix asphalt

4. Material Material is defined as natural raw materials or through processing, and after processing a work item as set forth in the contract documents. Raw materials (soil, stone, asphalt, cement, sand, iron concrete, etc..) And processed materials (aggregates, concrete, steel pofil etc..) Is a resource that must be considered carefully, because of its influence on the calculation of the cost of construction work is very large. Therefore, the location of raw materials need to be carefully determined based on the distance and the volume of available, qualified to be processed materials. Survey to obtain location information of raw materials need to be done, in order to obtain accurate data as input to the contractor in preparing the bid, or in the implementation phase of the work. 3

2. MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS To implement the management, a leadership position at any level, must perform management functions. In the management functions are functions that absolutely must be implemented organic and supporting functions that are there as a complement. If the organic function is not done properly then it opens the possibility of achieving the target to fail. George R. Terry has formulated such functions as POAC (Planning, Organizing, Actuating and Controlling).

1. Planning Planning is a process that systematically prepare activities to achieve specific goals and objectives. Activity is defined as activities carried out within the framework of the construction work, whether that be the responsibility of executor (contractor) and supervisors (consultants). Contractors and consultants, must have a concept of planning "appropriate to achieve the objectives in accordance with the duties and responsibilities of each. In the planning process needs to know the following things : Issues related to the objectives and available resources. How to achieve the goals and objectives by taking into account the resources available. Translating plans into programs that concrete activities. Determination of period of time that could be provided in order to achieve the goals and objectives, (all stages: in-process procurement, construction, implementation and supervision; and FHO).

2. Organizing Organizing (organization of work) is intended as an arrangement of an activity performed by a group of people, led by a leadership group within an umbrella organization. Containers of this organization describes the structural relationships and functional is required to distribute responsibilities, resources and data. In the process of management, the organization used as a tool to : ensure the maintenance of good coordination. assist leadership in moving the management functions. unite the thought of smaller organizational units within kordinasinya.

In organizing the function, coordination is a mechanism of structural and functional relationships that must be executed consistently. Coordination can be done through the mechanism : vertical coordination (describe the function of command), horizontal coordination (describe the interaction of one level); and 4

coordination diagonally (depict different levels of interaction but outside the function of command).

Coordination of diagonally if integrated properly will make a significant contribution in performing the function of organizing. For example, can be explained as follows : Coordination of vertical and hierarchical : a. Implementing Construction: coordination between General Superintendant with Superintendant or with Construction Materials Engineer or the Equipment Superintendant. b. Field Supervision Team, coordination between the Site Engineer with Quantity Engineer or Quality Engineer with a vertical and hierarchical coordination. Coordination of horizontal and is one level : a. Implementation of construction, coordination between Superintendant with Construction Materials Engineer or the Equipment Superintendant is. b. Field Supervision Team, coordination between the Quantity Engineer or Quality Engineer with a horizontal coordination and is one level. Coordination of diagonally: Coordination between General Superintendant the Engineer is horizontal coordination and is one level, while coordination between Head of Work Unit Works with General Civil Works Engineer Superintendant or with a vertical coordination.

3. Actuating Actuating means as a function of management to move people who are members of the organization in order to perform the activities set out in the planning. At this stage the necessary skills to move the group leader; directing, and provide motivation to the group members to jointly contribute to the success of project management to achieve objectives and targets. Here are some methods succeed the "actuating" which is presented by George R. Terry, namely : Respect the person's duties so that he felt any presence in the group or organization is important. Instructions issued a leader should be made taking into account individual differences of employees, to be implemented correctly by employees. There needs to work guidelines clear, concise, easily understood and implemented by employees.

Perform participation in management practices in order to establish unity in the organization of management, so every employee can function fully as part of an organization. Strive to understand the civil rights matters, including welfare, so that the growing sense of belonging to the place of the employee to work that followed. Leadership needs to be a good listener, in order to understand correctly what the underlying grievances of employees, so it can be considered in making a decision. A leaders need to be prevented to provide arguments as justification for his decision, because in general all the reasons people do not like especially if sought in order to provide the pretext of justification for his decision. Do not do something that raises the sentiments of another person or another person to ride his emotions. Leadership can perform a technique of persuasion by asking questions that are not perceived as pressure by the employees. Need to conduct surveillance to improve employee performance, but should be in ways that may not turn off the creativity of employees.

4. Controlling Controlling is defined as activities to ensure work has been carried out according to plan. In road or bridge project management, controlling the work performed by contractors through a contract consultant supervision, where the implementation of construction work performed by contractors. General Superintendat obliged to controlling (in stages) to the work carried out by staff under his control the Site Administration, Quantity Surveyor, Superintendant Materials, Construction Engineer and Equipment Engineer to ensure that each staff has done its job in the corridor "quality assurance". Thus, the stages of achieving the target can be met as planned. This activity is also applicable in the internal activities of consultant supervision; means to the outside consultant was charged with overseeing the supervision of the contractor, in addition to internally controlling Engineer also on Quantity Engineer and Quality Engineer. Overall, internally controlling this can encourage better performance in supervising consultant in overseeing the work of contractors. Controlling the scope of activities includes supervision of all aspects of the implementation plan, include : The product works, both qualitatively and quantitatively All resources used (human, money, equipment, materials) Procedures and how it works Technical policy adopted during the process of achieving the target.

Controlling should be objective and should be able to find the facts about the execution of the work in the field and the various factors that influence it. Referral to judge is to compare between plans and implementation, to understand the possibility of irregularities.